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Human Values in Education
GA 310

18 July 1924, Arnheim

II. Descent into the Physical Body, Goethe and Schiller

In this course of lectures I want in the first place to speak about the way in which the art of education can be furthered and enriched by an understanding of man. I shall therefore approach the subject in the way I indicated in my introductory lecture, when I tried to show how anthroposophy can be a practical help in gaining a true knowledge of man, not merely a knowledge of the child, but a knowledge of the whole human being. I showed how anthroposophy, just because it has an all-embracing knowledge of the whole human being—that is to say a knowledge of the whole of human life from birth to death, in so far as this takes place on earth—how just because of this it can point out in a right way what is essential for the education and instruction of the child.

It is very easy to think that a child can be educated and taught if one observes only what takes place in childhood and youth; but this is not enough. On the contrary, just as with the plant, if you introduce some substance into the growing shoot its effect will be shown in the blossom or the fruit, so it is with human life. The effect of what is implanted into the child in his earliest years, or is drawn out of him during those years, will sometimes appear in the latest years of life; and often it is not realised that, when at about the age of 50 someone develops an illness or infirmity, the cause lies in a wrong education or a wrong method of teaching in the 7th or 8th year. What one usually does today is to study the child—even if this is done in a less external way than I described yesterday—in order to discover how best to help him. This is not enough. So today I should like to lay certain foundations, on the basis of which I shall proceed to show how the whole of human life can be observed by means of spiritual science.

I said yesterday that man should be observed as a being consisting of body, soul and spirit, and in yesterday's public lecture I gave some indication of how it is the super-sensible in man, the higher man within man, that is enduring, that continues from birth until death, while the substances of the external physical body are always changing. It is therefore essential to learn to know human life in such a way that one perceives what is taking place on earth as a development of the pre-earthly life. We have not only those soul qualities within us that had their beginning at birth or at conception, but we bear within us pre-earthly qualities of soul, indeed, we bear within us the results of past earthly lives. All this lives and works and weaves within us, and during earthly life we have to prepare what will then pass through the gate of death and live again after death beyond the earth, in the world of soul and spirit. We must therefore understand how the super-earthly works into earthly life, for it is also present between birth and death. It works, only in a hidden way, in what is of a bodily nature, and one does not understand the body if one has no understanding of the spiritual forces active within it.

Let us now proceed to study further what I have just indicated. We can do so by taking concrete examples. An approach to the knowledge of man is contained in anthroposophical literature, for instance in my book Theosophy, in An Outline Of Occult Science or in Knowledge of the Higher Worlds. Let us start from what can lead to a real, concrete knowledge of man by taking as a foundation what anthroposophy has to say in general about man and the world. There are two examples which I should like to put before you, two personalities who are certainly well known to you all. I choose them because for many years I made an intensive study of both of them. I am taking two men of genius; later on we shall come down to less gifted personalities. We shall then see that anthroposophy does not only speak in a general, abstract way, but is able to penetrate deeply into real human beings and is able to get to know them in such a way that knowledge of man is shown to be something which has reality in practical life. In choosing these two examples, Goethe and Schiller, and so making an indirect approach, I hope to show how a knowledge of man is acquired under the influence of Spiritual Science.

Let us look at Goethe and Schiller from an outward point of view, as they appeared during the course of their lives, but let us in each case study the whole personality. In Goethe we have an individuality who entered life in a remarkable way. He was born black, or rather dark blue. This shows how extraordinarily difficult it was for his soul-spiritual being to enter into physical incarnation. But once this had taken place, once Goethe had overcome the resistance of this physical body, he was entirely within it. On the one hand it is hard to imagine a more healthy nature than Goethe had as a boy. He was amazingly healthy. He was so healthy that his teachers found him quite difficult; but children who give no trouble are seldom those who enjoy the best health in later life. On the other hand, children who are rather a nuisance to their teachers are those who accomplish more in later life because they have more active, energetic natures. The understanding teacher will therefore be quite glad when the children keep a sharp eye on him. Goethe from his earliest childhood was very much inclined to do this, even in the literal sense of the word. He peeped at the fingers of someone playing the piano and then named one finger “Thumbkin,” another “Pointerkin,” and so on. But it was not only in this sense that he kept a sharp eye on his teachers. Even in his boyhood he was bright and wide-awake; and this at times gave them trouble. Later on in Leipzig Goethe went through a severe illness, but here we must bear in mind that certain hard experiences and some sowing of wild oats were necessary in order to bring about a lowering of his health to the point at which he could be attacked by the illness which he suffered at Leipzig. After this illness we see that Goethe throughout this whole life is a man of robust health, but one who possesses at the same time an extraordinary sensitivity. He reacts strongly to impressions of all kinds, but does not allow them to take hold of him and enter deeply into his organism. He does not suffer from heart trouble when he is deeply moved by some experience, but he feels any such experience intensely; and this sensitivity of soul goes with him throughout life. He suffers, but his suffering does not find expression in physical illness. This shows that his bodily health was exceptionally sound. Moreover, Goethe felt called upon to exercise restraint in his way of looking at things. He did not sink into a sort of hazy mysticism and say, as is so often said: “O, it is not a question of paying heed to the external physical form; that is of small importance. We must turn our gaze to what is spiritual!” On the contrary, to a man with Goethe's healthy outlook the spiritual and the physical are one. And he alone can understand such a personality who is able to behold the spiritual through the image of the physical.

Goethe was tall when he sat, and short when he stood. When he stood you could see that he had short legs. [The German has the word Sitzgrösse for this condition.] This is an especially important characteristic for the observer who is able to regard man as a whole. Why had Goethe short legs? Short legs are the cause of a certain kind of walk. Goethe took short steps because the upper part of his body was heavy—heavy and long—and he placed his foot firmly on the ground. As teachers we must observe such things, so that we can study them in the children. Why is it that a person has short legs and a particularly big upper part of the body? It is the outward sign that such a person is able to bring to harmonious expression in the present earth life what he experienced in a previous life on earth. In this respect also Goethe was extraordinarily harmonious, for right into extreme old age he was able to develop everything that lay in his karma. Indeed he lived to be so old because he was able to bring to fruition the potential gifts with which karma had endowed him. After Goethe had left the physical body, this body was still so beautiful that all who saw him in death were fulfilled with wonder. One has the impression that Goethe had experienced to the full his karmic potentialities; now nothing more is left, and he must begin afresh when again he enters into an earthly body under completely new conditions. All this is expressed in the particular formation of such a body as Goethe's, for the cause of what man brings with him as predisposition from an earlier incarnation is revealed for the most part in the formation of the head. Now Goethe from his youth up had a wonderfully beautiful Apollo head, from which only harmonious forces streamed down into his physical body. This body, however, burdened by the weight of its upper part and with too short legs was the cause of his special kind of walk which lasted throughout his life. The whole man was a wonderfully harmonious expression of karmic predisposition and karmic fulfilment. Every detail of Goethe's life illustrates this.

Such a personality, standing so harmoniously in life and becoming so old, must inevitably have outstanding experiences in his middle years. Goethe was born in 1749 and he died in 1832, so he lived to be 83 years old. He reached middle age, therefore, at about his 41st year in 1790. If we take these years between 1790 and 1800 we have the middle decade of his life. In this decade, before 1800, Goethe did indeed experience the most important events of his life. Before this time he was not able to bring his philosophical and scientific ideas, important as they were, to any very definite formulation. The Metamorphosis of the Plants was first published in 1790; everything connected with it belongs to this decade 1790-1800. In 1790 Goethe was so far from completing his Faust that he brought it out as a Fragment; he had no idea then that he would ever finish it. It was in this decade that under the influence of his friendship with Schiller he conceived the bold idea of continuing his Faust. The great scenes, the Prologue in Heaven among others, belong to this period. So in Goethe we have to do with an exceptionally harmonious life; with a life moreover that runs its quiet course, undisturbed by inner conflict, devoted freely and contemplatively to the outer world.

As a contrast let us look at the life of Schiller. From the outset Schiller is placed into a situation in life which shows a continual disharmony between his life of soul and spirit and his physical body. His head completely lacks the harmonious formation which we find in Goethe. He is even ugly, ugly in a way that does not hide his gifts, but nevertheless ugly. In spite of this a strong personality is shown in the way he holds himself, and this comes to expression in his features also, particularly in the formation of the nose. Schiller is not long-bodied; he has long legs. On the other hand everything that lies between the head and the limbs, in the region of the circulation and breathing is in his case definitely sick, poorly developed from birth, and he suffers throughout his life from cramps. To begin with there are long periods between the attacks, but later they become almost incessant. They become indeed so severe that he is unable to accept any invitation to a meal; but has to make it a condition—as for instance on one occasion when coming to Berlin—that he is invited for the whole day, so that he may be able to choose a time free from such pains. The cause of all this is an imperfect development of the circulatory and breathing systems.

The question therefore arises: What lies karmically, coming from a previous earthly life, in the case of a man who has to suffer in this way from cramping pains? Such pains, when they gain a hold in human life, point quite directly to a man's karma. If, with a sense of earnest scientific responsibility, one attempts to investigate these cramp phenomena from the standpoint of spiritual science, one always finds a definite karmic cause underlying them, the results of deeds, thoughts and feelings coming from an earlier life on earth. Now we have the man before us, and one of two things can happen. Either everything goes as harmoniously as with Goethe, so that one says to oneself: Here we have to do with Karma; here everything appears as the result of Karma. Or the opposite can also happen. Through special conditions which arise when a man descends out of the spiritual world into the physical, he comes into a situation in which he is not able fully to work through the burden of his karma.

Figure 1

Man comes down from the spiritual world with definite karmic predispositions; he bears these within him. Let us assume that A in the diagram represents a place, a definite point of time in the life of a man when he should be able in some way to realise, to fulfil his karma, but for some reason this does not happen. Then the fulfilment of his karma is interrupted and a certain time must pass when, as it were, his karma makes a pause; it has to be postponed until the next life on earth. And so it goes on. Again, at B there comes a place when he should be able to fulfil something of his karma; but once more he has to pause and again postpone this part of his karma until his next incarnation. Now when someone is obliged to interrupt his karma in this way pains of a cramping nature always make their appearance in the course of life. Such a person is unable fully to fashion and shape into his life what he always bears within him. Here we have something which shows the true character of spiritual science. It does not indulge in fantasy, neither does it talk in vague, general terms about the four members of man's being; physical body, etheric body, astral body and ego. On the contrary, it penetrates into real life, and is able to point out where the real spiritual causes lie for certain external occurrences. It knows how man represents himself in outer life. This knowledge is what true spiritual science must be able to achieve.

I was now faced with the question: In a life such as Schiller's, how does karma work as the shaper of the whole of life if, as in his case, conditions are such that karma cannot properly operate, so that he has to make continual efforts to achieve what he has the will to achieve? For Goethe it was really comparatively easy to complete his great works. For Schiller the act of creation is always very difficult. He has, as it were, to attack his karma, and the way in which he goes to the attack will only show its results in the following earthly life. So one day I had to put to myself the following question: What is the connection between such a life as Schiller's and the more general conditions of life? If one sets about answering such a question in a superficial way nothing of any significance emerges, even with the help of the investigations of spiritual science. Here one may not spin a web of fantasy; one must observe. Nevertheless if one approaches straight away the first object that presents itself for observation, one will somehow go off on a side track. So I considered the question in the following way: How does a life take its course when karmic hindrances or other pre-earthly conditions are present?

I then proceeded to study certain individuals in whom something of this kind had already happened, and I will now give such an example. I could give many similar examples, but I will take one which I can describe quite exactly. I had an acquaintance, a personality whom I knew very well indeed in his present earthly life. I was able to establish that there were no hindrances in his life connected with the fulfilment of karma, but there were hindrances resulting from what had taken place in his existence between death and a new birth, that is in his super-sensible life between the last earthly life and the one in which I learned to know him. So in this case there were not, as with Schiller, hindrances preventing the fulfilment of karma, but hindrances in the way of bringing down into the physical body what he had experienced between death and a new birth in the super-sensible world. In observing this man one could see that he had experienced much of real significance between death and a new birth, but was not able to give expression to this in life. He had entered into karmic relationships with other people and had incarnated at a time when it was not possible fully to realise on earth what he had, as it were, piled up as the content of his inner soul experience between death and conception. And what were the physical manifestations which appeared as the result of his not being able to realise what had been present in him in the super-sensible world? These showed themselves through the fact that this personality was a stutterer; he had an impediment in his speech. And if one now takes a further step and investigates the causes at work in the soul which result in speech disturbances, then one always finds that there is some hindrance preventing what was experienced between death and a new birth in the super-sensible world from being brought down through the body into the physical world. Now the question arises: How do matters stand in the case of such a personality who has very much in him brought about through his previous karma, but who has it all stored up in the existence between death and a new birth and, because he cannot bring it down becomes a stutterer? What sort of things are bound up with such a personality in his life here on earth?

