Goethe's Standard of the Soul
GA 22
1. Goethe's Faust: A Picture of his Esoteric World Conception
This chapter was written and published in the original German for the first time in the year 1902.
[ 1 ] It is Goethe's conviction that man can never solve the riddle of existence within the limits of a synthetic conception of the world. He shares this idea with those who, as a result of certain proofs of inner life, have acquired insight into the nature and substance of knowledge. Such men, unlike some philosophers, find it impossible to speak of a limitation of human cognition; and while realising that there are no bounds to man's search for wisdom, but that it is capable of infinite expansion, are aware that the depths of the universe are unfathomable, that in every unmasked secret lies the origin of the new; and in every solution of a riddle another lies unrevealed. Yet they also know that each new riddle will be capable of solution when the soul has risen to the requisite stage of evolution. Convinced as they are that no mysteries of the Universe are absolutely beyond the reach of man, they do not always desire to reach the contentment of a complete and finished knowledge. They strive only to reach certain vantage points in the life of the soul whence the perspectives of knowledge open out and lose themselves in the far distance.
[ 2 ] It is the same with knowledge in general as it is with knowledge acquired from great works of the spiritual life. They proceed from unfathomable depths of soul life. We may really say that the only significant spiritual creations are those in whose presence we feel this to an ever increasing degree the more often we return to them. It must be assumed that a man's soul life has itself advanced in development each time he returns to the work. Goethe's Faust must surely produce a similar feeling in all who approach it with this attitude of mind.
[ 3 ] Students who bear in mind that Goethe began Faust as a young man and finished it shortly before his death, will guard against entertaining conclusive opinions about it. In his long, varied life, the poet advanced from one stage of development to another, and he allowed his creation of Faust to participate in the fullest sense in this development. He was once asked whether the conclusion of Faust accorded with the words of the “Prologue in Heaven,” written in 1797:
A good man through obscurest aspiration,
Has still an instinct of the one true way.
He answered that this was “enlightenment” but that Faust was finished in old age and then man becomes a mystic. Goethe, as a young man, could not of course realise that in the course of his life he would rise to the conception which at the end of Faust in the “Chorus Mysticus” he was able to express in the words:
All things transitory
But as Symbols are sent.
At the end of Goethe's life the Eternal element in existence was revealed to him in a sense other than he could have dreamed in 1797, when he allows “the Lord” to speak to the Archangels of this Eternal element, in the words:
And what in wavering apparition gleams
Fix in its place with thoughts that stand for ever! [ 4 ] Goethe was fully aware that the truth he possessed had developed within him by degrees, and he would have judged his Faust from this standpoint. On 6th December, 1829, he said to Eckermann: “In old age one's view of things of the world has changed. ... I am like a man who in youth has many small silver and copper coins which in the course of life he changes into more and more valuable coin, so that he finally sees his youthful heritage in gold pieces before him.
[ 5 ] Why was it that old age brought to Goethe a different view of “things of the world?” Because in the course of his life he attained to higher and higher points of view in his soul life, from which new perspectives of truth were perpetually revealed to him. Only those who follow Goethe's inner development can hope to read aright the portions of Faust which were written in the poet's old age. But to such men new depths of this world poem will ever and again be revealed. They advance to a stage where all the events and figures take on an esoteric significance; an inner, spiritual meaning is there beside the external appearance. Those who are incapable of this, will, according to their personal artistic perception, be like the famous aesthetic Vischer, who called the second part of Faust a patched up production of old age, or they will find delight in the rich world of imagery and fable which streams from Goethe's imagination.
[ 6 ] Anyone who speaks of an esoteric meaning in Goethe's Faust will naturally arouse the opposition of those who claim that a “work of art” must be accepted and enjoyed purely “as art,” and that it is inadmissible to turn living figures of artistic imagination into dry allegory. They think that because the spiritual content is barren so far as they are concerned, it must be so for everyone else. But there are some who breathe a higher life that streams from a mighty Spirit, where others hear only words. It is difficult to meet on common ground those who have not the will to follow us into the spiritual world. We have at our disposal only the same words as they; and we cannot force anyone to sense within the words, that totally different element which is perceptible to us. We have no quarrel with such people; we admit what they say, for with us, too, Faust is primarily a work of art, a creation of the imagination. We know how great our loss would be if we were unable to appreciate the artistic value of the work. But it must never be urged that we have no perception of the beauty of the lily because we rise to the spirit which it reveals, nor that we are blind to the picture that in a higher sense is for us like “all things transitory,” which “as symbols are sent.
[ 7 ] We agree with Goethe, who said to Eckermann on 29th January, 1827: “Yet everything (in Faust) is of a sense nature, and on the stage will be quite evident to the eye. I have no other wish. If it should chance that the general audience find pleasure in the representation, that is well; the higher significance will not escape the initiate.” [ 8 ] Those who want truly to understand Goethe must not hold aloof from such initiation. It is possible to indicate the exact point in Goethe's life when he came to the realisation which he has clothed in the words:
All things transitory
But as symbols are sent.
Standing before the ancient works of art his soul was flooded with this thought: This much is certain, that the artists of antiquity possessed equally with Homer a mighty knowledge of Nature, a sure conception of what lends itself to portrayal, and of how it ought to be portrayed. Unfortunately the number of works of art of the first rank is all too small. But when we find them our only desire is to understand them in truth and approach them in peace. Supreme works of art, like the most sublime products of Nature, are created by man in conformity with true and natural Law. All that is arbitrary, all that is invented, collapses: there is Necessity, there is God.” These thoughts are inscribed in Goethe's Diary of his Italian Journey” under the date, 6th September, 1787.
[ 9 ] Man can also penetrate to the spirit of things” by other paths. Goethe's nature was that of the artist; hence for him the revelation of this spirit had to come through art. It can be shown that the scientific knowledge which enabled him to proclaim the scientific views of the nineteenth century in advance, was born from his artistic qualities. One personality will arrive at a similar perspective of knowledge and truth through religion, another through the development of philosophic understanding. (c.f. my book Goethe's World Conception.)
[ 10 ] We must seek in Goethe's Faust for the picture of an inner soul development,—a picture such as an inherently artistic personality is bound to produce. Goethe was by reason of his spiritual gifts able to look into the very depths of Nature in all her reality. We can see how in the boy Goethe there develops, out of his faith, a pro-found reverence for Nature. He describes this in Poetry and Truth: The God who stands in immediate connection with Nature and recognises and loves it as His handiwork, seemed to him the real God, who might enter into closer relationship with man, as with everything else, and who would make him His care, as well as the motion of the stars, times and seasons, plants and animals.” The boy selects the best minerals and stones from his father's collection and arranges them on a music stand. This is the altar upon which he likes to offer his sacrifice to the God of Nature. He lays tapers on the stones and by means of a burning glass lights the tapers with the intercepted rays of the rising morning sun. In this way he kindles a sacred fire through the essence of the Divine Nature forces. We may perceive here the beginning of an inner soul development that—speaking in the terms of Indian Theosophy—seeks for the Light at the centre of the Sun, and for Truth at the centre of the Light. Anyone who follows Goethe's life can trace this Path along which, in inter-mediate stages, he seeks those deeper levels of consciousness where the eternal Necessity, God, was revealed to him. He tells us in Poetry and Truth how he explored every possible region of science, including experimental Alchemy.
Wherefore from Magic I seek assistance,
That many a secret perchance I reach
Through spirit power and spirit speech.
(Faust's Monologue at the beginning of Part I.)
Later on Goethe sought for the expression of eternal law in the creations of Nature and in his Archetypal Plant” and Archetypal Animal” he discovered what the spirit of Nature proclaims to the human spirit when the soul has attained to a mode of thought and conception that is in conformity with the Idea.” Between these two turning points of Goethe's soul life lies the period of the composition of that part of the Drama in which, after Faust's despair of all external Science, he invokes the Earth Spirit. The eternal truth-bearing Light speaks in the words of this Earth Spirit.
In the tides of Life, in Action's storm,
A fluctuant wave,
A shuttle free,
Birth and the Grave,
An eternal sea,
A weaving, flowing
Life, all-glowing,
Thus at Time's humming loom 'tis my hand prepares
The garment of Life which the Deity weaves!
[ 11 ] This is an expression of the all-embracing conception of Nature which we also find in the Prose Hymn Nature, written by Goethe somewhere about the 30th year of his age. Nature! We are surrounded and embraced by her, we cannot draw back from her, nor can we penetrate more deeply into her being. She lifts us, unmasked and unwarned, into the gyrations of her dance, and whirls us away until we fall, exhausted, from her arms. She creates new forms eternally. What is, had no previous existence; what was, comes not again; all is new and yet is ever the old. She builds and destroys eternally, and her laboratory is inaccessible ... She lives in the purity of children, and the Mother, where is she? Nature is the only artist. Each of her creations is an individual Being, each of her revelations a separate concept; yet all makes up a unity. ... She transforms herself eternally and has never a moment of inactivity. ... Her step is measured, her exceptions few, her laws are unchangeable. ... All men are within her, she is within all men. ... Life is her fairest device, and Death is her artifice for acquiring greater life. ... Man obeys her laws even when he opposes them. ... She is the All. She rewards and punishes, delights and distresses herself ... She knows not past and future. The present is her Eternity. ... She has placed me within life and she will lead me out of it. I trust myself to her. ... It was not I who spoke of her. It was she who spoke it all, whether it were true or false. Her's is the blame for all things, her's the credit.
[ 12 ] In old age, looking back at this stage of his soul development, Goethe himself said that it represented an inferior conception of life and that he had acquired one more lofty. But this stage revealed to him that eternal, universal law which streams alike through Nature and the human soul. It inspired the grave conception that an eternal, iron Necessity binds all beings into unity, and taught him to consider man in his indissoluble connection with this Necessity. This attitude of mind is expressed in his Ode, The Divine, written in the year 1782.
Let man be noble, resourceful and good! For this alone distinguishes him from all other beings known to us. According to eternal, mighty Laws of iron must we complete the circle of our existence.
[ 13 ] The same conception is expressed in Faust's Monologue written about the year 1787:
Spirit sublime, thou gav'st me, gav'st me all
For which I prayed. Not unto me in vain
Hast thou thy countenance revealed in fire.
Thou gav'st me Nature as a kingdom grand,
With power to feel and to enjoy it. Thou
Not only cold, amazed acquaintance yield'st,
But grantest, that in her profoundest breast I gaze,
as in the bosom of a friend.
The ranks of living creatures thou dost lead
Before me, teaching me to know my brothers
In air and water and the silent wood.
And when the storm in forests roars and grinds,
The giant firs, in falling, neighbour boughs
And neighbour trunks with crushing weight bear down,
And falling, fill the hills with hollow thunders,—
Then to the cave secure thou leadest me,
Then show'st me mine own self, and in my breast
The deep, mysterious miracles unfold.
[ 14 ] The perspective of his soul was revealed to Goethe by the mysteries of his own breast. It is a perspective which can no longer be revealed in the external world alone, but only when a man descends into his own soul in such a way that in ever deeper regions of consciousness, sublimer secrets may come to light. The world of the senses and intellect then takes on a new significance. It becomes a symbol” of the Eternal. Man perceives that he has a more intimate connection between the external world and his own soul. He learns to know that in his inner being there is a voice destined also to solve all riddles of the outer world.
Here the inadequate
Becomes attainment2The author of this essay is in agreement with the opinion of Ad. Rudolf expressed in his Archives of Modern Languages LXX., 1883, that the writing of the word Ereignis” (event) is only due to an auditory mistake of Goethe's stenographer, and that the correct word is Erreichnis,” attainment.
The highest facts of life, the division into male and female becomes the key to the riddle of humanity. The process of cognition becomes that of life, of fecundation. The soul, in its depths, becomes woman, that element which, impregnated by the world Spirit, gives birth to the highest life-substance. Woman becomes a symbol” of these soul depths. We ascend to the mysteries of existence by allowing ourselves to be drawn upwards and on” by the eternal feminine,” the woman soul. Higher existence begins when we experience the action of wisdom as a process of spiritual fecundation. [ 15 ] The deeper mystics of all ages have realised this. They allowed the highest knowledge to grow out of the action of spiritual fecundation as in the case of the Egyptian Horus, the soul-man, born of Isis, who was overshadowed by the spiritual eye of Osiris,—He who was awakened from the dead.” The second part of Goethe's Faust is written from such a point of view.
[ 16 ] Faust's love for Gretchen in the first part, is of the senses. Faust's love for Helena, in the second part, is not merely a sense process, but a symbol” of the most profoundly mystical soul experience. In Helena, Faust seeks for the eternal feminine,” the woman soul; he seeks the depths of his own soul. The fact that Goethe should allow the archetypal figure of Greek feminine beauty to represent the woman in man” is connected with the essential nature of his personality. The realisation of Divine Necessity dawned in him as he contemplated the beauty of the Greek masterpieces.
[ 17 ] Faust became a mystic as the result of his union with Helena, and he speaks as a mystic at the beginning of the fourth Act of Part II. He sees the female image, the depths of his own soul, and speaks the words:
... Towering broad and formlessly,
It rests along the East like distant icy hills,
And shapes the grand significance of fleeting days.
And still there clings a light and delicate band of mist
Around my breast and brow, caressing, cheering me.
Now light, delayingly, it soars and higher soars
And folds together.—Cheats me an ecstatic form,
As early youthful, long foregone and highest bliss?
The first glad treasures of my deepest heart break forth;
Aurora's love, so light of pinion, is its type,
The swiftly-felt, the first, scarce-comprehended glance,
Out-shining every treasure, when retained and held.
Like Spiritual Beauty mounts the gracious Form,
Dissolving not, but lifts itself through ether far,
And from my inner being bears the best away.
[ 18 ] In this description of the ecstacy experienced by one who has descended into the depths of his own soul and has there felt the best within him drawn away by the eternal feminine,” it is as though we were listening to the words of the Greek Philosopher: When, free from the body, thou ascendest to the free Aether, thy soul becomes an immortal god, who knows not death.
[ 19 ] For at this stage Death becomes a symbol.” Man dies from the lower life in order to live again in a higher existence. Higher spiritual life is a new stage of the Becoming”; time becomes a symbol” of the Eternal that now lives in man. The union with the eternal feminine” allows the child in man to come into being,—the child, imperishable, immortal, because it is of the Eternal. The higher life is the surrender, the death of the lower, the birth of a higher existence. In his West-East Diva” Goethe expresses this in the words: And as long as thou art without this ‘dying and becoming’ thou art but an uneasy guest on the dark Earth.” [ 20 ] We find the same thought in his prose aphorisms: Man must give up his existence in order to exist.” Goethe is in agreement with the Mystic Herakleitos when he speaks of the Dionysian cult of the Greeks. It would have been an empty, even a dishonourable cult in his eyes if it had made sacrifices merely to the god of nature and of sense pleasure. But that was not the case. The worship was not alone directed to Dionysos, the god of the immediate sense prosperity of Life, but to Hades, the god of death as well. The Greeks prepared tumultuous fire” both for Hades and Dionysos, for in the Greek Mysteries life was honoured in company with death; this is the higher existence that passes through material death of which the Mystics speak when they say that Death is after all the root of all life.” The second part of Faust represents an awakening, the birth of the higher man” from the depths of the soul. From this point of view we can understand the meaning of Goethe's words: If it should chance that the general audience find pleasure in the representation, that is well; the higher significance will not escape the initiate.
[ 21 ] Those who have developed true mystical knowledge find it in high degree in Goethe's Faust. After the scene with the Earth Spirit in Part I., when Faust has conversed with Wagner and is alone, despairing of the insignificance of the Earth Spirit, he speaks the words:
I, God's own image, from this toil of clay
Already freed, with eager joy who hailed
The mirror of eternal Truth unveil'd,
Mid light effulgent and celestial clay:—
I, more than cherub, whose unfettered soul
With penetrative glance aspir'd to flow
Through Nature's veins, and, still creating, know
The life of Gods,—how am I punished now!3Miss Swanwick's translation.
[ 22 ] What is the Mirror of Eternal Truth”? We can read of it in the following words of Jacob Boehme, the Mystic: All that, whereof this world is an earthly mirror, and an earthly parable, is present in the Divine Kingdom in great perfection and in Spiritual Being. Not only the spirit conceived as a will or thought, but Beings, corporate Beings, full of strength and substance, though to the outer world impalpable. For from the self-same spiritual Being in whom is the pure element—and from the Being of Darkness in the Mystery of Wrath—from the origin of the eternal Being of manifestation whence all the qualities come forth, this visible world was born and created, a spoken sound proceeding from the Being of all Beings.
For the sake of those who love truisms let it be observed that it is not in any sense correct to state that Goethe had precisely this passage of Jacob Boehme in his mind when he wrote the words quoted above. What he had in his mind was the mystical knowledge which finds expression in Boehme's sentences. Goethe lived in this mystical knowledge and it grew riper and riper within him. He created from the kind of knowledge possessed by the mystics. And from this source he derived the capacity for seeing Life,—things transitory” as symbols only, as a reflection. A period of inexhaustible inner development lies between the time (Part I.) when Goethe wrote his words of despair at being so remote from the mirror of eternal truth,” and the time when he wrote the Chorus Mysticus” whose words express the fact that things transitory” are to be seen only as symbols” of the Eternal.
[ 23 ] The theme of the mystical dying and becoming” runs through the Introductory Scene of Part II.:
A pleasing landscape. Faust reclining upon flowery turf, restless, seeking sleep.” The elves, under Ariel, bring about Faust's Awakening.
