Agriculture
GA 327
11 June 1924, Koberwitz
Address
My dear friends,
Allow me in the first place to express my deep satisfaction that this Experimental Circle has been created as suggested by Count Keyserlingk, and extended to include all those concerned with agriculture who are now present for the first time at such a meeting. In point of time, the foundation has come about as follows. To begin with, Herr Stegemann, in response to several requests, communicated some of the things which he and I had discussed together in recent years concerning the various guiding lines in agriculture, which he himself has tested in one way or another in his very praiseworthy endeavours on his own farm. Thence there arose a discussion between him and our good friend Count Keyserlingk, leading in the first place to a consultation during which the resolution which has to-day been read out was drafted.
As a result of this we have come together here to-day. It is deeply satisfying that a number of persons have now found themselves together who will be the bearers, so to speak, of the experiments which will follow the guiding lines (for to begin with they can only be guiding lines) which I have given you in these lectures. These persons will now make experiments in confirmation of these guiding lines, and demonstrate how well they can be used in practice.
At such a moment, however, when so good a beginning has been made, we should also be careful to turn to good account the experiences we have had in the past with our attempts in other domains in the Anthroposophical Movement. Above all, we should avoid the mistakes which only became evident during the years when from the central anthroposophical work—if I may so describe it—we went on to other work which lay more at the periphery. I mean when we began to introduce what Anthroposophical Science must and can be for the several domains of life.
For the work which this Agricultural Circle has before it, it will not be without interest to hear the kind of experiences we have had in introducing Anthroposophical Science, for example, into the scientific life in general. As a general rule, when it came to this point, those who had hitherto administered the central anthroposophical life with real inner faithfulness and devotion in their own way, and those who stood more at the periphery and wanted to apply it to a particular domain of life, did not as a rule confront one another with full mutual understanding.
We experienced it only too well, especially in working with our scientific Research Institutes. There on the one side are the anthroposophists who find their full life in the heart of Anthroposophia itself—in Anthroposophical Science as a world-conception, a content of life which they may even have carried through the world with strong and deep feeling, every moment of their lives. There are the anthroposophists who live Anthroposophia and love it, making it the content of their lives. Generally, though not always, they have the idea that something important has been done when one has gained, here or there, one more adherent, or perhaps several more adherents, for the anthroposophical movement. When they work outwardly at all, their idea seems to be—you will forgive the expression—that people must somehow be able to be won over “by the scruff of the neck.” Imagine, for example, a University professor in some branch of Natural Science. Placed as he is in the very centre of the scientific work on which he is engaged, he ought none the less to be able to be won over there and then—so they imagine.
Such anthroposophists, with all their love and good-will, naturally imagine that we should also be able to get hold of the farmer there and then—to get him too “by the scruff of the neck,” so to speak, from one day to another, into the anthroposophical life—to get him in “lock, stock and barrel” with the land and all that is comprised with it, with all the products which his farm sends out into the world. So do the “central anthroposophists” imagine. They are of course in error. And although many of them say that they are faithful followers of mine, often, alas! though it is true enough that they are faithful in their inner feeling, they none the less turn a deaf ear to what I have to say in decisive moments. They do not hear it when I say, for instance, that it is utterly naive to imagine that you can win over to Anthroposophical Science some professor or scientist or scholar from one day to the next and without more ado. Of course you cannot. Such a man would have to break with twenty or thirty years of his past life and work, and to do so, he would have to leave an abyss behind him. These things must be faced as they exist in real life. Anthroposophists often imagine that life consists merely in thought. It does not consist in mere thought. I am obliged to say these things, hoping that they may fall upon the right soil.
On the other hand, there are those who out of good and faithful hearts want to unite some special sphere of life with Anthroposophia—some branch of science, for example. They also did not make things quite clear to themselves when they became workers in Spiritual Science. Again and again they set out with the mistaken opinion that we must do these things as they have hitherto been done in Science; that we must proceed precisely in the same way. For instance, there are a number of very good and devoted anthroposophists working with us in Medicine (with regard to what I shall now say, Dr. Wegman is an absolute exception; she always saw quite clearly the necessity prevailing in our Society). But a number of them always seemed to believe that the doctor must now apply what proceeds from anthroposophical therapy in the same medical style and manner to which he has hitherto been accustomed.
What do we then experience? Here it is not so much a question of spreading the central teachings of Spiritual Science; here it is more a question of spreading the anthroposophical life into the world. What did we experience? The other people said “Well, we have done that kind of thing before; we are the experts in that line. That is a thing we can thoroughly grasp with our own methods; we can judge of it without any doubt or difficulty. And yet, what these anthroposophists are bringing forward is quite contrary to what we have hitherto found by our methods.” Then they declared that the things we say and do are wrong.
We had this experience: If our friends tried to imitate the outer scientists, the latter replied that they could do far better. And in such cases it was undeniable; they can in fact apply their methods better, if only for the reason that in the science of the last few years the methods have been swallowing up the science! The sciences of to-day seem to have nothing left but methods. They no longer set out on the objective problems; they have been eaten up by their own methods. To-day therefore, you can have scientific researches without any substance to them whatever.
And we have had this experience: Scientists who had the most excellent command of their own methods became violently angry when anthroposophists came forward and did nothing else but make use of these methods. What does this prove? In spite of all the pretty things that we could do in this way, in spite of the splendid researches that are being done in the Biological Institute, the one thing that emerged was that the other scientists grew wild with anger when our scientists spoke in their lectures on the basis of the very same methods. They were wild with anger, because they only heard again the things they were accustomed to in their own grooves of thought.
But we also had another important experience, namely this: A few of our scientists at last bestirred themselves, and departed to some extent from their old custom of imitating the others. But they only did it half and half. They did it in this way: In the first part of their lectures they would be thoroughly scientific; in the first part of their explanations they would apply all the methods of science, “comme il faut.” Then the audience grew very angry. “Why do they come, clumsily meddling in our affairs? Impertinent fellows, these anthroposophists, meddling in their dilettante way with our science!”
Then, in the second part of their lectures, our speakers would pass on to the essential life—no longer elaborated in the old way, but derived as anthroposophical content from realms beyond the Earth. And the same people who had previously been angry became exceedingly attentive, hungry to hear more. Then they began to catch fire! They liked the Spiritual Science well enough, but they could not abide (and what is more, as I myself admitted, rightly not), what had been patched together as a confused “mixtum compositum” of Spiritual Science and Science. We cannot make progress on such lines.
I therefore welcome with joy what has now arisen out of Count Keyserlingk's initiative, namely that the professional circle of farmers will now unite on the basis of what we have founded in Dornach—the Natural Science Section. This Section, like all the other things that are now coming before us, is a result of the Christmas Foundation Meeting. From Dornach, in good time, will go out what is intended. There we shall find, out of the heart of Anthroposophia itself, scientific researches and methods of the greatest exactitude.
Only, of course, I cannot agree with Count Keyserlingk's remark that the professional farmers' circle should only be an executive organ. From Dornach, you will soon be convinced, guiding lines and indications will go out which will call for everyone at his post to be a fully independent fellow-worker, provided only that he wishes to work with us. Nay more, as will emerge at the end of my lectures (for I shall have to give the first guiding lines for this work at the close of the present lectures) the foundation for the beginning of our work at Dornach will in the first place have to come from you. The guiding lines we shall have to give will be such that we can only begin on the basis of the answers we receive from you.
