The Rudolf Steiner Archive

Report in the “Weimarische Zeitung” of February 26, 1892

In a series of lectures dealing with the development of the main currents of German intellectual life, the lecture characterizing the high point of this development must naturally claim the main interest. This task was the fifth lecture of the cycle:

“Weimar at the Center of German Intellectual Life,” and the lecturer, Dr. Rudolf Steiner, brilliantly fulfilled this task. In a speech that was as spirited and substantial as it was clear and vivid, he sketched out an image of the main period of German culture that took place on the soil of little Weimar.

Goethe's appearance in Weimar, seemingly a coincidence in his life, has become a necessary factor in cultural history. Goethe and Karl August understood each other, and from the outset each of them appreciated the high human value of the other. When Goethe came to Weimar, he had already passed through a major period of his development. Works such as “Götz” and “Werther” show his gift for bringing to light the most profound source of life, which he had developed to perfection. He had had a teacher in Shakespeare, the poet of pure humanity, whose figures are not influenced by an external destiny, but create their own destinies from within themselves. In the Prometheus fragment, this overwhelming sense of power and individuality finds its most powerful expression.

Artistically, the first ten years in Weimar were the least productive of Goethe's life; but they were significant for his personal development, to which the circle in which he lived contributed greatly: Wieland, the highly gifted Duchess Anna Amalia, the admirable Duchess Luise, the clear-minded, sensible Knebel. Charlotte von Stein replaced for him on earth what his Promethean belief had taken from him in the hereafter: the need for veneration. In view of this, the dispute about the limits of this relationship is simply laughable. Herder, too, was of the greatest value for his self-education. Both encountered each other at that time in the idea of the development of earthly things, each of which is a link in the great world harmony. For Goethe, this idea was the starting point of his scientific work. In place of the exclusively subjective world view of young Goethe, there now arises a more objective one that integrates man into the universe and its eternal laws. This world view and the corresponding ideal of art found their maturity in Italy.

This change can already be seen in “Iphigenia”, in the figure of Orestes. Goethe is Orestes, Frau von Stein is Iphigenia. The man hunted by the Furies does not find redemption within himself, but it is given to him from the outside. The warning that we depend on the iron laws of the outside world, and that the urge for freedom within us has to contend with the forces of life, is also preached by “Tasso”, whose motif is the deep conflict between talent and life. With this objectivism, Goethe had distanced himself from all subjective partisan points of view.

Therefore, when he returned from Italy, he was a stranger to Schiller; and it was only from the moment when Schiller, absorbed in the study of philosophy, also leaned towards the exclusive subjectivism of Goethe's clarified, non-partisan world view that the two men became friends. They developed an idealistic world view together; different in form but arising from the same core, it is set forth in Schiller's “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Mankind” and in Goethe's “Fairy Tales”. From Kant's rigorous moral law, progress is made here to a free morality that creates good out of its own initiative, not compelled to do so by a categorical imperative. Schiller sought to lead man to freedom through beauty. Many researchers have already tried to find hidden wisdom in Goethe's Fairy Tale and have come to grief on the task. Dr. Steiner has for the first time revealed and explained the deeply symbolic nature of this difficult-to-understand poem in such a way that its great human and ethical content is fully revealed. The “Fairytale” proclaims in symbolic form the same thing that Schiller's letters proclaim in abstract form: only through the sacrifice of a limited ego does man achieve that higher self where he no longer has to obey the command of a moral law coming from outside, but can do out of himself what his personal judgment advises him.

The educational ideal of the classical period was universal: Goethe and Schiller also made a scientific impact. Goethe's scientific outlook is a highly idealistic one, the value of which can only be fully realized again in an idealistic direction of science. At the same time, science, especially philosophy, reached an undreamt-of height in Jena: Fichte and Schelling, in the first place, also had a stimulating effect on Schiller and Goethe. Goethe and Schiller's correspondence is the perfect expression of this universality. It found its productive expression, on the one hand, in the Xenienkampf, and on the other, in Schiller's dramas and Goethe's epic and dramatic works of the following period.

