The Festivals and Their Meaning I:
Christmas
GA 203
1 January 1921, Stuttgart
V. The Proclamations to the Magi and the Shepherds
We will turn our thoughts to-day to the Festival which every year revives remembrance of the Mystery of Golgotha.
There are three such main Festivals in Christendom: at Christmas, Easter and Whitsuntide. Each of these Festivals brings man's life of soul into a different relation with the great events from which the whole of earth-evolution receives purpose and meaning.
The Christmas Festival is connected more directly with man's life of feeling. In a certain sense it has the most popular appeal of all the Festivals, because when rightly understood it deepens the life of feeling and is always dear to the human heart.
The Easter Festival makes great demands upon man's powers of understanding, because here some measure of insight is essential into the Mystery of Golgotha itself, into how a super-sensible Being entered the stream of earthly evolution. Easter is a Festival which carries the faculty of human understanding to the highest level, a level which is, of course, ultimately accessible to everyone; but the appeal of the Easter Festival can never be as widespread as that of Christmas.
Through the Whitsuntide Festival, relationship is established between the will and the super-sensible world to which the Christ Being belongs. It is of the impulses of will which then take effect in the world that the Whitsuntide Festival makes men conscious when its meaning is rightly understood.
And so the great Christian Mystery is illustrated in a threefold way by these Festivals. There are many aspects of the Christmas Mystery and in the course of years we have studied them from different points of view at the time of the Festival. To-day we will think of an aspect brought graphically before us in the Gospels.
The Gospels tell of two proclamations of the birth of Christ Jesus. The one proclamation is made to the simple shepherds in the fields, to whom—in dream or in some kindred way—an Angel announces the birth. In this case, knowledge of the event was brought by inner soul-forces which were of a particular character in the shepherds living near the birthplace of Christ Jesus. And the Gospels tell of another proclamation made to the Three Kings, the Three Magi from the East who follow the voice of a star announcing to them that Christ Jesus has come into the world.
Here we have an indication of two ways in which higher knowledge came to men in earlier times. This is again a matter of which the modern mind has no understanding. The idea prevailing nowadays is that man's faculties of apprehension and thinking—that is to say, inner powers of the soul—have for thousands and thousands of years been fundamentally the same as they are to-day, except that in earlier times they were more primitive. But we know from spiritual science that the tenor and mood of the human soul has undergone great changes in the course of the ages. In times of antiquity, let us say about six or seven thousand years ago, man had a quite different conception not only of his own life but also of the universe around him. His attitude of soul underwent continual change until, in the modern world, it amounts simply to intellectual analysis and a purely physical conception of things in the outer world. This development proceeds from an instinctive clairvoyance in ancient times, through the phase of our present mood-of-soul, in order, in the future, to return to a form of clairvoyant vision of the world pervaded by full, clear consciousness.
At the time when the Mystery of Golgotha took place on the earth, the old instinctive clairvoyance had already become dim. Although men's attitude of soul differed widely from that of to-day, they no longer possessed the powers of that ancient clairvoyance; neither were they able to apply the old forms of wisdom in seeking for intimate and exact knowledge of the world. The teachings of the ancient wisdom, as well as the faculties of instinctive clairvoyance, had lost their power when the Mystery of Golgotha took place. Nevertheless, echoes still survived, as the Gospels clearly indicate if we understand them aright. Echoes of the ancient wisdom survived here and there in certain exceptional individuals. These individuals might well have been the simple shepherds in the fields who with their great purity of heart possessed a certain power of clairvoyance which came over them like a dream. And there might also well have been individuals who had reached the heights of learning, like the Three Magi from the East, in whom the ancient faculty to gaze into the how of cosmic happenings had been preserved.
In a kind of dream-condition, the simple shepherds in the fields were able inwardly to realise what was drawing near in the event of the birth of Christ Jesus. On the other hand, the knowledge possessed by the three Magi from the East enabled them, by contemplating the phenomena of the heavens, to discern that an event of a significance far transcending that of the ordinary course of life was taking place on the earth.