From the beginning, therefore, we shall need most active fellow-workers—no mere executive organs. To mention only one thing, which has been a subject of frequent discussions in these days between Count Keyserlingk and myself—an agricultural estate is always an individuality, in the sense that it is never the same as any other. The climate, the conditions of the soil, provide the very first basis for the individuality of a farm. A farming estate in Silesia is not like one in Thuringia, or in South Germany. They are real individualities.
Now, above all in Spiritual Science, vague generalities and abstractions are of no value, least of all when we wish to take a hand in practical life. What is the value of speaking only in vague and general terms of such a practical matter as a farm is? We must always bear in mind the concrete things; then we can understand what has to be applied. Just as the most varied expressions are composed of the twenty-six letters of the alphabet, so you will have to deal with what has been given in these lectures. What you are seeking will first have to be composed from the indications given in these lectures—as words are composed from the letters of the alphabet. If on the basis of our sixty members we wish to speak of practical questions, our task, after all, will be to find the practical indications and foundations of work for those sixty individual farmers.
The first thing will be to gather up what we already know. Then our first series of experiments will follow, and we shall work in a really practical way. We therefore need the most active members. That is what we need in the Anthroposophical Society as a whole—good, practical people who will not depart from the principle that practical life, after all, calls forth something that cannot be made real from one day to the next. If those whom I have called the “central anthroposophists” believe that a professor, farmer or doctor—who has been immersed for decades past in a certain milieu and atmosphere—can accept anthroposophical convictions from one day to the next, they are greatly mistaken.
The fact will emerge quickly enough in agriculture! The farming anthroposophist no doubt, if he is idealistic enough, can go over entirely to the anthrospophical way of working—say, between his twenty-ninth and his thirtieth year—even with the work on his farm. But will his fields do likewise? Will the whole Organisation of the farm do likewise? Will those who have to mediate between him and the consumer do likewise—and so on and so on? You cannot make them all anthroposophists at once—from your twenty-ninth to your thirtieth year. And when you begin to see that you cannot do so, it is then that you lose heart. That is the point, my dear friends—do not lose heart; know that it is not the momentary success that matters; it is the working on and on with iron perseverance.
One man can do more, another less. In the last resort, paradoxical as it may sound, you will be able to do more, the more you restrict yourself in regard to the area of land which you begin to cultivate in our ways. After all, if you go wrong on a small area of land, you will not be spoiling so much as you would on a larger area. Moreover, such improvements as result from our anthroposophical methods will then be able to appear very rapidly, for you will not have much to alter. The inherent efficiency of the methods will be proved more easily than on a large estate. In so practical a sphere as farming these things must come about by mutual agreement if our Circle is to be successful. Indeed, it is very strange—with all good humour and without irony, for one enjoyed it—there has been much talk in these days as to the differences that arose in the first meeting between the Count and Herr Stegemann. Such things bring with them a certain colouring; indeed, I almost thought I should have to consider whether the anthroposophical “Vorstand,” or some one else, should not be asked to be present every evening to bring the warring elements together.
By and by however, I came to quite a different conclusion; namely, that what is here making itself felt is the foundation of a rather intimate mutual tolerance among farmers—an intimate “live and let live” among fellow-farmers. They only have a rough exterior. As a matter of fact the farmer, more than many other people, needs
to protect his own skin. It can easily happen that people start interfering with things which he alone understands. And at rock bottom you will discover in him a certain sweet tolerance. All these things must be truly felt, and I only make these observations now because I think it necessary to begin on a right basis from the outset.
Therefore I think I may once again express my deep satisfaction at what has been done by you here. I believe we have truly taken into account the experiences of the Anthroposophical Society. What has now been begun will be a thing of great blessing, and Dornach will not fail to work vigorously with those who wish to be with us as active fellow-workers in this cause.
We can only be glad, that what is now being done in Koberwitz has been thus introduced. And if Count Keyserlingk so frequently refers to the burden I took upon myself in coming here, I for my part would answer—though not in order to call up any more discussion:– What trouble have I had? I had only to travel here, and am here under the best and most beautiful conditions. All the unpleasant talks are undertaken by others; I only have to speak every day, though I confess I stood before these lectures with a certain awe—for they enter into a new domain. My trouble after all, was not so great. But when I see all the trouble to which Count Keyserlingk and his whole household have been put—when I see those who have come here—then I must say, for so it seems to me, that all the countless things that had to be done by those who have helped to enable us to be together here, tower above what I have had to do, who have simply sat down in the middle of it all when all was ready.
In this, then, I cannot agree with the Count. Whatever appreciation or gratitude you feel for the fact that this Agricultural Course has been achieved, I must ask you to direct your gratitude to him, remembering above all that if he had not thought and pondered with such iron strength, and sent his representative to Dornach, never relinquishing his purpose—then, considering the many things that have to be done from Dornach, it is scarcely likely that this Course in the farthest Eastern corner of the country could have been given.
Hence I do not at all agree that your feelings of gratitude should be expended on me, for they belong in the fullest sense to Count Keyserlingk and to his House.
That is what I wished to interpolate in the discussion.
For the Moment, there is not much more to be said—only this. We in Dornach shall need, from everyone who wishes to work with us in the Circle, a description of what he has beneath his soil, and what he has above it, and how the two are working together. If our indications are to be of use to you, we must know exactly what the things are like, to which these indications refer. You from your practical work will know far better than we can know in Dornach, what is the nature of your soil, what kind of woodland there is and how much, and so on; what has been grown on the farm in the last few years, and what the yield has been. We must know all these things, which, after all, every farmer must know for himself if he wants to run his farm in an intelligent way—with “peasant wit.”
These are the first indications we shall need: what is there on your farm, and what your experiences have been. That is quickly told. As to how these things are to be put together, that will emerge during the further course of the conference. Fresh points of view will be given which may help some of you to grasp the real connections between what the soil yields and what the soil itself is, with all that surrounds it. With these words I think I have adequately characterised the form which Count Keyserlingk wished the members of the Circle to fill in. As to the kind and friendly words which the Count has once again spoken to us all, with his fine-feeling distinction between “farmers” and “scientists,” as though all the farmers were in the Circle and all the scientists at Dornach—this also cannot and must not remain so. We shall have to grow far more together; in Dornach itself, as much as possible of the peasant-farmer must prevail, in spite of our being “scientific.” Moreover, the science that shall come from Dornach must be such as will seem good and evident to the most conservative, “thick-headed” farmer.
I hope it was only a kind of friendliness when Count Keyserlingk said that he did not understand me—a special kind of friendliness. For I am sure we shall soon grow together like twins—Dornach and the Circle. In the end he called me a “Grossbauer,” that is, a yeoman farmer—thereby already showing that he too has a feeling that we can grow together. All the same, I cannot be addressed as such merely on the strength of the little initial attempt I made in stirring the manure—a tack to which I had to give myself just before I came here. (Indeed it had to be continued, for I could not go on stirring long enough. You have to stir for a long time; I could only begin to stir, then someone else had to continue).
These are small matters, but it was not out of this that I originally came. I grew up entirely out of the peasant folk, and in my spirit I have always remained there—I indicated this in my autobiography. Though it was not on a large farming estate such as you have here; in a smaller domain I myself planted potatoes, and though I did not breed horses, at any rate I helped to breed pigs. And in the farmyard of our immediate neighbourhood I lent a hand with the cattle. These things were absolutely near my life for a long time; I took part in them most actively. Thus I am at any rate lovingly devoted to farming, for I grew up in the midst of it myself, and there is far more of that in me than the little bit of “stirring the manure“” just now.