The lecturer then discussed, in broad strokes, but always picking out the essential with a sure hand, the structure and the accomplished poetic form of “Hermann and Dorothea”, where the demand of classical aesthetics that the material must be fully absorbed into the form is fulfilled in the most perfect way. The same is true of the “Natural Daughter”. The accusation that here not individuals but types have been created is rejected. The essence of this work of art is that individuality is only given to the extent that it is also a necessity within the framework of the work of art. Schiller's method of characterization is quite the opposite. It presents the individual as such for his own sake, but in contrast to his youth, now without bias. Schiller's approach to Goethe's style of poetry in The Bride of Messina is only apparent; for the idea of fate is opposed to Goethe's moral world order, and basically to modern and thus also to Schiller's view of the moral demand for human freedom. Schiller's dramas also gave the stage an inner momentum; a new idealistic acting style was also developed through them. Schiller was the link between Goethe and the public; when he died, Goethe was isolated. No one could follow him to the heights that he had reached through an unparalleled self-education. This self-education is most strongly reflected in “Faust,” which accompanied him from the wildest youth to the clarified maturity of old age.

The material for Faust is based on the conflict in the human soul between the positive things it has and the only suspected things it would like to acquire. The ascent to the otherworldly realm does not happen here, as in the Theophilus saga, through the grace of the higher powers, but Faust wants to fight for everything through his own strength. From the very beginning, Goethe had in mind the glorification of the victory of this lofty aspiration. And it was not a unified external action that he was aiming at, but poetic transformation of his own experiences. But just as the subjective individual experience disappears in the clear, objective, general world view in the older Goethe, so in the second part of “Faust” the experience rises far above the visible, the real, it is transformed into images, into symbols and allegories; and it is from this point of view that the second part must be considered. The speaker also touched on the same phenomenon in Wilhelm Meister.

Goethe's mission was to rejuvenate humanity in an aging age. Such a transformation is also taking place in our own day, for time has grown old again. The striving that rejuvenated Goethe's time, the striving for reality, also fulfills our youth. But what a difference! Goethe understood reality to mean the inner, the necessary, the divine in the earthly, while our present sees it in the external, the accidental. But a people with such a past can never forget it without at the same time descending from the height of its culture. And the generation that cannot say of itself: And Goethe's sun, behold, it smiles on us too! With this warm appeal to the present, the speaker concluded his interesting and thoroughly original remarks, through which he gave all his listeners an instructive and enjoyable hour.

I. Report in the “Weimarische Zeitung” of April 17,

The first of three lectures announced by the program was held yesterday evening by Dr. Rudolf Steiner of Berlin on “Theosophy and the Further Development of Religions” (The Bible-Babel Question) before a large audience in the “Erholung” hall. The speaker began by captivatingly expounding on the origin of divine wisdom (theosophy), which has come to the fore in no small measure due to the sensational writing of Adolf Harnack, 'The Essence of Christianity', and the lectures of Friedrich Delitzsch, which have become world-famous, since they consider it their most noble task to promote the comparative study of religions, philosophies and sciences. The theosophy is called upon to reconcile the contradictions arising from the tireless research of science to penetrate into the divine riddles by means of the natural, and from principles such as Harnack's: radical rejection of all scientific interference in religion, Theosophy is called upon to reconcile the contradictions resulting from the relentless research of science to penetrate into the divine riddles by means of the natural, and to balance out principles such as Harnack's: radical rejection of all scientific interference in religion, the essence of which is never struggle and dispute, but always explanation and fulfillment, the explanation and interpretation of the symbols of knowledge, the fulfillment and completion of the tasks of the will. And who is a theosophist? Anyone who, in the wonders that undoubtedly reveal themselves in the smallest and most inconspicuous creature, right up to the microcosm, the most perfect wonder of our own self, feels the living bonds of the Master guiding him, drawing him to the divine and eternal. The realization of Theosophy reaches back to the oldest traditions of all civilized nations, expressing itself in the consciousness of our own divine nature, in the consciousness of our immortality and in the consciousness of the goal of our striving, in divine perfection. We find this threefold consciousness already in the oldest document of our race, in that of the Egyptians, in the traditions of the Chaldeans and in the Mosaic traditions of the Old Testament, even in the Chinese and in the natural philosophy of today's primitive peoples. But we also find this theosophical realization in Homer and the poetry of classical antiquity, in the old Germanic legends, and in its most ideal form in the original text of Christianity, the New Testament. And in the spirit of this knowledge, the representatives of Theosophy considered it their duty, without alienating anyone from their religion, to encourage everyone to search in the depths of religion for the spiritual nourishment that is absolutely necessary for them. Everyone, whether friend or foe, should show the religion of the other the respect that they claim for their own religion. With the meaningful quote: “He who has art and science has religion; he who has neither of these has religion,” the lecturer concluded his extremely interesting 1-hour presentation, which was received with the greatest attention. Unfortunately, we do not have enough space to reproduce the entire content.