Again and again one could say to oneself: This man has in him many great qualities that he has gained in pre-earthly life, but he cannot bring them down to earth. He was quite able to bring down what can be developed in the formation of the physical body up to the time of the change of teeth; he could even develop extremely well what takes place between the change of teeth and puberty. He then became a personality with outstanding literary and artistic ability, for he was able to form and fashion what can be developed between puberty and the 30th year of life. Now, however, there arose a deep concern in one versed in a true knowledge of man, a concern which may be expressed in the following question: How will it be with this personality when he enters his thirties and should then develop to an ever increasing degree the spiritual or consciousness soul in addition to the intellectual or mind soul? Anyone who has knowledge of these things feels the deepest concern in such a case, for he cannot think that the consciousness soul—which needs for its unfolding everything that arises in the head, perfect and complete—will be able to come to its full development. For with this personality the fact that he stuttered showed that not everything in the region of his head was in proper order. Now apart from stuttering this man was as sound as a bell, except that in addition to the stutter, (which showed that not everything was in order in the head system) he suffered from a squint. This again was a sign that he had not been able to bring down into the present earthly life all that he had absorbed in the super-sensible life between death and a new birth. Now one day this man came to me and said: “I have made up my mind to be operated on for my squint.” I was not in a position to do more than say, “If I were you, I should not have it done.” I did all I could to dissuade him. I did not at that time see the whole situation as clearly as I do today, for what I am telling you happened more than 20 years ago. But I was greatly concerned about this operation. Well, he did not follow my advice and the operation took place. Now note what happened. Very soon after the operation, which was extremely successful, as such operations often are, he came to me in jubilant mood and said, “Now I shall not squint any more.” He was just a little vain, as many distinguished people often are. But I was very troubled; and only a few days later the man died, having just completed his 30th year. The doctors diagnosed typhoid, but it was not typhoid, he died of meningitis.

There is no need for the spiritual investigator to become heartless when he considers such a life; on the contrary his human sympathy is deepened thereby. But at the same time he sees through life and comprehends it in its manifold aspects and relationships. He perceives that what was experienced spiritually between death and a new birth cannot be brought down into the present life and that this comes to expression in physical defects. Unless the right kind of education can intervene, which was not possible in this case, life cannot be extended beyond certain definite limits. Please do not believe that I am asserting that anybody who squints must die at 30. Negative instances are never intended and it may well be that something else enters karmically into life which enables the person in question to live to a ripe old age. But in the case we are considering there was cause for anxiety because of the demands made on the head, which resulted in squinting and stuttering, and the question arose: How can a man with an organisation of this kind live beyond the 35th year? It is at this point of time that one must look back on a person's karma, and then you will see immediately that it in no way followed that because somebody had a squint he must die at 30. For if we take a man who has so prepared himself in pre-earthly life that he has been able to absorb a great deal between death and a new birth, but is unable to bring down what he has received into physical life, and if we consider every aspect of his karma, we find that this particular personality might quite well have lived beyond the 35th year; but then, besides all other conditions, he would have had to bear within him the impulse leading to a spiritual conception of man and of the world. For this man had a natural disposition for spiritual things which one rarely meets; but in spite of this, because strong spiritual impulses inherent in him from previous earth lives were too one-sided, he could not approach the spiritual.

I assure you that I am in a position to speak about such a matter. I was very friendly with this man and was therefore well aware of the deep cleft that existed between my own conception of the world and his. From the intellectual standpoint we could understand one another very well; we could be on excellent terms in other ways, but it was not possible to speak to him about the things of the spirit. Thus because with his 35th year it would have been necessary for him to find his way to a spiritual life, if his potential gifts up to this age were to be realised on earth, and because he was not able to come to a spiritual life, he died when he did. It is of course perfectly possible to stutter and have a squint and yet continue one's life as an ordinary mortal. There is no need to be afraid of things which must be stated at times if one wishes to describe realities, and not waste one's breath in mere phrases. Moreover from this example you can see how observation, sharpened by spiritual insight, enables one to look deeply into human life.

And now let us return to Schiller. When we consider the life of Schiller two things strike us above all others, for they are quite remarkable. There exists an unfinished drama by Schiller, a mere sketch, called the Malteser. We see from the concept underlying this sketch that if Schiller had wished to complete this drama, he could only have done so as an initiate, as one who had experienced initiation. It could not have been done otherwise. Up to a certain degree at least he possessed the inner qualities necessary for initiation, but owing to other conditions of his karma these qualities could not get through; they were suppressed, cramped. There was a cramping of his soul life too which can be seen in the sketch of the Malteser. There are long powerful sentences which never manage to get to the full stop. What is in him cannot find its way out. Now it is interesting to observe that with Goethe, too, we have such unfinished sketches, but we see that in his case, whenever he left something unfinished, he did so because he was too easy-going to carry it further. He could have finished it. Only in extreme old age, when a certain condition of sclerosis had set in would this have been impossible for him. With Schiller however we have another picture. An iron will is present in him when he makes the effort to develop the Malteser but he cannot do it. He only gets as far as a slight sketch. For this drama, seen in its reality, contains what, since the time of the Crusades, has been preserved in the way of all kinds of occultism, mysticism, and initiation science. And Schiller sets to work on such a drama, for the completion of which he would have had to bear within him the experience of initiation. Truly a life's destiny which is deeply moving for one who is able to see behind these things and look into the real being of this man. And from the time it became known that Schiller had in mind to write a drama such as the Malteser there was a tremendous increase in the opposition to him in Germany. He was feared. People were afraid that in his drama he might betray all kinds of occult secrets.

The second work about which I wish to speak is the following. Schiller is unable to finish the Malteser; he cannot get on with it. He lets some time go by and writes all manner of things which are certainly worthy of admiration, but which can also be admired by so-called philistines. If he could have completed the Malteser, it would have been a drama calling for the attention of men with the most powerful and vigorous minds. But he had to put it aside.

After a while he gets a new impulse which inspires his later work. He cannot think any more about the Malteser, but he begins to compose his Demetrius. This portrays a remarkable problem of destiny, the story of the false Demetrius who takes the place of another man. All the conflicting destinies which enter into the story as though emerging out of the most hidden causes, all the human emotions thereby aroused, would have had to be brought into this drama, if it were to be completed. Schiller sets to work on it with feverish activity. It became generally known—and people were still more afraid that things would be brought into the open which it was to their interest to keep hidden from the rest of mankind for some time yet.

And now certain things take place in the life of Schiller which, for anyone who understands them, cannot be accounted for on the grounds of a normal illness. We have a remarkable picture of this illness of Schiller's. Something tremendous happens—tremendous not only in regard to its greatness, but in regard to its shattering force. Schiller is taken ill while writing his Demetrius. On his sick bed in raging fever he continually repeats almost the whole of Demetrius. It seems as though some alien power is at work in Schiller, expressing itself through his body. There is of course no ground for accusing anyone. But, in spite of everything that has been written in this connection, one cannot do otherwise than come to the conclusion, from the whole picture of the illness, that in some way or another, even if in a quite occult way, something contributed to the rapid termination of Schiller's illness in his death. That people had some suspicion of this may be gathered from the fact that

Goethe, who could do nothing, but suspected much, dared not participate personally in any way during the last days of Schiller's life, not even after his death, although he felt this deeply. He dared not venture to make known the thoughts he bore within him.

With these remarks I only want to point out that for anyone able to see through such things Schiller was undoubtedly pre-destined to create works of a high spiritual order, but on account of inner and outer causes, inner and outer karmic reasons, it was all held back, dammed up, as it were, within him. I venture to say that for the spiritual investigator there is nothing of greater interest than to set himself the problem of studying what Schiller achieved in the last ten years of his life, from the Aesthetic Letters onwards, and then to follow the course of his life after death. A deep penetration into Schiller's soul after death reveals manifold inspirations coming to him from the spiritual world. Here we have the reason why Schiller had to die in his middle forties. His condition of cramp and his whole build, especially the ugly formation of his head, made it impossible for him to bring down into the physical body the content of his soul and spirit, deeply rooted as this was in spiritual existence.

When we bear such things in mind we must admit that the study of human life is deepened if we make use of what anthroposophy can give. We learn to look right into human life. In bringing these examples before you my sole purpose was to show how through anthroposophy one learns to contemplate the life of human beings. But let us now look at the matter as a whole. Can we not deepen our feeling and understanding for everything that is human simply by looking at a single human life in the way that we have done? If at a certain definite moment of life one can say to oneself: Thus it was with Schiller, thus with Goethe; thus it was with another young man—as I have told you—then, will not something be stirred in our souls which will teach us to look upon every child in a deeper way? Will not every human life become a sacred riddle to us? Shall we not learn to contemplate every human life, every human being, with much greater, much more inward attention? And can we not, just because a knowledge of man has been inscribed in this way into our souls, deepen within us a love of mankind? Can we not with this human love, deepened by a study of man which gives such profundity to the most inward, sacred riddle of life—can we not, with this love, enter rightly upon the task of education when life itself has become so sacred to us? Will not the teacher's task be transformed from mere ideological phrases or dream-like mysticism into a truly priestly calling ready for its task when Divine Grace sends human beings down into earthly life?

Everything depends on the development of such feelings. The essential thing about anthroposophy is not mere theoretical teaching, so that we know that man consists of physical body, etheric body, astral body and ego; that there is a law of karma, of reincarnation and so on. People can be very clever, they can know everything; but they are not anthroposophists in the true sense of the word when they only know these things in an ordinary way, as they might know the content of a cookery book. What matters is that the life of human souls is quickened and deepened by the anthroposophical world conception and that one then learns to work and act out of a soul-life thus deepened and quickened.

This then is the first task to be undertaken in furthering an education based on anthroposophy. From the outset one should work in such a way that teachers and educators may become in the deepest sense “knowers of men,” so that out of their own conviction, as a result of observing human beings in the right way, they approach the child with the love born out of this kind of thinking. It follows therefore that in a training course for teachers wishing to work in an anthroposophical sense the first approach is not to say: you should do it like this or like that, you should employ this or that educational knack, but the first thing is to awaken a true educational sense born out of a knowledge of man. If one has been successful in bringing this to the point of awakening in the teacher a real love of education then one can say that he is now ready to begin his work as an educator.

In education based on a knowledge of man, such for instance as the Waldorf School education, the first thing to be considered is not the imparting of rules, not the giving advice as to how one should educate, but the first thing is to hold Training Courses for Teachers in such a way that one finds the hearts of the teachers and so deepens these hearts that love for the child grows out of them. It is quite natural that every teacher believes that he can, as it were, impose this love on himself, but such an imposed human love can achieve nothing. Much good will may be behind it, but it can achieve nothing. The only human love which can achieve something is that which arises out of a deepened observation of individual cases.

If someone really wishes to develop an understanding of the essential principles of education based on a knowledge of man—whether he has already acquired a knowledge of spiritual science or whether, as can also happen, he has an instinctive understanding of these things—he will observe the child in such a way that he is faced with this question: What is the main trend of a child's development up to the time of the change of teeth? An intimate study of man will show that up to the change of teeth the child is a completely different being from what he becomes later on. A tremendous inner transformation takes place at this time, and there is another tremendous transformation at puberty. Just think what the change of teeth signifies for the growing child. It is only the outer sign for deep changes which are taking place in the whole human being, changes which occur only once, for only once do we get our second teeth, not every seven years. With the change of teeth the formative process taking place in the teeth comes to an end. From now on we have to keep our teeth for the rest of our lives. The most we can do is to have them stopped, or replaced by false ones, for we get no others out of our organism. Why is this? It is because with the change of teeth the organisation of the head is brought to a certain conclusion. If we are aware of this, if in each single case we ask ourselves: What actually is it that is brought to a conclusion with the change of teeth?—we are led, just at this point, to a comprehension of the whole human organisation, body, soul and spirit. And if—with our gaze deepened by a love gained through a knowledge of man such as I have described—we observe the child up to the change of teeth, we shall see that during these years he learns to walk, to speak and to think. These are the three most outstanding faculties to be developed up to the change of teeth.

Walking entails more than just learning to walk. Walking is only one manifestation of what is actually taking place, for it involves learning to adapt oneself to the world through acquiring a sense of balance. Walking is only the crudest expression of this process. Before learning to walk the child is not exposed to the necessity of finding his equilibrium in the world: now he learns to do this. How does it come about? It comes about through the fact that man is born with a head which requires a quite definite position in regard to the forces of balance. The secret of the human head is shown very clearly in the physical body. You must bear in mind that an average human brain weighs between 1,200 and 1,500 grammes. Now if such a weight as this were to press on the delicate veins which lie at the base of the brain they would be crushed immediately. This is prevented by the fact that this heavy brain floats in the cerebral fluid that fills our head. You will doubtless remember from your studies in physics that when a body floats in a fluid it loses as much of its weight as the weight of the fluid it displaces. If you apply this to the brain you will discover that our brain presses on its base with a weight of about 20 grammes only; the rest of the weight is lost in the cerebral fluid. Thus at birth man's brain has to be so placed that its weight can be brought into proper proportion in regard to the displaced cerebral fluid. This adjustment is made when we raise ourselves from the crawling to the upright posture. The position of the head must now be brought into relationship with the rest of the organism. Walking and using the hands make it necessary for the head to be brought into a definite position. Man's sense of balance proceeds from the head.

