The Rudolf Steiner Archive

Preliminary Remarks on “The ‘Guilt’ of the War”

Observations and memories of the Chief of the General Staff H. von Moltke on the events from July 1914 to November 1914 May 1919

[ 1 ] The German people must face the truth about the outbreak of war. It can draw strength for the action it now needs from this truth. The gravity of the present situation demands that all reservations raised by one side or the other against the revelation of the events that preceded the outbreak of war in Germany

[ 2 ] This publication is intended as a contribution to the presentation of the truth about these events. It stems from the man who was at the center of what happened in Berlin at the end of July and beginning of August 1914, the Chief of the General Staff, Colonel General Helmuth von Moltke. You will see from the article how strongly this man can be said to have been at the center of these events.

[ 3 ] The widow of Mr. von Moltke, Mrs. Eliza von Moltke, is fulfilling a duty imposed on her by history by not withholding these records from the public. Anyone who reads them will probably come to the conclusion that they are the most important historical document that can be found in Germany about the beginning of the war.

[ 4 ] They characterize the mood in which the war was considered inevitable in military circles. They set out the military reasons that led to the war's initial development, which brought the German people the condemnation of the whole world.

[ 5 ] The world wants an honest confession of truth from the German people. Here it has one, written down by the man whose records bear the stamp of honesty in every sentence, who - as you will see from the records - at the moment when he wrote could want nothing other than to let the purest subjective truth flow from his pen.

[ 6 ] And this truth: read correctly, it results in the complete condemnation of German politics. A condemnation that could not be harsher. A condemnation that points to completely different things than those that are accepted by friend and foe alike.

[ 7 ] It is not the actual causes of the war that are described in these records. These are to be found in events that naturally go back a long way. But what happened at the end of July 1914 sheds the right light on these events. The collapse of the house of cards that has been called German politics can be seen in this light. We see people involved in this policy who have no need to prove that they wanted to avoid war. You can believe them that they wanted to avoid the war. It could only have been avoided if they had never been able to get to their posts. It was not what they did that contributed to bringing about the disaster, but the whole nature of their personalities.

[ 8 ] It is shocking to read in these records how German military judgment contrasts with German political judgment at the decisive moment. The political judgment is completely beyond any possibility of assessing the situation, is at the zero point of its activity, and the result is a situation about which the chief of staff writes: "The mood became more and more agitated and I stood there all alone."

[ 9 ] Consider what is written in these notes from this sentence to the other: 'Now you can do' what you want."

[ 10 ] Yes, that's how it was: the Chief of the General Staff stood there all alone. Because German politics had reached the zero point of its activity, Europe's fate on July 31 and August 1, 1914 lay in the hands of the man who had to do his military duty. Who did it with a bleeding heart.

[ 11 ] Whoever wants to judge what happened there must pose the question properly, without bias; how did it come about that at the end of July 1914 there was no other power in Germany to decide the fate of the German people than the military alone? If this was the case, then the war was a necessity for Germany. Then it was a European necessity. The Chief of the General Staff, who "stood alone", could not avoid it.

[ 12 ] The unfortunate invasion of Belgium, which was a "military necessity" and a political impossibility, shows how everything in Germany was based on military judgment in the times leading up to the outbreak of war. The writer of these lines asked Mr. von Moltke, with whom he had been friends for years, in November 1914: What did the Kaiser think of this invasion? And he replied: He knew nothing about it before the days leading up to the outbreak of war. Because, given his character, one would have had to fear that he would have blabbed the matter to the whole world. This could not happen, for the invasion could only succeed if the enemy was unprepared. - And did the Chancellor know about it? Yes, he knew about it.

[ 13 ] These things must not be concealed today by anyone who knows them, no matter how reluctant he may be to share them. Just for the sake of abundance I want to remark that, after the whole nature of my discussions with Mr. von Moltke, I have not the slightest obligation to conceal these things, and that I know I am acting in his interest when I communicate them. They show how German politics drifted into the zero point of its activity.

[ 14 ] One must point to these things if one wants to speak of the "guilt" of the German people. This "guilt" is of a very special kind. It is the guilt of a completely apolitical people, to whom the intentions of their "authorities" have been veiled by impenetrable veils. And which, due to its apolitical disposition, did not even suspect how the continuation of its policies would lead to war.

[ 15 ] It must also seem incomprehensible that even some time before the war words were spoken in an official capacity by a personality from which one had to conclude that in Germany there was no intention of ever violating Belgian neutrality, while Mr. von Moltke also told me in November 1914 that this personality must have known of the intention to march through Belgium.