Perhaps I may also declare myself not quite in agreement with another matter at this point. As I look back on my own life, I must say that the most valuable farmer is not the large farmer, but the small peasant farmer who himself as a little boy worked on the farm. And if this is to be realised on a larger scale—translated into scientific terms—then it will truly have to grow “out of the skull of a peasant,” as they say in Lower Austria. In my life this will serve me far more than anything I have subsequently undertaken.
Therefore, I beg you to regard me as the small peasant farmer who has conceived a real love for farming; one who remembers his small peasant farm and who thereby, perhaps, can understand what lives in the peasantry, in the farmers and yeomen of our agricultural life. They will be well understood at Dornach; of that you may rest assured. For I have always had the opinion (this was not meant ironically, though it seems to have been misunderstood) I have always had the opinion that their alleged stupidity or foolishness is “wisdom before God,” that is to say, before the Spirit. I have always considered what the peasants and farmers thought about their things far wiser than what the scientists were thinking. I have invariably found it wiser, and I do so to-day. Far rather would I listen to what is said of his own experiences in a chance conversation, by one who works directly on the soil, than to all the Ahrimanic statistics that issue from our learned science. I have always been glad when I could listen to such things, for I have always found them extremely wise, while, as to science—in its practical effects and conduct I have found it very stupid. This is what we at Dornach are striving for, and this will make our science wise—will make it wise precisely through the so-called “peasant stupidity.” We shall take pains at Dornach to carry a little of this peasant stupidity into our science. Then this stupidity will become—“wisdom before God.”
Let us then work together in this way; it will be a genuinely conservative, yet at the same time a most radical and progressive beginning. And it will always be a beautiful memory to me if this Course becomes the starting point for carrying some of the real and genuine “peasant wit” into the methods of science. I must not say that these methods have become stupid, for that would not be courteous, but they have certainly become dead.
Dr. Wachsmuth has also set aside this deadened science, and has called for a living science which must first be fertilised by true “peasant wisdom.” Let us then grow together thus like good Siamese Twins—Dornach and the Circle. It is said of twins that they have a common feeling and a common thinking. Let us then have this common feeling and thinking; then we shall go forward in the best way in our domain.
Ansprache
Vorerst lassen Sie mich meine tiefste Befriedigung darüber ausdrücken, dass dieser Versuchsring, der von dem Grafen Keyserlingk angeregt wurde, zustande gekommen ist und sich nun auch erweitert hat um die Interessenten der Landwirtschaft, die das erste Mal bei einer solchen Versammlung anwesend waren. Es ging ja diese Begründung zeitlich hervor daraus, dass zunächst Herr Stegemann auf verschiedene Bitten hin sich bereit erklärte, einiges von dem mitzuteilen, was zwischen ihm und mir im Laufe der letzten Jahre über allerlei Richtlinien gegenüber der Landwirtschaft gesprochen worden ist, und was er durch seine so anerkennenswerten Bemühungen auf seiner Landwirtschaft nach der einen oder anderen Seite ausprobiert hat. Daraus ging dann die Diskussion hervor zwischen unserem hochverdienten Grafen Keyserlingk und Herrn Stegemann, die dazu führte, dass zunächst ein Gespräch stattgefunden hat, in dem die heute vorgelesene Resolution gefasst worden ist, und das dann dazu geführt hat, dass wir heute wiederum hier zusammengekommen sind.
Es ist ja durchaus eine tief befriedigende Tatsache, dass sich nun gewissermaßen als Träger der Versuche im Anschluss an - ja, zunächst können es nur Richtlinien sein - die Richtlinien, die hier in diesen Vorträgen gegeben werden, eine Anzahl von Personen gefunden haben, um Versuche zu machen, diese Richtlinien zu bestätigen und zu zeigen, wie sie sich praktisch ausnützen lassen. Allein, es ist notwendig, dass wir uns heute in einem Augenblicke, wo sich in einer so befriedigenden Weise so etwas bildet, bewusst sind, dass wir ja die Erfahrungen, die wir mit unseren Bestrebungen auf praktischen Gebieten innerhalb der anthroposophischen Bewegung gemacht haben, verwerten und namentlich, dass wir die Fehler vermeiden, die ja erst so recht sichtbar geworden sind im Laufe der Zeit, in der von anthroposophischer, ich möchte sagen, zentraler Betätigung heraus übergegriffen wurde auf peripherische Betätigung, auf die Einführung desjenigen, was Anthroposophie sein soll und sein kann, in die verschiedenen Gebiete des Lebens. Nun wird ja daher ganz besonders interessieren natürlich für die Arbeiten, die diese landwirtschaftliche Gemeinschaft zu leisten hat, dasjenige, was uns als Erfahrung geworden ist bei der Einführung, sagen wir, des Anthroposophischen in das allgemein Wissenschaftliche.
Sehen Sie, wenn es sich um so etwas handelt, da sind diejenigen, die gewissermaßen bisher verwaltet haben das Zentralanthroposophische in ihrer Art mit innerer Treue, mit innerer Hingabe, und diejenigen, die dann in der Peripherie stehen und für das einzelne Lebensgebiet das bearbeiten wollen, in der Regel nicht mit einem vollen Verständnis einander gegenübergestanden. Wir haben das insbesondere bei der Zusammenarbeit mit unseren wissenschaftlichen Instituten genügend erfahren. Da sind auf der einen Seite die Anthroposophen als solche, die Anthroposophen, welche sich ausleben in diesem Zentralen der Anthroposophie als Weltanschauung, als Lebensinhalt, den man vielleicht jede Minute mit starker Innerlichkeit durch die Welt trägt. Da sind eben die Anthroposophen, die Anthroposophie tun, lieben, und zu ihrem eigenen Lebensinhalt machen, die haben in der Regel - nicht immer - die Vorstellung, es ist etwas Bedeutsames getan, wenn man da oder dort einen wiederum oder viele wiederum für die Anthroposophie gewonnen hat. Die wollen eigentlich nur, wenn sie nach außen wirken, Leute gewinnen für die Anthroposophie, und sie haben so die Vorstellung, dass die Leute sich auch - verzeihen Sie den Ausdruck - mit Haut und Haar gewinnen lassen müssen, zum Beispiel, wenn einer Universitätsprofessor so irgendeines naturwissenschaftlichen Zweiges ist, so, wie er hineingestellt ist in den naturwissenschaftlichen Betrieb, in dem er darinnen steht. Solche Anthroposophen in ihrer Gutherzigkeit und Liebe meinen dann auch selbswverständlich, man könne den Landwirt mit Haut und Haar, mit dem Boden, mit alledem, was daran hängt, mit dem, was die Landwirtschaft an sonstigen Produkten wiederum in die Welt übergehen lässt, so einfach von heute auf morgen in den anthroposophischen Betrieb hineinbekommen. Das meinen die «zentralen» Anthroposophen. Sie irren natürlich. Und wenn auch sehr viele von ihnen sagen, sie seien treue Anhänger von mir, ja, da geht es oftmals so, dass sie schon in ihrem Gemüt treue Anhänger sind, aber sie hören vorbei, was ich in entscheidenden Augenblicken sagen muss. Sie hören dann nicht, dass ich zum Beispiel sage: Es ist eine Naivität, zu glauben, dass man einen Professor oder einen sonstigen Wissenschafter von heute auf einmal für die Anthroposophie gewinnen kann. Das geht nicht. Der Mensch hat mit einer zwanzig- bis dreißigjährigen Vergangenheit zu brechen, dazu häute er hinter sich einen Abgrund aufzurichten; die Dinge müssen nach dem Leben genommen werden.
