The Mission of the Individual Folk Souls
GA 121
8 June 1910, Oslo
2. Normal and abnormal Archangels and Time Spirits. The Spirits of Language and of Modes of Thought
I stated yesterday that those Beings who are to be considered as Folk Spirits have reached a stage of development when they work from within the ‘I’ upon their etheric or life-body, when they fashion this body from out of the inmost depths of the soul.
Now it will be said, of course, that the work upon the etheric body is not immediately perceptible to the senses or to external observation but only to clairvoyant consciousness, and this must be admitted. None the less, if the activity of these Beings, of these Folk Spirits, invades the life of man, then there must be on the other hand some visible indication, some tangible evidence, some kind of impression or reflection of this work of the Folk Spirits or Archangelic Beings, in proof of this. Furthermore these Beings must also possess in a certain sense a physical body. They must be able to express their corporeality in some form or other. And these Beings whose activity is expressed in this physical form must give some indication of their presence in the world of man, for in the final analysis the human body must be associated with the work of these spiritual Beings.
Let us begin with the etheric body of these Beings and their work in the transformation of this body. Here we must first of all refer to the investigations of clairvoyant consciousness. Where does clairvoyant research find evidence for the existence of the etheric body of these Archangelic Beings? And how are we to understand this work? You all know that the surface of the Earth shows different configurations and that the different regions of the Earth provide widely differing conditions for the unfolding of attributes peculiar to the various peoples. The materialist believes that climate, vegetation, or perhaps water availability and other factors determine the distinctive features or characteristics of a particular people. That such is the outlook of the materialist is not surprising, for his consciousness is limited to the phenomenal world. Clairvoyant consciousness presents a different picture. Whoever is endowed with clairvoyant consciousness and visits the various countries is aware that his familiarity with the particular kind of vegetation, with the characteristic configuration of the rocks, does not exhaust his knowledge of that country or provide a complete picture of a particular geographical area. To speak of a particular aroma and aura associated with a certain region is, in the eyes of the materialist, to deal in unrealities. To clairvoyant consciousness there extends over every region of the Earth a peculiar spiritual cloud-like formation that we call the etheric aura of that particular region. This etheric aura varies according to the landscape: in Switzerland it is different from Italy and again different in Norway, Denmark or Germany. Just as every man has his own etheric body, so a kind of etheric aura hovers above every region of the Earth's surface.
This etheric aura differs considerably from other etheric auras, from that of man, for example. The etheric aura of the human being is part of him as long as he lives. It is united to his physical body and only undergoes modification in so far as man progressively develops during his lifetime and lifts himself to a higher moral and intellectual plane. Then we are always conscious that this etheric aura begins to be inwardly transformed, develops a certain inner light, a luminous quality. The etheric auras that can be perceived over the various countries are of a different nature. Admittedly they preserve a fundamental tone or quality which persists over long periods of time. But, at the same time, these etheric auras are prone to rapid changes, and in this respect they differ from the human auras which change slowly and gradually, and only from within. These auras extending over the various countries change in the course of human evolution when a people migrates and occupies new territory. The strange feature is that the etheric aura over a certain region depends in fact not only upon the etheric emanations from the soil, but also upon the people which was last domiciled there.
Those, therefore, who wish to follow how the destinies of our human race are shaped on Earth, endeavour to follow the interpenetration of this aspect of the etheric auras which is peculiar to the different geographical regions. The various etheric auras of Europe underwent considerable change at the time of the migrations of the peoples. Thus the etheric aura of a particular, region is subject to change, to sudden transformations which may even have their source in external factors to some extent. Every one of these etheric auras is, in a certain respect, a fusion of the emanations from the soil and the inheritance of the migrations of the peoples. When we observe this aura we must clearly understand that the saying, everything in the external world apprehended by the senses is only maya or illusion, which is so freely quoted by Theosophists is seldom grasped in its fullest implications. Though often repeated, its implications are largely ignored, and it rarely leads to a change of attitude to life. It becomes virtually an empty phrase; in face of the stern realities of life it is forgotten and people cling to their old materialistic outlook. The green vegetation, the peculiar configuration of the landscape which we see around us is, in reality, only maya or illusion; it is a precipitation, as it were, of the active principle in the etheric forces. Indeed only that aspect of the external world is dependent upon this etheric aura, upon which this aura, i.e. a living, organizing principle, can exert an influence. The Archangels who embody the spiritual laws cannot intervene in the physical laws. Where, therefore, only physical laws are operative, as in the configuration of mountain ranges, in the contours of the landscape and so on, in all cases where physical conditions determine the great changes in a people, the influence of the Archangels cannot take effect. They are not sufficiently advanced in their evolution to be able to intervene in purely physical conditions. Because they are unable to do this, because they are not free agents, they are compelled at certain times to wander over the surface of the Earth, They incarnate somewhat after the fashion of a physical incarnation, in that which is represented by the configuration of the landscape, in that which is subject to physical laws. The etheric body of the people cannot as yet enter into this domain, cannot, as yet, penetrate into it and organize it. Therefore a suitable territory is selected and from this union of the etheric body now permeated with spiritual soul-forces, and the geographical area, is born that charm or fascination which a people radiates, which is dimly sensed by one who is not clairvoyant, but which a clairvoyant who sees into the secret hearts and minds of the people is able to discern.
Now how does the activity of the Archangels, the Folk Souls, work into the etheric aura that extends over a country? What is the function of the Archangel, how does he work into the people who inhabit this country and live within this aura of the Folk Spirit? This influence expresses itself in three ways. The etheric aura of the people interpenetrates, permeates man; it affects three aspects of his being. The interplay of these three aspects creates the peculiar characteristic of the person who lives in this etheric aura of the people. This etheric aura acts upon the three temperaments, the choleric, phlegmatic and sanguine temperaments, which are themselves rooted in his affective life, but not upon the so-called melancholic temperament. In general, therefore, the potent influence of the etheric aura of a people streams into these three temperaments. In the single individual these three temperaments may be variously commingled and interact in a wide variety of ways. There are infinite possibilities of interaction, as when one temperament influences another or dominates it, and so on. Here lies the source of the multiplicity of types we meet with in Russia, Norway and Germany. The national characteristics of an individual are determined by that which works into the temperaments. The difference between the several individuals depends entirely upon the extent to which the three temperaments are commingled. National temperaments, therefore, vary in accordance with the extent of the interpenetration of the folk-aura.
Thus the Folk Spirits are active everywhere. They follow, however, the path peculiar to them. The fact that they work into the temperaments is not vital for their own development; they only do so because they are involved in the interplay of cosmic and terrestrial forces. It is a volitional act, a necessary part of their mission. At the same time their own ego-development must be taken into account. They themselves must further their evolution, move across the face of the Earth and incarnate in a particular region. This is central to their mission; their influence upon the temperaments of men is of secondary importance. Naturally, man himself also benefits through their work; it reacts upon him. And equally, the activity of man reacts upon the Folk Spirits. We shall discuss later the significance of the individual human beings for the Folk Spirit. This is important. But it is essential that we should be able to follow the progress of one of these Folk Spirits and see how he incarnates on Earth, lives again for a time in the spiritual world and then incarnates again elsewhere. When we observe these recurrent changes we are still only observing the ego-interests of these Beings. Picture to yourselves quite realistically the etheric body of the human being embedded in the etheric body of the people; then picture the interaction of the human etheric body and the etheric body of the people, and think too of how the latter is reflected in the temperaments of the people, in the mingling of temperaments in the single individuals. Therein lies the secret of how the Folk Spirit or Nation Spirit reveals his character within a particular people. Having said this, we have, in effect, described the full scope of the most important work of the true Archangels or Folk Spirits.
We should by no means have exhausted the characteristics of a people if we were to take into consideration only the character of an individual member of this people. This is the function of the Archangelic Beings, who are the real Spirits of the indigenous groups of the same language-stock.
Now, as you can readily imagine, this does not complete the picture of a people, for if the Archangel, the guiding Folk Spirit, did not contact other Beings on the same territory and did not work in conjunction with them in the etheric body of man, many of the characteristics of a people would not originate at all. Man is the stage upon which the Archangels meet with yet other Beings who cooperate with the Archangels and, so to speak, work in conjunction with them. From this cooperative endeavour something totally different emerges.
When, with clairvoyant consciousness, we study the different peoples, we find, strange to relate, besides the Archangelic Beings already described, other mysterious Beings who are related to the Archangels in certain respects, but who are otherwise totally different from them, in that they are more potent Beings than the Archangels themselves. In this weaving into the temperaments the Folk Spirit works in an extremely subtle and intimate way upon the individual human soul. But there are other Beings who exercise a much more potent influence. From our general knowledge of the Hierarchies we must be quite clear about these Beings; we shall then be able to name these other Beings who are perceived by clairvoyant consciousness. You must think of the sequence of the Hierarchies of Spirits in the following way:
- Man
- Angels
- Archangels
- First Beginnings, Archai or Spirits of Personality
- Powers (Exusiai) or Spirits of Form
There are yet other Spirits of a higher order who do not concern us today.
If you recall what we spoke of yesterday—and you will find a detailed description in the information contained in my books Cosmic Memory1Original title: Aus der Akasha Chronik. Published with the title of Cosmic Memory by Rudolf Steiner Publications, Inc., New York. (Obtainable from Rudolf Steiner Press, London. See the list of literature at the end of this volume.) and Occult Science—an Outline you will know that it was the Archangels who underwent their human stage on Old Sun. At that time those Beings whom we call Spirits of Form or Powers, who are now two stages higher than the Archangels, were at the Archangel stage; they were Beings such as the Folk Spirits we have described today. That was their normal stage of evolution.
Now there is a strange mystery attaching to evolution—the law of deferred development. In accordance with this law certain Beings remain behind at each stage of evolution, so that in the succeeding stage they have not reached their normal rank. They retain the characteristics which belong to earlier stages. Throughout the evolution of mankind there have always been Beings who remained behind and amongst them are also certain Spirits of Form or Powers. Their deferred development took a very singular form. Whilst they are Spirits of Form or Powers in terms of certain attributes, and by virtue of certain attributes are able to exercise the powers that belong at the present time solely to the Spirits of Form who have bestowed the ego upon man at the Earth-stage, they cannot, as yet, realize this completely because they do not possess the necessary attributes. They have remained behind, with the result that they did not undergo their Archangelic stage on the Old Sun, but are now experiencing it in the Earth-stage. Hence they are Beings who are now at the stage of the Folk Spirits, but endowed with quite different attributes. Whilst the Folk Spirits work in a subtle way into the life of man because they are two stages above him and are consequently still related to him, these Spirits of Form are four stages above the human stage. They possess, therefore, a vast array of potent forces which would not be suitable for working so intimately into man. They would act more vigorously and would have no other sphere for their activity than that in which the normal Folk Spirits work.
The difficulty is that one must first learn to discriminate in the spiritual world. Those who imagine that a few ideas suffice for the understanding of the higher worlds are very much mistaken. With a few superficial ideas they would certainly contact the Archangels. But one must distinguish between the Archangels who have reached the Archangel stage in the normal way and those who ought to have reached that stage during the Old Sun condition of the Earth. Thus, other Beings are at work in the same domain as the Folk Spirits or Archangels, Beings who stand at the same level as the Archangels, but are endowed with very different, with more robust attributes such as are possessed by the other Spirits of Form and who are able therefore to penetrate deeply into human nature. In what respects has man been influenced by the Spirits of Form during his Earth existence? He could not have developed ego-consciousness if the Spirits of Form had not given the brain its present form. Beings such as these are able to work even into the configuration of the human form although they are only at the stage of the Archangels. They compete with the Folk Spirits in the domain where the Folk Spirits are active.