Our attention is therefore directed to two definite but quite distinct forms of knowledge. We will think, first, of the knowledge possessed by the three Magi as a last remnant of an ancient wisdom. It is clearly indicated that these Magi were able to read the secrets of the movements of the stars. The story of the three Kings or Magi points to the existence of an ancient lore of the stars, an ancient knowledge of the secrets of the worlds of stars in which the secrets of happenings in the world of men were also revealed. This ancient lore of the stars was very different from our modern astronomical science—although in a certain respect it too is prophetic in that eclipses of the sun, of the moon, and the like, can be predicted. But it is a purely mathematical science, speaking only of conditions and relationships in space and time in so far as they can be expressed in terms of mathematics. What plays with a higher significance into man's inner life from beyond space and time, but into the world of space and time, was read by an ancient star-lore from the courses and movements of the stars, and it was this star-wisdom that formed the essential content of the science belonging to an earlier epoch. Men sought in the stars for explanations of what was happening on the earth. But to such men the world of stars was not the machinelike abstraction it has now come to be. Every planet was felt to have reality of being. In a kind of inner speech of the soul, these men of old conversed, as it were, with each planet, just as to-day we converse with one another in ordinary speech. They realised that what the movements of the stars bring about in the universe is reflected in man's inmost soul. This was a living, spirit-inwoven conception of the universe. And man felt that as a being of soul and spirit he himself had his place within this universe. The wisdom relating to cosmic happenings was also cultivated in Schools of the Mysteries where the pupils were prepared, carefully and intimately, to understand the movements of the stars in such a way that human life on earth became intelligible to them.
What form did these preparations take? These preparations for knowledge of the stars and their workings consisted in training the pupils, even in the times of instinctive clairvoyance, to unfold a more wide-awake consciousness than that prevailing in normal life. The masses of the people possessed faculties of instinctive clairvoyance which were natural in a life of soul less awake than our own. In ancient times the wide-awake thinking of to-day would not have been possible. Nor could mathematics or geometry be grasped in the way they are grasped by the modern mind. Man's whole life between birth and death was a kind of dreamlike existence, but on that very account he had a far more living awareness of the world around him than is possible in our fully wide-awake consciousness. And strange as it seems, in the age which lasted into the second millennium or even as late as the beginning of the first millennium B.C. (—it was to the last surviving remains of this age that men like the three Magi belonged—) individual pupils in the Mysteries were initiated into a kind of knowledge resembling our geometrical or mathematical sciences. It was Euclid1About 300 B.C. who first gave geometry to the world at large. The geometry presented to mankind by Euclid had already been cultivated for thousands of years in the Mysteries, but there it was communicated to chosen pupils only. Moreover it did not work in them in the same way as in men of later time. Paradoxical as it seems, it is nevertheless a fact that the geometry and arithmetic learnt by children to-day was taught in the Mysteries to individuals specially chosen from the masses on account of their particular gifts who were then received into the Mysteries.
One often hears it said to-day that the teachings given in the Mysteries were secret and veiled. In their abstract content however, these so-called ‘secret’ teachings were no different from what is now taught to children at school. The mystery does not lie in the fact that these things are unknown to-day but that they were imparted to human beings in a different way. For to teach the principles of geometry to children by calling upon the intellect in an age when from the moment of waking until that of falling asleep the human being has clear day-consciousness, is a very different matter from imparting them to pupils specially chosen because of their greater maturity of soul in the age of instinctive clairvoyance and dreamlike consciousness. A true conception of these things is rarely in evidence to-day.
In Eastern literature there is a Hymn to the God Varuna which says that Varuna is revealed in the air and in the winds blowing through the forests, in the thunder rolling from the clouds, in the human heart when it is kindled to acts of will, in the heavens when the sun passes across the sky, and is present on the hills in the soma juice. You will generally find it stated in books today that nobody knows what this soma-juice really is. Modern scholars assert that nobody knows what soma-juice is, although, as a matter of fact, there are people who drink it by the litre and from a certain point of view are quite familiar with it. But to know things from the vantage-point of the Mysteries is quite different from knowing them as a layman from the standpoint of the experiences of ordinary waking consciousness. You may read to-day about the ‘Philosopher's Stone’ for which men sought in an epoch when understanding of the nature of substances was very different from what it is today. And again, those who write about alchemy assert that nothing is known about the Philosopher's Stone. Here and there in my lectures I have said that this Philosopher's Stone is quite familiar to most people, only they do not know what it really is nor why it is so called. It is quite well known, because as a matter of fact it is used by the ton.
The modern mind with its tendency to abstraction and theory and its alienation from reality, is incapable of grasping these things. Nor is there any understanding of what is meant by saying that our geometrical and arithmetical sciences were once imparted to mature souls quite different in character from the souls of modern men, In my book Christianity as Mystical Fact I have indicated the special nature of the Mystery-teachings but these significant matters are not as a rule correctly understood; they are taken far too superficially. The way in which the subject-matter of the Mystery-teachings in ancient times was imparted—that is what needs to be understood.