Anthroposophen glauben oftmals, das Leben bestehe im Denken. Es besteht nicht bloß im Denken. Diese Dinge müssen gesagt werden, damit sie auch auf den richtigen Boden fallen können. Diejenigen, die irgendein Lebensgebiet aus gutem, treuem Herzen mit der Anthroposophie vereinigen wollen, ja, auch wissenschaftliche Gebiete, haben sich dieses eben gar nicht klargemacht, als sie innerhalb der Anthroposophie Arbeitende geworden sind, und sie gehen immer wieder von der irrigen Meinung aus, man müsse es ebenso machen, wie man es bisher in der Wissenschaft gemacht hat, müsse genau so vorgehen, wie man bisher in der Wissenschaft vorgegangen ist. Zum Beispiel gibt es eine Anzahl von auf medizinischem Gebiete bei uns arbeitenden, recht lieben, guten Anthroposophen, die fanden, dass nun Mediziner auf ihre bisherige medizinische Art anwenden sollten, was aus der anthroposophischen Medizin kommt. In dieser Beziehung macht Frau Doktor Wegman eine volle Ausnahme; die sah nur eben rein die Notwendigkeit [, die für die anthroposophische Medizin besteht] innerhalb unserer Gesellschaft.
Ja, was erlebt man da? Da handelt es sich nun nicht so sehr um die Ausbreitung des Zentralanthroposophischen [innerhalb der Gesellschaft], sondern da handelt es sich um die Ausbreitung des Anthroposophischen heraus in die Welt. Da erlebt man, dass die Leute sagen: Ja, das haben wir bisher auch gemacht, darinnen sind wir die Fachleute, das können wir mit unseren Methoden beherrschen, darüber können wir ja ohne Zweifel urteilen. Aber was [die] da bringen, widerspricht dem, was wir mit unseren Methoden gefunden haben. Sie sagen dann, dass es falsch sei, und wir haben es erlebt, wenn man es rein den Wissenschaftern nachmachen will, dass sie sagen, das könnten sie besser. Es ist in diesen Fällen gar nicht zu leugnen, dass die es besser anwenden können, schon aus dem Grunde, weil in der Wissenschaft in den letzten Jahren eigentlich die Methoden die Wissenschaft gefressen haben. Die Wissenschaften haben nur noch Methoden. Sie gehen nicht mehr auf das Sachliche los, sie sind ja aufgezehrt worden von ihren Methoden, sodass man heute die Forschungen haben kann, aber es ist nichts mehr [Substanzielles] drinnen. So haben wir es erlebt, dass diese Wissenschafter, die ihre Methoden vorzüglich exakt hatten, wütend wurden, wenn die Anthroposophen kamen und nichts anderes taten, als dieselben Methoden handhaben. Was kann man hier damit beweisen? Nichts anderes hat sich herausgestellt bei den schönen Dingen, die wir so machen können, bei den ausgezeichneten Untersuchungen, die in dem Biologischen Institut [am Goetheanum] gemacht werden, als dass die Leute wütend waren, wenn unsere Wissenschafter in ihren Vorträgen über dieselben Methoden sprachen. Sie waren wütend, denn sie hörten die Dinge, die sie gewohnt waren, in gewissen Gedankenbahnen zu haben, die hörten sie wiederum.
Aber wir haben etwas anderes erlebt, was wichtig ist. Das ist dieses: Es haben sich nun einige unserer Wissenschafter mal bequemt, von ihrer Methode, es den anderen nachzumachen, abzugehen, haben es nur halb und halb gemacht, nur so, dass sie im ersten Teil ganz wissenschaftlich waren, richtig die Methoden der Wissenschaft angewendet haben in den Auseinandersetzungen. Dann wurden die Zuhörer wütend. Was pfuscht man uns in unsere Sache hinein, was heißt das? Das sind ja Frechlinge, sind freche Dachse, die ja dileutantisch in unsere Wissenschaft hineinpfuschen! Dann waren die Redner im zweiten Teile übergegangen zu dem eigentlichen Leben, was nun nicht herausgearbeitet ist in der alten Art, sondern als Anthroposophisches vom Überirdischen her genommen ist. Da wurden die, die vorher wütend waren, furchtbar aufmerksam, waren begierig, das zu hören, und fingen an, Feuer zu fangen. Anthroposophie mochten die Leute schon, aber sie können nicht leiden - und sogar, wie ich zugestanden habe, mit Recht -, was man als ein unklares Mixtum compositum von Anthroposophie und Wissenschaft zusammenleimt. Mit dem kann man nicht vorwärtskommen.
Deshalb begrüße ich es mit einer großen Freude, dass auf Anregung des Grafen Keyserlingk das hervorgegangen ist, dass nun die landwirtschaftliche Berufsgemeinschaft sich zusammenschließen will auf demjenigen, was von Dornach aus als Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion begründet worden ist. Diese Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion ist ja, wie das andere, das jetzt vor uns hintritt, aus der Weihnachtstagung hervorgegangen.
Also von Dornach wird schon ausgehen, was ausgehen soll. Da werden wir schon aus der Anthroposophie selber heraus die allerexaktesten Wissenschaftsmethoden und Richtlinien finden. Nur natürlich kann ich nicht einverstanden sein mit demjenigen, was Graf Keyserlingk gesagt hat, dass die angeführte Berufsgemeinschaft bloß Ausführungsorgan sein soll. Sie werden sich schon überzeugen, dass von Dornach aus eine Art von Richtlinien, Angaben ausgeht, die von jedem Menschen auf seinem Platze verlangt, wenn er mitarbeiten will, dass er ein ganzer Mitarbeiter ist. Wir werden sogar - und das wird sich am Ende meiner Vorträge herausstellen, ich werde ja die ersten Richtlinien am Ende des Vortrags zu geben haben - die Grundlage zu der allerersten Arbeit, die wir in Dornach zu leisten haben, erst von Ihnen zu bekommen haben. Wir werden die Richtlinien so anzugeben haben, dass erst aus den Antworten heraus, die wir bekommen, wir irgendetwas machen können. Also wir werden von Anfang an aktive, aktivste Mitarbeiter brauchen, nicht bloß Ausführungsorgane. Denn sehen Sie, wenn ich nur eines anführe - mehrfach wurde es in diesen Tagen vom Grafen Keyserlingk und mir besprochen -, ein Gut ist ja immer in dem Sinne eine Individualität, dass es wirklich niemals das gleiche ist wie ein anderes Gut. Klima, Bodenverhältnisse geben die allerunterste Grundlage zur Individualität eines Gutes. Ein Gut in Schlesien ist nicht so wie in Thüringen oder Süddeutschland. Das sind wirklich Individualitäten. Nun haben gerade nach anthroposophischer Anschauung Allgemeinheiten, Abstraktionen überhaupt gar keinen Wert, und sie haben am allerwenigsten Wert, wenn man in die Praxis eingreifen will. Was hat es für einen Wert, nur im Allgemeinen von dieser praktischen Frage von Gütern zu sprechen!