The first and major effect of this contact between these Spirits with their different approaches is the birth of language which could not arise without the fully developed form and structure of the human body. In the structure of man we see the activity of these other Folk Spirits who are associated with the forces of Nature and with man. We must not ascribe the birth of language solely to these Beings who subtly work into the folk temperament and who, as Beings two stages above man, imprint their formal configuration upon a people. The Beings who are responsible for language are Beings of great creative energy for they are in reality ‘Powers’, i.e. Spirits of Form. They exercise effective influence upon the Earth because they have remained on Earth, whereas their colleagues, the normal Spirits of Form, work in the ‘I’, work from the Sun into the cosmic spaces. Before the advent of Christ Jesus men worshipped Jahve, or the Jehovah Being; thereafter they worshipped the Being of Christ as the One who shed His Spirit upon them from the Cosmos. As to the Spirits of language, we must say that man cherishes precisely that aspect of language which has remained on Earth. We must learn to accustom ourselves to new points of view. Man is in the habit of projecting his own ideas into the universe. He would be wrong to regard the sacrifice these higher Beings have made in their evolution after the fashion of a schoolgirl who has failed to gain promotion. They do not remain behind because they have neglected their studies, but from motives of higher wisdom which is omnipresent in the world. If certain Beings had not renounced their normal stage of development on Old Sun and had not undergone their evolution on Earth, we should never have known the birth of language on Earth. In certain respects man should feel deep affection for his native language because it was from motives of love that higher Beings remained behind with him and renounced certain attributes in order that man should be able to evolve in accordance with the decrees of higher wisdom. Just as we must regard “hurrying forward” as a kind of sacrifice, so we must also look upon “remaining behind” at earlier stages of evolution as a kind of sacrifice and we must clearly realize that man could not have acquired certain attributes if such sacrifices had not been made.
Thus we see how two kinds of Beings of different rank work alternately in the etheric body of man and in that of the Folk Spirit in question, namely, the Archangels who have followed a normal development and those Spirits of Form who have remained behind at the Archangel stage and have sacrificed their own evolution in order to implant in man during his life on Earth his native language. They had to be endowed with the power to transform the larynx and the organs of speech in such a way that these organs could manifest physically as speech. National sentiments, national temperament, together with the national language must be seen as the result of the cooperation of these Beings. Language, speech and national characteristics, these can be compassed solely by the Folk Spirits in conjunction with the Spirits of Form, because with their greater energy and superior powers the latter had remained behind at the Archangel stage. Cooperation of this nature takes place therefore in the realms where the Folk Spirits are active. Similar cooperative activity is also to be found in yet another domain.
I pointed out yesterday that other forces also are active—the First Beginnings, the Archai or Spirits of Personality, who during the Earth-existence represent what is called the Zeitgeist, the Spirit of the Age. These work in such a way that from their own ego, from their psychic organization, they work into the physical body and thus activate the forces of the physical body. If, at a certain moment, something arises as a result of the activity of the Zeitgeist, something manifests itself in the Spirit of an Age which furthers the progress of mankind, we must assume that this corresponds to the utilization of physical forces in our Earth life. A moment's reflection will show that definite prior conditions of a physical order are necessary in order to provide for certain contingencies in the Spirit of the Age. Kepler, Copernicus and Pericles could not possibly have lived in any other age or under other circumstances. Personalities are the product of the specific conditions of their time, conditions which at a definite moment of time are created and determined by the higher Beings working on the physical plane. Now these physical conditions must not be regarded as isolated phenomena, but as particular configurations in the physical constitution of our Earth. Sometimes these configurations stand out in bold relief; at other times, when the Spirit of the Age directs his influence in a certain direction, physical objects will inevitably take on a quite definite pattern. You will recall that on one occasion, when for the first time specially polished lenses were used, some children playing in the glass polisher's workshop assembled them in such a way as to create the optical effect of a telescope, so that the inventor of the telescope, having discovered from observation the underlying principle, only needed to apply it to achieve practical results. This is an historic fact. Imagine the number of physical processes involved before this result could be achieved. The lenses had first of all to be invented, polished and then assembled in the appropriate manner. Chance would account for this, you might say, but only on condition that you refuse to acknowledge the law that operates in such circumstances. This concatenation of outward circumstances is the work of the Archai, the Primal Forces. Their work is the consequence of focusing their activity at a particular place, an activity which otherwise, as Spirit of the Age, is expressed in a variety of ways. Think of how many inventions would remain forever unknown if this work of the Archai had not taken place in their etheric bodies. It is really the work of the Archai which acts in this way and is directed to this end.
Now if the activity of the Archai takes this form and is responsible for directing the Spirit of the Age, the question arises: how do these Spirits of the Age intuitively sense the progress of mankind? They create a situation in which man appears to be stimulated fortuitously by external circumstances. It must not be accounted as pure fiction if this sometimes occurs. I need only remind you of the swinging lamp in the cathedral at Pisa where, by observing the regular oscillations of the lamp, Galileo discovered the law of the pendulum and how, later on, Kepler and Newton were stimulated to make their discoveries. I could quote innumerable cases of the coincidence of external events and human thought which would explain how the prevailing ideas of an age are intuitively sensed by the Archai, ideas which influence man's development, determine his progress and subject it to law. In this domain also, those Beings who have normally become Spirits of Personality during our Earth-existence, work in conjunction with other Beings, who, because they remained behind on the Old Moon, are at present not Spirits of Form or Powers as they ought to be on Earth, but are now for the first time working as Spirits of Personality.
Thus those Beings who remained behind in their evolution not at the Old Sun stage, but only at the Old Moon stage, are now Spirits of Personality. They do not possess the attributes which they should normally have, i.e. they do not “intuit” in the manner of the backward Spirits of Form. They do not stimulate man from without; they work more subtly, they leave it to man himself to observe the changes in his physical being; they stimulate inwardly, fashion the inner configuration of the brain and encourage a certain trend of thought. Hence the thought-life of man at different epochs is motivated from within, so that each epoch has its own definite mode of thought. This depends upon the delicate configurations of the thought-life, upon its inner patterns. Here the backward Spirits of Form who preserve the characteristics of the Spirits of Personality work within man and create a certain way of thinking, a quite specific pattern of ideas. Thus, from epoch to epoch, man is not only guided according to the will of the intuiting Spirits of Personality who induce him of his own volition to follow a certain course of action, but he is impelled as if by inner forces, so that thought starts from within and manifests itself externally in a physical form, just as language, on the other hand, is a manifestation of the backward Spirits of Form. Thus the way of thinking is an expression of those Spirits of Form who in our age are known as Spirits of Personality. These are not, therefore, Spirits of Personality who work in a subtle and intimate way and leave man to his own devices; they take possession of him and drive him irresistibly on. Hence you can always find in those men who are stimulated by the Spirit of the Age, these two types. Those persons who are stimulated by the true Spirits of the Age at their normal stage of development are the true representatives of their time. We can look upon them as men who were destined to appear; we feel certain that their activities were predestined. There are also others, however, in whom are active those Spirits of Personality who are, in reality, Spirits of Form. Those are the Spirits whom we called the ‘Thought Spirits’, who during the Old Moon cycle advanced to their present rank. Man is the stage upon which the activities of these Beings are coordinated. This is demonstrated by the mutual interaction between language and thought, by the reciprocal relationship not only between the Spirits at the same stage of development, but also by the reciprocal relationship between the normal Archangels who determine national sentiment and temperament and those just described—i.e. not only between the Spirits of Form who are at the Archangel stage, but also between those Spirits of Personality who, in reality, are ‘backward’ Spirits of Form.
These two kinds of Beings are reflected in the make-up and being of man. It is extremely interesting to observe this relationship when, with occult knowledge and insight, we study the different peoples. We are then able to follow the way in which the normal Folk Spirits work and take their directions from the Spirits of the Age; how these Folk Spirits work in the inner being of man in conjunction with the Spirits of language and also with the Spirits of thought who work into the thoughts of man. Within man there are not only normal and abnormal Archangels, but also the Archangels in contrast to the abnormal Spirits of Personality who from within determine the pattern of thought of a particular epoch. I have already mentioned that I proposed to touch upon conditions which you must accept with your spiritual understanding and which must be clothed in ordinary language because no language has as yet been invented which would make all this clear and credible. I am therefore obliged to use a terminology which is somewhat figurative. None the less MY description of the situation accords with an important fact in the evolution of mankind. It is most interesting and instructive to follow the evolution of humanity in recent times and to discover that a mutual agreement was once arrived at between one of the guiding Folk Spirits who is a normal Archangel, and an abnormal Spirit of Personality who works in the inner being of man as Spirit of the Thought-forces. The far-reaching consequences of this agreement are reflected in a particular epoch of history. In order to make this agreement fully effective a harmonious relationship was established with the corresponding normal Archangel who was the guiding Spirit of language at that time. Thus there was a moment in the evolution of mankind when the normal and abnormal Archangels worked together and when; furthermore, the mode of thinking which was brought about from within by an abnormal Spirit of Personality, was super-added. The harmonious relationship between these spiritual Beings is reflected in the ancient Indians of the first post-Atlantean epoch. It was owing to the concatenation of circumstances at the time of the ancient Indian culture that these Beings were able to work in closest harmony. This is the source of the historical role of the Indian people. The prolonged effects of this concerted action could still be felt in those later epochs when records of ancient Indian tradition were still extant. That is the reason why the sacred Sanscrit language exercised such a powerful influence and had such telling effects upon culture, both in the past and in later epochs. This power was the work of the Archangels who were responsible for language. The strength of the Sanscrit language depends upon that harmonious relationship of Beings of which I have just spoken. It accounts for the uniqueness of Indian philosophy which, as creative thought expressive of the inner life, is unsurpassed by any other people, and it also explains the inner perfection of thought so characteristic of the Indian culture. In all other continents different conditions prevailed. The picture I have just presented refers only to the Indian culture of that epoch. Hence it is so infinitely fascinating to follow up these trains of thought which assume their characteristic pattern because they have resulted, not from the predominance of the normal Archangel over the abnormal Archangel, but from the harmonious interaction of these Beings, because every thought was literally assimilated by the temperament of the people and elaborated with loving care at the time when the Indian people represented the first flowering of the post-Atlantean culture. And the language preserved its powerful influence because conflict had not arisen there which otherwise might have arisen, because the normal and abnormal Archangels acted in concert. Thus language, the spontaneous overflow of a pure, uncorrupted temperament, is itself an expression of that temperament. That is the secret of the first post-Atlantean civilization.