[ 16 ] The question of whether the German people could have intervened to prevent the outbreak of war in 1914 is completely answered by these records. The deeds that could have brought about the events of that year to leave Germany in a different state than it was would have had to lie far in the past. Once this state existed, nothing else could have happened than did happen. This is how the German people must view their fate today. And from the strength that this insight gives them, they must find their way forward. The events during the terrible catastrophe of the war prove this no less than those contained in these notes on the beginning of the war. But it is not for me to speak about them here; for it is incumbent upon me only to introduce these notes.

[ 17 ] You can see from the notes that the decisive factor was not the assumption that France or England would violate Belgian neutrality if Germany did not do so, but that France would wage a defensive war behind its strong eastern front, which was to be avoided. For Germany, this starting point had determined the entire organization of the war for many years. And this starting point had to place the decision at the forefront of military judgment, unless politicians had been working for just as long to be able to bring other forces into the field for such a decision. This did not happen. We had been driven towards a development which, at the decisive moment, made it necessary to allow every political judgment to take precedence over military judgment. Behind what the records point to at this point lies what is actually decisive. The appeal "to the German people and the cultural world" pointed this out. The German Reich was "placed in the world context without an essential objective justifying its existence". This objective should not have been such that only military power had to carry it, could not be directed at all towards development of power in the external sense. It could only be directed towards the internal development of its culture. Through such an objective, Germany would never have needed to build its being on things that would bring it into competition and then into open conflict with other empires, to which it would have to succumb in the development of external power. A German Reich would have had to develop a policy that refrained from the external idea of power, a true cultural policy. The idea should never have arisen in Germany that anyone who considers this cultural policy to be the only possible one is an "impractical idealist". For the general world situation meant that all development of power ultimately had to be transformed into purely military power; and the fate of the German people could not be left to this alone.

[ 18 ] In these notes, the authoritative figure recounts in a simple manner what he experienced and did at the end of July and beginning of August 1914; and this account sheds a bright light on the tragedy of Germany's fate. It shows "how German politics at that time behaved like a house of cards, and how, by arriving at the zero point of its activity, all decisions as to whether and how to start the war had to pass into the judgment of the military administration. Whoever was in charge of this administration could at that time, from the military point of view, not act differently than was done, because from these points of view the situation could only be seen as it was seen. For outside the military sphere, one would have been in a position that could no longer lead to action." ^{1Cf. the author's "Kernpunkte der sozialen Frage", Verlag Greiner und Pfeiffer, Stuttgart 1919.}

[ 19 ] The full proof of this can be found in Helmuth von Moltke's notes. A man speaks there who regarded the "coming war" as the greatest misfortune of the German, indeed of the European peoples; to whom it had been so close to his mind for years and who was about to do so at the decisive moment: to violate his military duty if he allowed the start of the war to be postponed even for a few hours. For many years before the war I saw how this man was devoted to the highest spiritual ideas with fervent longing, how his attitude was such that the slightest suffering of any being was close to his heart; I heard him speak many things; hardly anything significant about military matters. Truly it is not he, but the military mindset through him that speaks from a sentence like the following in the notes: "The highest art of diplomacy, in my opinion, does not consist in maintaining peace under all circumstances, but in permanently shaping the political situation of the state in such a way that it is in a position to enter into war under favorable conditions." And how military thinking overshadows the explanations that Helmuth von Moltke gives himself about the historical development of mankind and Europe when writing these notes.

[ 20 ] You will understand why, based on such premises, these notes contain the sentence: "Germany did not bring about the war, it did not enter it out of a desire for conquest or out of aggressive intentions against its neighbors. - The war was forced upon it by its enemies, and we are fighting for our national existence, for the survival of our people, our national life." I could never have had any other impression than that this inwardly so distinguished man would have taken his leave long before the war if he had had to say anything other than what is expressed in the above sentences about the "coming" war, which he considered inevitable. As things stood, military thinking in Germany could not come to a different judgment. And through this judgment it was condemned to bring itself into conflict with the rest of the world. The German people will have to learn from their misfortune that their thinking must be different in the future. Militarily, the war had to be considered necessary; politically, it was unjustifiable, indefensible and futile.

[ 21 ] How tragic it is that a man must turn to an act whose responsibility makes his heart bleed, which he must regard as his sacred duty; and which outside Germany must be regarded as a moral transgression, as the deliberate bringing about of war. Thus world events collide in a sphere of life where the idea of "guilt" would have to be cast in a completely different light than is now so often the case on all sides.