Let us go further. At birth man's head is relatively highly organised, for up to a point it is already formed in the embryo, although it is not fully developed until the change of teeth. What however is first established during the time up to the change of teeth, what then receives its special outer organisation, is the rhythmic system of man. If people would only observe physical physiological processes more closely they would see how important the establishing of the circulatory and breathing systems is for the first seven years. They would recognise how here above all great damage can be done if the bodily life of the child does not develop in the right way. One must therefore reckon with the fact that in these first years of life something is at work which is only now establishing its own laws in the circulatory and breathing systems. The child feels unconsciously how his life forces are working in his circulation and breathing. And just as a physical organ, the brain, must bring about a state of balance, so must the soul in the first years of life play its part in the development of the breathing and circulatory systems. The physical body must be active in bringing about a state of balance proceeding from the head. The soul, in that it is rightly organised for this purpose, must be active in the changes that take place in the circulation and breathing. And just as the upright carriage and learning to use the hands and arms are connected with what comes to expression in the brain, so the way in which speech develops in man is connected with the systems of circulation and breathing. Through learning to speak man establishes a relationship with his circulation and breathing, just as he establishes a relationship between walking and grasping and the forces of the head by learning to hold the latter in such a way that the brain loses the right amount of weight. If you train yourself to perceive these relationships and then you meet someone with a clear, high-pitched voice particularly well-suited to the recitation of hymns or odes, or even to declamatory moral harangues, you may be sure that this is connected with special conditions of the circulatory system. Or again if you meet someone with a rough, harsh voice, with a voice like the beating together of sheets of brass and tin, you may be sure that this too is connected with the breathing or circulatory systems. But there is more to it than this. When one learns to listen to a child's voice, whether it be harmonious and pleasant, or harsh and discordant, and when one knows that this is connected with movements of the lungs and the circulation of the blood, movements inwardly vibrating through the whole man, right into the fingers and toes, then one knows that what is expressed through speech is imbued with qualities of soul. And now something in the nature of a higher man, so to say, makes its appearance, something which finds its expression in this picture relating speech with the physical processes of circulation and breathing. Taking our start from this point it is possible to look up and see into the pre-natal life of man which is subject to those conditions which we have made our own between death and a new birth. What a man has experienced in pre-earthly conditions plays in here, and so we learn that if we are to comprehend the being of man by means of true human understanding and knowledge we must train our ear to a spiritual hearing and listen to the voices of children. We can then know how to help a child whose strident voice betrays the fact that there is some kind of obstruction in his karma and we can do something to free him from such karmic hindrances.

From all this we can see what is necessary for education. It is nothing less than a knowledge of man; not merely the sort of knowledge that says: “This is a gifted personality, this is a good fellow, this is a bad one,” but the kind of knowledge that follows up what lies in the human being, follows up for instance what is spiritually present in speech and traces this right down into the physical body, so that one is not faced with an abstract spirituality but with a spirituality which comes to expression in the physical image of man. Then, as a teacher, you can set to work in such a way that you take into consideration both spirit and body and are thus able to help the physical provide a right foundation for the spirit. And further, if you observe a child from behind and see that he has short legs, so that the upper part of the body is too heavy a burden and his tread is consequently also heavy, you will know, if you have acquired the right way of looking at these things, that here the former earthly life is speaking, here karma is speaking. Or, for instance if you observe someone who walks in the same way as the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte, who always walked with his heels well down first, and even when he spoke did so in such a way that the words came out, as it were “heels first,” then you will see in such a man another expression of karma.

In this way we learn to recognise karma in the child through observation based on spiritual science. This is something of the greatest importance which we must look into and understand. Our one and only help as teachers is that we learn to observe human beings, to observe the bodies of the children, the souls of the children and the spirits of the children. In this way a knowledge of man must make itself felt in the sphere of education, but it must be a knowledge which is deepened in soul and spirit.

With this lecture I wanted to call up a picture, to give an idea of what we are trying to achieve in education, and what can arise in the way of practical educational results from what many people consider to be highly unpractical, what they look upon as being merely fantastic day-dreaming.

Zweiter Vortrag

Über die Befruchtung der pädagogischen Kunst durch Menschenerkenntnis möchte ich in diesem Kursus zunächst sprechen, und so möchte ich die Sache gestalten — ich habe es gestern im einleitenden Vortrage schon angedeutet -, daß ich zunächst zeigen möchte, wie Anthroposophie praktisch werden kann in wirklicher Menschenerkenntnis, jetzt nicht etwa bloß in der Erkenntnis des Kindes, sondern in der Erkenntnis des ganzen Menschen; wie Anthroposophie dann gerade dadurch, daß sie den ganzen Menschen, das heißt das ganze menschliche Leben von der Geburt bis zum Tode, insofern es sich auf der Erde abspielt, kennenlernt, wie sie gerade dadurch auch in richtiger Art auf jene Notwendigkeiten hinweisen kann, die für die Erziehung und den Unterricht des Kindes bestehen.

Man denkt ja sehr leicht, daß man das Kind unterrichten und erziehen könne, wenn man nur dasjenige Leben zunächst beobachtet, das im kindlichen oder jugendlichen Alter abläuft. Aber das genügt nicht. Sondern geradeso wie bei der Pflanze, wenn Sie dem Keim irgendwie eine Substanz einpflanzen, dies sich in der Blütenbildung oder in der Frucht zeigt, so ist es auch im menschlichen Leben. Was in frühester Kindheit dem menschlichen Leben eingepflanzt wird, aus dem kindlichen Leben herausgeholt wird, das zeigt sich zuweilen im spätesten Lebensalter erst; und man weiß oftmals nicht, wenn der Mensch fünfzigjährig irgendwie in Krankheit, in Bresthaftigkeit verfällt, daß dies seine Ursache hat in einer falschen Erziehung oder in einem falschen Unterricht im 7., 8. Lebensjahr. Man geht ja heute so vor, daß man das Kind studiert - wenn auch nicht in so äußerlicher Weise, wie es gestern gesagt worden ist —, um das herauszufinden, was man um das Kind herum helfend macht. Das genügt nicht. Und so möchte ich heute Grundlagen schaffen, um darauf hinzuweisen, wie das ganze menschliche Leben geisteswissenschaftlich beobachtet werden kann.

Der Mensch solle beobachtet werden nach Leib, Seele und Geist, sagte ich schon gestern. Und in dem öffentlichen Vortrage deutete ich gestern an, wie erst das erste Übersinnliche im Menschen, ein höherer Mensch im Menschen, das Dauernde ist, das von der Geburt bis zum Tode geht, während der äußere physische Leib fortwährend ausgewechselt wird. Nun handelt es sich eben darum, dieses menschliche Leben auch so kennenzulernen, daß man sieht: auf der Erde spielt sich das ab, was sich aus dem vorirdischen Leben heraus entwickelt. Wir haben ja in uns nicht bloß dasjenige Seelische, das mit der Geburt oder mit der Empfängnis begonnen hat, wir tragen in uns das vorirdische Seelische, ja, wir tragen in uns die Ergebnisse längst verlaufener Erdenleben. Das alles wirkt und lebt und webt in uns, und wir müssen während des irdischen Lebens das vorbereiten, was dann durch die Pforte des Todes geht und nach dem Tode wieder draußen leben wird in der geistig-seelischen Welt. Wir müssen also begreifen, wie in dem irdischen Leben das Überirdische arbeitet. Denn das ist ja zwischen Geburt und Tod doch auch vorhanden; es arbeitet nur verborgen in dem Leiblichen drinnen, und man versteht das Leibliche nicht, wenn man nicht das im Leiblichen wirkende Geistige versteht.

Gehen wir nun einmal davon aus, das, was ich jetzt angedeutet habe, an konkreten Beispielen zu studieren: Menschenkenntnis, wie sie sich ergibt aus der Betrachtungsart, die in der anthroposophischen Literatur niedergelegt ist, wie zum Beispiel in meinem Buche «Theosophie», in der «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» oder in «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?». Gehen wir aus von dem, was man für eine wirkliche, konkrete Menschenerkenntnis gewinnen kann, wenn man das zugrunde legt, was eben Anthroposophie im allgemeinen über den Menschen und die Welt erkennen läßt. — Zwei Beispiele möchte ich da einmal voranstellen, die auch hier jedem wohlbekannt sein werden. Ich stelle sie aus dem Grunde voraus, weil für mich das Studium dieser zwei Persönlichkeiten, von denen ich ausgehen will, durch viele Jahre hindurch eine eingehende Beschäftigung gebildet hat. Ich nehme zwei geniale Persönlichkeiten; wir werden dann zu weniger genialen heruntersteigen. Wir werden daran sehen, wie Anthroposophie nicht nur im allgemeinen abstrakt herumredet, sondern imstande ist, auf konkrete Menschenwesen einzugehen und sie kennenzulernen, so daß Menschenerkenntnis sich zeigt als etwas, was wirklich im praktischen Leben drinnensteht. Ich wähle die beiden Beispiele: Goethe, Schiller, und möchte auf dem Umwege durch Goethe und Schiller zeigen, wie sich unter dem Einfluß von Geisteswissenschaft Menschenerkenntnis ergibt.

Betrachten wir einmal Goethe und Schiller äußerlich, ihrem Lebenslaufe nach, aber gehen wir auf die ganze Persönlichkeit aus. Wir haben Goethe in merkwürdiger Weise ins Leben hereintretend: er wurde ganz schwarz geboren, das heißt dunkelblau. Also er zeigte zunächst, daß er mit seinem Geistig-Seelischen außerordentlich schwer untertauchen konnte in das Physisch-Leibliche. Aber wiederum, als Goethe einmal untergetaucht war, als er dieses spröde physisch-leibliche Material in Anspruch genommen hatte, da war er auch ganz drinnen. Man kann sich eigentlich auf der einen Seite kaum eine gesündere Natur denken als die des Goethe-Knaben. Goethe ist unglaublich gesund. Er ist so gesund, daß seine Erzieher schon mit ihm einige Schwierigkeiten haben. Denn Kinder, mit denen man keine Schwierigkeiten hat, die sind in der Regel nicht die allergesündesten im späteren Alter. Kinder dagegen, die den Erziehern etwas unbequem werden, das sind die, welche dann später im Leben die mehr brauchbaren, weil die energischeren Naturen sind. Daher wird der verständige Erzieher es schon ganz gern haben, wenn ihm die Kinder auch etwas auf die Finger schauen. Und Goethe war von frühester Kindheit an durchaus geneigt, seinen Erziehern auf die Finger zu schauen, sogar bis zur Wörtlichkeit hin: er guckte beim Klavierspiel die Finger des Spielers ab und nannte dann den einen Finger den «Däumerling», den andern «Deuterling» und so weiter. Aber nicht nur in diesem äußerlichen Sinne schaute er seinen Erziehern auf die Finger, sondern er war eigentlich schon «hell» als Knabe, und die Erzieher hatten es daher manchmal schwierig. Später hat er ja in Leipzig eine schwere Krankheit durchgemacht. Aber mit Bezug darauf muß man sagen, es war dazu schon einiges von Strapazen, man kann auch sagen von kleinen Lumpereien notwendig, um die Gesundheit, die Goethe in sich trug, bis zu dem Grade ins Kranke hinüberzugestalten, wie dies gerade damals in Leipzig der Fall war. Dann aber sehen wir wieder, wie Goethe stramm sein ganzes Leben hindurch ein gesunder, aber ein außerordentlich sensitiver Mensch ist, wie er alles einzelne, was da ist, intensiv auf sich wirken lassen kann, wie es aber nicht sehr tief in den Organismus heruntergreift; er wird nicht gleich herzkrank, wenn er ein erschütterndes Ereignis verspürt, aber er verspürt dieses erschütternde Ereignis mit aller denkbaren Seelenschärfe. Und so sein ganzes Leben hindurch. Er leidet seelisch, ohne daß das seelische Leid ihn gleich in eine äußere Krankheit bringt. Das heißt, seine äußere Gesundheit ist außerordentlich fest.

Dann weiter, Goethe muß schon geradezu herausfordern, eine Betrachtungsweise anzuwenden, die nicht gleich ins Mystische geistig verschwimmt, weil man immer nur sagt: Ach, es kommt nicht darauf an, die äußere physische Gestalt ins Auge zu fassen; das ist niedrig, man muß das Geistige ins Auge fassen! — Sondern bei einem so gesunden Menschen wie Goethe, ist das Geistige und das Physische eines; das Geistige wirkt durch das Physische. Und nur der erkennt eine solche Persönlichkeit, der imstande ist, das Geistige durch das Bild des Physischen hindurch zu schauen.

Goethe war eine sogenannte Sitzgröße. Wenn er saß, kam er einem groß vor; wenn er stand, sah man, daß er kurze Beine hatte, Das ist etwas Eigentümliches, was für den, der nun den Menschen nach seiner Einheitlichkeit beobachten kann, besonders wichtig ist. Warum hatte Goethe kurze Beine? Die kurzen Beine bedingen einen besonderen Gang; er ging in kurzen Schritten, die, weil der Oberkörper schwer war-er war schwer und lang-, allerdings fest auf die Erde gesetzt wurden. Wir müssen das beobachten, damit wir es als Erzieher bei Kindern gut studieren können. — Was heißt das, es hat ein Mensch kurze Beine und einen übergroßen Oberkörper? Das heißt: Wir haben bei einem solchen Menschen in der äußeren Erscheinung gegeben, daß er das, was er in einem vorigen Erdenleben durchlebt hat, auf eine harmonische Weise karmisch in dem gegenwärtigen Erdenleben, das heißt in dem, von dem man spricht, zur Darstellung bringen kann.