And we must also bear in mind that in all other peoples these Beings or forces cooperate in their diverse ways—the normal Folk Spirit or Archangel, the abnormal Archangel and the abnormal Time Spirit who works through the brain (working. not as a normal Time Spirit, but from within the body); and finally the true Time Spirit who transmits intuitively the thought-life to the people. We shall really understand a people when we feel intuitively the activity of these Beings or forces and estimate; the contribution each makes to the constitution of a people. It is difficult, therefore, for those who do not take into consideration the occult forces in the evolution of mankind, to provide a satisfactory definition of the word ‘folk’. If you look up the word ‘folk’ or ‘people’ in a book on ethnology you will find the strangest assortment of definitions. The authors must of necessity give different interpretations because one will respond more to what stems from the normal Archangels, another to what stems from the, abnormal Archangels and a third to what stems from the several personalities of the people. Each has a different response which will modify his definition. But we have learned through Spiritual, Science that these definitions need not of necessity be false; they are simply subject to maya or illusion. A writer's statements will betray how far he is the victim of Maya or how far he has left out of account the various forces at work. If, from the anthroposophical standpoint, we compare a people such as the Swiss who occupy the same territory and are trilingual with peoples who are uni-lingual we shall inevitably have widely different conceptions of what constitutes a people.
We shall discuss later why it is that in some peoples the Spirit of Personality is the more active agent, that is, why their mode of life is determined by the cooperation of the several personalities. We shall also meet with peoples on Earth whose life is largely determined by the abnormal Spirit of Personality. These Spirits of Personality do not contribute to the further development of the peoples. A study of the character of the North American people shows a people who, for the time being, are under an abnormal Spirit of Personality. We shall therefore only understand world history, in so far as it consists of the history of peoples, if we observe the normal and abnormal Archangels, the normal and abnormal Spirits of Personality in their mutual relationships and cooperative activity and at the same time follow up their influence upon the successive peoples in the course of the world's history.
Zweiter Vortrag
Es ist gestern gesagt worden, daß diejenigen Wesenheiten, welche als Volksgeister zu betrachten sind, auf einer solchen Stufe stehen, daß sie in ihrem gegenwärtigen Dasein von ihrer Ichheit aus an ihrem Ätheroder Lebensleib arbeiten, daß sie also diesen Äther- oder Lebensleib von dem innersten Wesen ihres Seelischen heraus bearbeiten.
Nun wird ja natürlich jeder von Ihnen sich sagen können: Gewiß muß es zugegeben werden, daß die Arbeit an diesem Ather- oder Lebensleib nicht unmittelbar mit äußeren Wahrnehmungsorganen, mit physischen Augen gesehen werden kann, sondern daß dies sozusagen eine Angelegenheit des hellseherischen Bewußtseins ist. Wenn aber die Tätigkeit dieser Wesenheiten, also dieser Volksgeister, in das Menschenleben hineinragt, so muß doch auf der anderen Seite irgend etwas aufzuzeigen sein, irgend etwas anzuführen sein, was in einer gewissen Weise im Äußerlichen sichtbar, eine Art Abdruck, eine Art Abglanz dieser Arbeit jener Volksgeister oder Erzengelwesen ist. Außerdem müssen ja diese Wesenheiten gewissermaßen auch einen physischen Leib haben. Es muß sich ihre Leiblichkeit in irgend einer Form zum Ausdruck bringen. Und diese physische Form, in der sie sich zum Ausdruck bringen, die Arbeit, die Wirksamkeit dieser Wesenheiten, die müßten sich auch in irgend einer Weise in der Welt andeuten, in der der Mensch ist, denn schließlich muß ja der Menschenleib etwas mit der Arbeit dieser geistigen Wesenheiten zu tun haben.
Wir werden ausgehen von dem Äther- oder Lebensleib dieser Wesenheiten und von der Arbeit, welche sie in diesem Äther- oder Lebensleib verrichten. Da also werden wir uns zunächst an die Forschungen des hellseherischen Bewußtseins wenden müssen. Wo findet nun die hellseherische Forschung etwas, was bezeichnet werden kann als ein solcher Ätherleib dieser Erzengelwesen, dieser Archangeloi, und wie haben wir diese Arbeit aufzufassen? — Sie alle wissen, daß das Antlitz, die Oberfläche unserer Erde an den verschiedenen Stellen verschieden ist, und daß an den verschiedenen Stellen unserer Erde in der allerverschiedensten Art die Bedingungen gegeben sind zur Entfaltung von Volkseigentümlichkeiten, von Volkseigenschaften. Das äußere materialistische Bewußtsein wird davon sprechen, daß Klima, Pflanzenwuchs, vielleicht das Wasser irgend eines Landes oder einer Gegend unserer Erde maßgebend seien neben mancherlei anderem für das, was sich an Volkseigentümlichkeiten, Volkseigenschaften kundgibt. Daß das materielle Bewußtsein, das Bewußtsein des physischen Planes so spricht, ist weiter nicht verwunderlich, denn dieses Bewußtsein des physischen Planes kennt eben nur das, was mit Augen gesehen werden kann. Für das hellseherische Bewußtsein ist aber die Sache noch ganz anders. Wer mit hellseherischem Bewußtsein die verschiedenen Gebiete unserer Erde durchwandert, wer mit diesem Bewußtsein den einen oder anderen Boden unserer Erde betritt, der weiß, daß in dem eigentümlichen physischen Pflanzenbild, in der eigentümlichen Konfiguration der Gesteine sich nicht alles dasjenige erschöpft, was er von diesem Boden, von diesem Bilde irgend eines Erdengebietes weiß. Wenn aber für das materialistische Bewußtsein nur von einem Abstraktum gesprochen wird, wenn wir von einem eigentümlichen Aroma, ja, von einer Aura eines bestimmten Gebietes unserer Erde sprechen, ist das wiederum begreiflich. Für das hellseherische Bewußtsein erhebt sich in der Tat über jedem Fleck unserer Erde dieses eigentümliche geistige Wolkengebilde, das man bezeichnen muß als die Ather-Aura eines besonderen Erdengebietes. Diese Ather-Aura ist anders, ganz anders über den Gefilden der Schweiz als über den Gefilden Italiens und wieder anders über den Gefilden Norwegens, Dänemarks oder Deutschlands. So wahr jeder Mensch seinen eigenen Atherleib hat, so wahr ist über jedem Gebiete unserer Erdoberfläche eine Art Ather-Aura aufgetürmt.
Diese Äther-Aura nun unterscheidet sich sehr wesentlich von anderen ätherischen Auren, sagen wir von den ätherischen Auren der Menschen. Wenn wir einen Menschen betrachten, der im Leben steht, dann finden wir, daß die Ather-Aura des Menschen an diesen Menschen gebunden ist, so lange er lebt, das heißt von der Geburt bis zum Tode. Sie war also sozusagen verbunden mit seinem physischen Leibe und ändert sich eigentlich nur insoweit, als der Mensch im Leben eine Entwickelung durchmacht, wenn er in bezug auf Intelligenz, Moral und so weiter höher steigt. Dann aber sehen wir immer, daß diese Ather-Aura des Menschen sozusagen von innen heraus sich ändert, gewisse Einschlüsse bekommt, die von innen aufglänzen, aufleuchten. Anders ist das bei jenen Ather-Auren, welche über den verschiedenen Ländergebieten wahrzunehmen sind. Gewiß, sie haben durch lange Zeiten hindurch einen gewissen Grundton, und sie haben etwas, was durch lange Zeiten hindurch bleibt. Aber es gibt in diesen Ather-Auren auch rasch sich vollziehende Änderungen, und diese rasch sich vollziehenden Änderungen sind das, was diese Auren von den menschlichen Auren unterscheidet, die sich langsam und allmählich ändern und, wenn sie sich ändern, diese Anderung nur von innen heraus vollziehen. Diese Auren über den verschiedenen Ländergebieten ändern sich nämlich im Laufe der Entwickelung der Erdenmenschheit dann, wenn ein Volk seinen Wohnsitz verläßt und von einem anderen Erdengebiete Besitz ergreift. Das ist das Eigentümliche, daß in der Tat die Ather-Aura, die über einem bestimmten Erdengebiete ist, nicht allein abhängt von dem, was sozusagen aus dem Boden aufsteigt, sondern daß sie davon abhängt, welches Volk zuletzt seinen Wohnsitz auf diesem Erdengebiete aufgeschlagen hatte.
So suchen diejenigen, welche die Geschicke unseres Menschengeschlechtes in ihrer wahren Gestaltung auf der Erde verfolgen wollen, das Ineinandergreifen gerade dieses Teiles der Ather-Auren unserer Erdengebiete zu verfolgen. Sehr, sehr änderten sich die verschiedenen Ather-Auren Europas in der Zeit, die man als die Zeit der Völkerwanderung bezeichnet. Daraus sehen Sie schon, daß in dieser Äther-Aura über einem Erdengebiete etwas veränderlich ist, das in der Tat plötzlich sich umändern kann, und diese Umänderung kann in gewisser Beziehung sogar von außen gebracht werden. So ist eine jede solche AtherAura in gewisser Beziehung ein Zusammenfluß von dem, was aus dem Boden stammt und von dem, was sozusagen durch die Wanderungen der Völker hineingetragen wird.
Wenn wir diese Aura betrachten, dann müssen wir uns klar sein darüber, daß in gewisser Beziehung der Satz, der so leicht in der Geisteswissenschaft angeführt wird, aber eigentlich im Grunde genommen niemals so recht verstanden wird oder wenigstens niemals so recht in seiner tiefen Tragweite betrachtet wird, die denkbar weiteste Gültigkeit hat, der Satz: daß alles, was das physische Bewußtsein draußen in der Welt sieht, doch nur Maja oder Illusion ist. Der Satz wird oftmals auf dem Gebiete der theosophischen Weltanschauung ausgesprochen, aber beachtet im einzelnen, so daß man ihn wirklich ins Leben einführt, wird er doch im Grunde genommen recht wenig. Man spricht ihn mehr als abstrakte Wahrheit aus. Will man aber die konkreten Verhältnisse betrachten, dann vergißt man ihn und bleibt beim materiellen Bewußtsein stehen. In Wahrheit ist dasjenige, was in geheimnisvoller Weise uns entgegentritt von dem Stück Erde, das von einem Volke bewohnt ist, die Ather-Aura des betreffenden Erdengebietes. Das, was den physischen Augen entgegentritt in der grünen Pflanzendecke der Erde, der eigentümlichen Konfiguration des Bodens und so weiter, das ist im Grunde genommen nur Maja oder äußerliche Illusion, das ist gleichsam eine Verdichtung dessen, was in der Ather-Aura wirkt. Allerdings ist nur dasjenige von dem Außerlichen von dieser Ather-Aura abhängig, worauf die Äther-Aura, das heißt ein sich lebendig organisierendes Prinzip Einfluß haben kann. Die Erzengel, die die geistigen Gesetze inne haben, können nicht in die physischen Gesetze eingreifen. Da hinein, wo also bloß die physischen Gesetze wirken und in Betracht kommen, wie bei den Gebirgsverhältnissen, der Wölbung des Bodens und so weiter, wo das, was die großen Änderungen des Volkes bedingt, abhängig ist von den physischen Verhältnissen, da hinein reicht der Einfluß der Erzengel nicht; so weit sind die Erzengel in ihrer Entwickelung noch nicht, daß sie in die physischen Verhältnisse eingreifen könnten. Weil sie das nicht können, weil sie da abhängig sind, deshalb müssen sie zu gewissen Zeiten über die Erde wandern, deshalb verkörpern sie sich in dem, was die Konfiguration des Bodens bedeutet, gleichsam als in dem physischen Leib, also in dem, was von den physischen Gesetzen beherrscht ist. Da kann der Atherleib des Volkes noch nicht hinein, da kann er sich noch nicht organisierend hinein erstrecken. Deshalb wird der Boden aufgesucht, wenn er sich als geeignet erweisen soll, und aus dieser Ehe zwischen dem Atherleibe, der aber jetzt von geistig-seelischen Kräften durcharbeitet wird, und dem physischen Stück Erde entsteht dasjenige, was uns als der Zauberhauch im Außern eines Volkstums entgegentritt, das, was der Mensch, der nicht Hellseher ist, in einem Lande bloß fühlen kann, was der Mensch aber, der mit hellseherischem Bewußtsein Land und Volk durchschaut, erschauen kann.