Novalis was still aware of the human element, the element of feeling in mathematics which, in utter contrast to the vast majority to-day, he regarded as being akin to a great and wonderful Hymn.2None really comprehend mathematics who do not undertake the study with reverence and devotion as a revelation from God." (From Thoughts on Physics). It was to an understanding of the world imbued with feeling but expressed in mathematical forms that the pupil of the ancient Mysteries was led. And when this mathematical understanding of the universe had developed in such a pupil, he became one whose vision resembled that of the men described as the three Magi from the East. The mathematics of the universe which to us has become pure abstraction, then revealed reality of Being, because this knowledge was supplemented and enriched by something that came to meet it. And so the science and knowledge of the outer universe belonging to an ancient culture which in its last echoes survived in the Magi, was the origin of the one proclamation—the proclamation made by way of wisdom pertaining to the outer universe.
On the other side, inner feeling of the secrets of the evolution of humanity could arise in men of a disposition specially fitted for such experiences. Such men are represented by the shepherds in the fields. These inner forces must have reached a certain stage of development and then instinctive-imaginative perception became direct vision. And so, through their faculty of inner vision, the simple shepherds in the fields were made aware of the proclamation: ‘The God is revealing Himself in the heavenly Heights and through Him there can be peace among all men who are of good-will.’
Secrets of the cosmos were thus revealed to the hearts of the simple shepherds in the fields and to those who were the representatives of the highest wisdom attainable by the human mind at that time. This is the revelation made to the three Magi from the East. The great mystery of earth-existence was proclaimed from two sides.
What was it that came to the knowledge of the Magi? What kind of faculties developed in specially prepared pupils of the Mysteries through the mathematics imparted to them?
The philosopher Kant says of the truths of mathematical science that they are a priori. By this he means that they are determined before the acquisition of external, empirical knowledge.3"Mathematics and physics are the two theoretical sciences of reason which have to determine their objects a priori." (From the Preface to the 2nd ed. of The Critique of Pure Reason, 1787). This is so much lip-wisdom. Kant's a priori really says nothing. The expression has meaning only when we realise from spiritual-scientific knowledge that mathematics comes from within ourselves, rises into consciousness from within our own being. And where does it originate? In the experiences through which we passed in the spiritual world before conception, before birth. We were living then in the great universe, experiencing what it was possible to experience before we possessed bodily eyes and bodily ears. Our experiences then were a priori—a form of cognition independent of earthly life. And this is the kind of experience that rises up, unconsciously to-day, from our inmost being. Man does not know—unless, like Novalis, he glimpses it intuitively—that the experiences of the life before birth or conception well up when he is engrossed in mathematical thought. For one who can truly apprehend these things, mathematical cognition is in itself a proof that before conception and birth he existed in a spiritual world. Of those to whom this is no proof of a life before birth, it must be said that they do not think deeply and fundamentally enough about the phenomena and manifestations of life and have not the faintest inkling of the real origin of mathematics.
The pupils of the ancient Mysteries who had absorbed the kind of wisdom which in its last echoes had survived in the three Magi from the East, had this clear impression: If as we contemplate the stars we see in them the expressions of mathematical, arithmetical progression, we spread over universal space the experiences through which we lived before birth. A pupil of the Mysteries said to himself: Living here on the earth, I gaze out into the universe, beholding all that is around me in space. Before my birth I lived within these manifestations of cosmic realities, lived with the mysteries of number connected with the stars, with all that I can now only mentally picture in terms of mathematics. In that other existence my own inner forces led me from star to star; I had my very life in what is now only a mental activity. Such contemplation made vividly real to these men what they had lived through before birth, and these experiences were sacred to them. They knew that this other world was a spiritual world—their home before they came down to the earth. The last echoing remains of this knowledge had survived in the Magi from the East and through it they recognised the signs of the coming of Christ.
Whence came the Christ Being? He came from the world in which we ourselves live between death and a new birth, and united Himself with the life that extends from birth to death. Knowledge of the world in which our existence is spent from death to a new birth can therefore shed light upon an event like the Mystery of Golgotha. And it was through this knowledge that the Mystery of Golgotha, the Christmas Mystery too, was announced to the Magi.