Goethe war auch in dieser Beziehung außerordentlich harmonisch, daß er alles, was in seinem Karma lag, ausgestalten konnte bis ins höchste Lebensalter hin. Er wurde ja so alt, weil er alles, was in ihm karmisch veranlagt war, wirklich herausbringen konnte. Man hat bei Goethe, der, nachdem er den Leib verlassen hatte, eben diesem Leibe nach noch so wunderschön war, daß ihn alle im Tode bewunderten, man hat bei ihm den Eindruck: Da hat sich eigentlich alles ausgelebt, was karmisch veranlagt war; da ist eigentlich nichts geblieben, und Goethe muß neu anfangen, wenn er wieder in einem Erdenleben erscheint, unter ganz neuen Bedingungen. Das alles drückt sich gerade in einem so gestalteten Körper aus, wie ihn Goethe hatte. Denn das, was der Mensch aus einem vorigen Erdenleben veranlagt hat, kommt zunächst als Ursache in der Kopfbildung zum Vorschein. Nun hatte Goethe von Jugend auf diesen wunderschönen Apollo-Kopf, der nur die harmonischen Kräfte in die Körperlichkeit hineingoß. Er hatte aber diesen von der Last des Oberleibes beeindruckten Körper mit den zu kurzen Beinen, so daß er diesen Gang wieder hatte, der in seinem ganzen Lebenswandel zum Vorschein kommen konnte. Dieser ganze Mensch war karmische Voraussetzung und karmische Erfüllung im wunderbar Harmonischen. Alles einzelne, was man im Goethe-Leben hat, spricht ja das aus.

Bei einem solchen Menschen, der so harmonisch im Leben drinnensteht und so alt wird, muß ja nun die Mitte des Erdenlebens ganz besonders hervorragende Erlebnisse aufweisen. Goethe ist 1749 geboren, 1832 gestorben; er ist also etwa 83 Jahre alt geworden. Wir haben also sein mittleres Lebensalter etwa im 41. Jahre, das heißt um das Jahr 1790. Nehmen Sie nun die Zeit von 1790 bis 1800, so ist dies das mittelste Jahrzehnt, das Goethe erlebt hat. In diesem Jahrzehnt, vor 1800, hat Goethe tatsächlich die wichtigsten Lebensereignisse durchgemacht. Vorher konnte er in den wichtigen Lebens- und wissenschaftlichen Anschauungen nicht irgendwie zu einem Abschluß kommen. Die «Metamorphose der Pflanzen» wird 1790 erst veröffentlicht; alles was sich daran anschließt, schließt sich in diesem Jahrzehnt, von 1790 bis 1800, daran an. Goethe war 1790 mit seinem «Faust» so wenig fertig, daß er ihn als Fragment herausgab; er glaubte überhaupt nicht, mit ihm fertigzuwerden. In diesem Jahrzehnt faßt er unter dem Einfluß von Schillers Freundschaft die kühne Idee, diesen «Faust» weiterzuführen. Die großen Szenen, der Prolog im Himmel und so weiter kommen hier zum Ausdruck. — Also wir haben es bei ihm zu tun mit einem außerordentlich harmonischen Leben, und mit einem Leben, das in Ruhe verläuft, das durch nichts gestört wird von innen heraus, sondern das sich frei und sinnig der Außenwelt hingeben kann.

Betrachten wir dagegen Schillers Leben. Schiller wird von vornherein in einen Lebenszusammenhang hineingestellt, der eine fortwährende Disharmonie zeigt zwischen seinem Seelisch-Geistigen und seinem Körperlich-Physischen. Schiller hat durchaus nicht die harmonische Kopfbildung wie Goethe. Er ist eigentlich häßlich, nur geistvoll häßlich, aber doch eigentlich häßlich. Aber es liegt eine starke, persönlichkraftvolle Haltung auch in seiner Physiognomie, was ja insbesondere in der Nasenbildung zum Ausdruck kommt. Schiller ist nicht eine Sitzgröße, sondern er hat lange Beine. Alles dagegen, was zwischen Kopf und Gliedmaßen liegt, worin die Ursachen der Zirkulation und der Atmung liegen, ist bei ihm wirklich krank, kümmerlich von Anfang an ausgebildet, und er leidet sein ganzes Leben hindurch, zuerst mit größeren Pausen, dann aber fast unaufhörlich an Krämpfen. Diese Krämpfe werden später so stark, daß er sich nicht zu irgendeiner Mahlzeit einladen lassen kann, sondern daß er, als er zum Beispiel einmal nach Berlin kommt, sich ausbedingt, man solle ihn für den ganzen Tag einladen, so daß er sich die Zeit aussuchen könne, in der er dann frei von Krämpfen sei. Das alles rührt her von einem mangelhaft ausgebildeten Zirkulations- und Atmungsgebiet.

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Da entsteht die Frage: Was liegt karmisch bei einem Menschen aus früheren Erdenleben her vor, der in dieser Weise an Krämpfen leiden muß? - Krämpfe sind, wenn sie ins menschliche Leben eingreifen, ungemein stark hinweisend auf das menschliche Karma. Wenn man vom geisteswissenschaftlichen Standpunkte aus mit ernster,verantwortlicher wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung an Krampferscheinungen herangeht, so findet man immer, da liegt beim Menschen ein bestimmtes Karma vor, Ergebnisse von Taten, Gedanken und Gefühlen früherer Erdenleben. Jetzt hat man den Menschen im gegenwärtigen Leben vor sich. Nun kann zweierlei eintreten. Entweder es geht so harmonisch zu wie bei Goethe, daß man sich sagt: Da ist das Karma, da kommt alles zum Vorschein, was karmisches Ergebnis ist. — Es kann aber auch das andere eintreten, es kann der Mensch durch besondere Bedingungen, die sich für ihn beim Herabsteigen aus der geistigen Welt in die physische ergeben, in die Lage kommen, daß er das, was karmisch auf ihm lastet, nicht immer ganz ausleben kann. Der Mensch kommt aus der geistigen Welt mit bestimmten karmischen Voraussetzungen herunter; er trägt sie in sich. Nehmen wir an, bei A wäre für einen Menschen eine Stelle, wo er in einem bestimmten Zeitpunkte seines Lebens sein Karma irgendwie verwirklichen sollte; aber durch irgend etwas geht es nicht. Dann setzt er sozusagen mit Bezug auf die Verwirklichung seines Karma aus, und es muß eine kürzere Zeit verfließen, wo sein Karma aussetzt; er muß dies dann für das nächste Erdenleben verschieben. Dann geht es so weiter. Wieder kommt eine Stelle, bei B, wo er etwas von seinem Karma verwirklichen sollte; aber er muß wiederum aussetzen, muß wiederum etwas von seinem Karma auf das nächste Erdenleben verschieben. Immer nun, wenn man nötig hat, so sein Karma auszusetzen, entstehen krampfartige Erscheinungen im Leben. Man kann etwas, was man im Inneren trägt, nicht ganz herausbilden in sein Leben. - Das ist eben die Eigentümlichkeit der Geisteswissenschaft, daß sie nicht im Phantastischen herumschwimmt, nur so im Allgemeinen herumredet, der Mensch habe die vier Wesensglieder: physischer Leib, ätherischer Leib, astralischer Leib und Ich, sondern daß sie eingeht auf das wirkliche Leben und hinweisen kann auf etwas im physischen Leben, wo die wirklichen geistigen Ursachen für irgendwelche äußeren Ereignisse liegen, so daß sie weiß, wie der Mensch im äußeren Leben sich darlebt. Das ist das, was wirkliche Geisteswissenschaft eben können muß.

Es entstand nun für mich die Frage: Wie wirkt Karma in einem solchen Leben wie dem Schillerschen als der Ausgestalter des ganzen Lebens, wenn eben solche Bedingungen vorliegen wie bei ihm, daß das Karma nicht heraus kann, daß er fortwährend Anstrengungen machen muß, um das zu erreichen, was er erreichen will? Goethe hat es im Grunde genommen leicht, seine großen Schöpfungen zu vollbringen; denn die sind das Ergebnis seines Karma. Schiller hat es immer schwer, seine großen Schöpfungen zustande zu bringen; er muß gegen das Karma anstürmen, und die Art, wie er anstürmt, wird sich erst wieder im folgenden Erdenleben ausleben. Da mußte ich mir eines Tages die Frage vorlegen: Wie hängt gerade ein solches Leben, wie das Schillersche, mit den allgemeinen Lebensbedingungen zusammen? — Wenn man leichtfertig an die Beantwortung einer solchen Frage geht, kommt auch bei ernster geisteswissenschaftlicher Untersuchung nichts Besonderes heraus; spintisieren darf man da nicht, man muß beobachten. Aber wenn man gleich an das erste Objekt der Beobachtung herangeht, wird man irgendwie daneben vorbeigehen. Daher legte ich mir die Frage folgendermaßen vor: Wie spielt sich ein Leben ab, wenn Hindernisse für das Karma oder für andere, vorirdische Bedingungen da sind?

Nun studierte ich Menschen daraufhin, wie sich so etwas verwirklicht, und ich will dafür jetzt ein Beispiel anführen. Ich könnte viele solcher Beispiele anführen, will aber jetzt eines nehmen, das ich ganz genau beschreiben kann. Ich hatte einen Bekannten, eine Persönlichkeit, die ich ganz genau ihrem gegenwärtigen Erdenleben nach kannte. Ich konnte konstatieren, wie in seinem Leben Hindernisse nicht vorhanden waren mit Bezug auf die Auslebung des Karma, sondern mit Bezug auf das, was sich abspielt im Dasein zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt, was sich also für diese Persönlichkeit im übersinnlichen Leben abgespielt hat zwischen dem letzten Erdenleben und diesem, in welchem ich sie kennenlernen konnte. Es waren also in diesem Falle nicht so, wie bei Schiller, Hindernisse da für das Ausleben des Karma, sondern Hindernisse für das richtige In-den-Körper-Hineinbringen dessen, was er durchlebt hatte zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt, das heißt in der übersinnlichen Welt. Man sah diesem Menschen an, er hat Bedeutsames erlebt zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt, aber er kann es nicht herausbringen. Er hatte sich hineingestellt in karmische Menschenzusammenhänge, hatte sich hineingestellt in ein Zeitalter, wo das nicht herauskommen kann, was er zwischen Tod und Empfängnis sozusagen angehäuft hatte an innerer Seelenhaftigkeit. Und worin zeigten sich die physischen Begleiterscheinungen für dieses Nicht-herausbringenKönnen des im Menschen vorhandenen Übersinnlichen? Sie zeigten sich darin, daß diese Persönlichkeit ein Stotterer war, daß sie Sprachstörungen hatte. Wenn man nun weitergeht und die seelisch-organischen Ursachen für Sprachstörungen untersucht, dann findet man immer, daß ein Hindernis da ist, das zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt erlebte Übersinnliche in die physische Welt durch die Körperlichkeit herunterzutragen. Nun muß man sich fragen: Was liegt bei einer solchen Persönlichkeit vor, die also sehr viel in sich hat, allerdings auch durch ihr vorheriges Karma, aber - aufgespeichert ist es worden im Dasein zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt — die das Aufgespeicherte nicht herunterbringen kann, und bei der sich dieses Nicht-herunterbringenKönnen im Stottern zeigt? Was sind mit einer solchen Persönlichkeit hier im Leben für Dinge verknüpft?

Man konnte sich immer wieder sagen: Dieser Mann hat in sich allerlei Großes, das er im vorirdischen Leben erworben hat, aber er kann es nicht herunterbringen. — Er konnte gut das herunterbringen, was man herausbringen kann in der Gestaltung des physischen Leibes bis zum Zahnwechsel, konnte sogar außerordentlich gut das aus sich herausbringen, was man dann vom Zahnwechsel bis zur Geschlechtsreife herausbringt; er wurde dann eine ausgezeichnete literarisch-künstlerische Persönlichkeit, indem er dasjenige herausgestaltete, was man herausgestalten kann zwischen der Geschlechtsreife und dem 30. Lebensjahr. Aber nun kam für den, der nun wirkliche Menschenerkenntnis erwerben kann, die große Sorge: Wie soll es mit dieser Persönlichkeit werden, wenn sie nun in die Dreißigerjahre kommt und dann immer mehr und mehr zu der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele die Bewußtseinsseele herausbilden soll? Wer in dieser Richtung Erkenntnisse hat, bekommt in solchem Falle die größte Sorge, denn er kann sich nicht denken, daß die Bewußtseinsseele, zu deren Ausbildung man alles, was im Kopfe entspringt, vollständig intakt haben muß, voll herauskommen kann. Denn, daß bei dieser Persönlichkeit nicht alles im Kopfe gerade intakt war, das zeigte sich im Stottern. Und dieser Mann war zunächst äußerlich, mit Ausnahme seines Stotterns, kerngesund. Aber daß außer dem Stottern im Kopfe nicht alles intakt war, das zeigte sich darin, daß er außer Stottern noch Schielen hatte - wiederum ein Anzeichen dafür, daß man nicht alles, was man zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt im Überirdischen aufgenommen hat, im gegenwärtigen Erdenleben herausbringen kann. Eines Tages kam nun dieser Mann zu mir und sagte: Ich habe mir vorgenommen, mein Schielen operieren zu lassen. — Ich war nicht befugt, etwas anderes zu sagen als: Ich würde es nicht tun, wenn ich an seiner Stelle wäre. — Ich tat alles, um ihm abzureden. So genau wie heute sah ich damals in die Verhältnisse nicht hinein; denn das, was ich jetzt erzähle, liegt mehr als 20 Jahre zurück. Aber ich hatte große Sorge wegen dieser Operation. Nun, er ließ sich doch operieren, er folgte eben nicht. Und siehe da, schnell nach der Operation, die an sich, wie man es bei Operationen sehr häufig hat, außerordentlich gut verlief, kam er in voller Freude zu mir und sagte: Jetzt werde ich nicht mehr schielen! Ein bißchen eitel war er ja auch, wie manche bedeutende Persönlichkeit. Aber ich hatte meine große Sorge. Und nur nach Tagen starb der Mann, nachdem er das 30. Lebensjahr vollendet hatte. Die Ärzte diagnostizierten Typhus, aber es war gar nichts von Typhus vorhanden, sondern er starb an einer Hirnhautentzündung.