Wie aber wirkt jetzt dasjenige herein, was sozusagen die Arbeit des Erzengels, des Volksgeistes in dem Atherleib, der über den Boden sich erhebt, ist? Was ist die Arbeit des Erzengels, wie wirkt er herein in das Menschliche, das auf diesem Boden sich bewegt, das in dieser Wolke des Volksgeistes darinnen lebt? Er wirkt so hinein, daß diese Kraft in drei Arten beim Menschen sich zum Ausdruck bringt. Die Ather-Aura des Volkes ist es, die in den Menschen hineinwirkt, den Menschen durchsetzt, durchwebt, und zwar wirkt diese Ather-Aura so in die menschliche Wesenheit hinein, daß ein Dreifaches in der menschlichen Wesenheit davon ergriffen wird. Durch die Mischung dieses Dreifachen entsteht dann der eigentümliche Charakter, den ein Mensch trägt, der in dieser Ather-Aura des Volkes darinnen lebt. Diese Äther- Aura, worauf wirkt sie beim Menschen? Sie wirkt auf ein Dreifaches in den Temperamenten. Sie wirkt auf die Temperamente, die selber in das Emotionsleben des Menschen versenkt sind, die im Ätherleibe des Menschen darinnen wirken, nur nicht auf das sogenannte melancholische Temperament. Die Ather-Aura des Volkes wirkt auf das cholerische, phlegmatische und sanguinische Temperament. Im allgemeinen also fließt das, was die Kraft der Äther-Aura des Volkes ist, in diese drei Temperamente hinein. Nun können diese drei Temperamente in der einzelnen menschlichen Individualität in der verschiedensten Weise gemischt sein und zusammenwirken. Unendliche Mannigfaltigkeit können Sie sich da denken, wenn die drei Kräfte zusammenwirken, wenn die eine die andere beeinflußt, besiegt und so weiter. Dadurch entsteht die mannigfaltigste Konfiguration, die uns zum Beispiel in Rußland, Norwegen, Deutschland verschiedenartig entgegentritt. Das macht den Volkscharakter des Menschen aus, was in die Temperamente hineinwirkt. Der Unterschied, der hier bei den einzelnen Individuen besteht, wird nur durch den Grad der Mischung bewirkt. Die Volkstemperamente sind also nach den Einwirkungen der Volksaura gemischt.
So also haben wir über die Erde hin wirksam die Volksgeister. Die haben aber auch ihre eigenen Wege; denn das ist für ihre eigenen Angelegenheiten nicht das Wesentliche, daß sie in die Temperamente hineinwirken. Das tun sie nur deshalb, weil die Kräfte in der Welt in Wechselwirkung miteinander treten. Das tun sie zunächst als ihre gewollten Taten, als das, was ihre Mission ist. Daneben kommen aber auch die eigenen Angelegenheiten ihres Ichs in Betracht. Die bestehen darin, daß sie selber weiterkommen in ihrer Entwickelung, daß sie selber über die Erde schreiten und sich auf diesen oder jenem Gebiet der Erde verkörpern. Das sind aber ihre eigenen Angelegenheiten. Das andere, was sie in den Temperamenten der Menschen tun, das ist etwas, was sie nebenbei arbeiten, was ihr Beruf ist. Natürlich kommt der Mensch auch wieder durch ihre Arbeit vorwärts, sie wirkt auf ihn zurück. Daher wirkt auch die menschliche Arbeit auf den Volksgeist zurück. Welche Bedeutung die einzelnen Menschen für den Volksgeist haben, das werden wir noch sehen. Das ist wichtig. Das Wesentliche ist aber, daß wir einen solchen Volksgeist verfolgen können, wie er sich in der Welt verkörpert, dann wieder eine Zeitlang in der geistigen Welt lebt und sich sodann wieder wo anders verkörpert und so weiter. Wenn wir diese Vorgänge betrachten, so haben wir immer nur Ich-Angelegenheiten dieser Wesen vor uns. Denken Sie sich also nun — damit Sie sich das recht konkret vorstellen — den menschlichen Atherleib in den Volksätherleib eingebettet; denken Sie sich dann das Ineinanderwirken vom menschlichen Ätherleib und Volksätherleib, und denken Sie sich darauf, daß sich der Volksätherleib in den Volkstemperamenten spiegelt, spiegelt in der Mischung der Temperamente der einzelnen Menschen, dann haben Sie das Geheimnis, wie uns der Volksgeist in seiner Art innerhalb eines Volkes entgegentritt.
Nun haben wir, nachdem wir dieses gesagt haben, im Grunde genommen die wichtigste Arbeit der eigentlichen Erzengel oder Volksgeister erschöpft. Wir würden aber noch lange nicht die Eigentümlichkeiten eines Volkes erschöpft haben, wenn wir nur die Art des Charakters, wie ein Mensch ihn innerhalb dieses Volkes besitzt, in Betracht ziehen wollten. Aber die Erzengelwesenheiten, die die eigentlichen Geister der Volksstämme sind, die haben diese Aufgabe.
Nun eignet aber einem Volke, wie Sie leicht ahnen können, noch manches andere. Woher kommt das? Wenn der Erzengel, der leitende Volksgeist sich nicht mit anderen Wesenheiten auf demselben Grund und Boden begegnen und nicht mit ihnen zusammenarbeiten würde in diesem Atherleib des Menschen, dann würde manches von den Eigenschaften eines Volkes gar nicht entstehen können. Der Mensch ist ein Schauplatz für die Begegnung der Erzengel mit noch anderen Wesenheiten, die mit den Erzengeln zusammenwirken und sozusagen mit ihnen zusammenarbeiten. Aus diesem Zusammenarbeiten entsteht aber noch etwas ganz anderes. Das hellseherische Bewußtsein findet, wenn es die Völker studiert, merkwürdigerweise geheimnisvolle Wesenheiten außer den bereits charakterisierten Erzengelwesen, die in gewisser Beziehung den Erzengeln verwandt, aber doch wieder in anderer Beziehung vollständig von ihnen verschieden sind, vor allen Dingen dadurch, daß sie viel größere Kräfte anzuwenden vermögen als die Volksgeister selber. Der Volksgeist wirkt in einer außerordentlich feinen und intimen Weise auf die einzelne menschliche Seele in diesem Hineinweben in die Temperamente. Aber in einer viel stärkeren, kraftvolleren Weise wirken da noch andere Wesenheiten hinein. Diese anderen Wesenheiten müssen wir uns einmal aus unserer allgemeinen Kenntnis der Hierarchien klar machen. Da werden wir sozusagen den Namen finden für diese anderen Wesenheiten, die das hellseherische Bewußtsein beobachtet. Stellen Sie sich einmal vor die Hierarchien der Geister in folgender Weise:
1. Menschen,
2. Engel,
3. Erzengel,
4. Urbeginne oder Geister der Persönlichkeit,
5. Gewalten oder Geister der Form.
Sodann würden wir weiter zu anderen kommen, die wir aber heute nicht weiter in Betracht ziehen wollen. Wenn Sie sich nun an dasjenige erinnern, wovon wir gestern gesprochen haben — und was Sie auch genau auseinandergesetzt finden in den Mitteilungen aus der «AkashaChronik» und in meiner Schrift «Die Geheimwissenschaft» —, so werden Sie sich sagen: Von diesen Wesenheiten sind es die Erzengel, welche während der alten Sonnenzeit ihre Menschheitsstufe durchgemacht haben. Da waren diejenigen Wesenheiten, die wir Geister der Form oder Gewalten nennen, die jetzt zwei Stufen höher sind als die Erzengel, auf der Erzengelstufe; sie waren Archangeloi, solche Wesenheiten, wie es die heute charakterisierten Volksgeister sind. Das war damals ihre normale Entwickelungsstufe.
Nun gibt es aber ein eigentümliches Geheimnis in der Entwickelung, das ist das Gesetz von dem Zurückbleiben gewisser Wesenheiten, das Gesetz, welches bewirkt, daß auf jeder Stufe gewisse Wesenheiten zurückbleiben, die dann auf der folgenden Stufe nicht auf der normalen Höhe stehen, sondern eigentlich den Charakter haben, den sie auf den früheren Stufen haben sollten. Nun sind während unserer Menschheitsevolution immer Wesenheiten zurückgeblieben. Unter diesen Zurückgebliebenen sind auch solche Geister der Form, solche Gewalten, und sie sind in einer ganz eigenartigen Weise zurückgeblieben, nämlich so, daß sie zwar in bezug auf gewisse Eigenschaften Geister der Form, Gewalten sind, daß sie durch gewisse Eigenschaften das können, was heute nur die Geister der Form können, die den Menschen auf der Erdenstufe das Ich verliehen haben, daß sie das aber nicht vollständig können, weil sie nicht alle dazu notwendigen Eigenschaften besitzen. Sie sind so stehen geblieben, daß sie nicht auf der Sonne, sondern jetzt während ihrer Erdenzeit ihre Erzengelstufe durchmachen, so daß sie Wesenheiten sind, die jetzt auf der Stufe der Volksgeister stehen, aber ganz andere Eigenschaften haben. Während die Volksgeister intim hineinwirken in das Menschenleben, weil sie zwei Stufen höher stehen als der Mensch, also mit den Menschen immer noch verwandt sind, sind diese Gewalten, diese Geister der Form vier Stufen über die Menschheitsstufe erhaben. Sie haben daher ungeheuer viele und große Kräfte, die nicht dazu taugen würden, so intim in die Menschen hineinzuwirken. Sie würden robuster wirken, aber kein anderes Gebiet haben für ihre Wirksamkeit als dasjenige, auf dem die normalen Volksgeister, die Erzengel, stehen.
Das ist das Schwierige, daß man erst unterscheiden lernen muß in der höheren Welt. Die, welche glauben, mit ein paar Begriffen in den höheren Welten auskommen zu können, irren sich sehr. Der Mensch, der mit oberflächlichen Begriffen in die höheren Welten hinaufsteigt, der findet da wohl die Erzengel. Aber man muß unterscheiden, ob es Wesen sind, die jetzt normalerweise auf die Erzengelstufe gekommen sind oder solche, die während des Sonnenzustandes der Erde auf dieser Stufe hätten stehen sollen. So also wirken auf dem gleichen Gebiete mit den Geistern der Volksstämme oder Erzengeln zusammen andere Wesenheiten, die sozusagen in der Rangordnung der Erzengel stehen, die aber mit ganz anderen, robusteren Eigenschaften begabt sind, mit solchen Eigenschaften, wie sie die sonstigen Geister der Form haben, und die dadurch tief eingreifen können in die menschliche Natur. Denn was haben diese Geister der Form während des Erdendaseins aus dem Menschen gemacht? Denken Sie sich, daß die Menschen zu sich nicht Ich sagen könnten, wenn die Geister der Form nicht das Gehirn geformt hätten zu dem, was der Mensch heute als solches besitzt. Also bis in die physische Gestaltung hinein können solche Wesenheiten wirken, trotzdem sie nur auf der Stufe der Erzengel stehen. Sie treten in eine Art von Wettkampf mit den Volksgeistern auf dem Terrain, wo die Volksgeister wirken.