Im Allgemeinen soll man achten auf das, was konkret ist, da kommt man auf das, was dann angewendet werden muss. Man muss natürlich, so wie aus den zweiunddreißig Buchstaben das Verschiedenste zusammengesetzt ist, auch mit dem verfahren, was in diesen Vorträgen vorgebracht wird, weil sich daraus erst zusammensetzen wird, was man erwartet. Wenn man über die praktischen Fragen sprechen will auf Grundlage der sechzig Mitarbeiter, da handelt es sich ja doch wirklich darum, die praktischen Winke und die praktischen Unterlagen für diese sechzig konkreten Landwirtschafter zu finden. Und nun wird es sich zuerst darum handeln, dasjenige aufzusuchen, was wir nach dieser Richtung hin wissen. Dann wird sich erst die allererste Versuchsreihe ergeben, dann wird es sich darum handeln, wirklich praktisch zu arbeiten. Dazu brauchen wir aktivste Mitglieder. Und was wir brauchen, das sind überhaupt in der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft wirkliche Praktiker, die nicht abgehen von dem Prinzip, dass die Praxis eben doch etwas fordert, was nicht gleich von heute auf morgen verwirklicht werden kann. Wenn die, die ich zentrale Anthroposophen genannt habe, glauben, dass ein Professor oder ein Landwirt oder ein Arzt, nachdem sie jahrzehntelang in einem bestimmten Milieu gestanden sind, von heute auf morgen eine anthroposophische Überzeugung annehmen können, so ist das eben ein Irrtum. Bei der Landwirtschaft wird es ja deutlich hervortreten. Der landwirtschaftliche Anthroposoph könnte ja, wenn er idealistisch genug dazu ist, von dem neunundzwanzigsten ins dreißigste Jahr ganz ins anthroposophische Fahrwasser auch in Bezug auf seine Landwirtschaft übergehen; aber machen die Äcker, Betriebseinrichtungen, das mit, die zwischen ihm und den Konsumenten vermitteln und so weiter? Die kann man doch nicht vom neunundzwanzigsten aufs dreißigste Jahr gleich zu Anthroposophen machen. Und wenn man dann einsieht, dass das nicht geht, verliert man sehr häufig gleich den Mut.
Aber gerade darum handelt es sich, dass man nicht immer den Mut verliert, sondern weiß, es kommt nicht auf den Augenblickserfolg an, sondern auf das unbedingte Arbeiten. Man macht so viel, als eben gleich geht. Der eine kann mehr, der andere kann weniger. Schließlich wird man sogar, so paradox das klingt, umso mehr machen können, je beschränkter man es gestaltet in dem Umfange des Landes, das man in unserer Weise zunächst bewirtschaftet. Nicht wahr, bei einer kleinen Landfläche, einem kleinen Landumfange, ruiniert man nicht so viel als bei dem großen. Und da kann auch das, was durch die anthroposophischen Richtlinien an Verbesserungen sich ergibt, sich sehr schnell herausstellen, weil man nicht so viel abändern muss. Und so wird sich auch der Nutzeffekt leichter herausstellen wie auf einem großen Gute. Aber die Dinge müssten wirklich zustimmend werden gerade bei einem so praktischen Gebiete wie der Landwirtschaft, wenn diese Gemeinschaft wirklich einen Erfolg haben soll. Und es ist ja sehr merkwürdig, man hat viel, aber in aller Gutartigkeit und ohne Ironie, weil man sich gefreut hat darüber, über die Differenz bei der ersten Versammlung zwischen dem Grafen Keyserlingk und Herrn Stegemann gesprochen. Und so etwas nuanciert sich dann, sodass ich fast glaubte, man müsse nachdenken, ob an jenem Abend nicht der anthroposophische Vorstand oder irgendjemand ersucht werden müsse, um dabei zu sein, um die streitenden Geister zu verbinden. Aber nach und nach habe ich mich von etwas ganz anderem überzeugt, davon, dass das, was da sich geltend macht, eigentlich die Grundlage zu einer intimen Toleranz ist unter den Landwirten, zu einem intimen Sichgeltenlassen unter Kollegen - man hat nur eine gewisse raue Außenseite.
Es handelt sich tatsächlich darum, dass der Landwirt mehr als mancher andere nötig hat, sich seiner Haut zu wehren, und dass ihm sehr leicht in die Dinge hineingesprochen wird, die er nur allein verstehen kann. Es ist das durchaus so, dass man eigentlich eine gewisse Toleranz da auf dem Grunde dann entdeckt. Alles das muss eigentlich wirklich richtig empfunden werden in dieser Gemeinschaft, und ich mache diese Bemerkung hier nur, weil ich wirklich meine, dass es notwendig ist, dass wir von vornherein richtig anfangen.
So meine ich, dass ich noch einmal meine tiefste Befriedigung aussprechen darf über das, was durch Sie hier geschehen ist, dass ich glaube, wir haben die Erfahrungen der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft richtig berücksichtigt, dass, was eingeleitet wurde, von großem Segen sein wird und dass es an Dornach nicht fehlen wird, mit denjenigen, die mit uns zusammen aktive Mitarbeiter an der Sache sein wollen, tatkräftig zusammenzuarbeiten. Wir haben uns ja nur zu freuen darüber, dass dasjenige, was hier in Koberwitz geschieht, eingeleitet wurde. Und wenn so oft Graf Keyserlingk sagt, dass ich mir etwas auferlegt hätte, wenn ich hierhergekommen bin, so möchte ich darauf doch erwidern, nicht um jetzt so eine Differenzdiskussion hervorzurufen: Was ist es denn viel, was ich an Mühen hatte? Ich musste hierherfahren und bin nun in den allerschönsten und besten Bedingungen hier, alles Unangenehme machen andere, und ich habe nur jeden Tag zu reden, allerdings Reden, vor denen ich etwas Respekt hatte, weil sie ein neues Gebiet sind. Meine Mühe ist nicht so groß. Wenn ich aber sehe alle die Mühe, die Graf Keyserlingk und dieses ganze Haus haben, was da alles hineingeschneit gekommen ist, dann muss ich sagen, da erscheint mir dasjenige, was an Einzelnem hat geschehen müssen durch die, welche dabei geholfen haben, dass wir hier zusammen sein können, ja turmhoch viel höher schließlich als das, dass ich mich in das Fertige gesetzt habe. Und gerade an diesem Punkte kann ich mit dem Herrn Grafen nicht einverstanden sein. Darum möchte ich Sie durchaus bitten, alles das, was Sie als Anerkennenswertes finden in Bezug auf das Zustandekommen dieses landwirtschaftlichen Kursus, ihm zu danken und vor allen Dingen darauf bedacht zu sein, wenn er nicht mit solcher eisernen Kraft eben nachgedacht und seinen Vertreter nach Dornach geschickt und gar nicht nachgelassen hätte, so würde vielleicht bei dem außerordentlich vielen, das von Dornach aus zustande zu kommen hat, dennoch dieser in diese äußerste Ostecke verlegte Kursus vielleicht nicht zustande gekommen sein. Ich bin gar nicht einverstanden, dass die Dankgefühle auf mich abgeladen werden, sondern sie gehören wirklich im allereminentesten Maße dem Grafen Keyserlingk und seinem ganzen Hause. Das ist das, was ich in die Diskussion noch hineinwerfen möchte.