[ 22 ] There has been talk of the German "warmongers". And rightly so, they were there. It was said that Germany never wanted the war. And rightly so. Because the German people did not want it. But the "warmongers" could not really have brought about the war in the last days; their efforts would have come to a dead end if military thinking had not considered it necessary. The records do contain the sentence: "I am convinced that the Emperor would not have signed the mobilization decree at all if Prince Lichnowsky's dispatch had arrived half an hour earlier". The political mood was against the war; only this political mood had become zero compared to the military considerations. And it had itself become zero in relation to the question of how to proceed against the East or the West. This did not depend on the political situation at the time in question, but on military preparations. Much has been made of a Crown Council or the like, which is said to have been held in Potsdam on July 5, and which is said to have prepared the war according to plan. Well, Mr. von Moltke, in whose military will the decision was made at the end of July, went to Carlsbad for a cure in June; he only returned from there towards the end of July. Until the end of his life he knew nothing of such a crown council. He made the decision purely from a military point of view. Certainly, what was expressed in the European situation in July 1914 and what ultimately provided the basis for the military considerations to turn out as they did: it goes back to events that took place over a period of years. Many German personalities are to blame for these events; but they brought them about because they saw the essence of Germany in external power and splendor, not because they wanted to "incite" to war. And those who agitated for war: the politically peaceful mood would have come to an end with them in the fateful days of July; their efforts would have run out blindly if the events that forged the chain of immediate causes of war in Germany from the beginning had not occurred after July 26. The decision lay with Mr. von Moltke; and he would have had nothing to do with any warmongers, as is clear from the records. How often, after his farewell, could I hear words from his mouth that clearly stated: one would never have listened to warmongers, no matter which camp they came from. If asked about Bernhardi, he would only have said that he could have written as many books as he wanted: no one in our country ever listened to anyone like that. I would not write something like that here if the records did not give me the full right to do so; and if numerous conversations with Mr. von Moltke during the war did not also give me this right. - Before that, as already mentioned, he hardly ever spoke to me about military matters. - I know through how many channels such sentiments as Bernhard's can also pass to authoritative personalities, and how authoritative those who are not in the "authoritative" places can be. But Mr. von Moltke was authoritative; and what he did stemmed from his uninfluenced convictions. - One can disregard all the war-mongering - which is by no means denied here: the immediate causal current that led to Germany's declarations of war began with the judgments that Mr. von Moltke formed after his arrival in Berlin from the purely military point of view of the European situation. Everything else, which one wants to count among the immediate causes of war, ran blind and could not have led to what has become.

[ 23 ] Thus the records are full proof that not the military judgment as such and not the completely inadequate political judgment on the part of Germany caused the war in 1914, but the fact that there was no German policy which could prevent the exclusiveness of the military judgment. Only through such a policy could something different have happened in 1914 than happened. Thus these records are a terrible indictment of this policy. This realization must not remain hidden.

[ 24 ] One might object to the publication of these notes on the grounds that the sentence at the end reads: "They are only intended for my wife and must never be made public." Mr. von Moltke wrote this in November 1914 in Homburg, where these notes were written. There is nothing in these communications that I did not hear from Mr. von Moltke in November and later and for which I was never given an obligation to conceal. On the contrary: I would be violating my duty against the necessary communication of what must not be concealed if I were to hold back even now with what I know. I would have to saw what is in these communications, even if they were not there; and could saw it, for I knew all the things before I had read the records. And by publishing them, Mrs. von Moltke shows that she has an understanding for historical duties; and she knows from the difficult time of mental suffering that began for her husband with his departure that she is acting in his spirit and not against it by publishing them. This man suffered unspeakably. In his soul he lived every vibration of his people's war fate until his death. And so the words that the notes should only be "intended for my wife" are proof of the absolute honesty and sincerity of what he wrote down. At the moment of writing, this man believed that he was only writing for his wife: how could the slightest dishonesty enter into the notes! I say this only to the public, for I knew the man from whose lips a subjective untruth never came.

[ 25 ] Why did these records not become known earlier? You might ask. Oh, people have tried long enough to make their content heard by those who should have heard it in order to give direction to their actions. They did not want to hear it. They were not interested in it. It was not part of the "department". Now the public has to get to know him.

Written in Stuttgart, May 1919
Rudolf Steiner