Das erste, was sie hauptsächlich bewirken, indem diese Geister von der einen Seite und die anderen von der anderen Seite zusammenstoßen, ist die Sprache, das, was nicht entstehen könnte ohne den ganzen Bau und die Form des menschlichen Leibes. In dem Bau des Menschen haben Sie die Wirksamkeit dieser anderen Volksgeister, die mit den Naturgewalten und mit den Menschen verbunden werden. Also die Sprache dürfen wir nicht einfach denselben Wesenheiten zuschreiben, die in intimer Weise in das Volkstemperament hineinwirken und dem Volke als um zwei Stufen über dem Menschen stehende Wesen ihre Konfiguration aufprägen. Die Wesen, welche die Sprache geben, haben große Kraft, sie sind eigentlich Gewalten; sie wirken auf die Erde, weil sie auf der Erde geblieben sind, während ihre anderen Genossen im Ich wirken von der Sonne aus in den Weltenraum hinein. Von den Menschen wurde vor dem Erscheinen des Christus Jesus das Jahve- oder Jehova-Wesen verehrt, und sie verehrten nachher als vom Weltenraum hereinwirkend das Christuswesen. In bezug auf die Sprachgeister müssen wir sagen, daß in der Sprache gerade das vom Menschen geliebt wird, was bei der Erde verblieben ist. Wir müssen uns ganz andere Anschauungen angewöhnen. Der Mensch ist gewohnt, seine eigenen Begriffe auf das ganze Weltall anzuwenden. Er tut natürlich sehr Unrecht, wenn er die Tatsache, daß diese hohen Wesenheiten zurückbleiben in der Entwickelung, ungefähr so betrachtet, wie wenn ein Schulmädchen in einer Klasse sitzen bleibt. Sie bleiben nicht sitzen, weil sie nicht gelernt haben, sondern aus Gründen großer Weisheit, die in der Welt waltet. Würden nicht gewisse Wesenheiten auf ihre normale Weiterentwickelung verzichten und, statt mit der Sonne weiterzugehen, ihre Weiterentwickelung auf der Erde durchmachen, so würde das nicht auf der Erde haben entstehen können, was wir Sprache nennen. In gewisser Beziehung hat der Mensch seine Sprache innig zu lieben, und zwar aus dem Grunde, weil sozusagen aus Liebe bei ihm geblieben sind hohe Wesenheiten, die verzichtet haben auf gewisse Eigenschaften, damit der Mensch sich so entwickeln kann, wie das der Weisheit entspricht. Gerade so wie wir das Vorauseilen als eine Art von Opfer ansehen müssen, so müssen wir auch das Zurückbleiben in früheren Entwickelungsepochen als eine Art von Opfer ansehen, und wir müssen uns durchaus klar sein, daß die Menschen zu gewissen Eigenschaften gar nicht hätten kommen können, wenn nicht solche Opfer gebracht worden wären.
So also sehen wir, wie in dem Atherleibe des Menschen und in dem Ätherleibe des Volksgeistes, der in Betracht kommt, zweierlei Wesenheiten ihre Arbeit austauschen: die normal entwickelten Erzengel und die auf der Erzengelstufe stehengebliebenen Geister der Form, die verzichtet haben auf ihre eigene Entwickelung, um den Menschen während ihres Erdendaseins die Volkssprache einzuverleiben. Sie mußten die Kraft haben, den Kehlkopf, die ganzen Sprachwerkzeuge so umzubilden, daß das Ergebnis dieser Sprachwerkzeuge eine physische Manifestation, nämlich gerade die Sprache ist. Wir müssen also als Ergebnis dieses Zusammenwirkens gerade dasjenige ansehen, was als Volksgemüt, als Volkstemperament mit der Sprache im Bunde uns entgegentritt. Was der Mensch auszusprechen vermag, wodurch er sich als Angehöriger seines Volkes kundgibt, was er hinaustönen läßt in die Luft, das ist dasjenige, was die mit den Volksgeistern verbündeten Geister der Form nur deshalb bewirken können, weil sie mit ihren großen Kräften und Gewalten auf der Stufe der Volksgeister stehen geblieben sind. So findet also ein solches Zusammenwirken statt innerhalb derjenigen Terrains, derjenigen Gebiete, wo die Volksgeister wirken. Ein ähnliches Zusammenwirken findet aber auch noch auf einem anderen Gebiete statt.
Ich habe gestern angeführt, daß noch andere Kräfte, die Urbeginne oder die Geister der Persönlichkeit, die während des Erdendaseins das darstellen, was man Zeitgeist nennt, wirksam sind. Diese wirken so, daß sie von ihrem eigentlichen Ich aus, von ihrer seelischen Organisation aus, in den physischen Leib hineinarbeiten, daß sie also die Kräfte des physischen Leibes in Bewegung bringen. Wir müssen also voraussetzen, daß, wenn in einer bestimmten Zeit als Ergebnis der Wirkung des Zeitgeistes irgend etwas eintritt, irgend etwas sich innerhalb eines Zeitgeistes offenbart, wodurch die Menschheit einen Fortschritt macht, daß das einer Arbeit mit physischen Kräften innerhalb unseres Erdendaseins entspricht. Sie können das sehr leicht einsehen, Sie brauchen es sich nur zu überlegen, um zu begreifen, wie wirklich physische Voraussetzungen notwendig sind, damit dieses oder jenes im Zeitgeiste entsteht. Oder können Sie sich vorstellen, daß unter anderen Voraussetzungen Kepler oder Kopernikus oder Perikles in einer anderen Zeit gelebt haben könnten? Die Persönlichkeiten wachsen aus ganz bestimmten Zeitverhältnissen heraus, aus denjenigen Verhältnissen, die in einem bestimmten Zeitpunkte durch die physische Arbeit von höheren Wesenheiten konfiguriert und organisiert werden. Da sind es in der Tat die physischen Verhältnisse, freilich physische Verhältnisse, die wir uns nicht als materielle Klötze vorzustellen haben, sondern als gewisse Konfigurationen in der physischen Gemeinsamkeit unserer Erde. Manchmal tritt diese Konfiguration ganz gewaltig hervor; manchmal muß dabei, wenn der Zeitgeist in irgendeiner Weise seinen Einfluß übt, eine ganz bestimmte physische Konstellation zustande kommen. Denken Sie nur daran, daß, als man einmal erst ganz bestimmt geschliffene Gläser hatte, diese durch Kinderspiel in einer Glasschleiferwerkstätte so zusammengefügt wurden, daß man daran bemerken konnte die optische Wirkung als Fernglas, so daß der Erfinder des Fernrohres nur die Beobachtung dieses Gesetzes des Fernrohres zu realisieren brauchte.
Diese Sache ist ein historisches Faktum. Denken Sie sich aber, welche physischen Vorgänge notwendig waren, damit das alles hat stattfinden können! Die Linsen mußten erst erfunden, geschliffen und in der entsprechenden Weise zusammengesetzt werden. Sie können da wohl das Wort «Zufall» gebrauchen, aber Sie können es nur anwenden, wenn Sie darauf verzichten, die Gesetzmäßigkeit auch in solchen Geschehnissen zu begreifen. Diese physischen Verhältnisse führen zusammen die Archai, die Urkräfte. Das Spiegelbild ihrer Arbeit ist das, was an einem Punkte der Erde zusammenführend wirkt, was sonst als Zeitgeist in mannigfaltiger Weise wirkt. Denken Sie sich, was in neuerer Zeit mit vielen physischen Dingen nicht geworden wäre, wenn diese Arbeit der Archai in Ihren physischen Leibern nicht stattgefunden hätte. So ist es in der Tat die Arbeit der Archai, welche in dieser Beziehung, in dieser Richtung wirkt.
Wenn nun diese Archai in dieser Weise wirken und den Zeitgeist dirigieren, so können wir uns wieder fragen: Wie intuieren eigentlich diese Zeitgeister den Menschheitsfortschritt? Sie intuieren ihn dadurch, daß einen Menschen das, was im Physischen geschieht, wie zufällig anregt. Es sind nicht bloß Legenden, wenn auch das manchmal zutrifft. Ich erinnere nur an die schwingende Kirchenlampe im Dome zu Pisa, wo Galilei das Pendelgesetz entdeckt hat an den regelmäßigen Schwingungen der Lampe im Dom, und wie dann Kepler und Newton zu ihren Entdeckungen angeregt wurden. Hunderte und Tausende von Fällen könnte man erzählen, wo physisches Geschehen zusammengeführt wird mit menschlichem Denken, woraus man ersehen könnte, wie da intuiert wird von den Archai oder Urkräften das, was als Ideen, als Zeitideen in die Welt hinausgeht, was die Menschen dann in ihrer Entwickelung beeinflußt, was ihren Fortschritt regelt und gesetzmäßig durchdringt. Aber auch auf diesem Gebiet wirken zusammen die Wesenheiten, die normalerweise während unseres Erdendaseins Geister der Persönlichkeit geworden sind, mit anderen, die dadurch, daß sie auf dem Mond zurückgeblieben sind, jetzt nicht Geister der Form oder Gewalten sind, wie sie auf der Erde sein sollten, sondern auch jetzt erst wirken als Geister der Persönlichkeit.
So sind diejenigen Wesenheiten, die nicht schon von der Sonnenstufe, sondern erst von der Mondenstufe aus verzichtet haben, jetzt Geister der Persönlichkeit, aber nicht mit den Eigenschaften, die sie normalerweise haben sollten, das heißt, sie intuieren nicht in der Weise wie die normalen Geister der Persönlichkeit, sondern als zurückgebliebene Geister der Form. Sie regen nicht von außen an und überlassen es intim dem Menschen selber, das zu beobachten, was im Physischen bewirkt wird, sondern sie regen im Innern an, sie konfigurieren im Innern des Gehirns und geben dem Denken eine gewisse Richtung. Daher ist das Denken des Menschen in den verschiedenen Zeiträumen von innen angeregt, so daß jedes Zeitalter eine bestimmte Art des Denkens hat. Das hängt mit den feinen Konfigurationen des Denkens zusammen, mit inneren Konstellationen. Da arbeiten die zurückgebliebenen Geister der Form, die den Charakter der Geister der Persönlichkeit haben, im Innern der Menschen und bringen eine gewisse Denkart, eine ganz bestimmte Form der Begriffe hervor. Das macht es, daß die Menschen von Epoche zu Epoche nicht nur geführt werden im Sinne der intuierenden Geister der Persönlichkeit, wo sie sich selber anregen lassen, das oder jenes zu tun, sondern daß sie fortgetrieben werden wie durch innere Kräfte, so daß das Denken von innen heraus sich physisch kundgibt, wie sich in der Sprache kundgibt das, was auf der anderen Seite als Geister der Form zurückgeblieben ist. So drückt die Denkart sich aus als eine Manifestation der Geister der Form, die in unserer Zeit als Geister der Persönlichkeit auftreten. Es sind also nicht so intim wirkende Geister der Persönlichkeit, die es dem Menschen überlassen, zu machen, was er will, sondern ihn ergreifen und mit vorwärtsstürmender Gewalt drängen. Daher können Sie immer diese zwei Typen in denjenigen Menschen sehen, welche von dem Zeitgeist angeregt sind. In denjenigen, welche von den wahren Zeitgeistern, von den auf normaler Stufe stehenden, angeregt sind, können Sie sozusagen sehen die wahren Vertreter ihrer Zeit. Wir können sie betrachten als Menschen, die kommen mußten, und ihre Tätigkeit als etwas, was nicht anders hat geschehen können.