Wer Geistesforscher ist, der braucht, wenn er ein solches Leben betrachtet, gewiß nicht herzlos zu werden; im Gegenteil, die menschliche Anteilnahme wird noch mehr vertieft. Aber man durchschaut auch zugleich das Leben nach seinen großen Zusammenhängen. Man durchschaut, wie das, was von geistig Erlebtem zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt im gegenwärtigen Leben nicht herunterkommen kann, sich in körperlichen Mängeln zum Ausdruck bringt. Wenn nun nicht in der richtigen Weise, wie es ja in diesem Falle nicht sein konnte, eine Erziehung eingreift, kann natürlich ein bestimmter Lebenspunkt gar nicht überschritten werden. Glauben Sie aber nicht, daß ich etwa behaupte: Jeder der schielt, muß im 30. Jahre sterben — negative Instanzen sind nie gemeint, sondern es kann karmisch wieder etwas eintreten, was den Betreffenden bis ins höchste Alter leben läßt. Aber hier war es so, daß durch die Inanspruchnahme des Kopfes diese eigentümliche Organisation, die in Schielen und Stottern zum Ausdruck kam, Sorge machte: Wie kommt diese Organisation über das 35. Lebensjahr hinweg? - Und nun ist da der Zeitpunkt, wo man zurückschauen muß auf das Karma des Menschen und da werden Sie gleich sehen, daß es nicht nötig ist, daß jemand, der schielt, im 30. Jahre stirbt. Denn wenn wir einen Menschen haben, der sich im vorirdischen Leben so vorbereitet hat, daß er sehr viel aufgenommen hat zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt, aber das Aufgenommene nicht herunterbringen kann in das physische Leben, und betrachten wir bei ihm das Karma ganz, so finden wir, daß diese betreffende Persönlichkeit ganz gut hätte nach dem 35. Jahre fortleben können, aber sie hätte dann zu allen andern Bedingungen den Impuls in sich tragen müssen, zu einer spirituellen Lebens- und Weltanschauung zu kommen. Denn dieser Mann war wie selten einer veranlagt für Spirituelles; aber er konnte wiederum, weil die starken geistigen Impulse, die aus früheren Erdenleben da waren, doch einseitige waren, nicht zum Spirituellen kommen.

Sie können versichert sein, daß ich über eine solche Sache reden kann. Ich war mit diesem Manne sehr befreundet und wußte daher, welcher Abgrund zwischen meiner eigenen Weltanschauung und der seinigen bestand. Man konnte sich intellektuell sehr gut mit ihm verständigen, konnte sich auch gemütlich verständigen; aber man konnte nicht etwas an ihn heranbringen, was spirituell ist. Und weil er mit dem 35. Jahre hätte zu einem spirituellen Leben übergehen müssen, wenn das, was bis zum 35. Jahre veranlagt war, auf der Erde hätte möglich sein sollen, er aber zu einem spirituellen Leben nicht kam, so starb er da. Also man kann ganz gut schielen und stottern, und kann doch fortleben, wenn man also als ein gewöhnlicher Erdenmensch fortzuleben vermag. Man darf nicht erschrecken über die Dinge, die schon einmal gesagt werden müssen, wenn man nicht in Phrasen aufgehen, sondern Realitäten schildern will. Aber an diesem Beispiele können Sie sehen, wie einen der geistig geschärfte Blick hineinschauen läßt in das menschliche Leben.

Und jetzt gehen wir zu Schiller zurück. Wenn wir das Schillersche Leben betrachten, so stellen sich vor allen Dingen zwei Erscheinungen in dieses Leben hinein, die ganz merkwürdig sind. Es gibt von Schiller ein unvollendetes, bloß entworfenes Drama, die «Malteser». Man sieht dem Konzept, dem Entwurf, der da ist, an: hätte Schiller diese «Malteser» zur Ausführung bringen wollen, dann hätte er unbedingt dieses Drama nur als Eingeweihter, als Initiierter schreiben können. Es wäre gar nicht anders gegangen. Er trug, wenigstens bis zu einem gewissen Grade, die Bedingungen zur Initiation in sich. Aber was er so in sich trug, das konnte wegen seines andern Karma nicht herauskommen; es verkrampfte sich, verkrampfte sich auch seelisch. Denn dem «Malteser»-Entwurf ist schon das Krampfhafte anzusehen: große, gewaltige Sätze, die überall nicht bis zum Punkt führen. Es kann nicht heraus, was in ihm ist. — Es ist nun interessant, auch bei Goethe haben wir solche Entwürfe; aber man sieht überall, wo Goethe etwas liegen läßt, da ist er zu bequem, er könnte schon weiter. Nur im höchsten Alter, als schon die Sklerose etwas auftrat, konnte er es nicht. Bei Schiller aber haben wir ein anderes Bild: es ist der eiserne Wille vorhanden, als er die «Malteser» entwirft, vorwärtszukommen; aber er kann nicht. Er kommt nur bis zu einem flüchtigen Entwurf. Denn die «Malteser», in Wirklichkeit gesehen, enthalten ja das, was von den Kreuzzügen her bewahrt worden ist an allerlei Okkultem, an Mystischem und an Initiationswissenschaft. Und an ein solches Drama, zu dessen Fertigstellung man die Erlebnisse der Initiation hätte wirklich in sich tragen müssen, geht Schiller heran. Wahrhaftig, ein Lebensschicksal, das den, der die Sache durchschaut, ungemein tief berührt und in die ganze Wesenheit dieses Menschen hineinschauen läßt. Und seit bekanntgeworden war, daß Schiller so etwas im Sinne hatte wie die «Malteser», seit der Zeit vermehrte sich die Gegnerschaft in Deutschland gegen ihn außerordentlich. Man fürchtete sich vor ihm. Man fürchtete, daß er allerlei an okkulten Geheimnissen in seinen Dramen verraten könne.

Die zweite Erscheinung, von der ich sprechen will, ist die folgende. Die «Malteser» bekommt er nicht fertig, kann nicht mit ihnen zurechtkommen. Er läßt Zeit vergehen, dichtet an allerlei Dingen, die gewiß bewundernswert sind, aber die auch schon bewundert werden können vom Philisterium. Die «Malteser», wenn er sie hätte ausführen können, wären etwas geworden für Menschen von höchstem geistigem Schwung! Er muß sie liegen lassen. Nach einiger Zeit tritt in ihm wiederum das auf, was den Impuls zu dem Späteren gegeben hat. An die «Malteser» kann er nicht wieder denken. Aber er beginnt, an seinem «Demetrius» zu dichten: ein merkwürdiges Schicksalsproblem, das vom falschen Demetrius, der an die Stelle eines andern getreten ist. Alle die Schicksalskonflikte, die da eintreten, wie aus den verborgensten Ursachen heraus, mit allen menschlichen Emotionen, mußten in dieses Drama hineinkommen, wenn es fertig würde. Schiller schreibt daran in einer geradezu fieberhaften Art. Es wird bekannt — und noch größere Furcht haben die Menschen davor, daß nun Dinge zum Vorschein kommen könnten, an denen viele ein Interesse hatten, daß sie eine Weile noch der Menschheit verborgen bleiben.

Und nun treten im Leben Schillers Erscheinungen ein, die derjenige, der sich auf solche Dinge versteht, nicht als etwas auch im KrankhaftNormalen allein Begründetes ersehen kann. Man hat ein merkwürdiges Krankheitsbild bei Schiller. Es tritt das Gewaltige ein — gewaltig nicht im Sinne der Größe, sondern im Sinne des Erschütternden: Schiller wird über seinem «Demetrius» krank; er spricht auf seinem Krankenlager fortwährend fast den ganzen «Demetrius» im hochgradigen Fieber heraus. Es wirkt etwas in Schiller wie eine fremde Macht, die sich durch den Körper ausdrückt. Man braucht selbstverständlich niemanden anzuklagen. Aber man kann nicht anders - trotz alledem, was nach dieser Richtung geschrieben worden ist —, als aus dem Krankheitsbilde die Vorstellung zu haben, da ist auf irgendeine, wenn auch ganz. okkulte Weise mitgeholfen worden an dem schnellen Sterben Schillers! Und daß Menschen eine Ahnung haben konnten, daß da mitgeholfen worden ist, das geht daraus hervor, wie Goethe, der nichts machen konnte, aber manches ahnte, in den letzten Tagen gar nicht wagte, den unmittelbar persönlichen Anteil — auch nicht nach dem Tode - zu nehmen, den er an dem wirklichen Hingange Schillers seinem Herzen nach wahrhaftig genommen hat. Er getraute sich nicht herauszugehen mit dem, was er in sich trug.

Damit will ich nur andeuten, wie Schiller für den, der solche Dinge durchschauen kann, ganz zweifellos dazu prädestiniert war, Hochspirituelles aus sich heraus hervorzubringen, daß aber, wie durch innere und äußere Ursachen, karmisch innerlich und karmisch äußerlich die Sache zurückgestaut worden ist. Ich darf schon sagen, für den Geistesforscher bildet nichts ein so großes Interesse, als etwa folgendes Problem sich zu stellen: zu studieren, was Schiller geleistet hat in den letzten 10 Jahren seines Lebens, von den «Ästhetischen Briefen» an, und dann zu verfolgen, wie dieses Leben nach dem Tode abgelaufen ist. Da gibt es, wenn man sich vertieft in diese Seele Schillers nach dem Tode, geistige Inspirationen in Hülle und Fülle aus der geistigen Welt heraus. Da haben wir den Grund, warum Schiller in der Mitte der Vierzigerjahre sterben mußte. Er konnte einfach, wie sich das in seinen Krämpfen und in seiner ganzen Statur zeigte, namentlich aber in der häßlich geformten Kopforganisation zeigte, er konnte mit seinem Seelisch-Geistigen, das tief drinnenstand im spirituellen Dasein, nicht in seine Körperlichkeit hinein.

Wenn wir uns solche Dinge vorhalten, müssen wir uns doch sagen: Das Menschenleben wird schon in seiner Betrachtung vertieft, wenn man das anwendet, was Anthroposophie geben kann. — Man lernt hineinschauen in das Menschenleben. Nichts anderes wollte ich, als Ihnen durch die Beispiele, die ich gebracht habe, anführen, wie man durch die Anthroposophie lernt, das menschliche Leben anzuschauen. Nehmen Sie aber jetzt die ganze Sache. Kann man nicht in seiner Seele vertieft werden für alles, was menschlich ist, dadurch, daß man einfach in einer solchen Weise auf einzelne Menschenleben hinsieht? Wenn sich der Mensch in einem bestimmten Zeitpunkte seines Lebens sagen kann: So stand es um Schiller, so um Goethe, so stand es mit irgendeinem Menschen, der früh verstorben ist, wie ich es Ihnen angeführt habe, — ja, wird das nicht in der Seele des Menschen so wirken können, daß man lernt, jedes Kind auch vertieft anzuschauen? Daß einem jedes Menschenleben ein heiliges Rätsel wird? Lernt man denn nicht mit viel größerer, mit viel innigerer Aufmerksamkeit auf jedes Menschenleben und Menschenwesen hinschauen? Und kann man nicht gerade dadurch, daß auf diese Weise Menschenerkenntnis in die Seele sich einschreibt, Menschenliebe in sich vertiefen? Und kann man denn nicht mit dieser Menschenliebe, die an der Menschenbetrachtung, an der innigen, tiefen Menschenbetrachtung, an dem Miterleben der innerst heiligen Rätsel der Menschenseele sich vertieft, gerade an eine Erzieheraufgabe herantreten, wenn einem das Leben so heilig geworden ist? Wird sich nicht gerade dadurch der Erzieherberuf umwandeln lassen, nicht zum phrasenhaften, mystisch verträumten, wohl aber zum ganz wahrhaften Priesterberuf, der dasteht, wenn die göttliche Gnade die Menschen herunterschickt in das irdische Leben?

Auf die Entwickelung solcher Gefühle kommt es an! Das ist ja nicht das Wesentliche an der Anthroposophie, daß sie theoretisch lehrt: der Mensch besteht aus physischem Leib,Ätherleib, Astralleib und Ich, es gibt ein Karma, es gibt wiederholte Erdenleben und so weiter. Man kann sehr gescheit sein, kann das alles wissen; doch Anthroposoph im wahren Sinne des Wortes ist man dadurch nicht, wenn man diese Dinge auf die gewöhnliche Art, wie den Inhalt eines Kochbuches, weiß. Darauf kommt es an, daß das menschliche Seelenleben ergriffen und vertieft werde durch die anthroposophische Weltanschauung, und daß man dann wirken lernt aus einem solchen ergriffenen und vertieften Seelenleben.