II. Report in “Germany,” Second Sheet, dated April 17, 1903.

The Secretary General of the “Theosophical Society for Germany”, Dr. Steiner of Berlin, gave an introductory lecture on the spiritual and historical significance of Theosophy on Wednesday evening. This first lecture will be followed by two more, to be held on Friday, April 17, and Monday, April 20. Dr. Steiner, who is known as a captivating speaker, began his lecture by stating that the Theosophical movement found its justification in the fact that it had set itself the goal of solving the many mysteries surrounding human existence, as well as the lack of clarity regarding any continued existence after death. Theosophy does not want to take away anyone's religion, but only to encourage them to research their religion and to seek the spiritual nourishment that every person needs. In the further course of the lecture, Dr. Steiner explained that the idea of theosophy dominates all cultural religions, just as the idea of God was almost the same in almost all cultural peoples of the ancient world. The account of the Fall of Man, as we find it in the Old Testament, corresponds at the same time to the account of the Chinese, the Egyptians, Babylonians, even the Aztecs in Mexico. Likewise, we find the same traditions of the idea of God in Greek history as in our old Germanic Edda. The consciousness of this idea of God lived in all peoples at all times; each people interpreted its God in its own way; only with the material advancement of culture does the deepening of this consciousness become a mystery of initiates. The speaker explained that one should not join those for whom research in the fields of religion always causes a feeling of dread; it is the duty of the world of scholars to penetrate ever deeper into the natural sciences. Heart and mind could very well explore the true essence of religion together, and the recently so justified sensational research of Professor Delitzsch is a big step towards enlightenment. In any case, one should not oppose a movement that may be inclined to create a completely new worldview. The three purposes of Theosophy are, firstly, to form the core of a fraternal spiritual community that extends to all of humanity, without distinction of race, religion, class, nationality or gender; secondly, to promote the comparative study of religions, philosophies and sciences; and thirdly, to explore the as-yet-unexplained laws of nature and the forces slumbering within man. Even if all the above-mentioned cultural religions are based on Theosophy, there is something about it that distinguishes it from all religions as different forms of worship. Each of them places the emphasis on its own particular expression of wisdom. The Theosophical movement, however, has always emphasized only the common core, which promotes the same striving and the same knowledge in all people. Above all, it is opposed to materialistic scholasticism, and not only to natural science, but also to historical and linguistic science. The two opposing world views are the inward and the outward, the spiritual and the sensual. The speaker explained that this lecture should be regarded as an introduction. In any case, Theosophy offers effective protection against the twin enemies of civilized man, superstition and materialism; the purifying and ennobling influence of this movement would not fail to materialize. The extremely stimulating and interesting lecture lasted about an hour and a half.

I. Report in the “Weimarische Zeitung” of April 19, 1903

Second lecture by the Secretary General of the German Section of the Theosophical Society, Dr. Rudolf Steiner, Berlin, on: “The Main Theosophical Teachings”. Even more attentive listeners than at the first lecture gathered yesterday evening in the “Erholung” hall to listen to the excellent, convincing and fiery presentation. The following is a brief summary of the interesting topic:

The origin of the theosophical movement lies, as we all know and as the oldest traditions prove, in the earliest ages, as the theosophical activity of the Essenes and Pythagoreans amply confirms. In the so-called mystery schools (secret schools), which already existed in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th centuries of our era, the secrets of human existence were taught at that time. An example of the interest with which the study and development of the wisdom of God was pursued in earlier times is given by Redner, who recounts the event of how an Indian scholar, who gave a theosophical lecture from the point of view of the natural science of the time, was asked by a member of the audience what would remain when all the ethereal, physical components of the human being had dissolved. The speaker suggested that the public was not the place to answer this question, and therefore invited the questioner to join him in solitude, in order to introduce him to the secrets of his own soul life and to explain to him the existence of the divine being in his ego. The explanation of reincarnation and karma is based on the firm conviction that everything in the world is based on karma, on activity. As even Goethe once said so aptly: “Function is existence conceived in activity.” Both our highly developed and our still imperfect organs of animals have never been what they are now from the very beginning. Even today, there are living creatures that lack eyes altogether, for example, that have only the most primitive skin openings connected to the optic nerves, and that have only the very slightest insight into the outside world around them. And yet the time will come for these imperfect creatures, too, when their visual organs have developed to the same extent as in other, more perfect animals. The necessity and the need to gain further insights into the light will, through the continuous interaction and the incessant activity, also make the visual organs of these undeveloped animals the same as those of other animals, when the soul of the animals has lived through and perfected itself through countless generations. Further proof of perpetual activity and development is that there is, for example, a species of fish in America, the newt fish, in which, during the time of their existence, breathing organs in the form of lungs have , which later, due to a lack of water, has become an unavoidable necessity for them, as they originally only spent their lives in the water. The activity of the organs came to their aid, and today these fish can spend part of the waterless summer on land, while as soon as water is available, they live only in it. And just as the natural scientist did not observe and research this development of forces inherent in the body, so too our inherent spirit has come about through the never-ceasing soul activity in our own ego. And if there are still people today who are as spiritually immature as some primitive peoples, who even today devour their fellow human beings, it is precisely because their soul activity has been a slow one that has not developed the spirit to the extent that they would be aware of their actions. And the presence of the soul even in plants was also recognized and discussed by Goethe in conversation with Schiller, in which he confessed that even the most perfectly developed plant had emerged from the primal plant and that, when he looked at every flower and plant, the soul of the same seemed to him to be present, as it were. But the most significant, the most sublime, the immeasurable difference in the soul life of bodies is the individuality of the human being. Every human being, even the most imperfect and insignificant, has his biography, which another being, however perfect, lacks. And in this individuality we find the essence of reincarnation, of re-embodiment, to the explanation of which we may add: That which you think today you will be in later time; what we grasp intellectually today was first seen in an earlier life, to which we now look back. And since a cause also belongs to the spiritual effect, we see the earlier lives in us as the cause of the spiritual effect. The constant perfection of our soul wisdom, the study of the human soul, will give us insight into the astonished questions [of the Belgian Maeterlinck]: How are we to do justice to our tremendous needs? Within our ego lie the spiritual powers; in our causal body we find the cause of individuality, the eternal activity that produces cause and effect. With the principle: the soul was present, it is present and will remain present, we characterize the eternal existence of life. And in this sense, we must agree with the former remarks of the scholar Fichte, who explained to his Jena students: “Break over me, world; fall upon me, rocks; devour me, earth and sea; I stand fearless and undaunted, for I feel the divine immortal power in my ego, in my soul, which lifts me above all the terrors of physical mortality.

Undivided applause from the silently enthralled audience rewarded the speaker, who finally announced that in the last lecture on Monday, any of the attendees who had appeared could ask questions related to the topic, which the speakers intended to answer in all respects, so that part of the evening would might be held within the framework of a discussion.

II. Report in “Germany”, second page, dated April 19, 1903

On Friday evening, Dr. Steiner gave his second lecture on Theosophy in the recreation room, again to a large audience. This time, it was about the main theosophical teachings (reincarnation and karma). The speaker began his lecture with a story about the Indian sage Jaina Walkia, who was firmly convinced of the doctrine of reincarnation and already shared it with others. Man is an organic being with developed limbs and organs, but the latter did not suddenly appear as we see them today, but rather, through their own activity, they have reached this perfection over a long period of development. All this activity can be summarized in the word karma. Just as completely different beings have developed from imperfect animals over the centuries, adapting to their needs, so has the soul life of man been in constant activity and development. It is absolutely correct to assume that the human spirit always experiences re-embodiment and remains still after the organic limbs have died off until a being for it can be found again. Thus, every single human spirit has already lived an infinite number of times, constantly developing and perfecting itself. For example, the spirit of Goethe and Mozart was already present in the boys of youthful age, and it will also return, because it is unthinkable that after the death of the organic body these highly developed individualities should not continue to live; nor can it be assumed that, for example, Goethe's spirit emerged from nothing. Nor should one believe in a different inheritance from generation to generation, because often siblings are fundamentally different in their individuality and even twin brothers, who were under the same organic influence, would be endowed with the most divergent character traits. The spirit or individuality in man has emerged from the primal soul and in the words “from God to God” lies the content of all wisdom. The origin and purpose of all existence is the core that underlies all religious knowledge. Everything that exists has emerged from the primal power and carries the divine essence within itself; from this view arises the individual continuation of the soul, which today is called immortality. Everything that emerges from the primal power and returns to it must continue to exist until the cycle is complete. The aim of all development is, of course, perfection and completion during the journey back to the primal power. The highly developed animal also has a certain knowledge, as does the completely undeveloped human being, only the animals lack the individual essence, the feeling of personal “I”; this is highly peculiar to humans. One can always speak of an animal species as a whole, whereas the concept of a human being always applies only to one individual, since a second person has a different individual disposition. We can indeed form a perception through our transient organs, but knowledge arises from the source of the spirit. Matter does not produce the spirit, but the spirit emerges from the Primordial Spirit — God — in order to return to Him one day. Every human being contains an individual spirit, and when the organic body dies, it leaves behind the further developed spirit, just as a plant decays and leaves behind a viable seed for new development. The Theosophical movement seeks to awaken the consciousness of the divine essence in each individual, and this then allows for the conscious realization and rational comprehension of the individual path of development, the resulting inner spiritual view. From this arises the striving for the complete development of the spirit. Karma, however, means the active development of the individual soul life to perfection. From this arises the proof that the soul cannot perish, but goes through and completes its process of development long before us and long after us. At the end of his lively lecture, the speaker recalled a saying of the Jena philosopher Fichte, who exclaimed: “You mountains fall upon me, you waters engulf me, I am not afraid, for I know that my spirit lives on and is not lost!” Dr. Steiner also said that next Monday, after the lecture, he would be happy to provide any answers to questions addressed to him and to clarify any ambiguities.