Who round this head in airy circles hover,
Yourselves in guise of noble Elves discover!
The fierce convulsions of his heart compose;
Remove the burning barbs of his remorses,
And cleanse his being from the suffered woes!
Four pauses makes the Night upon her courses,
And now, delay not, let them kindly close!
First on the coolest pillow let him slumber,
Then sprinkle him with Lethe's drowsy spray!
His limbs no more shall cramps and chills encumber,
When sleep has made him strong to meet the day.
Perform, ye Elves, your fairest rite:
Restore him to the holy Light!
[ 24 ] And at sunrise Faust is restored to the holy Light:
Life's pulses now with fresher force awaken
To greet the mild ethereal twilight o'er me;
This night, thou, Earth! hast also stood unshaken,
And now thou breathest new-refreshed before me,
And now beginnest, all thy gladness granting,
A vigorous resolution to restore me,
To seek that highest life for which I'm panting.
[ 25 ] For what was Faust striving in his study (Part I.), and what had happened at the stage he has reached at the beginning of Part II.? His striving is clothed in the words of the Wise man:
The spirit world no closures fasten;
Thy sense is shut, thy heart is dead:
Disciple, up! untiring, hasten
To bathe thy breast in morning-red!
[ 26 ] As yet Faust cannot bathe his earthly breast” in the morning red.” When he has invoked the Earth Spirit he is forced to acknowledge the insignificance of this being. This he is able to do at the beginning of Part II. Ariel proclaims how it comes to be:
Hearken! Hark!—the Hours careering!
Sounding loud to spirit-hearing,
See the new-born day appearing!
[ 27 ] The new-born day” of knowledge and of life born out of the morning red” inspired Jacob Boehme's earliest work entitled Aurora or The Rise of Dawn, which was imbued with mystical knowledge. The passage in Act IV., Part II., of Faust already quoted shows how deeply Goethe lived in such conceptions. The first glad treasures” of his deepest heart” are revealed to him by Aurora's Love.” When Faust has really bathed his earthly breast in the morning red” he is ready to lead a higher life within the course of his earthly existence. He appears in the company of Mephistopheles at the imperial palace during a feast of pleasure and empty amusements and must himself help to increase them. He appears in the Mask of Hades, the God of Wealth, in a masquerade. He is desired to add to the amusements by charming Paris and Helena from the Underworld. This shows us that Faust had attained to that stage in his soul life where he under-stood the dying and becoming.” He participates joyfully in the Feast, but while it is going on he sets out on the path to the Mothers,” where alone he can find the figures of Paris and Helena which the emperor wishes to see. The eternal archetypes of all existence are preserved in the realm of the Mothers. It is a realm which man can only enter when he has given up his existence in order to exist.” There, too, Faust is able to find the part of Helena that has outlived the ages. But Mephistopheles, who has up to now been his guide, is not able to lead him into this realm. This is characteristic of his nature. He says emphatically to Faust:
Thou deem'st the thing is quickly fixed:
Here before steeper ways we're standing;
With strangest spheres would'st thou be mixed.
[ 28 ] Mephistopheles is a stranger to the realm of the Eternal. This may well appear inexplicable when we consider that Mephistopheles belongs to the kingdom of Evil, itself a kingdom of Eternity. But the difficulty is solved when we take Goethe's individuality into account. He had not experienced eternal Necessity” within the realm of Christianity where, to him, Hell and the Devil belong. This idea of the Eternal arose for Goethe in a region alien to the conceptions of Christendom. It is to be admitted of course that the ultimate origin of a figure like Mephistopheles is to be found in the conceptions of Heathen religions too. (Cp. Karl Kiesewetter's Faust in history and tradition.”) So far as Goethe was concerned, however, this figure belonged to the Northern world of Christendom, and the source of his creation was there. He could not in personal experience find his kingdom of the Eternal within the scope of this world of conceptions. To understand this, we need only be reminded of what Schiller said of Goethe in his deeply intuitive letter of 23rd August, 1794: If you had been born a Greek or even an Italian with a special kind of Nature and an idealistic Art around you from the cradle, your path would have been infinitely limited and perhaps made quite superficial. Even in the earliest conception of things you would have absorbed the Form of Necessity and you would have developed a mighty style together with your earliest experience. But being born a German with your Greek spirit thrown into the milieu of this Northern world, you had no choice but to become either an Artist of the North, or to re-establish in your Imagination by the help of the power of thought, what Reality withheld from you, and so, as it were, from within outwards, and on a rationalistic path, give birth to a Greek world.
[ 29 ] It is not our task here to embark upon a consideration of the different conceptions formed by man as to the meaning of the Mephistopheles figure. These conceptions express the endeavour to change figures of Art into barren allegories or symbols, and I have always opposed this. So far as an esoteric interpretation is concerned, Mephistopheles must be accepted, in the sense, naturally, of poetical reality, as an actual being. For an esoteric interpretation does not look for the spiritual value which certain figures in the first instance receive from the poet, but the spiritual value they already have in life. The poet can neither deprive them of this nor can he impart it; he takes it from life, as he would anything visible to the eye. It is, however, part of the nature of Mephistopheles that he lives in the material sense world. Hell, too, is nothing but incarnate materiality, The Eternal in the womb of the Mothers can only be an entirely alien realm to anyone who lives in materiality as intensely as Mephistopheles. Man must penetrate through materiality in order again to enter into the Eternal, the Divine, whence he has sprung. If he finds the way, if he gives up his existence in order to exist,” then he is a Faust being; if he cannot abandon materiality he becomes a character like Mephistopheles. Mephistopheles is only able to give to Faust the key” to the realm of the Mothers. A mystery is connected with this key.” Man must have experienced it before he can fully penetrate it. It will be most easy of attainment to those who are scientists in the true sense.
[ 30 ] It is possible for a man to accumulate much scientific learning and yet for the spirit of things,” the realm of the Mothers, to remain closed to him. Yet in scientific knowledge we have, fundamentally, the key to the spiritual world in our hands. It may become either academic erudition or wisdom. If a man of wisdom makes himself master of that dry erudition” which a man who is merely scientific has accumulated, he is led into a region which to the other is entirely foreign. Faust is able to penetrate to the Mothers with the key given him by Mephistopheles. The natures of Faust and Mephistopheles are reflected in the way in which they speak of the realm of the Mothers.
...Naught shalt thou see in endless Void afar,—
Not hear thy footstep fall, nor meet
A stable spot to rest thy feet.
... I to the Void am sent,
That art and power therein I may augment;
To use me like the cat is thy desire,
To scratch for thee the chestnuts from the fire.
Come on then! We'll explore, whate'er befall;
In this, thy Nothing, may I find my All!
[ 31 ] Goethe told Eckermann how he came to introduce the “Mothers ” scene. “I can only tell you,” he says, “that in Plutarch I found that in Greek Antiquity the Mothers were spoken of as Divinities.” This necessarily made a profound impression upon Goethe, who as the result of his mystical knowledge, realised the significance of the “eternal feminine.
[ 32 ] From the realm of the Mothers, Faust conjures up the figures of Helena and of Paris. When he sees them before him in the imperial palace he is seized by an irresistible desire for Helena. He wants to take possession of her. He sinks unconscious to the ground and is carried off by Mephistopheles. Here we come to a stage of great significance in Faust's evolution. He is ready and ripe to press forward into the spiritual world. He can rise in spirit to the eternal archetypes. He has reached the point where the spiritual world in an infinite perspective becomes visible to man.
[ 33 ] At this point it is possible for a man either to resign himself to the realisation that this perspective cannot be gauged in one bound, but must rather be traversed by numberless life stages; or he may determine to make himself master of the final aim of Divinity at one stroke. The latter was Faust's desire. He undergoes a new test. He must experience the truth that man is bound to matter and that only when he has passed through all stages of materiality is he made pure for attainment of the final aim.
[ 34 ] Only a purely spiritual being, born in a spiritual fashion, can unite himself directly with the spiritual world. The human tspirit is not a being of this kind and it must pass through the whole range of material existence. Without this life-journey the human spirit would be a soulless, lifeless entity. The very existence of the human spirit implies that the journey through materiality has been begun at some point. For man is what he is only because he has passed through a series of previous incarnations. Goethe had also to express this conception in Faust. On 16th December, 1829, he speaks of Homunculus to Eckermann: “A spiritual being like Homunculus, not yet darkened and circumscribed by a fully human evolution, is to be counted a Daemon.
[ 35 ] Homunculus, therefore, is a man but without the element of materiality that is essential to man. He is brought into existence by magical methods in the laboratory. On the date above mentioned Goethe speaks further of him to Eckermann: “Homunculus, as a being to whom actuality is absolutely clear and transparent, beholds the inner being of the sleeping Faust. But because everything is transparent to his spirit, the spirit has no point for him. He does not reason; he wants to act.” In so far as man is a knower, the impulse to will and action is awakened through knowledge. The essential thing is not the knowledge or the spirit as such, but the fact that this spirit must be led to pass through the material, through action. The more knowledge a being possesses, the greater will be the impulse to action. And a being who has been produced by purely spiritual means must be filled with the thirst for action. Homunculus is in this position. His powerful urge towards reality leads Faust with Mephistopheles to Greece, into the “Classical Walpurgis Night.” Homunculus is bound to become corporeal in the realm where Goethe found the highest reality. It then becomes possible for Faust to find the real Helena, not merely her archetype. Homunculus leads him into Greek reality. To understand fully the nature of Homunculus we need only follow his journeys through the Classical Walpurgis Night. He wants to learn from two Greek Philosophers how he can come into being, that is, to action. He says to Mephistopheles:
From place to place I flit and hover.
And in the best sense. I would fain exist.
And most impatient am. my glass to shatter;
But what till now I've witnessed, is't
Then strange if I mistrust the matter?
Yet I'll be confidential. if thou list:
I follow two Philosophers this way.
'Twas ‘Nature! Nature!’—all heard them say;
I'll cling to them and see what they are seeing,
For they must understand this earthly being,
And I shall doubtless learn, in season.
Where to betake me with the soundest reason.
[ 36 ] His wish is to gain knowledge of the natural conditions of the genesis of corporeal existence. Thales leads him to Proteus. the Lord of Change, of the “eternal Becoming.” Thales says of Homunculus:
He asks thy counsel, he desires to be.
He is, as I myself have heard him say.
(The thing's a marvell!) only born half-way.
He has no lack of qualities ideal,
But far too much of palpable and real.
Till now the glass alone has given him weight,
And he would fain be soon incorporeate.
[ 37 ] And Proteus gives utterance to the Law of Becoming:
No need to ponder here his origin;
On the broad ocean's breast must thou begin!
One starts there first within a narrow pale.
And finds, destroying, lower forms, enjoyment:
Little by little, then, one climbs the scale,
And fits himself for loftier employment.
[ 38 ] Thales gives the counsel:
Yield to the wish so wisely stated,
And at the source be thou created!
Be ready for the rapid plan!
There, by eternal canons wending,
Through thousand, myriad forms ascending,
Thou shalt attain, in time, to Man.
[ 39 ] Goethe's whole conception of the relationship of all beings, of their metamorphic evolution from the imperfect to the perfect is here expressed in a picture. At first the spirit can only exist germinally in the world. The spirit must pour itself out, must dip down into matter, and into the elements, before it can take on its sublimer form. Homunculus is shattered by Galatea's shell chariot and is dissolved• into the elements. This is described by the Sirens:
What fiery marvel the billows enlightens,
As one on the other is broken and. brightens?
It flashes and wavers, and hitherward plays!
On the path of the Night are the bodies ablaze,
And all things around are with flames overrun:
The Eros be ruler, who all things began!
[ 40 ] Homunculus as a spirit no longer exists. He is blended in the Elements and can arise from out of them. Eros, desire, will, action, must go forward to the spirit. The spirit must pass through matter, through the Fall into Sin. In Goethe's words, the spiritual essence must be.darkened and circumscribed, for this is necessary to a full human development. The second Act of Part II. presents the mystery of human development. Proteus, the Lord of corporeal metamorphosis, discloses this Mystery to Homunculus:
In spirit seek the watery distance!
Boundless shall there be thine existence,
And where to move, thy will be free.
But struggle not to higher orders!
Once Man, within the human borders,
Then all is at an end for thee.
[ 41 ] This is all that the Lord of corporeal metamorphosis can know about human development. So far as his knowledge goes evolution comes to an end when man, as such, has come into existence. What comes after that is not his province. He is only at home in the corporeal; and as a result of man's development the spiritual element separates itself from the merely corporeal. The further development of man proceeds in the spiritual world. The highest point to which the process is brought by the Eros of Nature is the separation into two sexes, male and female. Here spiritual development sets in; Eros is spiritualised. Faust enters into union with Helena, the archetype of Beauty. Goethe was well aware of all that he owed to his intimate connection with Greek beauty. The mystery of spiritualisation was for him of the nature of Art. Euphorion arises out of Faust's union with Helena. Goethe himself tells us what Euphorion is. (Eckermann quotes Goethe's words of 20th December, 1829): “Euphorion is not a human but an allegorical being. Euphorion personifies poetry that is bound neither to place nor person.” Poetry is born from the marriage experienced by Faust in the depths of his soul. This colouring of the spiritual Mystery must be traced back to Goethe's personal experience and nature. He saw in Art, in Poetry, “a manifestation of secret Laws of Nature,” which without them would never be revealed. (Compare his Prose Aphorisms.) He attained the higher stages of soul life as an artist. It was only natural that he should ascribe to poetry not only quite general qualities but those of the poetical creations of his time. Byronic qualities have passed over to Euphorion. On 5th July, 1827, Goethe said to Eckermann: “I could never choose anyone else but Byron as the representative of the most modern school of poetry, for he has unquestionably the greatest talent of the century. Byron is neither ancient nor modern, but like the present day itself. I had to have one like him. Besides this, he was typical, on account of his unsatisfied nature and that warlike temperament which led him to Missolonghi. It is neither opportune nor advisable to write a treatise on Byron, but in the future I shall not fail to pay him incidental tribute and to point to him in certain matters of detail.
The union of Faust with Helena cannot be permanent. The descent into the depths of the soul, as Goethe also knew, is only possible in “Festival moments” of life. Man descends to those regions where the highest spirituality comes to birth. But with the metamorphosis which he has there experienced he returns again to the life of action. Faust passes through a process of spiritualisation, but as a spiritualised being he has to work on in everyday life. A man who has passed through such “Festival moments” must realise how the deeper soul element in him vanishes again in everyday actuality. Goethe expressed this in a picture. Euphorion disappears again into the realm of darkness. Man cannot bring the spiritual to continuous earthly life, but the spiritual is now inwardly united with his soul. This spiritual element, his child, draws his soul into the realm of the Eternal. He has united himself with the Eternal. As a result of the loftiest spiritual activity man enters into the Eternal in his highest being, in the depths of his soul. The union into which his soul has entered enables him to ascend to the All. The words of Euphorion sound forth as this eternal call in the heart of ever-striving man:
Leave me here, in the gloomy Void,
Mother, not thus alone!
A man who has experienced the Eternal in the Temporal perpetually hears this call from the spiritual in him. His creations draw his soul to the Eternal. So will Faust live on. He will lead a dual life. He will create in life, but his spiritual child binds him on his earthly path to the higher world of the spirit. This will be the life of a mystic, but in the nature of things not a life where the days are passed in idle observation, in inner dream, but a life where deeds bear the impress of that nobility attained by man as the result of spiritual deepening.
[ 42 ] Faust's outer life, too, will now be that of a man who has surrendered his existence in order to exist. He will work absolutely selflessly in the service of humanity. But still another test awaits him. At the stage to which he has attained he cannot bring his activity in material existence into full harmony with the real needs of the spirit. He has taken land from the sea and has built a stately abode upon it. But an old hut still remains standing and in it live an aged couple. This disturbs the work of new creation. The aged couple do not want to exchange their dwelling for any nobler estate. Faust must see how Mephistopheles carries out his wish, turning it to evil. He sets the homestead on fire and the aged couple die of fright. Faust must experience once again that “perfect human evolution darkens and circumscribes,” and that it must lead to guilt. It was his material sense life that laid this blow, this test upon him. As he hears the bell sound from the aged couple's Chapel he breaks forth into the words:
Accurséd chime! As in derision
It wounds me, like a spiteful shot:
My realm is boundless to my vision,
Yet at my back this vexing blot!
The bell proclaims; with envious bluster,
My grand estate lacks full design:
The brown old hut, the linden-cluster,
The crumbling chapel are not mine.
If there I wished for recreation,
Another's shade would give no cheer:
A thorn it is, a sharp vexation,—
Would I were far away from here!
Faust's senses engender in him a fateful desire. There still remains in him some element of that existence which he must “surrender in order to exist.” The homestead is not his. In the “midnight hour” four grey women appear. Want, Blame, Care, Need. These are they who darken and circumscribe man's existence. He passes through life under their escort, and at first he cannot exist without their guidance. Life alone can bring emancipation from them. Faust has reached the point where three of these figures have no power over him. Care is the only one from whom this power has not been taken away. Care says:
Ye sisters, ye neither can enter, nor dare:
But the keyhole is free to the entrance of Care.
And Care exhorts him in a voice that lies deep in the heart of every man. No man can eradicate the last doubt as to whether he can with his life's reckoning stand steadfast in face of the Eternal. At this moment Faust has such an experience. Has he really only pure powers around him? Has he freed his “inner man” from all that is impure? He has taken Magic to his aid along his path, and acknowledges this in the words:
Not yet have I my liberty made good:
If I could banish Magic's fell creations,
And totally unlearn the incantations,
Stood I, O Nature! Man alone in thee,
Then were it worth one's while a man to be!