While man is living on the earth and unfolding the forces which bring knowledge of the world around him, while he is unfolding the impulses for his actions and social life, he is unconsciously experiencing something else as well. He has no knowledge of it, but just as he experiences the aftereffects of his life before birth, so does he also experience what finally passes through the gate of death to become the content of the life after death. These forces are already present in germ between birth and death but come to fruition only in the life after death. They worked with intense strength in the old, instinctive clairvoyance, and in their last echoes they were still working in the simple shepherds in the fields because of their purity of heart. We live within the play of these forces above all during sleep, when the soul is outside the body, within the outer universe. The soul is then living in the form of existence in which it will live consciously after death, when the physical body has been laid aside.
These forces from the world of sleep and dream which in certain conditions can penetrate into waking life, were very active in the old, instinctive clairvoyance, and they were working in the simple shepherds to whom the Mystery of Golgotha was proclaimed in a way other than to the three Magi.
What kind of knowledge is brought by the forces that are paramountly active between death and a new birth, if, as was the case with the Magi, they have been kindled during life between birth and death? It is a knowledge of happenings in the world beyond the earth. The human being is transported from the earth into the world of the stars in which he lives between death and a new birth. This was the world into which the three Magi from the East were transported—away from the earth into the heavens.
And what kind of knowledge is brought by the forces that well up from the inmost being of man, above all in the world of dream? These forces bring knowledge of what is coming to pass within the earth itself. In this kind of knowledge it is earthly forces that are most strongly at work, the forces we have through the body, through existence in the body. These are the forces which are particularly active between sleeping and waking. Then too we are within the outer universe, but the outer universe that is especially connected with the earth.
You will say: this contradicts the statement that during sleep we are outside the body. But in reality there is no contradiction. We perceive only what is outside us; we do not perceive that within which we actually live. Only those who lack real knowledge and are satisfied with phrases speak of such things in glib words to the effect that it is meaningless to base spiritual science upon knowledge acquired outside the human being, for what really matters is that knowledge of outer nature shall be gained through the forces within man. ‘Schools of Wisdom’ like the one in Darmstadt4Founded in 1920 by Count Hermann Keyserling (1880-1946). may be based on high-sounding principles of this kind, but a man can remain a phrasemonger in spite of being the founder of such a ‘School of Wisdom.’ We must understand the inner nature of the world before we can acquire super-sensible knowledge, and it is only then that we can penetrate into the nature of our own inmost being. Men like Keyserling speak of the need to view things from the vantage-point of the soul, but they do not penetrate into the inmost being of man; they simply pour out phrases.
The truth is that between sleeping and waking we look back, feel back, as it were, into our body. We become aware of how our body is connected with the earth—for the body is given by the earth. The revelation to the shepherds in the fields was the revelation given by the earth, proceeding from their bodily nature. In a state of dream the voice of the Angel made known to them what had come to pass.
And so the contrast is complete:
To the Magi: revelation through heavenly lore.
To the Shepherds: revelation given by the earth.
That the revelation should have been from two sides is entirely in keeping with the Mystery of Golgotha. For a heavenly Being, a Being Who until then had not belonged to the earth, was drawing near. And the coming of such a Being must be recognised through wisdom pertaining to the heavens, through wisdom that is able to reveal the descent of a Being from the heavens. The wisdom of the shepherds is knowledge proceeding from the earth; the weaving life of the earth becomes aware of the coming of the Being from heaven. It is the same proclamation, only from another side—a wonderful, twofold proclamation to mankind of a single Event.
The attitude with which the Event of Golgotha was received by mankind is to be explained by the fact that only vestiges of the ancient wisdom remained. In the first centuries of our era, certain Gnostic teachings were able to shed light upon the Mystery of Golgotha, but as time went on, men strove more and more to understand it through purely intellectual analysis and reason. And in the nineteenth century, naturalism invaded this domain of belief. There was no longer any understanding of the super-sensible reality of the Event of Golgotha. Christ became the ‘wise man of Nazareth’—in the naturalistic sense. What is necessary is a new, spiritual conception of the Mystery of Golgotha. The Mystery of Golgotha as such must never be confused with the attitude adopted to it by the human mind.
The mood-of-soul prevailing in the shepherds and in the Magi was in its final phase at the time of the Mystery of Golgotha. Everything in the evolution of humanity undergoes constant change and metamorphosis. What has the wisdom possessed by the Magi from the East now become? It has become our mathematical astronomy. The Magi possessed super-earthly knowledge which was actually a glorious remembrance of life before birth. This knowledge has shrivelled away into our mathematical-mechanistic conception of the heavens, to the phenomena of which we apply only mathematical laws. What wells up from within us in our mathematical astronomy is the modern metamorphosis of the knowledge once possessed by the Magi.