I. Report in the “Weimarische Zeitung” of April 22, 1903

Third lecture by Dr. Rudolf Steiner – Berlin on “Theosophy and the scientific spirit of the present day”. Following on from the two lectures already given, the lecturer undertook to sketch out a comparative and concordant picture of theosophy and natural science for the numerous listeners who had again turned up, and the following is reproduced from this topic:

In my previous lectures I have already tried to show that the great mystery surrounding us is nothing more than the lawfulness, the logical consequence of all research that has been and is being undertaken to fathom the mystery. In the near future, research in the natural sciences will have reached the point where theosophy begins, thus ensuring a future for it as its representatives strive for. The longing for enlightenment of the highest riddles on the one hand and the discouragement, the doubts regarding the highest questions on the other are still facing each other undefeated. But the struggle will make it necessary even for the most brilliant minds of the present day to press on to the points which Theosophy regards as its fundamental questions. Not only a scholar, in his book on the origin of man, shows by means of research how the physical man came into being, how the first imperfect creatures were formed from carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. In the tenth stage, he shows how the original fish formed from the aforementioned primeval substances, which possessed an indication or hint of a backbone but no complete nervous system. He further shows how the brain, teeth and limbs developed in these primitive animals, albeit only to an imperfect and informal degree. In the further stages, we find how these primitive animals, otherwise living only in the water, become accustomed to life on land and the limbs necessary for this develop. The animals become more perfect and, after a long transformation, come into the world as kangaroos and later as monkeys, the animal most similar to humans in physical terms. In the 21st link of the development, we see the great ape, from which the 22nd link is the human being itself. But in the chain of investigations, one forgets to add the soul, the spiritual power of the human being, as the 23rd link, because it is in the biography, in the individuality of our ego, that which elevates us above all other living beings. With the 22nd link, the species may well come to an end, but now our soul life begins, the development of which we can observe in exactly the same way as physical development, if we go from stage to stage. The course of science shows in the 1860s (Haeckel) that Western natural science is nothing more than elementary theosophy, and we may assume that this elementary theosophy will develop into a higher one over time. When the greatest naturalists seek to draw the consequences, they find in them the theosophy.

[Huxley], the most important anatomist, who rendered the greatest service to the doctrine of Darwinism, says in his last great manifestation that it cannot be just nature in the degrees of development up to the most complicated human brain, but that one must ascend to a higher intelligence, which stands exalted above the most perfect living being. In 1866, Haeckel pointed out the biogenetic law, which states that every animal species undergoes the entire new development again during germ development. And just as the animal acquired the possessing properties through its perpetual development, so man also received the organs that now adorn him from what his ancestors acquired and what he acquired himself. This is the law of karma in the physical realm. Only in this way did the perfect living beings come into being, because they have an unconscious memory that connects them to their ancestors. And in the sense of Ostwald: Matter does not exist, as was also stated in 1895 at the Lübeck Natural Science Assembly. Matter is perpetual activity. From physics and chemistry we enter the spiritual world and the natural scientist is forced, in order to continue his research, to borrow from the spiritual realm. Goethe also characterizes this spiritual essence of our ego in his well-known saying: “When I have been restlessly active in all of life and developed to full activity, the power of nature cannot possibly dissolve me into the vile elements, but must seek a new place for further activity.” Bunge teaches that the basis of all theosophical knowledge is to be found in self-observation: If you want to know the activity, you must not only look at the outside world. That our living soul life cannot have developed from dead matter is also taught by [Darwin] and Preyer, who consider it impossible for something alive to develop from the dead. - And to recognize the divine unity, to thankfully profess that “God cannot do the slightest thing without me” is to reach the first stage in the belief that we individual human beings are members of the body of God.