Faust too is unable to cast the last doubt away from him. Care may say of him also:
Though no ear should choose to hear me,
Yet the shrinking heart must fear me:
Though transformed to mortal eyes,
Grimmest power I exercise.
In the face of Care, Faust would first ask himself whether those remains of doubt as to his life's reckoning have vanished:
The sphere of Earth is known enough to me,
The view beyond is barred immutably:
A fool, who there his blinking eyes directeth,
And o'er his cloud of peers a place expecteth!
Firm let him stand, and look around him well!
This world means something to the Capable,
Why needs he through Eternity to wend?
In these very sentences Faust shows that he is about to fight his way to full freedom. Care would urge him on to the Eternal after her own fashion. She shows him how men on the earth only unite the Temporal to the Temporal. And even if they do this, believing that this world means something to the ‘Capable,’ she, nevertheless, remains with them to the last. And what she has been able to do in the case of others, Care thinks she can also do in the case of Faust. She believes in her power to enhance in him those doubts that beset a man when he asks himself whether all his deeds have indeed any significance or meaning. Care speaks of her power over men:
Shall he go, or come?—how guide him?
Prompt decision is denied him;
Midway on the trodden highway
Halting he attempts a by-way;
Such incessant rolling, spinning,
Painful quitting, hard beginning,—
Now constraint, now liberation,
Semi-sleep, poor recreation,
Firmly in his place ensnare him
And, at last, for Hell prepare him!
Faust's soul has progressed too far for him to fall into the power of Care to this extent. He is able to cry in rejoinder:
And yet, O Care, thy power, thy creeping shape,
Think not that I shall recognize it!
Care is only able to have power over his bodily nature. As she vanishes she breathes on him and he becomes blind. His bodily nature dies in order that he may attain a higher stage:
The Night seems deeper now to press around me,
But in my inmost spirit all is light.
After this it is only the soul element in Faust which comes into consideration. Mephistopheles who lives in the material world has no power here. Since the Helena Scene the better and deeper soul of Faust has lived in the Eternal. This Eternal takes full possession of him after his death. Angels incorporeate Faust's immortal essence into this Eternal:
This noble Spirit now is free,
And saved from evil scheming:
Who'er aspires unweariedly
Is not beyond redeeming.
And if with him celestial love
Hath taken part,—to meet him
Come down the angels from above;
With cordial hail they greet him.
The “Celestial Love” is in strong contrast to “Eros,” to whom Proteus refers when he says at the end of the second Act, Part II.:
All things around are with flames overrun:
Then Eros be ruler who all things began!
This Eros is the Love “from below” that leads Homunculus through the elements and through bodily metamorphosis in order that he may finally appear as man. Then begins the “Love from above” which develops the soul further.
[ 43 ] The soul of Faust is set upon the path to the Eternal, the Infinite. An unending perspective is open before it. We can dimly sense what this perspective is. To make it poetically objective is very difficult. Goethe realised this and he says to Eckermann: “You will admit that the conclusion, where the soul that has found salvation passes heavenward, was very difficult to write and that in reference to such highly supersensible and hardly conceivable matters I could have very easily fallen into vagueness if I had not, by the use of sharply defined Christian-Theological figures and concepts, given a certain form and stability to my poetical intentions.” The inexhaustible content of the soul must be indicated, and the deepest inner being expressed in symbol. Holy Anchorites “dispersed over the hill,” “stationed among the clefts” represent the highest states of the evolution of the soul. Man is led upwards into the regions of consciousness, of the soul,—wherein the world becomes to an ever increasing extent the “symbol” of the Eternal.
[ 44 ] This consciousness, the deepest region of the soul, are mystically seen in the figure of the “eternal feminine,” Mary the Virgin. Dr. Marianus in rapture prays to her:
Highest Mistress of the World!
Let me in the azure
Tent of Heaven, in light unfurled
Here thy Mystery measure!
[ 45 ] With the monumental words of the Chorus Mysticus, Faust draws to its conclusion. They are words of Wisdom eternal. They give utterance to the Mystery that “All things transitory are only a symbol.” This is what lies before man in the farthest distance; to this leads the path which man follows when he has grasped the meaning of this “dying and becoming:
Here the Inadequate
Becomes attainment.
This cannot be described because it can only be discovered in experience; this it is that the Initiates of the “Mysteries” experienced when they were led to the path of the Eternal; it is unutterable because it lies in such deep clefts of the soul that it cannot be clothed in words coined for the temporal world:
The indescribable,
Here it is done.
And to all this man is drawn by the power of his own soul, by the powers that are dimly sensed when he passes through the inner portals of the soul, when he seeks for that divine voice within calling him to the union of the “eternal masculine,”—the universe, with the “eternal feminine,”—consciousness:
The Eternal Feminine draws us
Upwards and on.
I. Goethes Faust als Bild seiner esoterischen Weltanschauung
Diese Ausführungen sind 1902 geschrieben und zuerst veröffentlicht worden
[ 1 ] Es ist Goethes Überzeugung, daß der Mensch niemals in einer zusammenfassenden Vorstellungswelt die Rätsel des Daseins lösen könne. Er teilt diese Anschauung mit allen, die, nach gewissen Prüfungen ihres Innenlebens, sich bis zu einem Einblick in das Wesen der Erkenntnis durchgerungen haben. Diese können nicht, gleich gewissen Philosophen, von einer Beschränktheit des menschlichen Erkennens sprechen. Sie sehen ein, daß das menschliche Weisheitsstreben nirgends eine Grenze hat, daß es vielmehr ins Unendliche zu erweitern ist. Aber sie wissen, daß die Tiefen der Welt unerreichbar sind. In jedem Geheimnis, das sich ihnen enthüllt, liegt der Quell zu neuen Geheimnissen, in der Lösung eines Rätsels liegt ein neues verborgen. Doch wissen sie auch, daß dieses neue wieder für sie lösbar sein wird, wenn sich ihre Seele zu der entsprechenden Entwicklungsstufe erhoben hat. Obwohl sie so überzeugt sind, daß es für den Menschen keine unlöslichen Weltgeheimnisse gibt, wollen sie doch niemals in einer abgeschlossenen Erkenntnis sich befriedigen, sondern nur gewisse Aussichtspunkte im Seelenleben erklimmen, in denen sich die in der Ferne sich verlierenden Perspektiven der Erkenntnis eröffnen.
[ 2 ] Wie mit der Erkenntnis im allgemeinen geht es mit derjenigen, welche wir aus den wahrhaft großen Werken des Geisteslebens gewinnen. Sie gehen aus einer Tiefe des Seelenlebens hervor, deren Grund unerreichbar ist. Man darf sogar sagen, daß nur diejenigen geistigen Schöpfungen zu den wahrhaft bedeutenden gehören, denen gegenüber man ein solches Gefühl in einem immer stärkeren Grade erhält, je öfter man zu ihnen zurückkehrt. Vorausgesetzt ist dabei allerdings, daß man immer, wenn man zurückkehrt, selbst vorher eine Weiterentwicklung seines Seelenlebens durchgemacht hat. Es scheint, daß jeder, der mit dieser Gesinnung den Goetheschen Faust ansieht, von ihm eine solche Empfindung gewinnen muß.
[ 3 ] Wer dazu noch bedenkt, daß Goethe dieses Werk als junger Mann begonnen und kurz vor seinem Tode vollendet hat, der wird sich hüten, über dasselbe einen erschöpfenden Gedanken zu hegen. Der Dichter ist in seinem langen und reichen Leben von Entwicklungsstufe zu Entwicklungsstufe fortgeschritten, und er hat seine Faustschöpfung in vollem Maße an dieser Fortentwicklung teilnehmen lassen. Einmal wurde er gefragt, ob denn der Abschluß seines Faust so wäre, daß er den Worten des im Jahre 1797 geschriebenen «Prolog im Himmel» entspreche: «Ein guter Mensch in seinem dunklen Drange, ist sich des rechten Weges wohl bewußt.» Er antwortete, das wäre ja «Aufklärung», Faust aber endige im höchsten Alter, und da werde man Mystiker. Gewiß: der junge Goethe konnte sich nicht bewußt sein, daß er im Laufe seines Lebens zu der Anschauung erhoben werde, für die er am Schlüsse des Faust im «Chorus mysticus» die Worte fand: «Alles Vergängliche ist nur ein Gleichnis.» An seinem Lebensende hatte sich ihm in anderer Weise geoffenbart, was im Dasein ewig ist, als er 1797 ahnen konnte, da er Gott zu den Erzengeln, mit Hindeutung auf dieses Ewige, sprechen läßt: «Und was in schwankender Erscheinung schwebt, befestiget mit dauernden Gedanken.»
[ 4 ] Goethe war sich klar, daß sich ihm seine Wahrheit stufenweise enthüllt hat. Er wollte seinen Faust aus diesem Gesichtspunkte beurteilt haben. Am 6. Dezember 1829 sagte er zu Eckermann: «Wenn man alt ist, denkt man über die weltlichen Dinge anders, als da man jung war... Es geht mir damit wie einem, der in seiner Jugend sehr viel kleines Silber- und Kupfergeld hat, das er während dem Lauf seines Lebens immer bedeutender einwechselt, so daß er zuletzt seinen Jugendbesitz in reinen Goldstücken vor sich sieht.»
[ 5 ] Warum dachte Goethe in seinem Alter über die «weltlichen Dinge» anders als in seiner Jugend ? Weil er im Laufe des Lebens immer höhere Aussichtspunkte des Seelenlebens erstiegen hat, in denen sich ihm immer neue Perspektiven der Wahrheit geoffenbart haben. Wer seiner inneren Entwicklung folgt, der allein kann hoffen, die im hohen Alter von ihm geschriebenen Teile des Faust in der rechten Weise zu lesen. Für den erschließen sich aber auch immer neue Tiefen dieses Weltgedichtes. Er dringt vor zu einer esoterischen Deutung der Vorgänge und Gestalten. Alles gewinnt neben der äußeren noch eine innere, geistige Bedeutung. Wer solches nicht vermag, der wird, je nach seiner persönlichen, künstlerischen Auffassung, den zweiten Teil des Faust, wie der bedeutende Ästhetiker Vischer, ein zusammengeschustertes Machwerk des Alters nennen; oder er wird sich an der reichen Bilder- und Märchenwelt erfreuen, die Goethes Phantasie entströmt ist.
[ 6 ] Wer von einer esoterischen Deutung des Goetheschen Faust spricht, wird naturgemäß alle die zum Widerspruch reizen, die verlangen, daß ein «Kunstwerk rein künstlerisch» erfaßt und genossen werden müsse. Sie werden mit dem Vorwurfe bei der Hand sein, daß es unstatthaft sei, lebensvolle Gestalten der künstlerischen Phantasie in stroherne Allegorien zu verwandeln. Wenn solche Leute nur sich darüber klar wären, daß sie nichts weiter behaupten, als was man von einem höheren Gesichtspunkte aus eine « Zigeunerwahrheit» nennt. Sie glauben, weil für sie der geistige Gehalt strohern ist, muß er es für alle sein. Nein, es gibt welche, die dort, wo ihr stroherne Allegorien seht, ein höheres Leben atmen, denen ein tiefer Geist erquillt, wo ihr nur Worte hört. Es ist zunächst schwer, sich mit euch zu verständigen, wenn ihr nicht den «guten Willen» habt, uns ins «Geisterreich» zu folgen. Wir haben ja nur dieselben Worte, die ihr auch habt. Und wir können niemand zwingen, das ganz andere, das wir bei den Worten empfinden, mitzuempfinden. Wir bekämpfen euch nicht. Wir geben alles zu, was ihr sagt. Auch uns ist Faust zunächst Kunstwerk, Phantasieschöpfung. Wir rechneten es uns als einen Mangel an, wenn wir diesen künstlerischen Wert nicht empfinden könnten. Aber glaubet nur nicht, daß wir keine Sinne haben für die Schönheit der Lilie, weil wir zu dem Geist aufsteigen, den sie uns offenbart; glaubet nicht, daß wir ohne Auge sind für das Bild, das «im höheren Sinne» für uns, wie «alles Vergängliche», nur ein «Gleichnis» ist.
[ 7 ] Wir halten es mit Goethe. Er sagte am 25. Januar 18 27 zu Eckermann: «Aber doch ist alles (im Faust) sinnlich und wird, auf dem Theater gedacht, jedem gut in die Augen fallen. Und mehr habe ich nicht gewollt. Wenn es nur so ist, daß die Menge der Zuschauer Freude an der Erscheinung hat; dem Eingeweihten wird zugleich der höhere Sinn nicht entgehen.»
[ 8 ] Wer Goethe wirklich verstehen will, der darf sich von solcher Einweihung nicht fernehalten. Man kann genau den Punkt in Goethes Leben angeben, wo ihm der Sinn dafür aufging, daß «alles Vergängliche nur ein Gleichnis ist». Es war, als ihm vor den antiken Kunstwerken der Gedanke durch die Seele zog: «So viel ist gewiß, die alten Künstler haben ebenso große Kenntnis der Natur und einen ebenso sicheren Begriff von dem, was sich vorstellen läßt und wie es vorgestellt werden muß, gehabt als Homer. Leider ist die Anzahl der Kunstwerke der ersten Klasse gar zu klein. Wenn man aber auch diese sieht, so hat man nichts zu wünschen, als sie recht zu erkennen und dann in Frieden hinzufahren. Die hohen Kunstwerke sind zugleich als die höchsten Naturwerke von Menschen nach wahren und natürlichen Gesetzen hervorgebracht worden. Alles Willkürliche, Eingebildete fällt zusammen: da ist die Notwendigkeit, da ist Gott.» Es ist unter dem 6.September 1787, da Goethe im Tagebuch seiner «Italienischen Reise» diesen Gedanken aufzeichnet.
[ 9 ] Man kann auch auf anderen Wegen zu dem «Geiste der Dinge» dringen. Goethes Natur ist eine künstlerische. Daher muß sich ihm in der Kunst dieser Geist erschließen. Man kann nachweisen, daß auch seine großen, wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse, durch die er die naturwissenschaftlichen Einsichten des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts vorher verkündigt hat, aus seinem Künstlergeiste heraus geboren sind. 1Vergleiche mein Buch «Goethes Weltanschauung». Eine andere Persönlichkeit wird durch eine religiöse, eine dritte durch eine philosophische Entwicklung zu einer gleichen Perspektive der Erkenntnis und Wahrheit kommen.
[ 10 ] Man darf in Goethes Faust das Bild einer inneren Seelenentwicklung suchen. Im besonderen ein solches, wie es eine künstlerische Persönlichkeit zur Darstellung bringen muß. Er war durch seine Geistesanlage dazu vorherbestimmt, in die Tiefen der Natur selbst zu schauen. Man sehe, wie der Knabe schon für sich einen tiefempfundenen Naturdienst als Ergebnis seines Glaubensbekenntnisses ausbildet. Er schildert uns das in «Wahrheit und Dichtung». «Der Gott, der mit der Natur in unmittelbarer Verbindung stehe, sie als sein Werk anerkenne und liebe, dieser schien ihm der eigentliche Gott, der ja wohl auch mit dem Menschen wie mit allem übrigen in ein genaueres Verhältnis treten könne, und für denselben ebenso wie für die Bewegung der Sterne, für Tages- und Jahreszeiten, für Pflanzen und Tiere Sorge tragen werde.» Er nimmt aus der Naturaliensammlung seines Vaters die besten Mineralien und Gesteine und legt sie in regelmäßiger Ordnung auf ein Musikpult. Das ist der Altar, auf dem er dem Naturgotte sein Opfer darbringen will. Zu oberst legt er Räucherkerzchen, und diese entzündet er mit Hilfe eines Brennglases durch die aufgefangenen Strahlen der aufgehenden Morgensonne. So hat er ein heiliges Feuer durch das Wesen der natürlich-göttlichen Kräfte selbst entzündet. Sieht man darin nicht den Anfang zu einer inneren Seelenentwicklung, die, um im Sinne der indischen Theosophie zu sprechen, in der Mitte der Sonne das Licht und in der Mitte des Lichtes die Wahrheit sucht. Wer Goethes Leben verfolgt, der kann diesen «Pfad» schauen, auf dem er durch Zwischenstufen hindurch die «tiefere Bewußtseinsschichte» gesucht hat, durch die sich ihm dann die ewige «Notwendigkeit, Gott» enthüllt hat. Er erzählt uns in «Wahrheit und Dichtung», wie er sich in allen möglichen Wissensgebieten herumgetrieben hat, um einmal in alchimistischen Versuchen zu suchen, ob ihm «durch Geistes Kraft und Mund nicht manch Geheimnis würde kund». Später hat er in den Werken der Natur die ewigen Gesetzmäßigkeiten gesucht und in seiner «Urpflanze» und im «Urtier» gefunden, was der Geist der Natur zum Menschengeiste spricht, wenn die Seele sich, in seinem Sinne, zu einer «der Idee gemäßen» Denk- und Vorstellungsweise durchgerungen hat. Zwischen beide Wendepunkte seines Seelenlebens fällt die Abfassung des Teiles vom Faust, in dem er diesen, nach Verzweiflung an allem äußerlichen Wissen, den « Erdgeist» beschwören läßt. Das ewige, wahrheitträchtige Licht selbst spricht aus den Worten dieses «Erdgeist»:
In Lebensfluten, im Tatensturm
Wall' ich auf und ab,
Webe hin und her!