Es ist vorerst ja nicht mehr so außerordentlich viel zu sagen, sondern nur das, dass wir in Dornach brauchen werden eine Darstellung von jedem Einzelnen, der in dem Ring mitarbeiten will, was er unter der Erde hat, was er über der Erde hat und wie die beiden Dinge zusammenarbeiten. Nicht wahr, man muss natürlich ganz genau wissen, wenn man Unterlagen gebrauchen soll, wie die Dinge sind, auf welche diese Unterlagen hinweisen. Also dasjenige, was da in Betracht kommt, wäre ja das, was Sie aus Ihrer Praxis heraus noch besser wissen als wir in Dornach: Die Bodenbeschaffenheit der einzelnen Güter, was an Wald oder wie viel Wald und dergleichen vorhanden ist, was auf dem Gute bewirtschaftet worden ist in den letzten Jahren, wie die Erträgnisse waren, kurz, wir müssen im Grunde alles das wissen, was ja jeder einzelne Landwirt wissen muss, wenn er in verständiger Weise, gerade in bauernverständiger Weise, sein Gut verwalten will. Das sind die ersten Angaben, die wir brauchen: die Dinge, die da sind auf dem Gute, und die Erfahrungen, die der Einzelne mit diesen Dingen gemacht hat. Das ist im Grunde bald gesagt. Wie man das zusammenstellen soll, wird sich im Laufe dieser Tagung ergeben, wo noch Gesichtspunkte herauskommen werden für die Landwirtschaft, die sozusagen manchen darauf hinweisen werden, welches der Zusammenhang ist zwischen demjenigen, was der Boden zuletzt gibt, und demjenigen, was der Boden und seine Umgebung sind.
Ich glaube, dass mit diesen Worten schon charakterisiert ist dasjenige, was als ausgearbeitete Vorlage der Herr Graf Keyserlingk von den Mitgliedern des Ringes wünscht. Die freundlichen lieben Worte, die der verehrte Herr Graf wiederum an uns alle gerichtet hat mit der feinsinnigen Unterscheidung zwischen Bauern und Wissenschaftern, wodurch das hingestellt war auf der einen Seite so, dass im Ringe sich befinden alle Bauern und in Dornach die Wissenschafter sitzen, diese Einstellung darf, kann so nicht bleiben. Wir müssen sozusagen schon zusammenwachsen, und in Dornach muss so viel Bäuerliches walten, als nur trotz der Wissenschaftlichkeit walten kann. Und das, was von Dornach als Wissenschaft ausgeht, muss so sein, dass es einleuchtet dem konservativsten Bauernkopf. Ich hoffe, dass das ja auch nur eine Freundlichkeit war, wenn der Graf Keyserlingk gesagt hat, er versteht mich nicht. Es ist eine besondere Art von Freundlichkeit. Denn ich denke, wir werden da schon wie Zwillingsnaturen, Dornach und der Ring, zusammenwachsen. Großbauer hat er mich am Schlusse genannt. Nun, das deutet ja schon darauf hin, dass auch er im Gefühle hat, dass man zusammenwachsen kann. Aber sehen Sie, ich kann wirklich nicht bloß von dem kleinen anfänglichen Versuch des Mistrührens, dem ich mich, bevor ich hierhergefahren bin, notgedrungen hingeben musste - was ja auch fortgesetzt werden musste, denn ich konnte nicht so lange rühren, es muss sehr lange gerührt werden, ich konnte nur anfangen zu rühren, dann musste das fortgesetzt werden -, schon so angeredet werden. Nun, das sind ganze Kleinigkeiten. Aber daraus bin ich nicht eigentlich herausgewachsen. Ich bin herausgewachsen so recht aus dem Bauerntum. Ich bin der Gesinnung nach immer dringeblieben. Ich habe - es ist dies in meinem Lebensgang angedeutet -, wenn auch nicht auf so großen Gütern wie hier, aber in kleinerem Bereiche Kartoffeln gepflanzt, habe, wenn auch nicht gerade Pferde aufgezogen, so doch Schweine oder wenigstens mitgetan dabei, auch teilgenommen in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft an der Kuhwirtschaft. Alle diese Dinge haben mir ja lange Zeit in meinem Leben nahegestanden, und ich habe mitgetan und bin gerade dadurch wenigstens sozusagen in Liebe der Landwirtschaft geneigt, aus der Landwirtschaft herausgewachsen. Das hängt mir viel mehr an als das bisschen Mistrühren für jetzt. Und so möchte ich in diesem Sinne doch auch wiederum mich mit anderem nicht ganz einverstanden erklären, so möchte ich auch da schon sagen, wenn ich jetzt wiederum zurückschaue in mein Leben, dann ist das bäuerlich Wertvollste nicht der Großbauer, sondern der kleine Bauer, der gerade als kleiner Bauernjunge mit der Landwirtschaft gearbeitet hat. Wenn das jetzt in einem größeren Maßstabe geschehen soll, ins Wissenschaftliche umgesetzt, so wird das wirklich herauswachsen aus - auf Niederösterreichisch geredet - der Bauernschädeligkeit. Dieses Herauswachsen wird mir mehr dienen als das, was ich später angenommen habe. Deshalb betrachten Sie mich als diesen die Liebe zur Landwirtschaft gewonnen habenden Kleinbauern, der sich an seine Kleinbäuerlichkeit erinnert und wirklich gerade dadurch das verstehen kann, was im jetzt sogenannten Bauerntum der Landwirtschaft lebt. Es wird das in Dornach verstanden werden, Sie können dessen versichert sein. Ich habe immer eine Meinung gehabt, die nicht so ironisch gemeint war, wie sie, wie es scheint, aufgefasst worden ist, dass diese Dummheit - Torheit, sagte ich - dann Weisheit vor Gott, vor dem Geist ist. Ich habe nämlich immer das, was die Bauern gedacht haben über ihre Dinge, furchtbar viel gescheiter gefunden, als was die Wissenschafter gedacht haben. Ich habe es immer gefunden, ich finde es auch heute eigentlich viel gescheiter. Ich höre lieber auf alles dasjenige, was so gelegentlich mal jemand, der unmittelbar am Acker angreift, über seine Erfahrungen, die er macht, sagt, als auf alle die ahrimanischen Statistiken, die aus der Wissenschaft herauskommen, und ich bin immer froh gewesen, wenn ich so etwas hören konnte, weil ich es immer außerordentlich weise fand. Und gerade auf dem Gebiet der praktischen Auswirkung, der Ausführung, fand ich immer die Wissenschaft außerordentlich dumm. Nun, alles, was gerade diese Wissenschaft erst gescheit machen soll, sie gescheit macht gerade durch die «Dummheit» des Bauerntums, etwas «Dummheit» des Bauerntums in die Wissenschaft hineinzutragen, darum mühen wir uns in Dornach. Dann wird diese Dummheit Weisheit werden vor Gott. Wollen wir in dieser Weise zusammenwirken, das wird ein echt konservatives, aber auch ein äußerst radikal fortschrittliches Beginnen sein. Es wird mir dies immer eine sehr schöne Erinnerung bleiben, wenn gerade dieser Kursus zum Ausgangspunkt wird, dass hier wirklich echtes, weises Bauerntum in die ja vielleicht nicht dumm gewordene - das würde sie beleidigen - aber in die, ich möchte sagen, totgewordene Methodik der Wissenschaft hineingetragen wird, und Doktor Wachsmuth hat ja auch abgewiesen diese Wissenschaft, die eigentlich tot geworden ist, und hat die lebendige Wissenschaft, die erst durch die Bauernweisheit befruchtet werden soll, gewünscht. Wollen wir in dieser Weise wie siamesische Zwillinge, Dornach und der Ring, zusammenwachsen. Von Zwillingen sagt man, sie haben eigentlich ein gleiches Fühlen, ein gleiches Denken, und haben wir dieses gleiche Fühlen und dieses gleiche Denken, dann werden wir auf unserem Gebiete auch am besten vorwärtskommen.