After a short break in his remarks, the lecturer dealt with a few written questions, and also answered a personal question. His remarks were met with general applause.

II. Report in “Germany,” First Page, April 23, 1903

The third and final lecture by Dr. Steiner, Berlin, held on Monday evening at 8 p.m., was about theosophy and the scientific spirit of the present day. The speaker began with a brief reference to the two lectures he had given previously and explained that the main tenet of the theosophical doctrine is, above all, self-knowledge. Today, he said, we would explore the extent to which the spirit of contemporary science was suited to absorbing the teachings of Theosophy. He said that once the leading minds of science in our time had embraced the Theosophical knowledge, we could be sure that Theosophy had a future and would indeed conquer the world. We are dealing here with a Janus face, on the one hand a yearning of the minds for a magnificent new world view, on the other hand a discouragement and despondency to penetrate the deep wisdom of karma. It is the spirit of the present that must first be penetrated in order to characterize the position of modern science in relation to the theosophical teaching. A large part of modern science is virtually pushing towards the theosophical science. The speaker pointed out the significant lecture by the Leipzig chemist Ostwald, which was held at the naturalists' congress in Lübeck. Dr. Steiner explained that this lecture would have been impossible about 10 years ago, because Ostwald took the view that there is no matter at all, only activities. Using drastic examples, Ostwald explained how he justified this point of view. For example, Ostwald said: “When we are struck with a stick, it is not matter that strikes us, but the activity that moves the stick and inflicts the blow.” Here, the law of karma is emphasized again, and the human spirit is also formed by this activity in the course of a long period of development. Exactly the same developments that the physical body of man has undergone over a long period of time, exactly the same further developments the human spirit undergoes. It is a perfect process that takes place from personality to personality. It must be emphasized again and again that the spiritual development corresponds exactly to the physical development. Ernst Haeckel was the first to present this science in a rather radical way in the 1860s. It is clear that Theosophy also has to develop to a higher level, and if all signs are not deceptive, this circumstance will soon occur. It is well known that natural science is in a state of continuous change, and already today a great deal of theosophical thinking can be found among natural scientists. Ernst Haeckel, in particular, is one of the leading minds who are pushing hard towards the theosophical movement, even if he himself might not want to admit it. Other leading minds also admit the circumstance that runs like a red thread through all living beings, and which we call the causal body. Another researcher says, “All my organs I have acquired in the course of long development, always from my ancestors. Today my physical organs remember everything that has been acquired over time.” This, Dr. Steiner continued, is not said by a theosophist, but by a radical naturalist. Just as natural scientists are always surprising humanity with new scientific problems for which there is just as little clear evidence, so it cannot be prevented that the spiritual world of humanity is penetrated from another side. Just as Ostwald established the principle “not matter but activity”, it can be claimed that only materialism can assume that spirit lies buried in matter. This is the level from which Goethe also arrived at his spiritual world view. Goethe expressed his view of the destiny of the human spirit in the following sentence: “If I have been restlessly active throughout my life, nature has the obligation not to dissolve me into the base elements, but to assign me a new arena for my activity!” The researcher Bunge also cites a number of examples to show that only activity has caused the further development of the human soul. However, for all those who want to understand human life, deep self-observation is essential. From this arises the realization that everything that happens around us in the universe is activity (karma) and not matter. Of course, the actual activity cannot be seen either, but only the result of it. Thus one arrives at the main tenet of Theosophy, which can be summarized in a single word: self-observation. We have explored the fact that we have a causal body that continues to propagate itself. But we are not a single special being in the universe, but a link in the whole cosmos. The three parts of the human individuality are called Manas, Budhi and Atma in the wisdom of the East, and in these three words they summarize the levels of intellect. If a modern scholar such as Professor Baumann of Göttingen, Germany, speaks of what Theosophy calls reincarnation, then it can be seen that modern science is leading everywhere to the main tenets of Theosophy. However, in order for this high science to become clear to every thinking person, a continued self-knowledge must work in man, the spirit must itself feel and notice that individuality is properly evaluated in the theosophical teaching. When this principle of self-knowledge is established, a saying of Goethe comes to our aid: “If the eye were not sun-like, the sun could not behold it; if there were not in us the power of God, how could we be delighted by the divine?” It is the task of the Theosophical Society to instill this very truth into Western culture. In the future, the same will also be actively developed in Germany, and specifically here in Weimar, a “Theosophical Society” has been founded in which everyone who has absorbed even a spark of theosophical wisdom can continue to work on their further development in a spiritual sense. Finally, Dr. Steiner pointed out that he would be happy to answer any questions that may be put to him, and that some questions had already been received. One question, which had appeared in the Weimarer Zeitung, was as follows: “Can't the spirit of Goethe, just for a change, enter a female individual?” Dr. Steiner, who described this question as very facetious and naive, explained that this could very well be the case, but of course one could not say in which time period Goethe's spirit took possession of another body. Nevertheless, this time could be about 38 generations in the past. Another question dealt with whether a soul community could not also exist between a highly developed animal, such as a dog, and a human being; a noble dog has intellect, loyalty, a sense of shame, even imagination, all of which are qualities that cannot be observed in “lower human races”, as Dr. Steiner himself noted in the previous lectures. In response to this, Dr. Steiner explained that there is a great difference between the abilities of the dog's soul and the human soul. In the animal, there is no biography of the individual, but only a concept of the race. Above all, however, animals lack the ability to count, which every human being possesses. This is probably the most significant difference between human and animal souls. Another question, whether Theosophy was a science or a religion, was answered by the lecturer to the effect that in Theosophy, science, religion, philosophy and ethics were combined into a whole. An objection to this answer, that religion and science should not be mixed up, otherwise one would lose one's footing, was rejected by Dr. Steiner when he explained that the theosophist must indeed disregard this outdated view, as had already been explained in the previous lectures. With enthusiasm and gripping rhetoric, the speaker once again advocated his Theosophical teachings, pointing out that the first point of the Theosophical principles is to form a brotherly spiritual community that extends to all of humanity, regardless of race, religion, class, nationality or gender. — The lecture was met with enthusiastic applause.