Geburt und Grab,
Ein ewiges Meer,
Ein wechselnd Weben,
Ein glühend Leben,
So schaff' ich am sausenden Webstuhl der Zeit
Und wirke der Gottheit lebendiges Kleid.
[ 11 ] Das ist ein Ausdruck der umfassenden Naturanschauung, der wir auch in Goethes, etwa in seinem dreißigsten Lebensjahre geschriebenem Prosahymnus «Die Natur» begegnen. «Natur! Wir sind von ihr umgeben und umschlungen - unvermögend, aus ihr herauszutreten, und unvermögend, tiefer in sie hineinzukommen. Ungebeten und ungewarnt nimmt sie uns in den Kreislauf ihres Tanzes auf und treibt sich mit uns fort, bis wir ermüdet sind und ihrem Arme entfallen. Sie schafft ewig neue Gestalten; was da ist, war noch nie; was war, kommt nicht wieder - alles ist neu, und doch immer das alte.... Sie baut immer und zerstört immer, und ihre Werkstätte ist unzugänglich. Sie lebt in lauter Kindern, und die Mutter, wo ist sie ? - Sie ist die einzige Künstlerin ... Jedes ihrer Werke hat ein eigenes Wesen, jede ihrer Erscheinungen den isoliertesten Begriff, und doch macht alles eins aus.... Sie verwandelt sich ewig, und ist kein Moment Stillestehen in ihr.... Ihr Tritt ist gemessen, ihre Ausnahmen selten, ihre Gesetze unwandelbar.... Die Menschen sind alle in ihr, und sie in allen.... Leben ist ihre schönste Erfindung, und der Tod ist ihr Kunstgriff, viel Leben zu haben. ... Man gehorcht ihren Gesetzen, auch wenn man ihnen widerstrebt. ... Sie ist alles. Sie belohnt sich selbst und bestraft sich selbst, erfreut und quält sich selbst. ... Vergangenheit und Zukunft kennt sie nicht. Gegenwart ist ihr Ewigkeit. ... Sie hat mich hereingestellt, sie wird mich auch herausführen. Ich vertraue mich ihr. ... Ich sprach nicht von ihr. Nein, was wahr ist und was falsch ist, alles hat sie gesprochen. Alles ist ihre Schuld, alles ist ihr Verdienst!»
[ 12 ] Goethe hat selbst im hohen Alter, auf diese Stufe seiner Seelenentwicklung zurückblickend, gesagt, daß sie eine untergeordnete Lebensanschauung darstelle, und daß er zu einer höheren gekommen sei. Aber diese Stufe hat ihm das ewige Weltgesetz erschlossen, das die Natur ebenso durchflutet wie die menschliche Seele. Sie hat ihm die schwerwiegende Empfindung erregt, daß eine ewige, eherne Notwendigkeit alle Wesen zu einem zusammenschließt. Sie hat ihn gelehrt, den Menschen in innigem Bande mit dieser Notwendigkeit zu betrachten. Es ist die Gesinnung, die in der Ode «Das Göttliche» vom Jahre 1782 zum Ausdruck kommt.
Edel sei der Mensch,
Hilfreich und gut!
Denn das allein
Unterscheidet ihn
Von allen Wesen,
Die wir kennen.
.....
Nach ewigen, ehrnen,
Großen Gesetzen
Müssen wir alle
Unseres Daseins
Kreise vollenden.
[ 13 ] Und dieselbe Anschauung spricht aus dem etwa 1787 geschriebenen Faustmonolog «Wald und Höhle»:
Erhabner Geist, du gabst mir, gabst mir alles,
Warum ich bat. Du hast mir nicht umsonst
Dein Angesicht im Feuer zugewendet.
Gabst mir die herrliche Natur zum Königreich,
Kraft, sie zu fühlen, zu genießen. Nicht
Kalt staunenden Besuch erlaubst du nur,
Vergönnest mir in ihre tiefe Brust
Wie in den Busen eines Freunds zu schauen.
Du führst die Reihe der Lebendigen
Vor mir vorbei und lehrst mich meine Brüder
Im stillen Busch, in Luft und Wasser kennen.
Und wenn der Sturm im Walde braust und knarrt,
Die Riesenfichte stürzend Nachbaräste
Und Nachbarstämme quetschend niederstreift,
Und ihrem Fall dumpf hohl der Hügel donnert,
Dann führst du mich zur sichern Höhle, zeigst
Mich dann mir selbst, und meiner eignen Brust
Geheime tiefe Wunder öffnen sich.
[ 14 ] Auf die Wunder der eigenen Brust eröffnet sich Goethe die Perspektive seiner Seele. Es ist die Perspektive, die sich nicht mehr in der äußeren Welt allein erschließen kann; die vielmehr nur eröffnet wird, wenn der Mensch in die eigene Seele hinuntersteigt, so daß in immer tieferen Regionen des Bewußtseins ihm immer höhere Geheimnisse offenbar werden. Dann erhält die Welt der Sinne und des Verstandes eine neue Bedeutung. Sie wird zum «Gleichnis» des Ewigen. Der Mensch sieht ein, daß er den Bund zwischen der Außenwelt und der eigenen Seele inniger schließen muß. Er erfährt, daß in seinem Innern die Stimmen erklingen, die auch alle äußeren Welträtsel zu lösen berufen sind. «Das Unzulängliche, hier wird's Erreichnis.» 2Der Verfasser dieser Ausführungen bekennt sich zu der von Ad. Rudolf im Archiv für neuere Sprachen LXX 1883 vorgebrachten Ansicht, daß die Schreibung «Ereignis» nur auf einen Hörfehler des Goethes Diktat Schreibenden beruht, und daß das richtige Wort «Erreichnis» ist. Diese Anmerkung wurde 1918, der Neu-Ausgabe, mit der veränderten Schreibweise im Goetheschen Text hinzugefügt. 1902 heißt es noch im Manuskript und gedruckten Text «Ereignis». - Die Annahme von Ad. Rudolf vertritt auch K. J. Schröer in seiner Ausgabe der Faustdichtung, die Rudolf Steiner bei der Einstudierung von Faust-Szenen in Dornach (1914-1919) benutzte. Erst 1928 wurde eine Handschrift Goethes mit der Schreibweise Ereignis aus der Goethe-Sammlung von A. Kippenberg als Faksimiledruck bekannt. Die höchste Tatsache des Lebens, die Trennung in das Männliche und Weibliche, wird zum Schlüssel des Menschenrätsels. Der Erkenntnisvorgang wird zum Lebens-, zum Befruchtungsvorgang. Die Seele in ihrer Tiefe wird zum Weibe, das, von dem Weltengeiste befruchtet, den höchsten Lebensinhalt gebiert. Das Weib wird zum «Gleichnis» dieser Seelentiefen. Wir steigen zu den Mysterien des Daseins hinan, indem wir uns von dem « Ewig-Weiblichen» hinanziehen lassen. Das höhere Dasein beginnt, wenn wir den Weisheitsgang als einen geistigen Befruchtungsvorgang erleben.
[ 15 ] Die tieferen Mystiker aller Zeiten haben so empfunden. Sie lassen die höchste Erkenntnis aus einer geistigen Befruchtung hervorgehen, wie die Ägypter den Seelenmenschen, Horus, durch den Geistesblick, der von Osiris, dem vom Tode Erweckten, ausgehend die Isis überstrahlt. Der zweite Teil von Goethes Faust ist ein aus solcher Gesinnung heraus geschriebenes Werk.
[ 16 ] Die Liebe Fausts zu Gretchen im ersten Teil ist eine sinnliche. Diejenige Fausts im zweiten Teile zu Helena ist nicht bloß ein sinnlich-wirklicher Vorgang; sie ist ein «Gleichnis» für das tiefste mystische Seelenerlebnis. Faust sucht, indem er Helena sucht, das «Ewig-Weibliche»; er sucht die Tiefen der eigenen Seele. Es liegt in dem Wesen von Goethes Persönlichkeit, daß dieser «das Weib im Menschen» das Urbild der griechischen Frauenschönheit sein läßt. Ihm ist ja die göttliche Notwendigkeit an der Schönheit der griechischen Kunstwerke aufgegangen.
[ 17 ] Faust ist Mystiker geworden durch seine Ehe mit Helena. Als solcher spricht er am Beginne des vierten Aktes im zweiten Teil. Er sieht das Frauenbild, die Tiefen der eigenen Seele, und spricht:
... Formlos breit und aufgetürmt,
Ruht es im Osten, fernen Eisgebirgen gleich,
Und spiegelt blendend flüchtiger Tage großen Sinn.
Doch mir umschwebt ein zarter, lichter Nebelstreif
Noch Brust und Stirn, erheiternd, kühl und schmeichelhaft.
Nun steigt es leicht und zaudernd hoch und immer höher auf,
Fügt sich zusammen. - Täuscht mich ein entzückend Bild,
Als jugenderstes, längstentbehrtes, höchstes Gut?
Des tiefsten Herzens frühste Schätze quellen auf,
Aurorens Liebe, leichten Schwungs, bezeichnet's mir,
Den schnell empfundnen, ersten, kaum verstandnen Blick,
Der, festgehalten, überglänzte jeden Schatz.
Wie Seelenschönheit steigert sich die holde Form,
Löst sich nicht auf, erhebt sich in den Äther hin,
Und zieht das Beste meines Innern mit sich fort.
[ 18 ] Ist es uns bei diesen Worten, welche die Wonnen schildern, die der empfindet, der in die Tiefen der eigenen Seele hinuntergestiegen und von seinem «Ewig-Weiblichen» das Beste seines Innern mit fortgerissen gefühlt hat, nicht, wie wenn wir den Philosophen Griechenlands hörten:
Wenn du befreit vom Leibe zum freien Äther emporsteigst,
Wird ein unsterblicher Gott sie (die Seele) sein, dem Tode
[ 19 ] Denn der Tod wird auf solcher Stufe zum «Gleichnis». Der Mensch stirbt für das niedere Leben ab, um in einem höheren wieder aufzuleben. Das höhere Geistesleben wird eine neue Stufe des Werdens; das Zeitliche wird zum «Gleichnis» des Ewigen, das im Menschen auflebt. Die Verbindung mit dem «Ewig-Weiblichen» läßt das Kind im Menschen entstehen, das unvergänglich ist, weil es dem Ewigen angehört. Das höhere Leben ist das Aufgeben, der Tod der niederen Existenz und die Geburt der höheren. Goethe drückt in seinem «west-östlichen Diwan» das mit den Worten aus:
Und so lang du das nicht hast, dieses: ,Stirb und Werde!',
Bist du nur ein trüber Gast auf der dunklen Erde.
[ 20 ] In seinen Prosasprüchen lesen wir den gleichen Gedanken: Man muß seine Existenz aufgeben, um zu existieren. Goethe ist mit dem Mystiker Heraklit der gleichen Gesinnung. Dieser spricht über den Dionysosdienst der Griechen. Es wäre für ihn ein nichtiger, ja schändlicher Dienst, wenn er bloß dem Gotte des Naturlebens, des Sinnengenusses dargebracht würde. Aber das sei nicht der Fall. Es ist nicht bloß der Dionysos des Lebens, der unmittelbaren sinnlichen Fruchtbarkeit, dem dieses Treiben gilt; es ist zugleich der Gott des Todes, Hades. Es ist Hades und Dionysos derselbe, dem sie «lärmende Feuer veranstalten». In den griechischen Mysterien wurde das Leben im Verein mit dem Tode gefeiert; das ist das höhere Leben, das durch den sinnlichen Tod hindurchgeht. Es ist das Leben, von dem die Mystiker sprechen, wenn sie sagen: «Und so ist denn der Tod die Wurzel alles Lebens.» Der zweite Teil von Goethes Faust stellt eine Erweckung dar, die Geburt des «höheren Menschen» aus den Tiefen der Seele. Man versteht Goethes Worte von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus: «Die Menge der Zuschauer» mag ihre «Freude an der Erscheinung» haben; dem «Eingeweihten wird zugleich der höhere Sinn nicht entgehen».
[ 21 ] Wer die Entwicklung der echten mystischen Erkenntnis sich angeeignet hat, der liest vieles von dieser in dem Goetheschen Faust. Nachdem (im ersten Teil, nach der Beschwörungsszene mit dem Erdgeist) Faust mit Wagner sich unterredet hat und allein bleibt, kleidet er seine Verzweiflung über die Kleinheit, die er dem Erdgeist gegenüber empfindet, in die Worte:
Ich, Ebenbild der Gottheit, das sich schon
Ganz nah gedünkt dem Spiegel ew'ger Wahrheit,
Sein selbst genoß in Himmelsglanz und Klarheit,
Und abgestreift den Erdensohn;
Ich, mehr als Cherub, dessen freie Kraft
Schon durch die Adern der Natur zu fließen
Und schaffend, Götterleben zu genießen
Sich ahnungsvoll vermaß, wie muß ich's büßen!
[ 22 ] Was ist der «Spiegel ew'ger Wahrheit»? Man kann es beim Mystiker Jakob Böhme lesen. «Alles das, wessen diese Welt ein irdisch Gleichnis und Spiegel ist, das ist im göttlichen Reich in großer Vollkommenheit im geistlichen Wesen; nicht nur der Geist, als ein Wille oder Gedanke, sondern Wesen, körperlich Wesen, Saft und Kraft, aber gegen der äußeren Welt wie unbegreiflich: dann aus demselben geistlichen Wesen, in welchem das reine Element ist, sowohl aus dem finsteren Wesen im Mysterio des Grimmes, als dem Urständ des ewigen lautbaren Wesens, daraus die Eigenschaften entstehen, ist diese sichtbare Welt erboren und geschaffen worden, als ein ausgesprochener Hall aus dem Wesen aller Wesen.» Für diejenigen, welche «Zigeunerwahrheiten» lieben, sei angemerkt, daß durchaus nicht behauptet werden soll, Goethe habe gerade diese Stelle J. Böhmes im Auge gehabt, als er die obigen Verse schrieb. Was er aber im Auge gehabt hat, das ist die mystische Erkenntnis, die in J. Böhmes Sätzen zum Ausdruck kommt. Und in solcher mystischen Erkenntnis lebte Goethe allerdings. Er wurde in ihr immer reifer. Er hat aus den Mystikern geschöpft. Und aus diesem Quell ist ihm die Möglichkeit entsprungen, das Leben, «alles Vergängliche» nur als «ein Gleichnis», als einen Spiegel anzusehen. Es liegt ein nicht zu erschöpfendes Stück Innenentwicklung zwischen der Zeit, als Goethe für den ersten Teil die Zweifelworte schrieb, daß er doch fern sei von dem «Spiegel ew'ger Wahrheit», und den Worten des «Chorus mysticus», die ausdrücken, daß im «Vergänglichen» wirklich nur das «Gleichnis» des Ewigen zu sehen ist.
[ 23 ] Das mystische «Stirb und Werde» durchflutet die Eingangsszene des zweiten Teils: «Anmutige Gegend. Faust auf blumigen Rasen gebettet, ermüdet, unruhig, schlafsuchend.» Die Elfen unter Ariels Führung bewirken Fausts «Erweckung». Ariel spricht zu den Elfen:
Die ihr dies Haupt umschwebt im luft'gen Kreise,
Erzeigt euch hier nach edler Elfen Weise,
Besänftiget des Herzens grimmen Strauß;
Entfernt des Vorwurfs glühend bittre Pfeile,
Sein Innres reinigt von erlebtem Graus.
Vier sind die Pausen nächtiger Weile,
Nun ohne Säumen füllt sie freundlich aus.
Erst senkt sein Haupt aufs kühle Polster nieder,
Dann badet ihn im Tau aus Lethes Flut;
Gelenk sind bald die krampferstarrten Glieder,
Wenn er gestärkt dem Tag entgegenruht.
Vollbringt der Elfen schönste Pflicht,
Gebt ihn zurück dem heiligen Licht.
[ 24 ] Und Faust ist beim Aufgang der Sonne dem «heiligen Licht» zurückgegeben:
Des Lebens Pulse schlagen frisch lebendig,
Ätherische Dämm'rung milde zu begrüßen;
Du Erde warst auch diese Nacht beständig,
Und atmest neu erquickt zu meinen Füßen,
Beginnest schon mit Lust mich zu umgeben,
Du regst und rührst ein kräftiges Beschließen,
Zum höchsten Dasein immerfort zu streben.
[ 25 ] Was hat Faust in seiner «Studierstube» (im ersten Teil) erstrebt, und was ist ihm geworden auf der Stufe, auf der er uns im Beginn des zweiten Teiles entgegentritt? Was er dort erstrebt, kleidet er in die Worte des «Weisen»:
Die Geisterwelt ist nicht verschlossen.
Dein Sinn ist zu, dein Herz ist tot!
Auf, bade, Schüler, unverdrossen
Die ird'sche Brust im Morgenrot!
[ 26 ] Hier kann Faust noch nicht die ird'sche Brust im Morgenrot baden. Er muß, nach der Beschwörung des Erdgeistes, sich seine Kleinheit gestehen. Aber er kann das am Beginne des zweiten Teiles. Ariel verkündet, wie das geschieht:
Horchet! horcht dem Sturm der Hören!
Tönend wird für Geistesohren
Schon der neue Tag geboren.