Daher kann die erste Aufgabe, die für die Pädagogik auf der Grundlage der Anthroposophie erfüllt werden kann, diese sein, daß man zunächst darauf hinarbeitet, daß die Lehrer, die Erzieher im tiefsten Sinne Menschenerkenner seien, und daß sie, wenn sie diese Gesinnung nach rechter Menschenbeobachtung in sich aufgenommen haben, mit der Liebe, die aus dieser Gesinnung folgt, an das Kind herantreten. Daher ist das erste, was in einem Seminarkurs für im anthroposophischen Sinne wirken sollende Erzieher vorkommt, nicht, daß man sagt, du sollst es so oder so machen, sollst diesen oder jenen pädagogischen Handgriff anwenden, sondern das erste ist das Erwecken der pädagogischen Gesinnung aus Menschenerkenntnis heraus. Hat man diese pädagogische Gesinnung aus Menschenerkenntnis bis zur rechten Pädagogenliebe, bis zum Erwecken der Pädagogenliebe gebracht, dann kann man sagen, der Lehrer ist reif zum Erziehen, zum Unterrichten. Das erste, um was es sich bei einer auf Menschenerkenntnis begründeten Pädagogik handelt, wie es die Waldorfschul-Pädagogik zum Beispiel ist, das ist nicht, Regeln anzugeben, so oder so solle man erziehen, sondern das erste ist, die Seminarkurse so zu halten, daß man die Herzen der Lehrer findet, daß man diese Herzen so weit vertieft, daß aus ihnen heraus die Liebe zum Kinde erwächst. Die glaubt ja ein jeder natürlich sich andiktieren zu können. Aber diese andiktierte Menschenliebe kann ja nichts leisten; sie könnte vielen guten Willen haben, aber kann nichts leisten. Etwas leisten kann erst diejenige Menschenliebe, die aus einem vertieften Beobachten im Einzelfalle hervorgehen kann.

Wenn man das in sich trägt, das Erziehungswesen auf Menschenerkenntnis bauen zu wollen - sei es, daß man es jetzt durch wirkliche Geisteswissenschaft kennt, oder sei es instinktiv, wie man es auch kennen kann -, dann wird man das Kind daraufhin anschauen, daß man sich fragt: Was entwickelt sich beim Kinde vorzugsweise bis zum Zahnwechsel? — Denn bis zum Zahnwechsel ist das Kind ein ganz anderes Wesen als später, wenn man auf die Intimitäten des Menschen eingeht. Eine gewaltige innere Verwandlung macht das Menschenwesen mit dem Zahnwechsel durch, wieder eine gewaltige innere Verwandlung mit der Geschlechtsreife. Bedenken Sie nur, was der Zahnwechsel für den sich entwickelnden Menschen bedeutet. Der Zahnwechsel als solcher ist janur das äußere Zeichen für tiefe Veränderungen, die im ganzen menschlichen Wesen vor sich gehen, aber Veränderungen, die nur einmal vor sich gehen, denn man bekommt nur einmal zweite Zähne, man bekommt sie nicht alle 7 Jahre. Mit dem Zahnwechsel ist dann die Zahnbildung abgeschlossen. Man muß dann seine Zähne das ganze Leben hindurch behalten, kann sie sich höchstens plombieren lassen oder durch falsche ersetzen, aber man bekommt sie nicht wieder aus dem Organismus heraus. Warum ist das? Das ist deshalb, weil gerade mit dem Zahnwechsel die Kopforganisation einen gewissen Abschluß erlangt. Durchschaut man das, fragt man sich in jedem einzelnen Falle: Was erreicht denn da eigentlich mit dem Zahnwechsel seinen Abschluß? — so wird man, gerade von da ausgehend, dazu geführt, die ganze menschliche Organisation aufzufassen nach Leib, Seele und Geist. Und beobachtet man mit jenem in Liebe vertieften Blick, den man durch solche Menschenerkenntnis bekommt, wie ich es geschildert habe, das Kind bis zum Zahnwechsel hin, so sieht man: Dieses Kind bildet bis zum Zahnwechsel hin das Gehen aus, bildet das Sprechen aus und weiter das Denken. Das sind die drei Fähigkeiten, die bis zum Zahnwechsel als die hervorragendsten ausgebildet werden.

Das Gehen ist ja nicht bloß gehen, das man lernt mit dem Gehen, denn das ist nur eine einzelne Erscheinung, sondern es ist das Sich-imGleichgewicht-Hineinstellen in die Welt; gehen ist nur die gröbste Erscheinung dabei. Vorher ist man außer diesem Gleichgewicht, jetzt lernt man sich im Gleichgewichte in die Welt hineinstellen. Woher kommt das? Es kommt davon her, daß der Mensch mit einem Kopfe geboren wird, der eine ganz bestimmte Gleichgewichtslage verlangt. Dieses Geheimnis des menschlichen Kopfes tritt ja schon im Physischen sehr stark hervor. Denken Sie nur daran, daß ein menschliches Durchschnittsgehirn zwischen 1200 bis 1500 Gramm schwer ist. Wenn aber ein solches Gewicht auf die feinen Adern, die an der Gehirnbasis sind, drücken würde, so würde es diese sogleich zerquetschen. Daß sie nicht zerquetscht werden, kommt davon her, daß dieses lastende Gehirn in Wahrheit im Gehirnwasser schwimmt, das unser Haupt ausfüllt. Nun werden Sie sich aus dem Physikunterricht erinnern, daß ein Körper, wenn er in einer Flüssigkeit schwimmt, so viel von seinem Gewicht verliert, als das Gewicht der von ihm verdrängten Flüssigkeit ausmacht. Wenden Sie das auf das Gehirn an, dann bekommen Sie heraus, daß unser Gehirn auf die Gehirnbasis nur mit einem Gewicht von etwa 20 Gramm drückt; das andere liegt im Gehirnwasser und wird verloren. Der Mensch wird also so geboren, daß sein Gehirn so gelagert sein muß, daß es in ein Gewicht kommt, wo gerade dieses Verhältnis zum verdrängten Gehirnwasser herauskommt. Dies richtet sich ein, während wir uns vom Kriechen zum Uns-Aufrichten orientieren. Der Kopf muß so lagern, wie wir es mit dem übrigen Organismus machen; Gehen und Greifen ist das, was vom Gehirn in einer bestimmten Lage vom Menschen gefordert wird. Es geht vom Gehirn aus das Ins-Gleichgewicht-Kommen des Menschen.

Gehen wir weiter. Der Kopf des Menschen ist verhältnismäßig schon weit organisiert, wenn der Mensch geboren ist, denn während der Embryonalzeit ist der Kopf bis zu einem gewissen Grade ausgebildet; fertig ist er erst mit dem Zahnwechsel. Was sich aber erst einrichtet während der Zeit bis zum Zahnwechsel, was eine besondere äußere Organisation sich erwirbt, das ist das rhythmische System des Menschen. Würde man darüber mehr physische, physiologische Beobachtungen anstellen, so würde man sehen, wie wichtig für die ersten 7 Jahre die Einrichtung des Zirkulations- und Atmungssystems ist, was man vor allem dann verderben kann, wenn man nicht in der richtigen Weise das körperliche Leben des Kindes entwickelt. Deshalb muß man in den ersten Lebensjahren damit rechnen: da ist etwas im Zirkulations- und Atmungssystem, das sich da erst in seine Gesetzmäßigkeiten hineinbringt. Das Kind spürt unbewußt, wie da die Lebenskraft am Zirkulations- und Atmungssystem arbeitet. Und gerade so, wie sich ein Körperliches, das Gehirn, in die Gleichgewichtslage hineinbringen muß, so muß sich das Seelische einstellen auf diese Entwickelung des Atmungs- und Zirkulationssystems in den ersten Lebensjahren. Das Physische muß sich einstellen in der Erringung der Gleichgewichtslage vom Haupte aus; das Seelische, indem es sich in der richtigen Weise hinzu organisiert, muß sich einstellen zu der sich umwandelnden Zirkulation und Atmung. Und so wie im Zusammenhange mit dem, was im Gehirn zum Ausdruck kommt, der aufrechte Gang und die Orientierung mit den Händen und Armen zum Vorschein kommt, so kommt im Zusammenhange mit der Einrichtung des Zirkulations- und Atmungssystems die Sprache beim Menschen heraus. Indem der Mensch sprechen lernt, richtet er sein Zirkulations- und Atmungssystem eben so ein, wie er sein Gehen und Greifen einrichtet, wenn er den Kopf so aufsetzen lernt, daß vom Gehirn in der richtigen Weise an Gewicht verloren wird. Schult man sich dafür, eignet man sich einenBlick für diese Zusammenhänge an, und hat man dann einen Menschen vor sich, der so spricht, daß er bei gehobener Stimmlage besonders begabt erscheint für das Sprechen von Hymnen oder Oden, oder auch für Moralpaukenhalten, wo also eine gehobene Sprache vorliegt, so weiß® man auch, daß das mit besonderen Bedingungen im Zirkulationssystem zusammenhängt. Oder wenn man bei einem Menschen sieht, wie er schon im Kindesalter mit rauher Stimme spricht, mit einer Stimme, wie wenn Messing mit Blech zusammengeschlagen wird, so weiß man wiederum, daß dies mit dem Atmungs- oder Zirkulationssystem zusammenhängt. Aber dabei bleibt es nicht allein. Indem man einem Kinde zuhören lernt, ob es eine harmonische, weich-sympathische Stimme oder eine schmetternde Stimme hat und dies zusammenhängen sieht mit den Lungenbewegungen, mit der Herzbewegung und Blutzirkulation - bis in die Finger- und Zehenspitzen hinein den ganzen Menschen innerlich durchvibrierend, da sieht man in dem, was in seiner Sprache sich ausdrückt, zugleich Seelisches. Da tritt sozusagen etwas auf wie ein höherer Mensch, der in diesem Bilde sich ausdrückt, das die Sprache zusammenfaßt mit den körperlichen Vorgängen der Zirkulation und der Atmung. Und von da aus sieht man dann in das vorirdische Leben des Menschen hinauf, das beherrscht ist von denjenigen Bedingungen, die wir uns zwischen dem Tode und unserer neuen Geburt angeeignet haben. Da spielt das hinein, was der Mensch im vorirdischen Dasein erlebt hat. Da lernt man erkennen, wenn man das Wesen des Menschen in wahrer Menschenerkenntnis ergreifen soll, wie man sich das Ohr spirituell schulen muß für das Anhören der Kinderstimmen. Und man kann dann wissen, was man tun kann, um einem Kinde, das bei einer schmetternden Stimme uns verrät, daß es ein stockendes Karma hat, dazu zu verhelfen, daß dieses Karma herauskommen kann.

Daraus kann man sehen, was zur Erziehung notwendig ist: eben Menschenerkenntnis. Aber nicht bloß eine solche, die bloß davon redet: der ist ein begabter Mensch, der ist ein guter, der ein schlechter Kerl, sondern eine solche, die am Menschenwesen verfolgt, was sich zum Beispiel geistig darlebt in der Sprache und es auch verfolgt bis in die physische Körperlichkeit hinein, so daß man nicht ein abstraktes Geistiges schaut, sondern eines, das sich im physischen Bilde des Menschen zum Ausdruck bringt. Dann kann man auch als Erzieher eingreifen, kann nach Geist und Körper eingreifen und kann dem Physischen so zu Hilfe kommen, daß es eine richtige Grundlage für das Geistige abgeben kann. Und wenn man dann ein Kind sich von hinten anschaut und sieht, es hat kurze Beine, es lastet der Oberkörper zu schwer, es tritt stark auf — hat man sich für diese Dinge den richtigen Blick angeeignet, dann weiß man: Da spricht ja das vorherige Erdenleben, da spricht Karma! — Oder hat man einen Menschen, der so geht, wie zum Beispiel Johann Gottlieb Fichte, der deutsche Philosoph, gegangen ist, der niemals mit etwas anderem zuerst auftrat als mit den Fersen, und auch wenn er redete, redete er Worte, die gleichsam «mit den Fersen auftraten», dann sieht man an einem solchen Menschen, wie Karma sich ausspricht.

So lernt man durch die geisteswissenschaftliche Beobachtung das Karma im Kinde kennen. Und das ist das Allerwichtigste, das man durchschauen muß. Einzig und allein das hilft einem, daß man Menschen, kindliche Körper und kindliche Seelen und kindliche Geister beobachten kann. So muß Menschenerkenntnis eingreifen in die Pädagogik, aber solche Menschenerkenntnis, die seelisch und geistig vertieft ist.

Damit wollte ich jetzt für die Pädagogik eine Vorstellung von dem hervorrufen, was wir wollen, und was wirklich praktisch für die Erziehung herauskommen kann aus dem, was manche Menschen für so unpraktisch halten, daß sie es als eine Träumerei und Phantasterei ansehen.

Second lecture

In this course, I would first like to talk about how knowledge of human nature can enrich the art of education, and so I would like to structure the course in such a way — as I already indicated in yesterday's introductory lecture — that I first show how anthroposophy can be put into practice in real knowledge of human nature, not just in knowledge of the child, but in knowledge of the whole human being; how anthroposophy, precisely because it gets to know the whole human being, that is, the whole of human life from birth to death, insofar as it takes place on earth, can thereby also point out in the right way those necessities that exist for the education and teaching of the child.

It is very easy to think that one can teach and educate a child simply by observing the life that takes place in childhood or adolescence. But that is not enough. Just as with a plant, when you implant a substance in the seed, this is reflected in the formation of flowers or fruit, so it is in human life. What is implanted in human life in early childhood, what is taken from childhood life, sometimes only becomes apparent in late life; and often, when a person of fifty somehow falls ill or becomes infirm, we do not know that this has its cause in a wrong upbringing or in wrong teaching in the 7th or 8th year of life. Today, the approach is to study the child — albeit not in such an external way as was mentioned yesterday — in order to find out what can be done to help the child. That is not enough. And so today I would like to lay the foundations for pointing out how the whole of human life can be observed from a spiritual scientific perspective.