I. Report in the “Weimarische Zeitung” of October 25, 1903

In the large hall of the “Erholung” last night, Dr. Steiner gave the first of the lectures announced for the winter semester on “The Nature of Man or Spiritual Chemistry”.

In the past, people were unable to exploit the forces of nature as comprehensively as we can today with our machines. Today, electrical power allows us to communicate with people across the earth, and in a short time we will probably be able to traverse the air as birds fly. But science has also been able to paint a bleak picture of the future of our material earthly life. It can calculate how long it will take for all life on our planet to have disappeared. Then all material culture will have passed away. Will everything that lives in our soul also disappear from the universe? What will become of the inner treasures we acquire? Will they also be buried in the general grave? The answer to these questions will come from the theosophical movement. The theosophical movement aims to bring about the brotherhood of man. And it will prove that what people have striven for in the field of spiritual life over thousands of years is not delusion and error. The theosophical movement is taking a path that corresponds to our time; but the theosophical works still contradict the thought habits of the present. And man allows himself to be ruled by his habits of thought. These habits have led us to a state where we trust only our senses. If our senses do not perceive it, it is not real. Theosophy, however, aims to offer the fruits of our material culture the nourishment of the spirit and soul, which our modern view of nature can only offer to a limited extent. The highest questions of the human soul are to be answered by theosophy. We must believe that we can penetrate into the essence of the soul just as the physicist and chemist penetrate into matter; the soul is a manifold being whose composition we must study more closely. There is a spiritual chemistry, just as there is a material chemistry. Through spiritual chemistry we get to know and solve the essence of the human being and his spiritual task. Truth and science are the two things we must combine in the realm of the inner human nature. The physical human being is not the whole human being. When the soul's abilities have left the physical body, it is impossible and disintegrates. The physical forces and substances of our body are constantly changing. Don't we have to ask ourselves: What is permanent about us? The universe is permeated by the power of life. The hypothesis that all life originated from a dead primeval nebula has been abandoned. This primeval nebula was a great organism, a living being. And from this great living being, the inanimate and the animate nature branched off in two directions.