[ 27 ] Daß aus der Morgenröte der «neue Tag» der Erkenntnis und des Lebens geboren wird, hat J.Böhme bekräftigt, als er das erste Werk, mit dem er in die mystische Weisheit eintauchte, betitelte «Aurora» oder «Die Morgenröte im Aufgang ». Wie Goethe in solchen Vorstellungen lebte, das zeigt die schon angeführte Stelle im vierten Akt des zweiten Teiles des Faust. «Des tiefsten Herzens frühste Schätze» werden ihm durch «Aurorens Liebe» erschlossen. - Als Faust wirklich gebadet hat «die ird'sche Brust im Morgenrot», da ist er reif, innerhalb seiner Erdenbahn ein höheres Leben zu führen. Er erscheint mit Mephistopheles am Kaiserhofe innerhalb eines Festes voll Lust und eitlen Genusses. Er selbst muß beitragen, den Genuß zu erhöhen. In der Maske des Plutus, des Gottes des Reichtums, erscheint er, mitten in einem Maskenscherz. Es wird von ihm verlangt, daß er zur Erhöhung des «Amüsements» Paris und Helena aus der Unterwelt heraufzaubere. Dabei offenbart sich uns, daß in Fausts Seelenleben die Stufe erreicht ist, auf der er das «Stirb und Werde» begriffen hat. Er macht das Fest der Lust mit, aber er tritt während des Festverlaufes den «Gang zu den Müttern» an. Nur bei den Müttern kann er die Bilder von Paris und Helena finden, die der Kaiser sehen will. Bei den Müttern ist das Reich, wo die ewigen Urbilder alles Seins aufbewahrt sind. Dort ist eine Region, die man nur betreten kann, «wenn man seine Existenz aufgegeben hat, um zu existieren». Dort kann Faust auch finden, was von Helena die Zeiten überdauert. In diese Region kann ihn aber Mephistopheles, der bis dahin sein Helfer war, nicht führen. Das ist für dessen Charakter bezeichnend. Er sagt ausdrücklich zu Faust:
Du wähnst, es füge sich sogleich;
Hier stehen wir vor steilern Stufen,
Greifst in ein fremdestes Bereich.
[ 28 ] Das Reich des Ewigen ist Mephistopheles fremd. Das könnte leicht unerklärlich scheinen, wenn man bedenkt, daß er dem Reiche des Bösen, also selbst einer ewigen Region angehört. Erklärlich wird es aber, wenn man Goethes Eigenart bedenkt. Er hat die ewige Notwendigkeit für sich nicht im Bereich des Christentums erlebt, zu dem für ihn Hölle und Teufel gehören. Ihm ist dieses Ewige persönlich da aufgegangen, wohin die christliche Vorstellungswelt nicht dringt. Es ist durchaus zuzugeben, daß eine Gestalt wie Mephistopheles ihrem letzten Ursprünge nach auch in heidnischen Religionsvorstellungen zu finden ist. 3Vergleiche Carl Kiesewetter, Faust in der Geschichte und Tradition. [Untertitel: Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des okkulten Phänomenalismus und des mittelalterlichen Zauberwesens. 1893. Für Goethe gehörte sie aber der nordisch-christlichen Welt an. Dorther hat er sie geschöpft. Es war seine persönliche Erfahrung, daß er sein Reich des Ewigen mit dieser Vorstellungswelt nicht finden konnte. Man braucht sich nur, um das einzusehen, an die Charakteristik zu erinnern, welche Schiller von Goethe gibt, als er mit einem tiefsinnigen Briefe diesem (23. August 1794) einen Spiegel seines Wesens vorhält: «Wären Sie als ein Grieche, ja nur als ein Italiener geboren worden, und hätte schon von der Wiege an eine auserlesene Natur und eine idealisierende Kunst Sie umgeben, so wäre Ihr Weg unendlich verkürzt, vielleicht ganz überflüssig gemacht worden. Schon in die erste Anschauung der Dinge hätten Sie dann die Form des Notwendigen aufgenommen, und mit Ihren ersten Erfahrungen hätte sich der große Stil in Ihnen entwickelt. Nun, da Sie ein Deutscher geboren sind, da Ihr griechischer Geist in diese nordische Schöpfung geworfen wurde, so blieb Ihnen keine andere Wahl, als entweder selbst zum nordischen Künstler zu werden, oder Ihrer Imagination das, was ihr die Wirklichkeit vorenthielt, durch Nachhilfe der Denkkraft zu ersetzen, und so gleichsam von innen heraus und auf einem rationalen Wege ein Griechenland zu gebären.»
[ 29 ] Es kann hier nicht die Aufgabe sein, auf die verschiedenen Vorstellungen einzugehen, die man sich über die Bedeutung des Mephistopheles gemacht hat. In diesen Vorstellungen drückt sich gerade das dem meinigen entgegengesetzte Bestreben aus, künstlerische Gestalten in stroherne Allegorien oder Symbole zu verwandeln. Für eine esoterische Bedeutung darf Mephistopheles durchaus als wirklicher Mensch, im Sinne dichterischer Wirklichkeit natürlich, aufgefaßt werden. Denn die esoterische Deutung sucht nicht den geistigen Gehalt, den gewisse Gestalten erst durch den Dichter erhalten, sondern denjenigen, den sie schon im Leben haben. Ihn kann ihnen also der Dichter weder nehmen, noch geben, sondern er nimmt ihn, wie das für das Auge Sichtbare, aus dem Leben. Es gehört aber zum Wesen des Mephistopheles, daß er im Sinnlichen, im Materiellen lebt. Auch die Hölle ist ja nur das verkörperte Materielle. Wer so im Materiellen lebt wie er, dem kann das Ewige im Schöße der Mütter nur ein fremdestes Bereich sein. Der Mensch muß durch das Materielle hindurch, um wieder in das Ewige, das Göttliche einzugehen, in dem er seinen Ursprung hat. Findet er den Weg dahin, gibt er «seine Existenz auf, um zu existieren», so ist er eine Faustnatur; kann er vom Materiellen nicht lassen, so ist er ein Charakter wie Mephistopheles. Nur den «Schlüssel» zum Reich der Mütter vermag Mephistopheles dem Faust noch zu geben. An diesem «Schlüssel» hängt wirklich ein Geheimnis. Man muß es erlebt haben, um es ganz durchzufühlen. Der in der Wissenschaft Lebende wird am leichtesten dazu kommen.
[ 30 ] Man kann noch soviel Wissen anhäufen und doch kann einem der «Geist der Dinge», das Reich der Mütter, verschlossen bleiben. In dem Wissen hat man aber im Grunde den Schlüssel zum Geisterreich in der Hand. Es wird entweder zur Gelehrsamkeit oder zur Weisheit. Man lasse einen weisen Menschen sich des «trockenen Gelehrtenstoffes » bemächtigen, den ein bloß Wissender angehäuft hat: er wird dadurch in eine Region geführt, die dem ändern «fremdestes Bereich» ist. Faust vermag mit dem Schlüssel, den ihm Mephistopheles gibt, zu den Müttern zu gelangen. In der Art, wie Mephistopheles und Faust von dem Reich der Mütter sprechen, spiegeln sich deren Charaktere:
Mephistopheles:
Nichts wirst du sehn in ewig leerer Ferne,
Den Schritt nicht hören, den du tust,
Nichts Festes finden, wo du ruhst.Faust:
Du sendest mich ins Leere,
Damit ich dort so Kunst als Kraft vermehre;
Behandelst mich, daß ich, wie jene Katze,
Dir die Kastanien aus den Gluten kratze.
Nur immer zu! Wir wollen es ergründen,
In deinem Nichts hoff' ich das All zu finden.
[ 31 ] Goethe hat es Eckermann verraten, wie er zur Einführung der Mütterszene gekommen ist. «Ich kann Ihnen weiter nichts verraten» - sagt Goethe - «als daß ich beim Plutarch gefunden, daß im griechischen Altertum von Müttern als Gottheiten die Rede gewesen.» Das mußte auf Goethe, der von seiner mystischen Erkenntnis her die Bedeutung des «Ewig-Weiblichen» kannte, einen großen Eindruck machen.
[ 32 ] Aus dem Reiche der Mütter zaubert Faust die Gestalten der Helena und des Paris herauf. Als er sie dann am Kaiserhofe vor sich sieht, da erfaßt ihn ein unwiderstehlicher Drang zu Helena. Er will sich ihrer bemächtigen. Es erfolgt eine Explosion. Faust sinkt bewußtlos hin und wird von Mephistopheles fortgetragen. - Wir sind damit an einer Stelle in Fausts Entwicklung, die von großer Bedeutung ist. Faust ist reif, zum Geistigen vorzudringen. Er kann sich geistig zu den ewigen Urbildern erheben. Er ist auf dem Punkte, wo das Geistige dem Menschen in einer unendlichen Perspektive sichtbar wird.
[ 33 ] Nun kann er entweder sich bescheiden und sich sagen, daß diese Perspektive nicht im Fluge durchmessen werden kann, daß sie vielmehr langsam durch zahllose Lebensstationen durchschritten werden muß; oder er kann sich im Sturme des göttlichen Endzieles bemächtigen wollen. Das letztere will Faust. Er macht eine neue Prüfung durch. Er muß erfahren, daß der Mensch an die Materie gebunden ist, und daß er erst, wenn er alle Stufen des Materiellen durchgemacht hat, zur Erlangung des Endzieles gereinigt ist.
[ 34 ] Nur ein rein geistiges, ein auf geistige Weise geborenes Wesen könnte sich unmittelbar mit dem Geistigen vereinigen. Der Menschengeist ist kein solches Wesen. Er muß durch das Materielle vollständig hindurchwandeln. Ohne diese Lebenswanderung wäre dieser Menschengeist ein wesenloses Wesen. Wenn er so vorhanden wäre, könnte er nicht leben. Entstünde er auf irgendeine Weise, so müßte er die materielle Wanderung von vorn anfangen. Denn der Mensch ist das, was er ist, nur dadurch, daß er durch eine Reihe vorheriger Verkörperungen durchgegangen ist. Auch diese Vorstellung mußte Goethe im Faust darstellen. Über den Homunkulus hat sich Goethe am 16. Dezember 1829 zu Eckermann ausgesprochen: «Denn solche geistige Wesen wie der Homunkulus, die durch eine vollkommene Menschwerdung noch nicht verdüstert und beschränkt werden, zählte man zu den Dämonen.»
[ 35 ] Homunkulus ist also ein Mensch, doch ohne die dem Menschen notwendige Materialität. Er wird im Laboratorium auf künstliche Weise erzeugt. An dem schon angeführten Tage sagt Goethe noch weiter über ihn zu Eckermann: «Als ein Wesen, dem die Gegenwart durchaus klar und durchsichtig ist, sieht Homunkulus das Innere des schlafenden Faust.» Aber weil seinem Geiste alles durchsichtig ist, kommt es ihm auf den Geist gar nicht an. «Das Räsonieren ist nicht seine Sache; er will handeln.» Insoferne der Mensch ein Wissender ist, wird gerade durch das Wissen der Trieb zum Wollen, zum Handeln geweckt. Nicht auf das Wissen, nicht auf den Geist als solchen kommt es an, sondern darauf, diesen Geist durch das Materielle, durch die Handlung hindurchzuführen. Je wissender ein Wesen ist, einen desto größeren Trieb zum Handeln muß es haben. Und ein auf rein geistigem Wege entstandenes Wesen muß erfüllt sein von Durst nach Handlung. In dieser Lage ist Homunkulus. Sein gewaltiger Drang nach Wirklichkeit führt Faust und Mephistopheles nach Griechenland, in die «Klassische Walpurgisnacht». Im Reiche, in dem Goethe die höchste Wirklichkeit gefunden hat, soll Homunkulus körperlich entstehen. Damit ist dann auch für Faust die Möglichkeit gegeben, die wirkliche Helena, nicht bloß deren Urbild zu finden. In die griechische Wirklichkeit wird Homunkulus der Führer. Wir brauchen bloß Homunkulus bei seiner Wanderung durch die klassische Walpurgisnacht zu verfolgen, um sein Wesen ganz kennenzulernen. Er will von zwei griechischen Philosophen, Thales und Anaxagoras, hören, wie er entstehen, das heißt zum Handeln kommen kann. Er sagt zu Mephistopheles:
Ich schwebe so von Stell' zu Stelle
Und möchte gern im besten Sinn entstehn,
Voll Ungeduld mein Glas entzwei zu schlagen;
Allein, was ich bisher gesehn,
Hinein da möcht' ich mich nicht wagen.
Nur, um dir's im Vertraun zu sagen:
Zwei Philosophen bin ich auf der Spur,
Ich horchte zu, es hieß: Natur! Natur!
Von diesen will ich mich nicht trennen.
Sie müssen doch das irdische Wesen kennen;
Und ich erfahre wohl am Ende,
Wohin ich mich am allerklügsten wende.
[ 36 ] Er will die natürlichen Bedingungen der körperlichen Entstehung kennenlernen. Thales führt ihn zu Proteus, dem Meister der Verwandlung, des ewigen Werdens. Thales sagt von Homunkulus:
Es fragt um Rat und möchte gern entstehn.
Er ist, wie ich von ihm vernommen,
Gar wundersam nur halb zur Welt gekommen.
Ihm fehlt es nicht an geistigen Eigenschaften,
Doch gar zu sehr am greif lieh Tüchtighaften.
Bis jetzt gibt ihm das Glas allein Gewicht,
Doch war' er gern zunächst verkörperlicht.
[ 37 ] Und Proteus spricht das Gesetz des Werdens aus:
Doch gilt es hier nicht viel besinnen,
Im weiten Meere mußt du anbeginnen!
Da fängt man erst im Kleinen an
Und freut sich, Kleinste zu verschlingen.
Man wächst so nach und nach heran
Und bildet sich zu höherem Vollbringen.
[ 38 ] Thales gibt dazu den Rat:
Gib nach dem löblichen Verlangen,
Von vorn die Schöpfung anzufangen!
Zu raschem Wirken sei bereit!
Da regst du dich nach ewigen Normen,
Durch tausend, abertausend Formen,
Und bis zum Menschen hast du Zeit.
[ 39 ] Die ganze Goethesche Naturanschauung von der Verwandtschaft aller Wesen, von ihrer metamorphosischen Entwicklung aus dem Unvollkommenen zum Vollkommenen tritt hier im Bilde auf. Der Geist kann in der Welt zunächst nur keimartig sein. Er muß sich in die Materie, in die Elemente ausgießen, in sie untertauchen, um aus ihnen erst höhere Gestalt anzunehmen. Homunkulus zerschellt am Muschelwagen der Galatea. Er löst sich in die Elemente auf. Die «Sirenen» beschreiben den Vorgang.
Welch feuriges Wunder verklärt uns die Wellen,
Die gegeneinander sich funkelnd zerschellen?
So leuchtet's und schwanket und hellet hinan:
Die Körper, sie glühen auf nächtlicher Bahn,
Und rings ist alles vom Feuer umronnen;
So herrsche denn Eros, der alles begonnen!
[ 40 ] Homunkulus ist als Geist nicht mehr. Er hat sich den Elementen gemischt. Aus ihnen kann er entstehen. Zum Geist muß die Begierde, das Wollen, das Handeln, der Eros treten. Der Geist muß durch die Materie, durch den Sündenfall hindurch. Das geistige Wesen muß, nach Goethes obigen Worten, verdüstert und beschränkt werden. Das ist zu einer «vollkommenen Menschwerdung »notwendig. Das Mysterium der Menschwerdung stellt der zweite Akt des zweiten Teiles dar. Proteus, der Meister der körperlichen Verwandlungen, legt dieses Mysterium dem Homunkulus dar:
Komm geistig mit in feuchte Weite,
Da lebst du gleich in Läng' und Breite,
Beliebig regest du dich hier;
Nur strebe nicht nach höhern Orten: 4Die Ausgaben haben «Orden», was wohl nur Hörfehler des Schreibers ist.
Denn bist du erst ein Mensch geworden,
Dann ist es völlig aus mit dir.