Es kommen aber auch andere Menschen, in denen wirken diejenigen Geister der Persönlichkeit, die eigentlich Geister der Form sind. Das sind die anderen Geister, die wir bezeichnet haben als die Denkgeister, die während des Mondenzyklus auf ihren jetzigen Standpunkt vorrückten. Der Mensch ist nun der Schauplatz, auf dem alles dies zusammenwirkt. Dieses Zusammenwirken macht sich dadurch geltend, daß Sprache und Denken in ein Wechselverhältnis treten, dadurch, daß nicht bloß die Geister, die auf der gleichen Stufe stehen, in ein Wechselverhältnis kommen, sondern daß auch die normalen Erzengel, die Volksgemüt und Volkstemperament regeln, in Wechselverhältnisse treten mit dem, was eben charakterisiert worden ist, also nicht nur mit den auf der Erzengelstufe stehenden Geistern der Form, sondern auch mit denjenigen Geistern der Persönlichkeit, die eigentlich zurückgebliebene Geister der Form sind.
Diese zwei Arten treten in der menschlichen Natur und menschlichen Wesenheit auf. Dieses Verhältnis ist im höchsten Grade interessant zu studieren, wenn man mit okkulten Kenntnissen, mit okkultem Sehvermögen von Volk zu Volk geht. Da kann man sehen, wie die normalen Volksgeister wirken, und wie dann diese normalen Volksgeister ihre Befehle von den Zeitgeistern bekommen; wie aber diese Volksgeister zusammenwirken im Innern des Menschen mit den Sprachgeistern und auch mit den Denkgeistern, die in die Gedanken der Menschen hineinwirken. Da finden sich im Innern des Menschen nicht nur normale Erzengel und abnorme Erzengel, sondern auch die Erzengel im Gegensatz mit den abnormen Geistern der Persönlichkeit, die von innen heraus die Gedankenarbeit einer bestimmten Zeit regeln. Da ist es nun im höchsten Grade interessant — ich habe gesagt, es werden Zustände angedeutet werden, denen Sie entgegenkommen müssen mit Ihrem spirituellen Verständnis, die eingekleidet werden müssen in gewöhnliche Worte, weil im Leben noch keine Sprache geschaffen ist, die alles das glaubhaft und verständlich machen würde; man muß alles ausdrücken in Worten, die den Tatbestand etwas bildhaft geben, was aber einer bedeutungsvollen Tatsache der Menschheitsentwickelung entspricht —, da ist es nun im höchsten Grade interessant und wichtig, der Menschheitsentwickelung in neuerer Zeit zu folgen, wichtig zu wissen, daß einmal geradezu ein gegenseitiger Vertrag geschlossen worden ist von einem der leitenden Geister der Völker, der ein normaler Erzengel ist, mit einem solchen Geist, der als Geist der Denkkräfte im Innern wirkt, also mit einem abnormen Geist der Persönlichkeit, und es zeigt sich in einer gewissen geschichtlichen Epoche das ernste, bedeutsame Ergebnis dieses Vertrages. Um diesen Vertrag noch besonders voll zu machen, wurde ein harmonisches Verhältnis hergestellt mit dem entsprechenden abnormen Erzengel, der der leitende Geist der Sprache in jener Zeit war, so daß es einen Punkt in der Menschheitsentwickelung gibt, wo sozusagen zusammenwirkt normales und abnormes Erzengeltum, und wo außerdem noch als Einschlag hineinwirkt die Denkungsart, die von innen heraus durch einen abnormen Geist der Persönlichkeit bewirkt wird. Dieser Vertrag zwischen diesen drei Parteien spiegelt sich in einem bestimmten Volke wider. Das ist das indische Volk, das Volk, das in der ersten nachatlantischen Zeit die nachatlantische Kultur einleitete. Während dieser indischen Kultur trat jene Konstellation ein, wo jene drei Wesenheiten am harmonischsten zusammenwirkten. Die Folge davon ist alles dasjenige, was wir als die historische Rolle dieses indischen Volkes bezeichnen können. Auch in den Zeiten, von denen es schon geschichtliche Überlieferungen gibt, wirkt das nach, was damals in dem Vertrag abgeschlossen wurde. Dies war der Grund, warum mit einer solchen Gewalt die alte heilige Sprache der Inder wirkte und jene gewaltigen historischen Kulturwirkungen hatte, warum sie noch so gewaltig in der Folgezeit wirken konnte. Diese Kraft brachten die abnormen Erzengel, die in der Sprache wirkten. Diese Gewalt der Sanskritsprache beruht gerade auf dem Vertrage, von dem ich eben gesprochen habe. Und wiederum beruht darauf die eigenartige indische Philosophie, die als Philosophie, als- vom Innern des Menschen heraus schaffendes Denken noch nicht erreicht ist von irgendeinem andern Volke der Welt; darauf beruht die innere Geschlossenheit des Denkens der indischen Kultur. Bei allen andern Gebieten haben wir andere Verhältnisse zu beobachten. In ihr allein trat dazumal das zutage, was jetzt charakterisiert worden ist. Daher ist es so unendlich reizvoll, diesen Gedankengängen zu folgen, die dadurch eine besondere Konfiguration haben, weil sie hervorgegangen sind nicht aus dem Übergewichte des normalen Erzengels über den abnormen, sondern als etwas, was in Harmonie mit jener Geschlossenheit steht, weil tatsächlich jeder Gedanke vom Volkstemperament absorbiert und mit Liebe ins einzelne hinein fortgesponnen worden ist — damals, als das indische Volk als erste Kulturblüte der nachatlantischen Zeit vorhanden war. Und die Sprache wirkte so fort aus dem Grunde, weil da nicht ein Kampf entstanden war, der sonst überall entstanden wäre, sondern weil ein Zusammenwirken zwischen dem Erzengel der normalen Entwickelung und dem Erzengel der abnormen Entwickelung stattfand, so daß man sagen kann, daß die Sprache, ausgegossen von dem reinsten Temperament, selber ein Produkt des Temperamentes ist. Das ist das Geheimnis dieses ersten Kulturvolkes der nachatlantischen Zeit.
Das aber ist es, was betrachtet werden muß bei allen andern Völkern, daß nämlich bei ihnen eine eigenartige Zusammenwirkung entsteht zwischen diesen drei Kräften, zwischen dem normalen Volksgeist oder Erzengel, dem abnormen Erzengel und zwischen dem, was innerlich wirkt in dem abnormen Geist der Zeit, der nicht als Zeitgeist, sondern von innen heraus wirkt, und endlich dem, was der wahre Zeitgeist dem Volke innerlich übertragen hat. Darauf beruht die wahre Erkenntnis eines Volkes, daß man diese Kräfte im Innern belauscht, daß man den Anteil prüft, den ein jeder Faktor an der Konstitution des Volkes hat. Daher ist es schwierig geworden für die Menschen, welche nicht die okkulten Kräfte der Menschheitsentwickelung in Frage ziehen, eigentlich das Wort «Volk» zu definieren. Versuchen Sie einmal die einzelnen Bücher herzunehmen, worin der Begriff des Volkes irgendwo in der Welt definiert worden ist, und Sie werden schen, was da alles als Definition des Begriffes Volk existiert und wie sehr sie voneinander abweichen. Sie müssen ja voneinander abweichen, weil der eine mehr fühlt, was von der einen Seite, von den normalen Erzengeln herkommt, der andere mehr fühlt, was von dem abnormen Erzengel herrührt und der Dritte wieder das, was von den einzelnen Persönlichkeiten des Volkes kommt. Ein jeder fühlt etwas anderes und verwertet es in seiner Definition. Das ist es gerade, was uns klar geworden ist durch die Geisteswissenschaft, daß diese Definitionen nicht immer falsch zu sein brauchen; sie sind nur immer in Maja, in Illusion getaucht. An dem, was einer sagt, kann man sehen, ob er nur die Maja betrachtet, und ob er die verschiedenen wirkenden Kräfte unberücksichtigt läßt. Daher wird man selbstverständlich immer einen ganz anderen Begriff bekommen, wenn vom geisteswissenschaftlichen Standpunkte aus ein Volk wie das schweizerische, das auf demselben Grund und Boden lebt und drei Sprachen spricht, und dagegen Völker mit einheitlicher Sprache betrachtet werden.
Warum Völker mehr aus dem Geiste der Persönlichkeit heraus wirken, also durch das Zusammenwirken der einzelnen Persönlichkeiten namentlich ihr Dasein haben, darüber werden wir noch zu sprechen haben. Solche Völker, die mehr ihr Dasein haben durch den abnormen Geist der Persönlichkeit, werden wir auch auf der Erde finden. Diese Geister der Persönlichkeit wirken nicht auf Weiterentwickelung hin. Sie brauchen sich nur den Charakter des nordamerikanischen Volkes klar zu legen, so haben Sie ein Volk, das vorderhand auf diesem Prinzip beruht. So werden Sie sehen, daß wir die Weltgeschichte, insofern sie Völkergeschichte ist, erst verstehen werden, wenn wir normale und abnorme Erzengel, normale und abnorme Geister der Persönlichkeit in ihrem gegenseitigen Rang und ihrem Zusammenwirken und gleichzeitig in der Aufeinanderfolge der Völker im Verlaufe der Weltgeschichte verfolgen werden.
Second Lecture
Yesterday it was said that those beings who are to be regarded as folk spirits are at such a stage that in their present existence they work on their etheric or life body from their ego, that is, they work on this etheric or life body from the innermost being of their soul.
Now, of course, each of you will say to yourselves: It must certainly be admitted that the work on this etheric or life body cannot be seen directly with the outer organs of perception, with the physical eyes, but that this is, so to speak, a matter for clairvoyant consciousness. But if the activity of these beings, these folk spirits, extends into human life, then there must be something on the other side that can be pointed to, something that is in a certain way visible in the external world, a kind of imprint, a kind of reflection of the work of these folk spirits or archangel beings. Moreover, these beings must also have a physical body, so to speak. Their physicality must express itself in some form. And this physical form in which they express themselves, the work, the activity of these beings, must also be indicated in some way in the world in which human beings live, for ultimately the human body must have something to do with the work of these spiritual beings.