Redner points out in the course of development the four basic parts that are mortal: The human body is mortal; the life force is mortal: it flows into the general world life force to be used again; our instincts are mortal; our astral body is mortal: it dissolves into a world of purely spiritual forces. What, the speaker asks, can we regard as immortal in the face of this? The causal body is immortal; it connects us with previous substances of existence. It is our true higher self and lies in turn in the bosom of a unified fundamental being. We reach this unified spiritual fundamental being when we seek out the still deeper forces in our soul life. And the seven fundamental parts mentioned — four mortal, three immortal — are the fundamental substances of the human being.

II. Report in «Germany» from October 25, 1903

Yesterday evening, Dr. Rudolf Steiner of Berlin opened the cycle of Theosophical lectures planned for this winter in the recreation hall with the topic: “The Essence of Man or Spiritual Chemistry”. The speaker based his introductory remarks on the following train of thought: the past century has allowed us to scale lofty heights in external culture, and our mastery of the forces of nature outside ourselves is so significant that earlier times would not have dreamt of it. At the same time, however, natural science presents us with a bleak picture for the future of our material life, a future that does not satisfy our inner selves. But it is a fact that for centuries and millennia people have been striving to solve the great mystery of the world, that the various religions intended to do so for their times. Based on the findings of modern science, theosophy now wants to strive to give humanity this innate satisfaction. Above all, we must delve into our own inner selves without prejudice and discard previous habits of thought. These are by no means decisive for the truth of our views, are often dependent on chance, change with the ages, and therefore it is not surprising if Theosophy encounters difficulties in this direction. Only gradually will the theosophical truths break new ground and then add themselves as glorious fruits to material culture. Just as present-day natural science demands full devotion and observation of nature, so it is necessary to delve into our inner nature and to explore our inner powers. Of course, one must believe that such an intimate science of the soul exists. Western science has only examined the physical human being, the physical entities, but has left the inner soul elements out of consideration. Our organism is in a state of constant change. Years ago, we consisted of completely different elements than we do today, and yet we are the same. The corpse is composed of the same atoms as the living body was an hour ago. Therefore, we are forced to assume that man, if he is merely physical, proves to be an impossible physical body. This would force us to the conclusion that we possess higher spiritual substances, for which the physical body is the carrier. This power is called “prana” in Sanskrit, the life force that flows through all living things and that we humans have in common with plants and animals. For a long time now, people have no longer held on to the Kant-Laplacean world theory, according to which life developed from a mere primeval nebula, and it is becoming increasingly clear that this primeval nebula must have been a living organism. This prana holds our inanimate substances together and, after death, returns to the general life of the world just as the physical components return to matter. The plant differs from animals and humans in that it lacks the great area that we call pleasure and pain. Why do we not observe passions in plants? It is because they lack the power. To trigger these feelings, we need a basic force of desire, of craving, which theosophy calls “kama”. It is illogical to see effects and not assume causes. Man differs from the animal in the power that allows him to control his instincts. The animal unconsciously follows its instincts, but man, by virtue of an inner power, is able to act according to his own judgment, and the power that makes this possible is called the lower soul intellect, the lower “Manas”. The kama-manasic powers are bound to our physical body, to the brain, and die with the brain for us. The next higher power is the higher “Manas”, that element within our spiritual and mental being that extends beyond all that is transitory. It lives in us from birth to death and beyond, in order to form new bodies again. Not once does a person live, but countless times. These changing durations, which make up our higher self, are called the causal or causative body in theosophy. When we consider this causal body, it provides the permanent element in the various incarnations. But even higher forces are included in the life of the soul, which can be recognized in the great cosmic love that flows through the whole world. Those who are imbued with these feelings cease to see themselves as individual beings and feel themselves to be a fundamental tone of the universe. The great founders of religions spoke from this element. The power that emanated from these men was able to continue to work, not because it took hold of the transitory, but because it flowed from the highest power of the soul. This is what Theosophy calls “Budhi”. When this power of the soul drives us, we feel what is laid down in the Indian books of wisdom. Every single being is only a drop in the eternal Atma, the basic substance of the human being, similar to the chemical substance of the elements. Just as we get to know a body when we break it down into its parts, so we can explain a person when we have recognized them in their parts. This is the doctrine of the basic components of the human being.

The rather large gathering received the lecture with approval.