[ 41 ] Das ist alles, was der Meister der körperlichen Wandelungen von der Menschwerdung wissen kann. Er ist der Meinung, wenn der Mensch als solcher entstanden, höre die Entwicklung auf. Das weitere gehört nicht zu seinem Bereich. Er ist nur im Körperlichen zu Hause; und durch das Menschwerden trennt sich das Geistige eben von dem Bloß-Körperlichen ab. Die weitere Entwicklung des Menschen geschieht im Reiche des Geistigen. Das höchste, wozu es der natürliche Eros bringt, ist die Trennung in zwei Geschlechter, sind das Männliche und das Weibliche. Hier setzt die geistige Entwicklung ein; der Eros wird vergeistigt. Faust geht mit der Helena, dem Urbild der Schönheit, eine Ehe ein. Goethe ist der Überzeugung, daß er durch die Ehe mit der griechischen Schönheit das geworden ist, was er ist. Das Mysterium der Vergeistigung hatte für Goethe einen künstlerischen Charakter. Aus der Ehe Fausts mit Helena geht der Euphorion hervor. Auch das hat Goethe selbst gesagt, was der Euphorion ist. Eckermann führt Goethes Worte unter dem 20.Dezember 1829 an: «Der Euphorion ist kein menschliches, sondern ein allegorisches Wesen. Es ist in ihm die Poesie personifiziert, die an keine Zeit, an keinen Ort und an keine Person gebunden ist.» Durch die Ehe, die Faust in den Tiefen seiner Seele erlebt, wird die Poesie geboren. Diese Färbung des geistigen Mysteriums muß wieder auf Goethes persönliche Erfahrung und Wesenheit zurückgeführt werden. Er hat in der Kunst, in der Poesie «eine Manifestation geheimer Naturgesetze» gesehen, die ohne sie niemals offenbar würden.1(Vergleiche seine Sprüche in Prosa.) Als Künstler hat er die höheren Stufen des Seelenlebens durchgerungen. Es war nur natürlich, daß er der Poesie nicht nur ganz allgemeine, sondern solche Züge gab, die den poetischen Schöpfungen seiner Zeit entnommen waren. Auf Euphorion sind Byrons Züge übergegangen. «Ich konnte als Repräsentanten der neuesten poetischen Zeit», sagte Goethe am 5.Juli 1827 zu Eckermann, «niemanden gebrauchen als ihn (Byron), der ohne Frage als das größte Talent des Jahrhunderts anzusehen ist. Und dann, Byron ist nicht antik und nicht romantisch, sondern er ist wie der gegenwärtige Tag selbst. Einen solchen mußte ich haben. Auch paßte er übrigens ganz wegen seines unbefriedigten Naturells und seiner kriegerischen Tendenz, woran er in Missolunghi zugrunde ging. Eine Abhandlung über Byron schreiben, ist nicht bequem und rätlich, aber gelegentlich ihn zu ehren und auf ihn im einzelnen hinzuweisen, werde ich auch in der Folge nicht unterlassen.» Die Ehe Fausts mit Helena kann keine dauernde sein. Das Hinuntersteigen in die Tiefen der Seele ist, auch nach Goethes Überzeugung, nur in Feieraugenblicken des Lebens möglich. Man taucht unter in die Regionen, in denen das höchste Geistige geboren wird. Aber mit der Verwandlung, die man da erfahren hat, kehrt man wieder zurück ins tätige Leben. Faust macht einen Vergeistigungsprozeß durch; aber auch als Vergeistigter soll er weiter im unmittelbaren Leben wirken. Der Mensch, der solche Feieraugenblicke durchgemacht hat, muß allerdings sehen, wie ihm in der unmittelbaren Wirklichkeit das tiefer Seelische wieder entschwindet. Im Bilde ist das von Goethe dargestellt. Euphorion entschwindet wieder in das Reich des Dunkels. Der Mensch kann nicht zu dauerndem irdischen Leben das Geistige bringen. Aber dieses Geistige ist nun mit seiner Seele innig verbunden. Sein Kind, das Geistige, zieht auch seine Seele in das Reich des Ewigen. Er hat sich dem Ewigen vermählt. Durch die höchsten geistigen Leistungen tritt der Mensch mit seinem besten Sein, mit den Tiefen seiner Seele selbst in das Ewige ein. Die Ehe, die er in seiner Seele eingegangen ist, läßt ihn im All aufgehen. Wie dieser ewige Ruf, der in der Brust des immer strebenden Menschen erklingt, tönen die Worte des Euphorion:
Lass mich im düstern Reich,
Mutter, mich nicht allein!
Der Mensch, der in dem Zeitlichen das Ewige empfunden hat, vernimmt von dem Geistigen in ihm diesen Ruf immerzu. Seine Schöpfungen ziehen seine Seele nach dem Ewigen. So wird Faust weiterleben. Ein Doppelleben wird er führen. Im Leben wird er schaffen; aber sein geistiges Kind verbindet ihn auf seiner irdischen Wanderung mit dem höheren Reich des Geistes. Das wird das Leben eines Mystikers sein. Allerdings nicht eines solchen, der in müßiger Beschaulichkeit, in einem Traum-Innenleben seine Tage verbringen wird, sondern in voller Tätigkeit, so aber, daß jeder Tat der Adel aufgedrückt ist, den der Mensch durch geistige Vertiefung erlangt.
[ 42 ] Auch das äußere Leben Fausts wird nunmehr das eines Menschen, der seine Existenz aufgegeben hat, um zu existieren. Er will ganz selbstlos im Dienste der Menschheit wirken. Noch eine Prüfung steht ihm aber bevor. Auch er kann auf seiner Stufe das Wirken im materiellen Dasein mit den reinen Bedürfnissen des Geistes nicht voll in Einklang bringen. Er hat dem Meere Boden abgewonnen. Er hat darauf eine herrliche Kulturstätte errichtet. Aber ein altes Häuschen ist noch stehen geblieben; ein altes Paar wohnt darinnen. Das stört die neue Schöpfung. Die Alten wollen den herrlichsten Besitz nicht eintauschen für ihr Anwesen. Faust muß sehen, wie Mephistopheles seinen Wunsch mit der Wendung ins Böse ausführt. Ihre Habe steckt er in Brand; das Paar stirbt vor Schrecken. Faust muß es nochmals erleben, daß die «vollkommene Menschwerdung» «verdüstert und beschränkt», daß sie zur Schuld führen muß. Seine Sinne, sein Materielles waren es, die ihm diesen Streich gespielt, die ihm diese Prüfung auferlegt haben. - Als er das Glöckchen von der Kapelle der Alten läuten hört, da bricht er in die Worte aus:
Verdammtes Läuten! Allzu schändlich
Verwundet's, wie ein tückischer Schuß;
Vor Augen ist mein Reich unendlich,
Im Rücken neckt mich der Verdruß,
Erinnert mich durch neidische Laute,
Mein Hochbesitz, er ist nicht rein,
Der Lindenraum, die braune Baute,
Das morsche Kirchlein ist nicht mein.
Und wünscht' ich dort mich zu erholen,
Vor fremden Schatten schaudert mir,
Ist Dorn den Augen, Dorn den Sohlen,
O! war' ich weit hinweg von hier!
Seine Sinne erzeugen in Faust den verhängnisvollen Wunsch. Er hat doch noch einen Rest von derjenigen Existenz, die er aufgeben mußte, um zu existieren. Das Anwesen ist nicht sein. In der «Mitternacht» stellen sich vier graue Weiber ein: der Mangel, die Schuld, die Sorge, die Not. Sie sind es, die das Dasein des Menschen beschränken und verdüstern. Unter ihrem Geleit wandelt er durch das Leben. Er kann gar nicht leben, ohne von ihnen zunächst geleitet zu sein. Denn das Leben allein kann von ihnen frei machen. Faust ist so weit, daß drei von ihnen keine Gewalt über ihn haben. Nur der Sorge ist diese Gewalt nicht genommen. Sie sagt:
Ihr Schwestern, ihr könnt nicht und dürft nicht hinein.
Die Sorge, sie schleicht sich durchs Schlüsselloch ein.
Und die Sorge mahnt ihn an eine Stimme, tief im Herzen jedes Menschen. Keiner kann den letzten Zweifel tilgen darüber, ob er auch wirklich mit seiner Lebensrechnung vor dem Ewigen bestehen kann. Faust empfindet das in diesem Augenblicke. Hat er denn wirklich nur reine Mächte schon um sich ? Hat er seinen «inneren Menschen» von allem Unreinen frei gemacht? Er hat «Magie» auf seinen Pfad mitgenommen. Er bekennt das mit den Worten:
Noch hab' ich mich ins Freie nicht gekämpft.
Könnt' ich Magie von meinem Pfad entfernen,
Die Zaubersprüche ganz und gar verlernen,
Stünd' ich, Natur! vor dir ein Mann allein,
Da wär's der Mühe wert, ein Mensch zu sein.
Nein, die letzten Zweifel kann auch Faust nicht von sich wegbannen. Die Sorge darf auch mit Bezug auf ihn sagen:
Würde mich kein Ohr vernehmen,
Müßt' es doch im Herzen dröhnen;
In verwandelter Gestalt
Üb' ich grimmige Gewalt.
Der Sorge gegenüber will Faust sich zunächst stellen, als ob jeder Rest in ihm geschwunden sei von Zweifeln an seiner Lebensrechnung:
Der Erdenkreis ist mir genug bekannt.
Nach drüben ist die Aussicht uns verrannt;
Tor! wer dorthin die Augen blinzend richtet,
Sich über Wolken seinesgleichen dichtet!
Er stehe fest und sehe hier sich um;
Dem Tüchtigen ist diese Welt nicht stumm.
Was braucht er in die Ewigkeit zu schweifen!
In diesen Sätzen zeigt eben Faust, daß er daran ist, sich völlig ins Freie zu kämpfen. Die Sorge will ihn in ihrer Art an das Ewige mahnen. Sie stellt ihm vor, wie die Menschen, die auf der Erde wirken, doch nur Zeitliches zu Zeitlichem fügen. Und wenn sie dieses tun, wenn sie glauben, daß dem Tüchtigen die Welt nicht stumm sei, dann bleibe sie, die Sorge, zuletzt doch noch bei ihnen. Und so, wie sie das bei anderen vermag, so glaubt sie das auch bei Faust tun zu können. Sie glaubt ihn in den Zweifeln bestärken zu können, die dem Menschen kommen, wenn er sich fragt, ob denn all sein Schaffen doch eine Bedeutung habe. Was sie über den Menschen vermag, das spricht sie aus:
Soll er gehen? soll er kommen?
Der Entschluß ist ihm genommen;
Auf gebahnten Weges Mitte
Wankt er tastend halbe Schritte.
So ein unaufhaltsam Rollen,
Schmerzlich Lassen, widrig Sollen,
Bald Befreien, bald Erdrücken,
Halber Schlaf und schlecht Erquicken
Heftet ihn an seine Stelle
Und bereitet ihn zur Hölle.
Um in der hiermit angedeuteten Weise der Macht der Sorge zu verfallen, ist Fausts Seele zu weit vorgeschritten. Er darf ihr entgegenrufen:
Doch deine Macht, o Sorge, schleichend groß,
Ich werde sie nicht anerkennen.
Sie vermag nur etwas über sein Körperliches. Indem sie entschwindet, haucht sie ihn an; und er erblindet. Damit ist das Körperliche von ihm um einen weiteren Grad abgestorben.
Die Nacht scheint tiefer tief hereinzudringen,
Allein im Innern leuchtet helles Licht.
Es kommt nun nur noch das Seelische des Faust in Betracht. Über dieses hat der im Materiellen lebende Mephistopheles keine Gewalt. Faust ist ja seit der Helena-Szene mit seinem besten Teile, mit dem Tiefsten seiner Seele im Ewigen. Dieses Ewige nimmt völlig Besitz von ihm nach seinem Tode. Fausts Unsterbliches wird von den Genien diesem Ewigen einverleibt.
Gerettet ist das edle Glied
Der Geisterwelt vom Bösen:
Wer immer strebend sich bemüht,
Den können wir erlösen;
Und hat an ihm die Liebe gar
Von oben teilgenommen,
Begegnet ihm die selige Schar
Mit herzlichem Willkommen.
Die «Liebe von oben» steht im deutlichen Gegensatz zum «Eros», den der Proteus meinte, und von dem gesagt wird (am Ende des zweiten Aktes des zweiten Teiles):
Und rings ist alles vom Feuer umronnen,
So herrsche denn Eros, der alles begonnen.
Dieser Eros ist die «Liebe von unten», die den Homunkulus durch die Elemente und durch die körperlichen Verwandlungen hindurchführt, damit er zuletzt als Mensch erscheinen könne. Dann beginnt «die Liebe von oben», die die Seele weiterentwickelt.
[ 43 ] Fausts Seele steht am Wege nach dem Ewig-Unendlichen. Eine unendliche Perspektive eröffnet sich vor ihr. Man kann diese Perspektive ahnend empfinden. Sie dichterisch gegenständlich zu machen, ist eine große Schwierigkeit. Goethe empfand das. Er sagte darüber zu Eckermann: «Übrigens werden Sie zugeben, daß der Schluß, wo es mit der geretteten Seele nach oben geht, sehr schwer zu machen war, und daß ich bei so übersinnlichen, kaum zu ahnenden Dingen mich sehr leicht im Vagen hätte verlieren können, wenn ich nicht meinen poetischen Intentionen durch die scharf umrissenen, christlich-kirchlichen Figuren und Vorstellungen eine wohltätig beschränkende Form und Festigkeit gegeben hätte.» Es mußte auf den nicht auszuschöpfenden Inhalt der Seele hingedeutet, das tiefste Innere im Symbol dargestellt werden. «Heilige Anachoreten, gebirgauf verteilt, gelagert zwischen Klüften» stellen die höchsten Zustände der Seelenentwicklung dar. Man wird aufwärts geführt in die Regionen des Bewußtseins - der Seele -, in denen die Welt immer mehr zum «Gleichnis» des Ewigen wird.
[ 44 ] Dieses Bewußtsein, die Tiefen der Seele, werden in mystischer Weise im Bilde des «Ewig-Weiblichen», der Jungfrau Maria, angeschaut. Sie betet der Doctor Marianus entzückt an:
Höchste Herrscherin der Welt!
Lasse mich im blauen,
Ausgespannten Himmelszelt
Dein Geheimnis schauen.
[ 45 ] In monumentale Worte klingt der Faust in den «Chorus mysticus» aus. Sie sollen Worte ewiger Weisheit sein. Sie verkünden das Mysterium, daß «alles Vergängliche nur ein Gleichnis» ist. Was in weitester Ferne vor dem Menschen liegt, wohin ihn der Weg führt, den er betritt, wenn er es begriffen hat, dieses «Stirb und Werde»:
Das Unzulängliche,
Hier wird's Erreichnis. 5Über die Schreibung «Erreichnis» vergleiche oben S. 18 Anmerkung. [siehe hier Anm. 2
Was nicht beschrieben werden kann, weil es nur zu erleben ist; was die Eingeweihten der « Mysterien» erlebten, wenn sie auf den «Pfad» des Ewigen geführt wurden; was unaussprechlich ist, weil es in so tiefen Klüften der Seele liegt, daß die für Zeitliches geprägten Worte es nicht fassen können:
Das Unbeschreibliche,
Hier ist es getan.
Und zu all dem zieht die Kraft der eigenen Seele, ziehen die Mächte, die der Mensch ahnt, wenn er die inneren Pforten der Seele überschreitet, wenn er in sich die göttliche Stimme sucht, die ihn zur Ehe ruft zwischen dem «Ewig-Männlichen», der Welt, und dem «Ewig-Weiblichen», dem Bewußtsein :
Das Ewig-Weibliche
Zieht uns hinan.
I. Goethe's Faust as an image of his esoteric world view
These remarks were written and first published in 1902
[ 1 ] It is Goethe's conviction that man can never solve the riddles of existence in a summarizing world of ideas. He shares this view with all those who, after certain tests of their inner life, have come to an insight into the nature of knowledge. They cannot, like certain philosophers, speak of a limitation of human cognition. They realize that the human striving for wisdom has no limit anywhere, that it can rather be extended to infinity. But they know that the depths of the world are inaccessible. In every secret that is revealed to them lies the source of new secrets, in the solution of one riddle lies a new one. But they also know that this new one will be solvable for them again when their soul has risen to the appropriate stage of development. Although they are so convinced that there are no unsolvable mysteries of the world for man, they never want to satisfy themselves in a closed realization, but only to climb certain vantage points in the life of the soul, in which the perspectives of knowledge that are lost in the distance open up.
[ 2 ] As with knowledge in general, it is the same with that which we gain from the truly great works of spiritual life. They emerge from a depth of the life of the soul whose foundation is unattainable. It may even be said that only those spiritual creations belong to the truly significant ones towards which one receives such a feeling to an ever greater degree the more often one returns to them. However, this presupposes that whenever one returns, one has previously undergone a further development of one's soul life. It seems that anyone who looks at Goethe's Faust with this attitude must gain such a feeling from it.
[ 3 ] Whoever also considers that Goethe began this work as a young man and completed it shortly before his death will be wary of harboring any exhaustive thoughts about it. In his long and rich life, the poet progressed from stage to stage of development, and he allowed his creation of Faust to participate fully in this development. He was once asked whether the conclusion of his Faust was such that it corresponded to the words of the "Prologue in Heaven" written in 1797: "A good man in his dark urge is well aware of the right path." He replied that that would be "enlightenment", but that Faust ended in old age, and that is when one becomes a mystic. Certainly, the young Goethe could not have been aware that in the course of his life he would be elevated to the view for which he found the words at the end of Faust in the "Chorus mysticus": "Everything transient is only a parable." At the end of his life, what is eternal in existence was revealed to him in a different way than he could have guessed in 1797, when he has God speak to the archangels, hinting at this eternity: "And what floats in fluctuating appearance, fixes with lasting thoughts."
[ 4 ] Goethe was aware that his truth had been revealed to him in stages. He wanted his Faust to be judged from this point of view. On December 6, 1829, he said to Eckermann: "When one is old, one thinks differently about worldly things than when one was young... I feel like someone who has a lot of small silver and copper money in his youth, which he exchanges more and more significantly over the course of his life, so that he finally sees his youthful possessions in pure gold pieces."
[ 5 ] Why did Goethe think differently about "worldly things" in his old age than in his youth? Because in the course of his life he climbed ever higher vantage points of the life of the soul, in which ever new perspectives of truth were revealed to him. Only those who follow his inner development can hope to read the parts of Faust that he wrote in his old age in the right way. For him, however, new depths of this world poem are constantly opening up. He advances to an esoteric interpretation of the events and figures. Everything takes on an inner, spiritual meaning in addition to its outer meaning. Those who are unable to do so will, depending on their personal, artistic view, call the second part of Faust, like the important aesthete Vischer, a cobbled-together work of old age; or they will delight in the rich world of images and fairy tales that flowed from Goethe's imagination.