I said yesterday that human beings should be observed in terms of body, soul, and spirit. And in yesterday's public lecture, I indicated how the first supersensible element in human beings, a higher human being within human beings, is that which is permanent, which lasts from birth to death, while the outer physical body is constantly being replaced. Now it is a matter of getting to know this human life in such a way that we see: what takes place on earth is what has developed out of pre-earthly life. We do not only have within us the soul that began with birth or conception; we carry within us the pre-earthly soul, indeed, we carry within us the results of long-past earthly lives. All of this works and lives and weaves within us, and during our earthly life we must prepare what will then pass through the gate of death and live again after death in the spiritual-soul world. We must therefore understand how the supernatural works in earthly life. For it is also present between birth and death; it only works hidden within the physical body, and one cannot understand the physical body unless one understands the spiritual working within it. knowledge of human nature as it arises from the way of looking at things laid down in anthroposophical literature, for example in my book Theosophy, in Occult Science in Outline, or in How to Know Higher Worlds. Let us start from what can be gained as real, concrete knowledge of human nature when we take as our basis what anthroposophy in general reveals about human beings and the world. I would like to begin with two examples that will be familiar to everyone here. I am presenting them first because, for me, the study of these two personalities, from whom I wish to begin, has been a subject of intensive study for many years. I am taking two brilliant personalities; we will then move on to less brilliant ones. We will see how anthroposophy does not just talk in general abstract terms, but is capable of engaging with concrete human beings and getting to know them, so that knowledge of human beings reveals itself as something that really exists in practical life. I choose the two examples of Goethe and Schiller, and would like to show, via Goethe and Schiller, how knowledge of human nature arises under the influence of spiritual science. Let us consider Goethe and Schiller externally, according to their life stories, but let us focus on their entire personalities. We have Goethe entering life in a remarkable way: he was born completely black, that is, dark blue. So he initially showed that, with his spiritual-soul nature, he found it extremely difficult to immerse himself in the physical-bodily realm. But then again, once Goethe had immersed himself, once he had taken possession of this brittle physical-bodily material, he was also completely inside it. On the one hand, it is actually difficult to imagine a healthier nature than that of the boy Goethe. Goethe is incredibly healthy. He is so healthy that his teachers already have some difficulties with him. For children with whom one has no difficulties are not usually the healthiest in later life. Children, on the other hand, who become somewhat inconvenient for their educators are those who later in life become more useful because they are more energetic natures. Therefore, the sensible educator will be quite happy if the children keep a close eye on him. And from early childhood, Goethe was quite inclined to keep a close eye on his teachers, even to the point of literally watching their fingers as they played the piano and then naming one finger the “thumb,” another the “index,” and so on. But he did not only watch his teachers' fingers in this external sense; he was actually already “bright” as a boy, and his teachers therefore sometimes had a difficult time. Later, he suffered a serious illness in Leipzig. But in this regard, it must be said that it took quite a bit of strain, or even petty mischief, to transform Goethe's health to the point of illness, as was the case in Leipzig at that time. But then we see again how Goethe remained a healthy but extremely sensitive person throughout his life, how he was able to let everything that was there affect him intensely, but without it penetrating very deeply into his organism; he does not immediately develop heart disease when he experiences a shocking event, but he feels this shocking event with all the intensity of his soul. And so it was throughout his entire life. He suffers emotionally, without this emotional suffering immediately causing him to develop an external illness. In other words, his external health is exceptionally strong.

Furthermore, Goethe must challenge us to adopt a way of looking at things that does not immediately blur into the mystical, because people always say: Oh, it doesn't matter to look at the external physical form; that is low, one must look at the spiritual! — But in a person as healthy as Goethe, the spiritual and the physical are one; the spiritual works through the physical. And only those who are able to see the spiritual through the image of the physical can recognize such a personality. Goethe was what is known as a “sitting height.” When he sat, he seemed tall; when he stood, you could see that he had short legs. This is something peculiar that is particularly important for those who can observe human beings in terms of their unity. Why did Goethe have short legs? Short legs necessitate a particular gait; he walked with short steps, which, because his upper body was heavy—he was heavy and tall—were, however, firmly planted on the ground. We must observe this so that we, as educators, can study it well in children. What does it mean for a person to have short legs and an oversized upper body? It means that such a person has been given an outward appearance that allows him to harmoniously express in his present earthly life, that is, in the one we are talking about, what he experienced in a previous earthly life. Goethe was also extraordinarily harmonious in this respect, in that he was able to develop everything that was in his karma until he reached a very advanced age. He lived to be so old because he was able to truly bring out everything that was karmically predisposed in him. In Goethe's case, who, after leaving his body, was still so beautiful that everyone admired him in death, one has the impression that everything that was karmically predisposed has actually been lived out; there is actually nothing left, and Goethe must start anew when he reappears in an earthly life, under completely new conditions. All this is expressed precisely in a body shaped like Goethe's. For what a person has predisposed from a previous earthly life first appears as a cause in the formation of the head. Now Goethe had this beautiful Apollo head from his youth, which poured only harmonious forces into his physicality. But he had this body, weighed down by the upper torso, with legs that were too short, so that he had this gait again, which could come to the fore in his entire way of life. This whole person was karmic prerequisite and karmic fulfillment in wonderful harmony. Everything in Goethe's life expresses this.

For such a person, who lives so harmoniously and reaches such an advanced age, the middle of his earthly life must have been marked by particularly outstanding experiences. Goethe was born in 1749 and died in 1832, so he lived to be about 83 years old. So we have his middle age at around 41, that is, around the year 1790. If we now take the period from 1790 to 1800, this is the middle decade that Goethe experienced. In this decade, before 1800, Goethe actually went through the most important events of his life. Before that, he was unable to come to any conclusion about the important views of life and science. The “Metamorphosis of Plants” was first published in 1790; everything that followed was completed in this decade, from 1790 to 1800. In 1790, Goethe had made so little progress with his Faust that he published it as a fragment; he did not believe he would ever finish it. During this decade, under the influence of Schiller's friendship, he conceived the bold idea of continuing Faust. The great scenes, the prologue in heaven, and so on, are expressed here. — So we are dealing with an extraordinarily harmonious life, a life that proceeds calmly, undisturbed by anything from within, but which can devote itself freely and meaningfully to the outside world.

Let us consider Schiller's life in contrast. From the outset, Schiller is placed in a life context that shows a constant disharmony between his spiritual and mental aspects and his physical aspects. Schiller does not have the harmonious head shape of Goethe. He is actually ugly, only witty ugly, but still ugly. However, there is a strong, powerful personality in his physiognomy, which is particularly evident in the shape of his nose. Schiller is not a sitting size, but has long legs. On the other hand, everything between his head and his limbs, where the causes of circulation and respiration lie, is really sick in him, poorly developed from the beginning, and he suffers throughout his life, first with longer breaks, but then almost incessantly, from cramps. These cramps later become so severe that he cannot accept invitations to any meals, but when he comes to Berlin, for example, he stipulates that he should be invited for the whole day so that he can choose the time when he is free of cramps. All this stems from a poorly developed circulation and respiration system. AltName

This raises the question: What karmic factors from previous earthly lives are at work in a person who has to suffer from cramps in this way? When cramps interfere with human life, they are an extremely strong indication of human karma. If one approaches cramps from a spiritual scientific point of view with serious, responsible scientific investigation, one always finds that there is a certain karma present in the person, the results of deeds, thoughts, and feelings from previous earthly lives. Now we have the person in front of us in their present life. Two things can happen. Either it is as harmonious as with Goethe, and we say to ourselves: there is the karma, everything that is the karmic result is coming to light. — But the opposite can also happen: due to special conditions that arise for the person when descending from the spiritual world into the physical world, they may find themselves in a situation where they cannot always fully live out what is weighing on them karmically. The person comes down from the spiritual world with certain karmic conditions; they carry them within themselves. Let us assume that A is a place where a person should somehow realize his karma at a certain point in his life, but for some reason this does not happen. Then he suspends the realization of his karma, so to speak, and a shorter period of time must pass during which his karma is suspended; he must then postpone this until his next earthly life. Then it continues like this. Again, there comes a point, at B, where they should realize something of their karma; but they must again suspend it, must again postpone something of their karma to the next earthly life. Whenever it is necessary to suspend one's karma in this way, convulsive phenomena arise in life. One cannot fully develop something that one carries within oneself in one's life. This is precisely the peculiarity of spiritual science, that it does not float around in the realm of fantasy, merely talking in general terms about how human beings have four constituent parts: physical body, etheric body, astral body, and ego, but that it enters into real life and can point to something in physical life where the real spiritual causes for any external events lie, so that it knows how the human being lives in external life. That is what real spiritual science must be able to do.

The question now arose for me: How does karma work in a life such as Schiller's, as the shaper of his entire life, when conditions such as his exist, that karma cannot escape, that he must constantly strive to achieve what he wants to achieve? Goethe basically has it easy to accomplish his great creations, for they are the result of his karma. Schiller always has a hard time bringing his great creations to fruition; he must struggle against karma, and the way he struggles will only be lived out again in his next earthly life. One day I had to ask myself the question: How does a life like Schiller's relate to general living conditions? If one approaches the answer to such a question lightly, even serious spiritual scientific investigation will yield nothing special; one must not speculate, one must observe. But if one approaches the first object of observation, one will somehow miss the point. Therefore, I posed the question to myself as follows: How does a life unfold when there are obstacles to karma or other pre-earthly conditions?

I then studied people to see how this happens, and I will now give an example. I could give many such examples, but I will now take one that I can describe in great detail. I had an acquaintance, a personality whom I knew very well in terms of their present earthly life. I was able to ascertain that there were no obstacles in his life with regard to the working out of karma, but rather with regard to what takes place in the existence between death and new birth, that is, what took place for this personality in the supersensible life between his last earthly life and the one in which I was able to get to know him. So in this case, unlike with Schiller, there were no obstacles to the working out of karma, but obstacles to the correct incorporation into the body of what he had experienced between death and new birth, that is, in the supersensible world. You could see that this person had experienced something significant between death and new birth, but he could not bring it out. He had placed himself in karmic human relationships, had placed himself in an age where what he had accumulated, so to speak, in inner soulfulness between death and conception could not come out. And what were the physical manifestations of this inability to express the supersensible that was present in the human being? They manifested themselves in the fact that this personality was a stutterer, that he had speech disorders. If we go further and examine the soul-organic causes of speech disorders, we always find that there is an obstacle to bringing the supersensible experienced between death and new birth down into the physical world through physicality. Now we must ask ourselves: What is the case with such a personality, who has so much within them, admittedly also due to their previous karma, but which has been stored up in the existence between death and new birth — who cannot bring down what has been stored up, and in whom this inability to bring it down manifests itself in stuttering? What kinds of things are connected with such a personality here in life?

One could say again and again: this man has all kinds of greatness within him that he acquired in his pre-earthly life, but he cannot bring it down. — He was able to bring down well what can be brought out in the formation of the physical body up to the change of teeth, and was even able to bring out extraordinarily well what is then brought out from the change of teeth to sexual maturity; he then became an outstanding literary and artistic personality by developing what can be developed between sexual maturity and the age of 30. But now, for those who can acquire real knowledge of human nature, the great concern arose: what will become of this personality when it reaches its thirties and then, more and more, the consciousness soul is to develop into the intellectual or emotional soul? Anyone who has insights in this direction becomes very concerned in such a case, because they cannot imagine that the consciousness soul, for the development of which everything that arises in the head must be completely intact, can fully emerge. For it was evident from his stuttering that not everything in this personality's head was intact. And this man was initially in perfect health, apart from his stuttering. But the fact that not everything in his head was intact, apart from his stuttering, was evident in the fact that he also had a squint – again a sign that not everything that one has absorbed in the supernatural between death and new birth can be brought out in one's present earthly life. One day this man came to me and said, “I have decided to have my squint operated on.” I was not authorized to say anything other than, “I would not do it if I were in your place.” I did everything I could to dissuade him. At that time, I did not see the circumstances as clearly as I do today, because what I am now recounting happened more than 20 years ago. But I was very concerned about this operation. Well, he had the operation anyway; he didn't listen to me. And lo and behold, soon after the operation, which, as is very often the case with operations, went extremely well, he came to me full of joy and said, “Now I won't squint anymore!” He was a little vain, like many important personalities. But I was very concerned. And only a few days later, the man died, having just turned 30. The doctors diagnosed typhoid fever, but there was no sign of typhoid fever; he died of meningitis.

When considering such a life, a spiritual researcher certainly does not need to become heartless; on the contrary, human compassion is deepened even more. But at the same time, one also sees life in its greater context. One sees how that which cannot be brought down in the present life from spiritual experiences between death and new birth is expressed in physical deficiencies. If education does not intervene in the right way, as was the case here, a certain point in life cannot be passed. But do not think that I am claiming that everyone who squints must die at the age of 30 — negative instances are never meant, but something can happen karmically that allows the person concerned to live to a ripe old age. But in this case, the use of the head caused concern because of this peculiar organization, which manifested itself in squinting and stuttering: How will this constitution survive beyond the age of 35? — And now we come to the point where we must look back at the person's karma, and you will immediately see that it is not necessary for someone who squints to die at the age of 30. For if we have a person who has prepared himself in his pre-earthly life in such a way that he has absorbed a great deal between death and new birth, but cannot bring what they have absorbed into physical life, and if we consider their karma as a whole, we find that this personality could well have lived on after the age of 35, but they would then have had to carry within themselves the impulse to arrive at a spiritual view of life and the world. For this man was unusually predisposed to the spiritual; but because the strong spiritual impulses from his previous earthly lives were one-sided, he was unable to attain spirituality.