We will start from the etheric or life body of these beings and from the work they do in this etheric or life body. So we will first have to turn to the research of clairvoyant consciousness. Where does clairvoyant research find something that can be described as such an etheric body of these archangelic beings, these Archangeloi, and how are we to understand this work? — You all know that the face, the surface of our Earth, is different in different places, and that in different places on our Earth the conditions are given in the most diverse ways for the development of national characteristics, of national qualities. The outer materialistic consciousness will say that the climate, the vegetation, perhaps the water of a country or region of our earth, are decisive, along with many other things, for what manifests itself in the characteristics of a people. It is not surprising that material consciousness, the consciousness of the physical plane, speaks in this way, for this consciousness of the physical plane knows only what can be seen with the eyes. For clairvoyant consciousness, however, the matter is quite different. Anyone who wanders through the various regions of our earth with clairvoyant consciousness, anyone who enters one or another part of our earth with this consciousness, knows that the peculiar physical appearance of plants and the peculiar configuration of rocks do not exhaust everything that he knows about this soil, about this image of any region of the earth. But if, for the materialistic consciousness, we are only talking about an abstraction, if we speak of a peculiar aroma, indeed of an aura of a particular region of our earth, this is again understandable. For clairvoyant consciousness, this peculiar spiritual cloud formation, which must be described as the etheric aura of a particular region of the earth, rises above every spot on our earth. This etheric aura is different, completely different, above the fields of Switzerland than above the fields of Italy, and again different above the fields of Norway, Denmark, or Germany. Just as every human being has their own etheric body, so too is a kind of etheric aura piled up above every area of our Earth's surface.
This etheric aura differs very significantly from other etheric auras, such as the etheric auras of human beings. When we look at a person who is alive, we find that the etheric aura of that person is bound to them as long as they live, that is, from birth to death. It was, so to speak, connected to their physical body and actually only changes to the extent that the person undergoes development in life, as they rise higher in terms of intelligence, morality, and so on. But then we always see that this etheric aura of the human being changes, as it were, from within, acquiring certain inclusions that shine or glow from within. The situation is different with those etheric auras that can be perceived over different geographical areas. Certainly, they have a certain basic tone that has remained unchanged over long periods of time, and they have something that remains unchanged over long periods of time. But there are also rapid changes in these etheric auras, and these rapid changes are what distinguish them from human auras, which change slowly and gradually and, when they do change, do so only from within. These auras over different regions of the earth change in the course of the development of humanity on earth when a people leaves its place of residence and takes possession of another region of the earth. It is peculiar that the etheric aura above a particular region of the earth does not depend solely on what rises up from the ground, so to speak, but that it depends on which people last settled in that region of the earth.
Thus, those who wish to follow the true development of our human race on Earth seek to trace the interrelationship of precisely this part of the etheric aura of our regions of the Earth. The various etheric auras of Europe changed greatly during the period known as the time of the migration of peoples. From this you can already see that something in this etheric aura above an area of the earth is changeable, something that can indeed change suddenly, and that this change can even be brought about from outside in a certain sense. Thus, every such etheric aura is, in a certain sense, a confluence of what comes from the soil and what is brought in, so to speak, by the migrations of peoples.
When we consider this aura, we must be clear that, in a certain sense, the statement that is so easily made in spiritual science but is never really understood, or at least never considered in its full significance, has the widest possible validity: that everything that physical consciousness sees outside in the world is only Maya or illusion. This statement is often expressed in the field of theosophical worldview, but when considered in detail, so that it is truly introduced into life, it is actually of little significance. It is spoken more as an abstract truth. But when one wants to consider concrete circumstances, one forgets it and remains stuck in material consciousness. In truth, what mysteriously confronts us from the piece of earth inhabited by a people is the etheric aura of that particular region of the earth. What meets the physical eye in the green plant cover of the earth, the peculiar configuration of the soil, and so on, is basically only Maya or external illusion; it is, as it were, a condensation of what is working in the etheric aura. However, only that part of the external world is dependent on this etheric aura to which the etheric aura, that is, a living, organizing principle, can exert influence. The archangels, who possess the spiritual laws, cannot intervene in the physical laws. Where only physical laws are at work and come into consideration, as in the conditions of mountains, the curvature of the ground, and so on, where what causes great changes in the people depends on physical conditions, the influence of the archangels does not extend; the archangels are not yet so far advanced in their development that they can intervene in physical conditions. Because they cannot do this, because they are dependent there, they must wander over the earth at certain times, and they embody themselves in what the configuration of the soil means, as it were in the physical body, that is, in what is governed by physical laws. The etheric body of the people cannot yet enter there, it cannot yet extend itself in an organizing manner. That is why the soil is sought out when it proves suitable, and from this marriage between the etheric body, which is now being worked through by spiritual-soul forces, and the physical piece of earth, there arises that which comes to meet us as the magical breath in the outer life of a people, that which the person who is not clairvoyant can merely feel in a country, but which the person who sees through the country and the people with clairvoyant consciousness can behold.
But how does that which is, so to speak, the work of the archangel, the folk spirit in the etheric body rising above the ground, now come into play? What is the work of the archangel, how does he work into the human being who moves on this ground, who lives in this cloud of the folk spirit? He works into it in such a way that this force expresses itself in three ways in the human being. It is the etheric aura of the people that works into human beings, permeates them, interweaves them, and this etheric aura works into the human being in such a way that a threefold element is seized by it in the human being. The mixture of this threefold nature then gives rise to the peculiar character of a human being who lives in this etheric aura of the people. This etheric aura, what does it affect in humans? It affects a threefold aspect of the temperaments. It affects the temperaments that are themselves immersed in the emotional life of humans, that work within the etheric body of humans, but not the so-called melancholic temperament. The etheric aura of the people affects the choleric, phlegmatic, and sanguine temperaments. In general, therefore, what is the power of the etheric aura of the people flows into these three temperaments. Now these three temperaments can be mixed in the most diverse ways and interact in the individual human personality. You can imagine infinite diversity when the three forces interact, when one influences the other, defeats it, and so on. This gives rise to the most diverse configurations, which we encounter in different forms in Russia, Norway, and Germany, for example. What influences the temperaments is what constitutes the national character of a people. The difference that exists here between individual people is only caused by the degree of mixture. The national temperaments are therefore mixed according to the influences of the national aura.
Thus, the folk spirits are at work throughout the earth. But they also have their own ways, for it is not essential for their own affairs that they influence the temperaments. They do this only because the forces in the world interact with one another. They do this first and foremost as their willful deeds, as their mission. But in addition, the affairs of their own egos also come into play. These consist in their own further development, in their own passage over the earth and their incarnation in this or that region of the earth. But these are their own affairs. The other thing they do in the temperaments of human beings is something they do incidentally, which is their profession. Of course, human beings also advance through their work; it has an effect on them. That is why human work also has an effect on the spirit of the people. We will see later what significance individual human beings have for the spirit of the people. That is important. But the essential thing is that we can follow such a spirit of the people as it is embodied in the world, then lives again for a time in the spiritual world, and then embodies itself again elsewhere, and so on. When we consider these processes, we are always dealing with the ego matters of these beings. So now, in order to imagine this more concretely, think of the human etheric body embedded in the etheric body of the people; then think of the interaction between the human etheric body and the etheric body of the people, and think that the etheric body of the people is reflected in the temperaments of the people, reflected in the mixture of the temperaments of individual human beings, then you have the secret of how the spirit of a people appears to us in its own way within a people.
Now that we have said this, we have basically exhausted the most important work of the actual archangels or folk spirits. However, we would still be far from exhausting the peculiarities of a people if we were to consider only the type of character that a person possesses within that people. But the archangel beings, who are the actual spirits of the tribes, have this task.
Now, as you can easily guess, there are many other things that belong to a people. Where do they come from? If the archangel, the guiding spirit of the people, did not encounter other beings on the same ground and did not cooperate with them in this etheric body of the human being, then many of the characteristics of a people would not be able to develop at all. The human being is a stage for the encounter of the archangels with other beings who interact with the archangels and, so to speak, cooperate with them. But something else arises from this cooperation. When studying peoples, clairvoyant consciousness strangely finds mysterious beings in addition to the archangel beings already characterized, who are related to the archangels in a certain way, but in another way are completely different from them, above all in that they are able to use much greater powers than the folk spirits themselves. The folk spirit works in an extraordinarily subtle and intimate way on the individual human soul in this weaving into the temperaments. But other beings work in a much stronger, more powerful way. We must clarify these other beings from our general knowledge of the hierarchies. There we will find, so to speak, the names for these other beings that clairvoyant consciousness observes. Imagine the hierarchies of spirits in the following way:
1. Humans,
2. Angels,
3. Archangels,
4. Primordial beings or spirits of personality,
5. Powers or spirits of form.
Then we would come to others, but we do not want to consider them further today. If you now remember what we spoke about yesterday — and what you will also find explained in detail in the messages from the Akashic Records and in my book The Secret Science — you will say to yourself: Of these beings, it is the archangels who passed through their human stage during the ancient solar epoch. There were those beings whom we call spirits of form or forces, who are now two stages higher than the archangels, on the archangel stage; they were archangeloi, beings such as the folk spirits characterized today. That was their normal stage of development at that time.
Now, however, there is a peculiar mystery in evolution, namely the law of the lagging behind of certain beings, the law which causes certain beings to remain behind at each stage, so that they do not attain the normal level at the next stage, but actually have the character they should have had at the earlier stages. Now, during the evolution of humanity, beings have always been left behind. Among those left behind are also such spirits of form, such forces, and they have been left behind in a very peculiar way, namely in such a way that, in relation to certain characteristics, they are spirits of form, forces, that through certain characteristics they can do what today only the spirits of form can do, which gave human beings their ego on the earth stage, but they cannot do this completely because they do not possess all the necessary characteristics. They have remained where they are, so that they are not on the sun but are now going through their archangel stage during their time on earth, so that they are beings who are now on the stage of folk spirits but have completely different characteristics. While the folk spirits work intimately into human life because they are two stages higher than humans, and are therefore still related to humans, these powers, these spirits of form, are four stages above the human stage. They therefore have an enormous number of great powers that would not be suitable for working so intimately into humans. They would appear more robust, but they would have no other sphere of activity than that in which the normal folk spirits, the archangels, stand.
This is the difficult thing that one must first learn to distinguish in the higher world. Those who believe they can get by in the higher worlds with a few concepts are very much mistaken. The human being who ascends to the higher worlds with superficial concepts will indeed find the archangels there. But one must distinguish whether these are beings who have now normally reached the archangel stage or those who should have been at this stage during the Sun state of the Earth. Thus, in the same realm as the spirits of the tribes or archangels, there are other beings who are, so to speak, in the hierarchy of the archangels, but who are endowed with completely different, more robust qualities, qualities such as those possessed by the other spirits of form, and who are therefore able to intervene deeply in human nature. For what did these spirits of form make of human beings during their earthly existence? Imagine that human beings could not say “I” to themselves if the spirits of form had not formed the brain into what human beings today possess as such. Thus, such beings can work even into the physical structure, even though they are only at the level of archangels. They enter into a kind of competition with the folk spirits on the terrain where the folk spirits work.