[ 6 ] Whoever speaks of an esoteric interpretation of Goethe's Faust will naturally provoke objections from all those who demand that a "work of art must be grasped and enjoyed purely artistically". They will be ready with the accusation that it is inadmissible to transform vivid figures of the artistic imagination into straw allegories. If only such people were aware that they are asserting nothing more than what from a higher point of view is called a "gypsy truth". They believe that because the spiritual content is straw for them, it must be so for everyone. No, there are some who, where you see straw allegories, breathe a higher life, for whom a deep spirit wells up where you hear only words. At first it is difficult to communicate with you if you do not have the "good will" to follow us into the "spirit realm". After all, we only have the same words that you have. And we can't force anyone to empathize with the completely different feelings that we have with these words. We are not fighting you. We admit everything you say. For us too, Faust is initially a work of art, a creation of the imagination. We would consider it a shortcoming if we could not feel this artistic value. But do not believe that we have no senses for the beauty of the lily, because we ascend to the spirit that it reveals to us; do not believe that we are without an eye for the image, which "in the higher sense" is for us, like "everything transient", only a "parable".
[ 7 ] We hold with Goethe. He said to Eckermann on January 25, 18 27: "But still, everything (in Faust) is sensual and, thought of in the theater, will catch everyone's eye. And that is all I wanted. If it is only so that the crowd of spectators may enjoy the appearance; at the same time, the initiate will not miss the higher meaning."
[ 8 ] Those who really want to understand Goethe must not keep away from such initiation. One can pinpoint the exact point in Goethe's life when he realized that "everything transient is only a parable". It was when the thought crossed his mind in front of the ancient works of art: "This much is certain, the ancient artists had just as great a knowledge of nature and just as sure a concept of what can be imagined and how it must be imagined as Homer. Unfortunately, the number of works of art of the first class is too small. But when one sees these too, one has nothing to wish for but to recognize them properly and then to go there in peace. The high works of art are at the same time the highest works of nature produced by man according to true and natural laws. Everything arbitrary and imaginary collapses: there is necessity, there is God." It was on September 6, 1787, that Goethe recorded this thought in the diary of his "Italian Journey".
[ 9 ] One can also get to the "spirit of things" in other ways. Goethe's nature is an artistic one. Therefore, this spirit must be revealed to him in art. One can prove that his great scientific insights, through which he proclaimed the scientific insights of the nineteenth century, were also born out of his artistic spirit. 1Compare my book "Goethe's Weltanschauung". Another personality will arrive at the same perspective of knowledge and truth through a religious, a third through a philosophical development.
[ 10 ] In Goethe's Faust one may look for the image of an inner development of the soul. In particular, such a picture as an artistic personality must portray. He was predestined by his mental disposition to look into the depths of nature itself. You can see how the boy already developed a deeply felt service to nature as a result of his profession of faith. He describes this to us in "Truth and Poetry". "The God who is in direct contact with nature, who recognizes and loves it as his work, seemed to him to be the real God, who could also enter into a more precise relationship with man as with everything else, and who would take care of him as well as of the movement of the stars, of the times of day and seasons, of plants and animals." He takes the best minerals and rocks from his father's natural history collection and places them in regular order on a music stand. This is the altar on which he wants to offer his sacrifice to the god of nature. At the top he places incense burners, which he lights with the help of a burning glass by catching the rays of the rising morning sun. In this way he has kindled a sacred fire through the essence of the natural divine powers themselves. Does one not see in this the beginning of an inner soul development which, to speak in terms of Indian theosophy, seeks the light in the center of the sun and the truth in the center of the light? Anyone who follows Goethe's life can see this "path" on which he sought the "deeper layer of consciousness" through intermediate stages, through which the eternal "necessity, God" was then revealed to him. In "Wahrheit und Dichtung" (Truth and Poetry), he tells us how he explored all sorts of fields of knowledge, at one point searching in alchemical experiments to see whether "many a secret would not be revealed to him through the power and mouth of the spirit". Later, he sought the eternal laws in the works of nature and found in his "original plant" and in the "original animal" what the spirit of nature speaks to the human spirit when the soul, in his sense, has come to a way of thinking and imagining "in accordance with the idea". The writing of the part of Faust in which, after despairing of all external knowledge, he has Faust conjure up the "earth spirit" falls between these two turning points in his soul's life. The eternal, truthful light itself speaks from the words of this "earth spirit":
In floods of life, in the storm of deeds
I surge up and down,
Weave back and forth! Birth and grave,
An eternal sea,
A changing weaving,
A glowing life,
So I create on the rushing loom of time
And work the living garment of the Godhead.
[ 11 ] This is an expression of the comprehensive view of nature that we also encounter in Goethe's prose hymn "Nature", written around the thirtieth year of his life. "Nature! We are surrounded and enveloped by it - unable to step out of it and unable to get deeper into it. Uninvited and unwarned, she takes us into the cycle of her dance and carries us along until we are tired and fall from her arms. She is forever creating new forms; what is there has never been; what was there will not come again - everything is new, and yet always the same.... She is always building and always destroying, and her workshop is inaccessible. She lives with all her children, and where is her mother? - She is the only artist ... Each of her works has its own essence, each of her appearances the most isolated concept, and yet everything makes up one.... She is forever changing, and there is not a moment of stillness in her.... Her tread is measured, her exceptions rare, her laws immutable.... People are all in her, and she in all.... Life is her most beautiful invention, and death is her artifice to have much life. ... One obeys her laws, even if one resists them. ... She is everything. It rewards itself and punishes itself, delights and tortures itself. ... It knows neither past nor future. The present is her eternity. ... She put me in, she will also lead me out. I trust myself to her. ... I did not speak of her. No, what is true and what is false, she has spoken everything. Everything is her fault, everything is her merit!"
[ 12 ] Goethe himself said in old age, looking back on this stage of his soul's development, that it represented a subordinate view of life and that he had arrived at a higher one. But this stage opened up to him the eternal law of the world, which permeates nature as well as the human soul. It aroused in him the grave feeling that an eternal, iron necessity unites all beings into one. It taught him to regard man in intimate connection with this necessity. It is this attitude that is expressed in the ode "The Divine" from 1782.
Noble be man,
Helpful and good!
For that alone
Distinguishes him
From all beings,
That we know.
.....
According to eternal, honorable,
Great laws
We must all
Of our existence
Complete circles.
[ 13 ] And the same view is expressed in the Faust monologue "Forest and Cave", written around 1787:
Sublime Spirit, you gave me, gave me everything,
Why I asked. You have not given me in vain
Your face turned towards me in the fire.
You gave me the glorious nature of the kingdom,
Strength to feel it, to enjoy it. Not
You only allow a coldly astonished visit,
Grant me into her deep breast
As into the bosom of a friend to look.
You lead the line of the living
Before me and teach me my brothers
In the silent bush, in air and water.
And when the storm roars and creaks in the forest,
The giant spruce topples neighboring branches
And crushes neighboring trunks,
And the hill thunders dully hollow with its fall,
Then you lead me to the safe cave, show me
Me then to myself, and to my own breast
Secret deep wonders open.
[ 14 ] Goethe opens up the perspective of his soul to the wonders of his own breast. It is the perspective that can no longer be opened up in the outer world alone; rather, it is only opened up when man descends into his own soul, so that in ever deeper regions of consciousness ever higher mysteries are revealed to him. Then the world of the senses and the intellect takes on a new meaning. It becomes a "parable" of the eternal. Man realizes that he must form a more intimate bond between the outer world and his own soul. He learns that the voices resound within him that are also called to solve all external world riddles. "The inadequate, here it becomes attainment." 2The author of these remarks acknowledges Ad. Rudolf in the Archiv für neuere Sprachen LXX 1883 that the spelling "Ereignis" is only due to a hearing error on the part of the writer of Goethe's dictation, and that the correct word is "Erreichnis". This note was added in 1918, the new edition, with the changed spelling in Goethe's text. In 1902, the manuscript and printed text still read "Ereignis". - The assumption of Ad. Rudolf's assumption is also supported by K. J. Schröer in his edition of the Faust poem, which Rudolf Steiner used when rehearsing Faust scenes in Dornach (1914-1919). It was not until 1928 that a manuscript of Goethe's with the spelling Ereignis from the Goethe collection of A. Kippenberg became known as a facsimile print. The highest fact of life, the separation into the masculine and feminine, becomes the key to the human puzzle. The process of cognition becomes the process of life, the process of fertilization. The soul in its depths becomes a woman who, fertilized by the world spirit, gives birth to the highest content of life. The woman becomes the "parable" of these soul depths. We ascend to the mysteries of existence by allowing ourselves to be drawn to the "eternal feminine". The higher existence begins when we experience the wisdom walk as a spiritual fertilization process.
[ 15 ] The deeper mystics of all times have felt this way. They let the highest knowledge emerge from a spiritual fertilization, as the Egyptians let the soul-man, Horus, emerge through the spiritual vision which, starting from Osiris, the one awakened from death, outshines Isis. The second part of Goethe's Faust is a work written from such a mindset.
[ 16 ] Faust's love for Gretchen in the first part is sensual. Faust's love for Helena in the second part is not merely a sensual-real process; it is a "parable" for the deepest mystical experience of the soul. By seeking Helena, Faust seeks the "eternal feminine"; he seeks the depths of his own soul. It is in the nature of Goethe's personality that he allows "the woman in man" to be the archetype of Greek female beauty. After all, the divine necessity of the beauty of Greek works of art struck him.
[ 17 ] Faust has become a mystic through his marriage to Helen. He speaks as such at the beginning of the fourth act in Part Two. He sees the image of women, the depths of his own soul, and speaks:
... Shapelessly broad and piled up,
It rests in the east, like distant ice mountains,
And reflects the dazzlingly fleeting days of great meaning.
But a delicate, light streak of mist floats around me
Still my breast and forehead, exhilarating, cool and flattering.
Now it rises lightly and hesitantly higher and higher,
Joins together. - Deceives me with a delightful picture,
As the most youthful, long-lost, highest good?
The deepest heart's earliest treasures well up,
Auroren's love, lightly swinging, describes it to me,
The quickly perceived, first, barely understood glance,
Which, held fast, outshone every treasure.
Like beauty of soul, the fair form increases,
Does not dissolve, rises into the ether,
And draws the best of my inner being away with it.
[ 18 ] With these words, which describe the delights felt by one who has descended into the depths of his own soul and felt the best of his inner being carried away by his "eternal feminine", is it not as if we were listening to the Greek philosopher:
When you, freed from the body, ascend to the free ether,
It (the soul) will be an immortal god, death
[ 19 ] For death becomes a "parable" at such a level. Man dies to the lower life in order to revive in a higher one. The higher spiritual life becomes a new stage of becoming; the temporal becomes a "parable" of the eternal, which comes to life in man. The connection with the "eternal feminine" gives rise to the child in man, which is imperishable because it belongs to the eternal. The higher life is the giving up, the death of the lower existence and the birth of the higher. Goethe expresses this in his "West-Eastern Divan" with the words:
And as long as you do not have this, this: 'Die and become',
you are only a gloomy guest on the dark earth.
[ 20 ] In his prose sayings we read the same thought: one must give up one's existence in order to exist. Goethe is of the same mind as the mystic Heraclitus. He talks about the Dionysus service of the Greeks. For him it would be a vain, even shameful service if it were offered only to the god of natural life, of sensual pleasure. But that is not the case. It is not only the Dionysus of life, of immediate sensual fertility, to whom this activity is dedicated; it is also the god of death, Hades. Hades and Dionysus are the same person to whom they "organize noisy fires". In the Greek mysteries, life was celebrated in union with death; this is the higher life that passes through sensual death. It is the life of which the mystics speak when they say: "And so death is the root of all life." The second part of Goethe's Faust represents an awakening, the birth of the "higher man" from the depths of the soul. One understands Goethe's words from this point of view: "The crowd of spectators" may have their "pleasure in the appearance"; at the same time, the "initiate will not miss the higher meaning".
[ 21 ] Those who have acquired the development of genuine mystical knowledge will read much of it in Goethe's Faust. After (in the first part, after the conjuration scene with the earth spirit) Faust has spoken to Wagner and remains alone, he expresses his despair about the smallness he feels towards the earth spirit in the words:
I, image of the deity, who already
Very close to the mirror of eternal truth,
Enjoyed myself in heavenly splendor and clarity,
And stripped off the son of earth;
I, more than cherub, whose free power
Already flowing through the veins of nature
And creating, enjoying the life of the gods
Presciently presumed, how must I atone!
[ 22 ] What is the "mirror of eternal truth"? You can read it in the mystic Jakob Böhme. "All that of which this world is an earthly likeness and mirror is in the divine kingdom in great perfection in the spiritual being; not only the spirit, as a will or thought, but being, physical being, juice and power, but against the outer world as incomprehensible: then from the same spiritual essence, in which is the pure element, both from the dark essence in the Mysterio of fierceness, and the origin of the eternal vocal essence, from which the properties arise, this visible world was born and created, as a pronounced reverberation from the essence of all beings. " For those who love "gypsy truths", it should be noted that it should by no means be claimed that Goethe had precisely this passage by J. Böhme in mind when he wrote the above verses. What he had in mind, however, is the mystical knowledge expressed in J. Böhme's sentences. And Goethe certainly lived in such mystical knowledge. He became more and more mature in it. He drew from the mystics. And it was from this source that he was able to see life, "everything transient", as nothing more than "a parable", as a mirror. There is an inexhaustible amount of internal development between the time when Goethe wrote the words of doubt for the first part, that he was far from the "mirror of eternal truth", and the words of the "Chorus mysticus", which express that in the "transient" there is really only the "parable" of the eternal to be seen.
[ 23 ] The mystical "Die and Become" floods the opening scene of the second part: "Graceful region. Faust bedded on a flowery lawn, tired, restless, seeking sleep." The elves under Ariel's leadership bring about Faust's "awakening". Ariel speaks to the elves:
You who hover around this head in the airy circle,
Show yourselves here in the way of noble elves,
Soothe the heart's fierce ostrich;
Removes the fiery bitter arrows of reproach,
Cleanses his inner being from experienced horror.
Four are the pauses of nocturnal while,
Now without hemming fills them kindly.
First he lowers his head on the cool cushion,
Then bathes him in the dew from Lethe's flood;
Soon his limbs are stiff with cramp,
When he rests strengthened for the day.
Perform the fairies' finest duty,
Return him to the holy light.
[ 24 ] And Faust is returned to the "holy light" at the rising of the sun:
The pulses of life beat freshly alive,
To greet ethereal twilight mildly;
You earth were constant this night too,
And breathed newly refreshed at my feet,
Already began to surround me with pleasure,
You stir and stir a strong resolve,
To always strive for the highest existence.
[ 25 ] What did Faust strive for in his "study" (in the first part), and what has become of him on the stage on which he meets us at the beginning of the second part? What he strives for there, he puts into the words of the "wise man":
The spirit world is not closed.
Your mind is closed, your heart is dead! On, bathe, pupil, undaunted
The earthly breast in the dawn!
[ 26 ] Here Faust cannot yet bathe his earthly breast in the dawn. After summoning the earth spirit, he must confess his smallness. But he can do so at the beginning of the second part. Ariel announces how this happens:
Hark! Listen to the storm of hearing! Sounding for spiritual ears
The new day is already born.
[ 27 ] The fact that the "new day" of knowledge and life is born out of the dawn was affirmed by J. Böhme when he entitled the first work with which he immersed himself in mystical wisdom "Aurora" or "The Dawn in the Rising". The above-mentioned passage in the fourth act of the second part of Faust shows how Goethe lived in such ideas. "The deepest heart's earliest treasures" are revealed to him through "Aurora's love". - When Faust has truly bathed "the earthly breast in the dawn", he is ready to lead a higher life within his earthly orbit. He appears with Mephistopheles at the imperial court during a feast full of pleasure and vain enjoyment. He himself must help to increase the pleasure. He appears in the mask of Plutus, the god of wealth, in the midst of a masquerade. He is asked to conjure up Paris and Helen from the underworld in order to increase the "amusement". This reveals to us that Faust has reached the stage in his mental life at which he has grasped the concept of "dying and becoming". He takes part in the feast of lust, but during the course of the feast he goes "to the mothers". Only with the mothers can he find the images of Paris and Helen that the emperor wants to see. With the mothers is the realm where the eternal archetypes of all being are kept. There is a region that can only be entered "if you have given up your existence in order to exist". It is also where Faust can find what has survived the ages from Helena. However, Mephistopheles, who had been his helper until then, cannot lead him to this region. This is indicative of his character. He explicitly says to Faust:
You think it will happen at once;
Here we stand before steep steps,
Reach into the strangest realm.
[ 28 ] The realm of the eternal is foreign to Mephistopheles. This could easily seem inexplicable when one considers that he belongs to the realm of evil, i.e. to an eternal region himself. However, it becomes explainable when one considers Goethe's character. He did not experience eternal necessity for himself in the realm of Christianity, to which hell and the devil belong for him. This eternity was revealed to him personally where the Christian imagination does not penetrate. It must be admitted that a figure such as Mephistopheles can also be found in pagan religious concepts. 3Compare Carl Kiesewetter, Faust in der Geschichte und Tradition. [Subtitle: With special reference to occult phenomenalism and medieval magic. 1893. For Goethe, however, it belonged to the Nordic-Christian world. That is where he drew it from. It was his personal experience that he could not find his realm of the eternal with this imaginary world. To understand this, one need only recall the characterization that Schiller gives of Goethe when he holds up a mirror to his nature in a profound letter (August 23, 1794): "If you had been born a Greek, indeed only an Italian, and had been surrounded from the cradle by an exquisite nature and an idealizing art, your path would have been infinitely shortened, perhaps made entirely superfluous. Already in your first view of things you would then have absorbed the form of the necessary, and with your first experiences the great style would have developed in you. Now that you were born a German, now that your Greek spirit was thrown into this Nordic creation, you had no choice but either to become a Nordic artist yourself, or to replace your imagination with what reality withheld from it through the help of the power of thought, and thus to give birth to a Greece from within, as it were, and in a rational way."