You can be assured that I am qualified to speak about such matters. I was very close friends with this man and therefore knew the gulf that existed between my own worldview and his. It was possible to communicate with him very well intellectually, and also to communicate comfortably; but it was not possible to bring anything spiritual to him. And because he should have transitioned to a spiritual life at the age of 35, if what had been predisposed up to the age of 35 had been possible on earth, but he did not come to a spiritual life, he died there. So one can squint and stutter quite well and still live on, if one is able to live on as an ordinary earthly human being. One must not be alarmed by the things that must be said if one does not want to get lost in phrases but rather describe realities. But in this example you can see how a spiritually sharpened gaze allows us to look into human life.

And now let us return to Schiller. When we look at Schiller's life, two phenomena in particular stand out as quite remarkable. Schiller left behind an unfinished drama, merely a draft, entitled “The Maltese.” One can see from the concept, the draft that is there, that if Schiller had wanted to complete “The Maltese,” he could only have written this drama as an initiate, as someone who had been initiated. It could not have been done any other way. He carried within him, at least to a certain degree, the conditions for initiation. But what he carried within him could not come out because of his other karma; it became tense, tense also spiritually. For the draft of “The Maltese” already shows this tension: large, powerful sentences that do not lead to the point anywhere. What is inside him cannot come out. — It is interesting that we also find such drafts in Goethe; but everywhere where Goethe leaves something unfinished, he is too comfortable, he could have gone further. Only in his old age, when sclerosis had already set in, was he unable to do so. With Schiller, however, we have a different picture: he has the iron will to move forward when he drafts “The Maltese”; but he cannot. He only gets as far as a rough draft. For “The Maltese,” when viewed in reality, contains what has been preserved from the Crusades in all kinds of occult, mystical, and initiatory knowledge. And Schiller approaches such a drama, the completion of which would have required him to have truly experienced initiation himself. Truly, a life destiny that touches those who see through it deeply and allows them to look into the whole essence of this man. And since it became known that Schiller had something like the “Maltese” in mind, opposition to him in Germany increased extraordinarily. People feared him. They feared that he might reveal all kinds of occult secrets in his dramas.

The second phenomenon I want to talk about is the following. He cannot finish the Maltese, cannot come to terms with them. He lets time pass, composes all sorts of things that are certainly admirable, but that can also be admired by the philistines. The Maltese, if he had been able to carry them out, would have been something for people of the highest intellectual vigor! He has to leave them lying there. After some time, what had given him the impulse for his later work reappears in him. He can no longer think of the “Maltese.” But he begins to write his “Demetrius”: a strange problem of fate, caused by the false Demetrius who has taken the place of another. All the conflicts of fate that arise there, as if from the most hidden causes, with all human emotions, had to be included in this drama when it was finished. Schiller writes on it in an almost feverish manner. It becomes known—and people are even more afraid that things could now come to light that many had an interest in keeping hidden from humanity for a while longer.

And now phenomena occur in Schiller's life that those who understand such things cannot see as something based solely on the pathologically normal. Schiller presents a strange clinical picture. Something powerful occurs — powerful not in the sense of greatness, but in the sense of something shocking: Schiller becomes ill while working on his “Demetrius”; on his sickbed, he recites almost the entire “Demetrius” in a high fever. Something in Schiller seems like a foreign power expressing itself through his body. Of course, there is no need to accuse anyone. But despite everything that has been written in this vein, one cannot help but conclude from the clinical picture that some kind of occult force contributed to Schiller's rapid demise! And that people could have had an inkling that something had contributed to this is evident from the fact that Goethe, who could do nothing but suspect many things, did not dare in the last days to take the immediate personal part—even after death—that he had truly taken in his heart in Schiller's actual passing. He did not dare to go out with what he carried within him.

By this I only mean to suggest that Schiller, for those who can see through such things, was undoubtedly predestined to bring forth highly spiritual things from within himself, but that, due to inner and outer causes, karmically inner and karmically outer, the matter was held back. I can say that nothing is of greater interest to the spiritual researcher than to pose the following problem: to study what Schiller accomplished in the last 10 years of his life, beginning with the “Aesthetic Letters,” and then to follow how this life unfolded after death. When one delves deeply into Schiller's soul after death, one finds spiritual inspirations in abundance from the spiritual world. This is the reason why Schiller had to die in the mid-1840s. As was evident in his convulsions and his entire stature, but especially in the ugly shape of his head, he was simply unable to integrate his soul and spirit, which were deeply rooted in spiritual existence, into his physicality.

When we consider such things, we must say to ourselves: human life is already deepened in its contemplation when we apply what anthroposophy can give. — We learn to look into human life. Through the examples I have given, I wanted nothing more than to show you how anthroposophy teaches us to look at human life. But now consider the whole matter. Can one not become deeply moved in one's soul by everything that is human simply by looking at individual human lives in this way? If, at a certain point in their life, people can say to themselves: this was the case with Schiller, this was the case with Goethe, this was the case with someone who died early, as I have described to you — yes, will that not have such an effect on people's souls that they learn to look deeply at every child? That every human life becomes a sacred mystery? Does one not learn to look at every human life and human being with much greater, much more heartfelt attention? And can one not deepen one's love for humanity precisely by allowing this knowledge of humanity to become engraved in one's soul? And can one not, with this love for humanity, which is deepened by observing people, by observing them deeply and intimately, by experiencing the innermost sacred mysteries of the human soul, approach the task of education, when life has become so sacred? Will this not transform the teaching profession, not into a phraseological, mystically dreamy one, but into a truly priestly profession that stands ready when divine grace sends human beings down into earthly life?

The development of such feelings is what matters! The essence of anthroposophy is not that it teaches theoretically that human beings consist of a physical body, an etheric body, an astral body, and an ego, that there is karma, that there are repeated earthly lives, and so on. One can be very intelligent and know all this, but you are not an anthroposophist in the true sense of the word if you know these things in the ordinary way, as you would know the contents of a cookbook. What matters is that the human soul life is moved and deepened by the anthroposophical worldview, and that one then learns to act from such a moved and deepened soul life.

Therefore, the first task that can be fulfilled for education based on anthroposophy may be to work toward ensuring that teachers and educators are, in the deepest sense, connoisseurs of human nature, and that, once they have absorbed this attitude through proper observation of human beings, they approach children with the love that follows from this attitude. Therefore, the first thing that should happen in a seminar course for educators who want to work in the anthroposophical sense is not to say, you should do it this way or that way, you should use this or that pedagogical technique, but rather the first thing is to awaken the pedagogical attitude out of knowledge of human nature. Once this pedagogical attitude based on knowledge of human nature has been developed into true pedagogical love, into the awakening of pedagogical love, then we can say that the teacher is ready to educate, to teach. The first thing that matters in a pedagogy based on knowledge of human nature, such as Waldorf school pedagogy, for example, is not to lay down rules about how to educate, but rather to hold seminar courses in such a way that the hearts of the teachers are touched, that these hearts are deepened to such an extent that love for the child grows out of them. Of course, everyone believes they can dictate this. But this dictated love for humanity cannot achieve anything; it may have good intentions, but it cannot achieve anything. Only love for humanity that arises from deep observation in individual cases can achieve something.

If one carries within oneself the desire to base education on knowledge of human nature — whether through actual spiritual science or instinctively, as one may also know it — then one will look at the child and ask oneself: What develops in the child primarily until the change of teeth? — For until the change of teeth, the child is a completely different being than later, when one enters into the intimacies of the human being. The human being undergoes a tremendous inner transformation with the change of teeth, and again a tremendous inner transformation with sexual maturity. Just consider what the change of teeth means for the developing human being. The change of teeth as such is only the outward sign of profound changes that are taking place in the whole human being, but changes that only happen once, because you only get second teeth once, you don't get them every 7 years. With the change of teeth, tooth formation is then complete. You then have to keep your teeth for the rest of your life; at most, you can have them filled or replaced with false ones, but you cannot remove them from your organism. Why is that? It is because, with the change of teeth, the organization of the head reaches a certain conclusion. If you understand this, you ask yourself in each individual case: What actually reaches its conclusion with the change of teeth? — Starting from this point, one is led to understand the entire human organization in terms of body, soul, and spirit. And if one observes the child until the change of teeth with that loving gaze that one gains through such knowledge of human nature, as I have described, one sees that until the change of teeth, this child develops walking, speech, and then thinking. These are the three abilities that are most prominently developed until the change of teeth.

Walking is not just walking, which one learns by walking, for that is only a single phenomenon; rather, it is placing oneself in balance in the world; walking is only the grossest manifestation of this. Before, one is out of balance, but now one learns to place oneself in the world in balance. Where does this come from? It comes from the fact that humans are born with a head that requires a very specific position of balance. This mystery of the human head is already very evident in the physical realm. Just think that the average human brain weighs between 1200 and 1500 grams. But if such a weight were to press on the delicate veins at the base of the brain, it would crush them immediately. The reason they are not crushed is that this heavy brain actually floats in the cerebral fluid that fills our head. Now, you will remember from physics class that when a body floats in a liquid, it loses as much of its weight as the weight of the liquid it displaces. Apply this to the brain, and you will find that our brain only presses on the base of the brain with a weight of about 20 grams; the rest is in the cerebral fluid and is lost. Humans are therefore born in such a way that their brains must be positioned so that they reach a weight that corresponds to this ratio to the displaced cerebral fluid. This adjusts itself as we move from crawling to standing upright. The head must be positioned in the same way as the rest of the organism; walking and grasping are what the brain requires of humans in a certain position. It is the brain that brings humans into balance.

Let us continue. The human head is already relatively well organized when a person is born, because during the embryonic period the head is developed to a certain extent; it is only complete when the teeth change. But what is only established during the period until the teeth change, what acquires a special external organization, is the rhythmic system of the human being. If more physical and physiological observations were made in this regard, one would see how important the establishment of the circulatory and respiratory systems is during the first seven years, which can be ruined if the child's physical life is not developed in the right way. Therefore, in the first years of life, one must take into account that there is something in the circulatory and respiratory systems that is only just beginning to establish its own laws. The child unconsciously senses how the life force is working on the circulatory and respiratory systems. And just as a physical organ, the brain, must find its equilibrium, so too must the soul adjust to this development of the respiratory and circulatory systems in the first years of life. The physical must adjust by achieving equilibrium from the head; the soul, by organizing itself in the right way, must adjust to the changing circulation and respiration. And just as upright walking and orientation with the hands and arms come to the fore in connection with what is expressed in the brain, so speech emerges in humans in connection with the establishment of the circulatory and respiratory systems. By learning to speak, humans organize their circulatory and respiratory systems in the same way that they organize their walking and grasping when they learn to position their heads so that the brain loses weight in the right way. If one trains oneself to see these connections, and if one then has before one a person who speaks in such a way that, with a raised voice, he appears particularly gifted for speaking hymns or odes, or even for moralizing, where elevated language is used, then one also knows that this is related to special conditions in the circulatory system. Or if you see a person who, even as a child, speaks with a rough voice, a voice like brass being struck against sheet metal, you know that this is related to the respiratory or circulatory system. But that is not all. By learning to listen to a child, whether they have a harmonious, soft, pleasant voice or a booming voice, and seeing how this is connected to the movements of the lungs, the heart, and blood circulation—vibrating through the whole person, right down to the tips of their fingers and toes—one sees at the same time the soul expressed in their speech. Something emerges, so to speak, like a higher human being who expresses themselves in this image, which language summarizes together with the physical processes of circulation and breathing. And from there, one then looks up into the pre-earthly life of the human being, which is dominated by the conditions we have acquired between death and our new birth. This is where what a person has experienced in their pre-earthly existence comes into play. If we are to grasp the essence of a person in true human knowledge, we learn how to train our ears spiritually to listen to children's voices. And then one can know what one can do to help a child who, with a shrill voice, reveals to us that it has a stifling karma, so that this karma can come out.

From this we can see what is necessary for education: knowledge of human nature. But not just knowledge that merely talks about whether someone is gifted, good, or bad, but knowledge that follows what is spiritually present in a person, for example in their language, and also follows it into their physical body, so that one does not see an abstract spirit, but one that is expressed in the physical image of the person. Then, as an educator, one can intervene, one can intervene in the mind and body and can help the physical in such a way that it can provide a proper foundation for the spiritual. And when you then look at a child from behind and see that it has short legs, that its upper body weighs too heavily, that it steps heavily — if you have acquired the right eye for these things, then you know: this is the previous earthly life speaking, this is karma speaking! Or if you have a person who walks like Johann Gottlieb Fichte, the German philosopher, who never stepped forward with anything other than his heels, and even when he spoke, he spoke words that seemed to “step forward with his heels,” then you can see in such a person how karma expresses itself.

This is how we learn to recognize karma in children through spiritual scientific observation. And that is the most important thing to understand. Only this helps us to observe human beings, childlike bodies and childlike souls and childlike spirits. Thus, knowledge of human beings must intervene in education, but knowledge of human beings that is spiritually and mentally deepened.

With this, I wanted to evoke an idea for education of what we want and what can really come out of what some people consider so impractical that they regard it as a dream and fantasy.