Address
First of all, let me express my deepest satisfaction that this experimental ring, which was initiated by Count Keyserlingk, has come into being and has now been expanded to include those interested in agriculture who were present at such a meeting for the first time. The reason for this arose from the fact that, in response to various requests, Mr. Stegemann initially agreed to share some of what had been discussed between him and me over the past few years regarding various guidelines for agriculture, and what he had tried out on his farm in one way or another through his commendable efforts. This led to a discussion between our highly esteemed Count Keyserlingk and Mr. Stegemann, which resulted in a meeting in which the resolution read out today was drafted, and which in turn led to us gathering here again today.
It is indeed a deeply satisfying fact that, following on from what are initially only guidelines, a number of people have now come forward to carry out trials to confirm these guidelines and show how they can be put into practice. However, at a time when something so satisfying is taking shape, we must be aware that we need to make use of the experience we have gained through our practical efforts within the anthroposophical movement and, in particular, that we must avoid the mistakes that have become so apparent over the course of time, when anthroposophical I would say, central activity spread to peripheral activity, to the introduction of what anthroposophy should be and can be into the various areas of life. Now, of course, what will be of particular interest for the work that this agricultural community has to do is what we have learned from experience in introducing, let us say, anthroposophy into general science.
You see, when it comes to something like this, there are those who have, so to speak, administered the central aspects of anthroposophy in their own way, with inner loyalty and inner devotion, and those who stand on the periphery and want to work on individual areas of life, usually without a full understanding of each other. We have experienced this sufficiently in our collaboration with our scientific institutes. On the one hand, there are the anthroposophists as such, the anthroposophists who live out their lives in this center of anthroposophy as a worldview, as a purpose in life, which they perhaps carry through the world every minute with strong inner conviction. There are the anthroposophists who practice anthroposophy, love it, and make it their own purpose in life. They usually—though not always—have the mental image that something significant has been accomplished when one or many people have been won over to anthroposophy. When they interact with the outside world, they really only want to win people over to anthroposophy, and they have this idea that people must also – forgive the expression – be won over lock, stock, and barrel, for example, if someone is a university professor in some branch of natural science, the way he is embedded in the natural science establishment in which he stands. Such anthroposophists, in their good-heartedness and love, then naturally believe that you can simply take a farmer, lock, stock, and barrel, with the soil and everything that goes with it, with all the other products that agriculture brings into the world, and transfer him into the anthroposophical system overnight. That is what the “central” anthroposophists believe. They are mistaken, of course. And even though many of them say they are loyal followers of mine, it is often the case that they are loyal followers in their hearts, but they fail to hear what I have to say at crucial moments. They do not hear, for example, when I say: It is naive to believe that a professor or other scientist can be won over to anthroposophy overnight. That is not possible. People have to break with twenty to thirty years of their past, and to do that they have to erect an abyss behind them; things have to be taken as they are in life.
Anthroposophists often believe that life consists of thinking. It does not consist solely of thinking. These things have to be said so that they can fall on the right ground. Those who, out of a good and loyal heart, want to unite some area of life with anthroposophy, even scientific areas, did not make this clear to themselves when they became anthroposophical workers, and they repeatedly start from the mistaken opinion that that one must do things the same way they have been done in science up to now, that one must proceed exactly as one has proceeded in science up to now. For example, there are a number of very dear, good anthroposophists working in the medical field who felt that physicians should apply what comes from anthroposophical medicine in their previous medical manner. In this respect, Dr. Wegman is a complete exception; she saw only the necessity [that exists for anthroposophical medicine] within our society.
Yes, what do you experience there? It's not so much about the spread of Central Anthroposophy [within society], but rather about the spread of Anthroposophy out into the world. You experience people saying: Yes, we've been doing that too, we're the experts in that field, we've mastered it with our methods, we can judge it without a doubt. But what they're bringing in contradicts what we've found with our methods. They then say that it's wrong, and we've experienced that when you try to imitate scientists, they say they can do it better. In these cases, there is no denying that they can apply it better, if only because in recent years, methods have actually consumed science. The sciences only have methods left. They no longer focus on the facts; they have been consumed by their methods, so that today we may have research, but there is nothing [substantial] left in it. We have seen how these scientists, who had perfected their methods, became angry when the anthroposophists came along and did nothing but apply the same methods. What can this prove? Nothing else has come of the beautiful things we can do, of the excellent research carried out at the Biological Institute [at the Goetheanum], except that people became angry when our scientists spoke about the same methods in their lectures. They were angry because they heard things they were used to hearing in certain trains of thought.
But we have experienced something else that is important. This is this: some of our scientists have now deigned to depart from their method of imitating others, but they have only done so halfway, in such a way that in the first part they were completely scientific, correctly applying the methods of science in the discussions. Then the listeners became angry. What are they doing meddling in our business, what does that mean? They are insolent, cheeky individuals who are meddling in our science in a dilettantish manner! Then, in the second part, the speakers moved on to actual life, which is not elaborated in the old way, but is taken from the super-earthly as anthroposophy. Those who had been angry before became terribly attentive, eager to hear, and began to catch fire. People already liked anthroposophy, but they cannot stand—and, as I have admitted, rightly so—what is glued together as an unclear mixture of anthroposophy and science. You can't get anywhere with that. This Scientific Section, like the other thing that is now coming to the fore, emerged from the Christmas Conference.
So what is to come will come from Dornach. There, from anthroposophy itself, we will find the most precise scientific methods and guidelines. Of course, I cannot agree with what Count Keyserlingk said, that the professional community mentioned should merely be an executive body. You will see for yourselves that a kind of guidelines, of instructions, will emerge from Dornach which will be required of every person in their place if they want to work with us, if they want to be a full co-worker. We will even—and this will become clear at the end of my lectures, as I will have to give the first guidelines at the end of the lecture—have to obtain the basis for the very first work we have to do in Dornach from you. We will have to give the guidelines in such a way that we can only do anything based on the answers we receive. So from the very beginning we will need active, highly active employees, not just executors. For you see, if I mention just one thing – it has been discussed several times in recent days by Count Keyserlingk and myself – a good is always an individuality in the sense that it is never really the same as another good. Climate and soil conditions provide the very foundation for the individuality of a good. A good in Silesia is not the same as in Thuringia or southern Germany. These are truly individualities. Now, according to the anthroposophical view, generalities and abstractions have no value at all, and they have the least value when one wants to intervene in practice. What value is there in speaking only in general terms about this practical question of goods?
In general, one should pay attention to what is concrete, because that is how one arrives at what needs to be applied. Of course, just as the thirty-two letters are combined to form the most diverse words, one must also proceed in the same way with what is presented in these lectures, because it is only from this that what one expects will emerge. If one wants to talk about practical questions on the basis of the sixty co-workers, then it is really a matter of finding practical pointers and practical documentation for these sixty concrete farmers. And now it will first be a matter of seeking out what we know in this direction. Then the very first series of experiments will emerge, and then it will be a matter of really working practically. For this we need our most active members. And what we need in the Anthroposophical Society are real practitioners who do not depart from the principle that practice demands something that cannot be achieved overnight. If those whom I have called central anthroposophists believe that a professor or a farmer or a doctor, after decades in a particular milieu, can adopt an anthroposophical conviction overnight, then that is simply a mistake. This becomes very clear in agriculture. An anthroposophical farmer, if he is idealistic enough, could switch completely to anthroposophical methods in his farming from the age of twenty-nine to thirty; but would the fields, the farm equipment, the intermediaries between him and the consumers, and so on, go along with that? You can't turn them into anthroposophists overnight between the ages of 29 and 30. And when you realize that this is not possible, you very often lose heart.