[ 29 ] It cannot be the task here to go into the various ideas that have been formed about the meaning of Mephistopheles. These ideas express precisely the opposite endeavor to mine, namely to transform artistic figures into straw allegories or symbols. For an esoteric meaning, Mephistopheles can certainly be understood as a real person, in the sense of poetic reality, of course. For the esoteric interpretation does not seek the spiritual content that certain figures only receive through the poet, but that which they already have in life. The poet can therefore neither take it from them nor give it to them, but takes it from life, like what is visible to the eye. But it is part of the nature of Mephistopheles that he lives in the sensual, in the material. Hell, too, is only the embodied material. Whoever lives in the material as he does can only regard the eternal in the womb of the mothers as an alien realm. Man must pass through the material in order to re-enter the eternal, the divine, in which he has his origin. If he finds the way there, if he "gives up his existence in order to exist", then he is a Faustian nature; if he cannot let go of the material, then he is a character like Mephistopheles. Mephistopheles is only able to give Faust the "key" to the realm of the mothers. There really is a secret attached to this "key". One must have experienced it in order to feel it fully. Those who live in science will come to it most easily.
[ 30 ] No matter how much knowledge you accumulate, the "spirit of things", the realm of the mothers, can remain closed to you. However, knowledge is basically the key to the spirit realm. It becomes either erudition or wisdom. Let a wise man take possession of the "dry scholarly material" that a mere knower has accumulated: he is thereby led into a region that is the "strangest realm" to the changing one. Faust is able to reach the Mothers with the key that Mephistopheles gives him. The way Mephistopheles and Faust speak of the realm of the mothers reflects their characters:
Mephistopheles:
You will see nothing in the eternally empty distance,
Hear not the step thou takest,
Find nothing solid where you rest.Faust:
You send me into the void,
That there I may increase art as strength;
Treat me so that I, like that cat,
Scrape the chestnuts out of your gluten.
Always go ahead! We want to fathom it,
In your nothingness I hope to find the universe.
[ 31 ] Goethe revealed to Eckermann how he came to introduce the mother scene. "I can tell you nothing more," says Goethe, "than that I found in Plutarch that in ancient Greece there was talk of mothers as deities." This must have made a great impression on Goethe, who knew the significance of the "eternal feminine" from his mystical knowledge.
[ 32 ] From the realm of the mothers, Faust conjures up the figures of Helen and Paris. When he then sees them before him at the imperial court, he is seized by an irresistible urge for Helena. He wants to seize her. There is an explosion. Faust sinks down unconscious and is carried away by Mephistopheles. - This brings us to a point in Faust's development that is of great significance. Faust is ready to penetrate the spiritual. He can rise spiritually to the eternal archetypes. He is at the point where the spiritual becomes visible to man in an infinite perspective.
[ 33 ] Now he can either humble himself and say to himself that this perspective cannot be traversed in flight, that it must rather be slowly traversed through countless stages of life; or he can want to seize the divine final goal in a storm. Faust wants the latter. He undergoes a new trial. He must learn that man is bound to matter, and that only when he has passed through all the stages of the material is he purified for the attainment of the final goal.
[ 34 ] Only a purely spiritual being, a being born in a spiritual way, could unite directly with the spiritual. The human spirit is not such a being. It must walk completely through the material. Without this life journey this human spirit would be an insubstantial being. If it existed in this way, it could not live. If it came into being in any way, it would have to start the material journey all over again. For man is what he is only because he has passed through a series of previous embodiments. Goethe also had to portray this idea in Faust. On December 16, 1829, Goethe said to Eckermann about the homunculus: "For such spiritual beings as the homunculus, which are not yet darkened and limited by a perfect incarnation, are counted among the demons."
[ 35 ] Homunculus is therefore a human being, but without the materiality necessary for a human being. He is created artificially in the laboratory. On the day already mentioned, Goethe says further about him to Eckermann: "As a being for whom the present is absolutely clear and transparent, Homunculus sees the inside of the sleeping Faust." But because everything is transparent to his mind, the mind is not important to him. "Reasoning is not his business; he wants to act." Insofar as man is a knower, it is precisely through knowledge that the impulse to will, to act, is awakened. It is not the knowledge, not the spirit as such that is important, but to lead this spirit through the material, through the action. The more knowledgeable a being is, the greater the drive to act it must have. And a being created in a purely spiritual way must be filled with a thirst for action. Homunculus is in this position. His powerful urge for reality leads Faust and Mephistopheles to Greece, to the "Classical Walpurgis Night". In the realm where Goethe has found the highest reality, Homunculus is to come into being physically. This also gives Faust the opportunity to find the real Helen, not just her archetype. Homunculus becomes the guide to the Greek reality. We need only follow Homunculus on his wanderings through the classical Walpurgis Night to get to know his nature completely. He wants to hear from two Greek philosophers, Thales and Anaxagoras, how he can come into being, that is, how he can come to act. He says to Mephistopheles:
I float from place to place
And would like to emerge in the best sense,
Full of impatience to break my glass in two;
But what I have seen so far,
I would not dare to go there.
Just to tell you in confidence:
I am on the trail of two philosophers,
I listened, they said: Nature! Nature!
I will not part with them.
They must know the earthly being;
And I will probably find out in the end,
Where I turn most wisely.
[ 36 ] He wants to get to know the natural conditions of physical development. Thales leads him to Proteus, the master of transformation, of eternal becoming. Thales says of Homunculus:
I ask for advice and would like to emerge.
He is, as I have heard from him,
He was miraculously only half born.
He is not lacking in spiritual qualities,
But too much of the tangible efficiency.
So far the glass alone has given him weight,
But he liked to be embodied at first.
[ 37 ] And Proteus pronounces the law of becoming:
But there is not much to ponder here,
In the wide sea you must begin! There you start on a small scale
And rejoice in devouring the smallest.
You grow up little by little
And train yourself for higher achievement.
[ 38 ] Thales gives the following advice:
Give way to the laudable desire,
To begin creation from the beginning! Be ready to work quickly! There you move according to eternal norms,
Through a thousand, thousand forms,
And until man you have time.
[ 39 ] The entire Goethean view of nature, of the kinship of all beings, of their metamorphic development from the imperfect to the perfect, appears here in the picture. The spirit can initially only be germ-like in the world. It must pour itself into matter, into the elements, immerse itself in them in order to take on a higher form from them. Homunculus shatters on Galatea's shell chariot. He dissolves into the elements. The "Sirens" describe the process.
What a fiery wonder transfigures the waves,
That crash sparkling against each other?
So it shines and sways and brightens up:
The bodies, they glow on a nocturnal path,
And all around is surrounded by fire;
So reign Eros, who began it all!
[ 40 ] Homunculus is no longer a spirit. He has mingled with the elements. He can arise from them. Desire, will, action, eros must join the spirit. The spirit must pass through matter, through the fall into sin. The spiritual being must, according to Goethe's words above, be darkened and limited. This is necessary for a "perfect incarnation". The mystery of the incarnation is the second act of the second part. Proteus, the master of physical transformations, explains this mystery to the homunculus:
Come with me spiritually into the humid expanse,
There you live in length and breadth,
You can move here at will;
Only do not strive for higher places: 4The editions have "orders", which is probably just a scribe's error.
Because once you have become human,
Then it's completely over with you.
[ 41 ] That is all the master of bodily transformations can know about becoming human. He is of the opinion that once the human being has come into being as such, development ceases. The rest does not belong to his realm. He is only at home in the physical; and by becoming human, the spiritual separates itself from the merely physical. The further development of man takes place in the realm of the spiritual. The highest achievement of natural Eros is the separation into two sexes, the masculine and the feminine. This is where spiritual development begins; Eros becomes spiritualized. Faust enters into a marriage with Helena, the archetype of beauty. Goethe is convinced that he has become what he is through his marriage to the Greek beauty. The mystery of spiritualization had an artistic character for Goethe. Euphorion emerges from Faust's marriage to Helena. Goethe himself also said what the Euphorion is. Eckermann quotes Goethe's words from December 20, 1829: "The Euphorion is not a human, but an allegorical being. It is poetry personified in him, which is not bound to any time, place or person." Through the marriage that Faust experiences in the depths of his soul, poetry is born. This coloring of the spiritual mystery must again be traced back to Goethe's personal experience and being. He saw in art, in poetry, "a manifestation of secret laws of nature" which would never be revealed without it.5(Compare his sayings in prose.) As an artist, he has penetrated the higher levels of the life of the soul. It was only natural that he should give to poetry not only general features, but features taken from the poetic creations of his time. Byron's traits were transferred to Euphorion. "As a representative of the latest poetic age," Goethe said to Eckermann on July 5, 1827, "I could use no one but him (Byron), who is without question to be regarded as the greatest talent of the century. And then, Byron is not antique and not romantic, but he is like the present day itself. I had to have one. By the way, he also fitted in perfectly because of his unsatisfied nature and his warlike tendency, from which he perished in Missolunghi. It is not convenient or advisable to write a treatise on Byron, but I shall not refrain from occasionally honoring him and referring to him in detail hereafter." Faust's marriage to Helena cannot be a lasting one. Descending into the depths of the soul is, even according to Goethe's conviction, only possible in moments of celebration in life. One dives into the regions in which the highest spiritual is born. But with the transformation that one has experienced there, one returns to active life. Faust undergoes a process of spiritualization; but even as a spiritualized man he should continue to work in his immediate life. The man who has gone through such moments of celebration must, however, see how the deeper spiritual disappears again in immediate reality. This is depicted in Goethe's picture. Euphorion disappears again into the realm of darkness. Man cannot bring the spiritual to permanent earthly life. But this spiritual is now intimately connected with his soul. His child, the spiritual, also draws his soul into the realm of the eternal. He has wedded himself to the eternal. Through the highest spiritual achievements, man enters the eternal with his best being, with the depths of his soul itself. The marriage he has entered into in his soul allows him to merge into the universe. The words of Euphorion sound like this eternal call that resounds in the breast of the ever-striving human being:
Leave me in the dark realm,
Mother, do not leave me alone!
Man, who has felt the eternal in the temporal, constantly hears this call from the spiritual within him. His creations draw his soul towards the eternal. This is how Faust will live on. He will lead a double life. In life he will create; but his spiritual child will connect him on his earthly journey with the higher realm of the spirit. This will be the life of a mystic. However, not one who will spend his days in idle contemplation, in a dreamy inner life, but in full activity, but in such a way that every deed is imprinted with the nobility that man attains through spiritual deepening.
[ 42 ] Faust's outer life, too, now becomes that of a man who has given up his existence in order to exist. He wants to work selflessly in the service of humanity. But there is still a test ahead of him. At his level, he too cannot fully reconcile his work in material existence with the pure needs of the spirit. He has reclaimed land from the sea. He has built a magnificent cultural site on it. But an old cottage has remained standing; an old couple lives in it. This disturbs the new creation. The old men do not want to exchange their splendid property for their estate. Faust must see how Mephistopheles carries out his wish by turning evil. He sets fire to their possessions; the couple die of horror. Faust has to experience once again that the "perfect incarnation" is "darkened and limited", that it must lead to guilt. It was his senses, his materiality, that played this trick on him, that imposed this test on him. - When he hears the little bell ringing in the chapel of the elderly, he bursts out with the words:
Fucking bell ringing! All too shameful
It wounds like a treacherous shot;
Before my eyes my realm is infinite,
At my back, the annoyance teases me,
Reminds me with envious sounds,
My high estate, it is not pure,
The lime tree room, the brown building,
The rotten little church is not mine.
And if I wished to rest there,
I shudder at strange shadows,
Is thorn to the eyes, thorn to the soles,
Oh! I was far away from here!
His senses create the fatal wish in Faust. He still has a remnant of the existence he had to give up in order to exist. The estate is not his. In "Midnight", four gray women appear: lack, guilt, worry, need. They are the ones who limit and darken man's existence. He walks through life under their guidance. He cannot live without first being guided by them. For life alone can set him free from them. Faust is so far gone that three of them have no power over him. Only worry has not been deprived of this power. She says:
You sisters, you cannot and must not enter.
Worry creeps in through the keyhole.
And the worry reminds him of a voice deep in the heart of every human being. No one can erase the last doubt as to whether he can really stand up to the Eternal with his life's reckoning. Faust feels this at this moment. Does he really only have pure powers around him? Has he freed his "inner man" from all impurity? He has taken "magic" with him on his path. He confesses this with the words:
I have not yet fought my way out into the open.
If I could remove magic from my path,
Unlearn the spells altogether,
If I, nature, stood before you a man alone,
It would be worth the effort to be a man.
No, even Faust cannot banish the last doubts from himself. Concern may also say with reference to him:
First of all, Faust wants to face his worries as if every vestige of doubt about his life's reckoning had vanished:If no ear could hear me,
It would still roar in my heart;
In transformed form
I exercise fierce violence.
The earthly circle is familiar enough to me.
Over there the view is lost to us;
Gate! whoever turns his blinking eyes there,
Thinks himself above the clouds! Let him stand firm and look around here;
This world is not dumb to the brave.
Why does he need to wander into eternity!
In these sentences, Faust shows that he is about to fight his way completely into the open. In its way, worry wants to remind him of the eternal. It shows him how the people who work on earth only add the temporal to the temporal. And if they do this, if they believe that the world is not dumb to the brave, then worry will remain with them in the end. And just as it is able to do this with others, it believes it can also do this with Faust. She believes she can encourage him in the doubts that come to man when he asks himself whether all his work has any meaning after all. What she is able to say about man, she says:
Should he go? should he come? The decision is taken from him;
In the middle of the paved path
He staggers groping half steps.
Such an inexorable rolling,
Painful letting, adverse shall,
Soon liberating, soon crushing,
Half sleep and ill refreshment
Staples him in his place
And prepares him for hell.
Faust's soul is too far advanced to succumb to the power of sorrow in the manner indicated here. He may call out to her:
But your power, O sorrow, creeping great,
I will not acknowledge it.
It can only do something about his body. As she disappears, she breathes on him; and he goes blind. With that, his corporeality has died to a further degree.
The night seems to penetrate deeper,
Only inside shines a bright light.
Only the soul of Faust comes into consideration now. Mephistopheles, who lives in the material, has no control over this. Since the Helena scene, Faust has been in the eternal with the best part of himself, with the deepest part of his soul. This eternal takes complete possession of him after his death. Faust's immortality is incorporated into this eternity by the genii.
Saved is the noble member
Of the spirit world from evil:
He who always strives,
We can redeem him;
And has love in him even
Participated from above,
The blessed multitude meets him
With a hearty welcome.
The "love from above" stands in clear contrast to the "Eros" that Proteus meant, and of which it is said (at the end of the second act of the second part):
And all around is surrounded by fire,
So reign Eros, who began it all.
This Eros is the "love from below" that leads the homunculus through the elements and through the physical transformations so that it can finally appear as a human being. Then begins "love from above", which further develops the soul.
[ 43 ] Faust's soul stands on the path to the eternal-infinite. An infinite perspective opens up before it. One can sense this perspective. To visualize it poetically is a great difficulty. Goethe felt this. He said to Eckermann: "Incidentally, you will admit that the end, where the saved soul goes upwards, was very difficult to achieve, and that I could very easily have lost myself in vagueness with such supersensible, barely imaginable things if I had not given my poetic intentions a charitably limiting form and solidity through the sharply defined, Christian-ecclesiastical figures and ideas." It had to point to the inexhaustible content of the soul, the deepest interior had to be depicted in the symbol. "Sacred anachoretes, scattered up the mountainside, lying between chasms" represent the highest states of soul development. One is led upwards into the regions of consciousness - the soul - in which the world becomes more and more the "likeness" of the eternal.
[ 44 ] This consciousness, the depths of the soul, are mystically contemplated in the image of the "Eternal Feminine", the Virgin Mary. Doctor Marianus adores her with rapture:
Highest ruler of the world! Leave me in the blue,
Stretched canopy of heaven
behold your secret.
[ 45 ] In monumental words, Faust ends in the "Chorus mysticus". They are supposed to be words of eternal wisdom. They proclaim the mystery that "all that is transient is but a parable". What lies before man in the farthest distance, where the path leads him, which he enters when he has grasped it, this "die and become":
The inadequate,
Here it becomes attainment. 6On the spelling of "attainment" see above p. 18 note. [see here note 2
What cannot be described because it can only be experienced; what the initiates of the "Mysteries" experienced when they were led onto the "path" of the Eternal; what is inexpressible because it lies in such deep crevices of the soul that the words coined for the temporal cannot grasp it:
The indescribable,
Here it is done.
And to all this the power of one's own soul draws, draws the powers that man senses when he crosses the inner gates of the soul, when he seeks within himself the divine voice that calls him to the marriage between the "eternal masculine", the world, and the "eternal feminine", consciousness :
The eternal feminine
Draws us towards it