The first thing they mainly bring about, when these spirits clash from one side and the others from the other, is language, which could not come into being without the entire structure and form of the human body. In the structure of the human being, you have the effectiveness of these other folk spirits, which are connected with the forces of nature and with human beings. So we cannot simply attribute language to the same entities that work intimately into the national temperament and impose their configuration on the people as beings standing two steps above human beings. The beings that give language have great power; they are actually forces; they work on the earth because they have remained on the earth, while their other companions work from the sun into the world space. Before the appearance of Christ Jesus, people worshipped the Yahweh or Jehovah being, and afterwards they worshipped the Christ being as working from the world space. With regard to the spirits of language, we must say that what is loved in language is precisely that which has remained on earth. We must accustom ourselves to completely different views. Man is accustomed to applying his own concepts to the entire universe. He is, of course, very wrong when he regards the fact that these high beings remain behind in evolution in much the same way as a schoolgirl remains behind in a class. They do not remain behind because they have not learned, but for reasons of great wisdom that prevail in the world. If certain beings did not renounce their normal further development and, instead of continuing with the sun, underwent their further development on earth, what we call language could not have arisen on earth. In a certain sense, human beings should love their language deeply, because it is out of love, so to speak, that high beings have remained with them, renouncing certain qualities so that human beings can develop in accordance with wisdom. Just as we must regard rushing ahead as a kind of sacrifice, so too must we regard remaining behind in earlier stages of development as a kind of sacrifice, and we must be quite clear that human beings could not have acquired certain qualities if such sacrifices had not been made.
Thus we see how, in the etheric body of the human being and in the etheric body of the folk spirit that is under consideration, two kinds of beings exchange their work: the normally developed archangels and the spirits of form who have remained at the archangel stage, who have renounced their own development in order to incorporate the vernacular into human beings during their earthly existence. They had to have the power to transform the larynx and all the speech organs in such a way that the result of these speech organs is a physical manifestation, namely language itself. We must therefore regard as the result of this interaction precisely that which appears to us as the national character, as the national temperament associated with language. What human beings are able to express, through which they reveal themselves as members of their people, what they let sound out into the air, is what the spirits of form, allied with the folk spirits, can bring about only because they have remained at the level of the folk spirits with their great powers and forces. Such interaction therefore takes place within the terrain, the areas where the folk spirits are at work. But a similar interaction also takes place in another area.
Yesterday I mentioned that other forces are at work, the primordial beginnings or spirits of personality, which during earthly existence represent what we call the spirit of the age. These forces work in such a way that they work into the physical body from their actual self, from their soul organization, so that they set the forces of the physical body in motion. We must therefore assume that when something occurs at a certain time as a result of the influence of the spirit of the age, when something reveals itself within a spirit of the age through which humanity makes progress, this corresponds to a working with physical forces within our earthly existence. You can see this very easily; you only need to think about it to understand how physical conditions are really necessary for this or that to arise in the spirit of the times. Or can you imagine that Kepler or Copernicus or Pericles could have lived in a different time under different conditions? Personalities grow out of very specific temporal conditions, out of those conditions that are configured and organized at a certain point in time through the physical work of higher beings. It is indeed physical conditions, but physical conditions that we must not imagine as material blocks, but as certain configurations in the physical commonality of our earth. Sometimes this configuration emerges very powerfully; sometimes, when the spirit of the age exerts its influence in some way, a very specific physical constellation must come into being. Just think of how, once people had glasses that were cut precisely, they were put together in a glass grinder's workshop by children playing, so that one could see the optical effect as a telescope, so that the inventor of the telescope only had to observe this law of the telescope in order to realize it.
This is a historical fact. But think of the physical processes that were necessary for all this to happen! The lenses first had to be invented, ground, and assembled in the appropriate way. You can use the word “chance” here, but you can only use it if you refrain from understanding the lawfulness even in such events. These physical conditions together lead to the archetypes, the primal forces. The reflection of their work is that which brings together at a point on earth, which otherwise acts in manifold ways as the spirit of the age. Think of what would not have become of many physical things in recent times if this work of the archai had not taken place in your physical bodies. So it is indeed the work of the archai that acts in this relationship, in this direction.
If these archai work in this way and direct the spirit of the age, we can ask ourselves again: How do these spirits of the age intuit the progress of humanity? They intuit it through the way in which what happens in the physical world stimulates a person as if by chance. These are not mere legends, even if they are sometimes true. I need only recall the swinging lamp in the cathedral at Pisa, where Galileo discovered the law of pendulums from the regular oscillations of the lamp in the cathedral, and how Kepler and Newton were then inspired to make their discoveries. Hundreds and thousands of cases could be recounted where physical events are brought together with human thinking, from which one could see how the archetypes or primal forces intuit what goes out into the world as ideas, as ideas of time, which then influence human beings in their development, which regulate their progress and permeate it according to laws. But in this realm, too, the beings that normally became spirits of personality during our earthly existence interact with others who, because they remained behind on the moon, are not now spirits of form or forces as they should be on earth, but are only now beginning to act as spirits of personality.
Thus, those entities that did not renounce their existence at the solar stage, but only at the lunar stage, are now spirits of personality, but not with the qualities they should normally have, that is, they do not intuit in the same way as normal spirits of personality, but as backward spirits of form. They do not stimulate from outside and leave it up to the individual to observe what is being brought about in the physical world, but rather they stimulate from within, configuring the brain and giving thought a certain direction. This is why human thinking is stimulated from within during different periods of time, so that each age has a particular way of thinking. This is connected with the subtle configurations of thinking, with inner constellations. Here the backward spirits of form, which have the character of the spirits of personality, work within human beings and bring forth a certain way of thinking, a very specific form of concepts. This means that from epoch to epoch, human beings are not only guided in the sense of the intuitive spirits of personality, where they allow themselves to be inspired to do this or that, but that they are driven forward as if by inner forces, so that thinking manifests itself physically from within, just as what remains on the other side as spirits of form manifests itself in language. Thus, the way of thinking expresses itself as a manifestation of the spirits of form, which in our time appear as spirits of personality. So it is not spirits of personality that seem so intimate, leaving people free to do what they want, but spirits that seize them and drive them forward with rushing force. Therefore, you can always see these two types in people who are inspired by the spirit of the times. In those who are inspired by the true spirits of the age, those who are on a normal level, you can see, so to speak, the true representatives of their time. We can regard them as people who had to come, and their activities as something that could not have happened any other way.
But there are also other people in whom those spirits of personality are at work which are actually spirits of form. These are the other spirits we have described as the thinking spirits, which advanced to their present position during the lunar cycle. The human being is now the stage on which all this interacts. This interaction makes itself felt in the fact that language and thinking enter into a reciprocal relationship, in that it is not only the spirits on the same level that enter into a reciprocal relationship, but also the normal archangels, who regulate the national character and temperament, enter into interrelationships with what has just been characterized, that is, not only with the spirits of form on the archangel stage, but also with those spirits of personality who are actually backward spirits of form.
These two types appear in human nature and human being. This relationship is extremely interesting to study when one goes from people to people with occult knowledge and occult vision. There one can see how the normal folk spirits work and how these normal folk spirits receive their commands from the spirits of the times; but also how these folk spirits interact within the human being with the language spirits and also with the thinking spirits that work into the thoughts of human beings. Within human beings, there are not only normal archangels and abnormal archangels, but also archangels in opposition to the abnormal spirits of the personality, which regulate the thought activity of a particular time from within. This is extremely interesting — I have said that conditions will be indicated which you must encounter with your spiritual understanding, which must be clothed in ordinary words, because no language has yet been created in life that would make all this credible and understandable; everything must be expressed in words that give a somewhat pictorial representation of the facts, but which correspond to a meaningful fact of human development — it is now extremely interesting and important to follow the development of humanity in recent times, important to know that a mutual agreement was once concluded between one of the leading spirits of the peoples, who is a normal archangel, and a spirit who works inwardly as the spirit of the powers of thought, that is, with an abnormal spirit of personality, and the serious, significant result of this agreement is evident in a certain historical epoch. In order to make this agreement even more complete, a harmonious relationship was established with the corresponding abnormal archangel, who was the leading spirit of language at that time, so that there is a point in human development where, so to speak, normal and abnormal archangels work together, and where, in addition, the way of thinking brought about from within by an abnormal spirit of personality also has an impact. This agreement between these three parties is reflected in a certain people. This is the Indian people, the people who introduced the post-Atlantean culture in the first post-Atlantean epoch. During this Indian culture, a constellation arose in which these three beings worked together most harmoniously. The result of this is everything that we can describe as the historical role of this Indian people. Even in the times of which there are historical records, what was agreed in that contract continues to have an effect. This was the reason why the ancient sacred language of the Indians had such power and such a tremendous historical cultural impact, and why it continued to have such a powerful effect in the following period. This power was brought about by the abnormal archangels who worked in the language. This power of the Sanskrit language is based precisely on the agreement I have just mentioned. And this, in turn, is the basis of the unique Indian philosophy, which, as a philosophy, as thinking that creates from within the human being, has not yet been achieved by any other people in the world; it is the basis of the inner coherence of the thinking of Indian culture. In all other areas, we observe different conditions. It was only in Indian culture that what has now been characterized came to light at that time. That is why it is so infinitely fascinating to follow these trains of thought, which have a special configuration because they did not arise from the preponderance of the normal archangel over the abnormal, but as something that is in harmony with that unity, because every thought was absorbed by the national temperament and spun out with love into the individual details — at that time, when the Indian people were the first cultural flowering of the post-Atlantean era. And language continued to have this effect because there was no struggle, which would otherwise have arisen everywhere, but because there was a cooperation between the archangel of normal development and the archangel of abnormal development, so that one can say that language, poured out from the purest temperament, is itself a product of temperament. This is the secret of this first cultural people of the post-Atlantean era.
But this is what must be considered in all other peoples, namely that a peculiar interaction arises between these three forces, between the normal national spirit or archangel, the abnormal archangel, and between what works inwardly in the abnormal spirit of the age, which does not work as the spirit of the age but from within, and finally between what the true spirit of the age has transmitted inwardly to the people. The true knowledge of a people is based on listening to these forces within, on examining the part that each factor plays in the constitution of the people. This is why it has become difficult for people who do not question the occult forces of human evolution to actually define the word “people.” Try picking up any book in which the concept of “people” has been defined anywhere in the world, and you will see how many different definitions of the term exist and how much they differ from one another. They must differ from one another because one feels more what comes from one side, from the normal archangels, another feels more what comes from the abnormal archangel, and a third feels what comes from the individual personalities of the people. Everyone feels something different and uses it in their definition. This is precisely what has become clear to us through spiritual science, that these definitions do not always have to be wrong; they are only ever immersed in Maya, in illusion. From what someone says, you can see whether they are only looking at Maya and whether they are disregarding the various forces at work. Therefore, one will naturally always arrive at a completely different concept when, from the spiritual scientific point of view, one considers a people such as the Swiss, who live on the same soil and speak three languages, and, in contrast, peoples with a uniform language.
We will have to discuss later why peoples act more out of the spirit of personality, that is, why they owe their existence to the interaction of individual personalities. We will also find such peoples on earth who owe their existence more to the abnormal spirit of personality. These spirits of personality do not work toward further development. You need only consider the character of the North American people to see a people who are primarily based on this principle. You will see that we will only understand world history, insofar as it is the history of peoples, when we trace normal and abnormal archangels, normal and abnormal spirits of personality in their mutual rank and interaction, and at the same time in the succession of peoples in the course of world history.