But that is precisely the point: one must not always lose heart, but know that it is not momentary success that counts, but unconditional work. One does as much as one can. One person can do more, another less. Ultimately, as paradoxical as it may sound, the more limited you are in the scope of the land you initially cultivate in our way, the more you will be able to do. Isn't it true that you don't ruin as much with a small area of land, a small amount of land, as you do with a large amount? And there, the improvements resulting from the anthroposophical guidelines can also become apparent very quickly, because you don't have to change so much. And so the benefits will also become apparent more easily than on a large estate. But things really have to be agreed upon, especially in such a practical area as agriculture, if this community is to be truly successful. And it is very strange that people have talked a lot, but in all good faith and without irony, because they were pleased about the difference between Count Keyserlingk and Mr. Stegemann at the first meeting. And something like that becomes so nuanced that I almost believed one had to consider whether the anthroposophical board or someone else should be asked to be present that evening to reconcile the disputing spirits. But little by little I became convinced of something quite different, namely that what is asserting itself here is actually the basis for an intimate tolerance among farmers, for an intimate acceptance among colleagues – they just have a certain rough exterior.
The fact is that farmers need to defend themselves more than many others, and it is very easy for people to talk them into things that only they can understand. It is certainly true that one then discovers a certain tolerance at the core. All of this really needs to be understood in this community, and I am only making this comment here because I truly believe that it is necessary for us to start off on the right foot from the outset.
So I would like to express once again my deepest satisfaction with what you have achieved here, that I believe we have taken the experiences of the Anthroposophical Society into account in the right way, that what has been initiated will be a great blessing, and that Dornach will not fail to work actively with those who want to be active collaborators with us in this cause. We can only rejoice that what is happening here in Koberwitz has been initiated. And when Count Keyserlingk so often says that I have imposed something on myself by coming here, I would like to reply, not to provoke a discussion of differences: What effort did I really have to make? I had to travel here, and now I am in the most beautiful and best conditions, with others doing all the unpleasant work, and all I have to do is talk every day—admittedly, speeches that I had some respect for because they were in a new field. My effort is not so great. But when I see all the effort that Count Keyserlingk and this entire household have put in, everything that has come in, then I must say that what had to be done by those who helped us to be here together seems to me to be towering above what I have had to do. is ultimately towering above what I have contributed to the finished product. And it is precisely on this point that I cannot agree with Count Keyserlingk. Therefore, I would ask you to thank him for everything you find worthy of recognition in relation to the establishment of this agricultural course and, above all, to bear in mind that if he had not thought it through with such iron determination, sent his representative to Dornach, and never given up, then perhaps, given the extraordinary amount that has to be achieved in Dornach, might not have come about at all. I do not agree that the feelings of gratitude should be directed toward me; they really belong to Count Keyserlingk and his entire family. That is what I would like to add to the discussion.
For the time being, there is not much more to say, except that we in Dornach will need a description from each individual who wants to work in the circle of what they have below the ground, what they have above the ground, and how the two things work together. Of course, if you need documentation, you have to know exactly what things are that the documentation refers to. So what comes into consideration would be what you know even better than we do in Dornach from your practical experience: the soil conditions of the individual estates, what kind of forest or how much forest there is and so on, what has been cultivated on the estate in recent years, what the yields have been, in short, we basically need to know everything that every individual farmer needs to know if he wants to manage his estate in a sensible way, especially in a way that farmers understand. That is the initial information we need: the things that are on the estate and the experience that the individual has had with these things. That is basically it in a nutshell. How this should be compiled will become clear in the course of this conference, where further points of view will emerge for agriculture, which will, so to speak, point out to some the connection between what the soil ultimately yields and what the soil and its environment are.
I believe that these words adequately characterize what Count Keyserlingk desires from the members of the Ring in the form of a detailed proposal. The kind and loving words that the esteemed Count has again addressed to us all, with his subtle distinction between farmers and scientists, which on the one hand suggests that all farmers are in the Ring and all scientists are in Dornach, cannot and must not remain as it is. We must, so to speak, grow together, and in Dornach there must be as much of the rural way of life as can prevail despite the scientific nature of the work. And what emanates from Dornach as science must be such that it makes sense to even the most conservative farmer. I hope that it was just a friendly remark when Count Keyserlingk said that he did not understand me. It is a special kind of friendliness. For I think that we are already growing together like twin natures, Dornach and the Ring. At the end, he called me a large farmer. Well, that already indicates that he too feels that we can grow together. But you see, I really can't be addressed in this way just because of the little initial attempt at stirring up trouble that I was forced to indulge in before I came here—which had to be continued, because I couldn't stir for so long, it has to be stirred for a very long time, I could only start stirring, then it had to be continued. Well, these are all minor details. But I didn't really outgrow them. I really outgrew farming. I have always remained true to my convictions. As indicated in my life story, I planted potatoes, albeit not on such large estates as here, but on a smaller scale, and although I did not raise horses, I did raise pigs, or at least helped with it, and I also participated in cow farming in the immediate neighborhood. All these things have been close to me for a long time in my life, and I have participated in them and, precisely because of this, have grown to love agriculture, so to speak, and outgrown it. That means much more to me than the little bit of mucking out I have to do now. And so, in this sense, I would like to disagree with others, and I would like to say that when I look back on my life, the most valuable thing in farming is not the large farmer, but the small farmer who worked in agriculture as a young boy. If this is to happen on a larger scale, translated into science, then it will really grow out of – to use Lower Austrian parlance – peasant narrow-mindedness. This growth will serve me better than what I later assumed. Therefore, consider me as a small farmer who has gained a love for agriculture, who remembers his small-scale farming and, precisely because of this, can truly understand what lives in what is now called peasantry in agriculture. This will be understood in Dornach, you can be assured of that. I have always had an opinion that was not meant to be as ironic as it seems to have been taken, that this stupidity – foolishness, I said – is wisdom before God, before the spirit. For I have always found what farmers thought about their affairs to be far more intelligent than what scientists thought. I have always found it, and I still find it, much smarter. I would rather listen to what someone who works directly in the fields says about their experiences than to all the Ahrimanic statistics that come out of science, and I have always been happy when I heard such things because I always found them extremely wise. And especially in the area of practical application, of execution, I always found science extremely stupid. Well, everything that this science is supposed to make clever, it makes clever precisely through the “stupidity” of the peasantry, by bringing a little “stupidity” of the peasantry into science, and that is what we are striving for in Dornach. Then this stupidity will become wisdom before God. If we want to work together in this way, it will be a truly conservative but also an extremely radical progressive beginning. I will always have very fond memories of this course as the starting point for bringing genuine, wise peasantry into what is perhaps not stupid—that would be insulting—but into what I would like to say, dead methodology of science, and Dr. Wachsmuth also rejected this science, which has actually become dead, and desired a living science that must first be fertilized by peasant wisdom. Let us grow together in this way, like Siamese twins, Dornach and the Ring. Twins are said to have the same feelings and the same thoughts, and if we have these same feelings and thoughts, then we will also make the best progress in our field.