Our outer, sense-given knowledge, conveyed as it is merely through eyes and ears, is the externalised form of the inner knowledge once possessed by men like the shepherds in the fields. The mood-of-soul in which the secrets of earth-existence were once revealed to the shepherds now induces us to look at the world with the cold detachment of scientific observation. This kind of observation is the child of the Shepherd-wisdom—but the child is very unlike the parent! And our mathematical astronomy is the child of the Magi-wisdom. It was necessary that humanity should pass through this phase. When our scientists are making their cold, dispassionate researches in laboratories and clinics, they have very little in common with the shepherds of old, but this attitude of soul is nevertheless a metamorphosis leading back directly to the wisdom of the shepherds. And our mathematicians are the successors of the Magi from the East. The outer has become inward—the inner, outward. In the process, understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha has been lost, and we must be fully conscious of this fact. Understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha has vanished most completely of all, perhaps, in many of those who claim to be official ministers of Christianity to-day.
With the forces of knowledge, feeling and belief possessed by modern men, the true reality of the Event of Golgotha can no longer be grasped. It must be discovered anew. The Magi-wisdom has become inward; it has become our abstract, mathematical science by which alone the heavens are studied. What has become inward in this way must again be filled with life, re-cast, re-shaped from within.
And now, from this point of view, try to understand what is contained in a book like my Outline of Occult Science.
The Magi gazed at the worlds of the stars; therein they beheld the Spiritual, for they could behold man's experiences in his life before birth. In our mathematics this has become pure abstraction. But the same forces that are unfolded in our mathematical thinking can again be filled with life, enriched and intensified in Imaginative perception. Then, from our own inner forces there will be born a world which, although we create it from within, can be seen as the outer universe, embracing Saturn, Sun, Moon, Earth, Jupiter, Venus, Vulcan. We then behold the heavens through inner perception, inner vision, as the Magi discerned the secrets of the Mystery of Golgotha through outer perception. The outer has become inward, has become mathematical abstraction. Therefore what is now inward must be expanded into perception of the outer universe; inward perception must lead to a new astronomy, to an astronomy inwardly experienced.
It is only by striving for a new understanding of Christ that we can truly celebrate the Christmas Festival to-day. Can it be said that this Festival still has any real meaning for the majority of people? It has become a beautiful custom to take the Christmas Tree as the symbol of the Festival, although as a matter of fact this custom is hardly a century old. The Christmas Tree was not adopted as a symbol of the Festival until the nineteenth century. What is the Christmas Tree, in reality? When we endeavour to discover its meaning and know of the legend telling that it grew from the tiny branch carried in the arms of the boy Ruprecht on the 6th of December, when we follow its history, it dawns upon us that the Christmas Tree is directly connected with the Tree of Paradise. The mind turns to the Tree of Paradise, to Adam and Eve. This is one aspect of the way in which the Mystery of Golgotha can again be proclaimed in our time. The mind turns from the Mystery of Golgotha, back to the world's beginning. The meaning of world-redemption is not understood and the mind turns again to the Divine creation of the world. This comes to expression in the fact that the real symbol of Christmas—the Crib—so beautifully presented in the Christmas Plays of earlier centuries, is gradually being superseded by the Christmas Tree which is, in reality, the Tree of Paradise. The old Jahve religion usurped the place of Christianity and the Christmas Tree is the symbol of its recrudescence. But in its reappearance the Jahve religion has been split into multiple divisions. Jahve was worshipped, and rightly worshipped, as the one, undivided Godhead in an age when his people felt themselves to be a single, self-contained unity not looking beyond their own boundaries and full of the expectation that one day they would fill the whole earth. But in our time, although people speak of Christ Jesus, in reality they worship Jahve. In the various nations (this was all too evident in the war), men spoke of Christ but were really venerating the original Godhead who holds sway in heredity and in the world of nature—Jahve. Thus we have the Christmas Tree on the one side, and on the other, national Gods at a level inferior to that of the Christian reality. These were the principles by which men's comprehension of the Mystery of Golgotha was diverted back again to the conceptions belonging to a much earlier epoch. The assertion of the principle of nationality, the claiming of national Gods, denotes a step backward into the old Jahve religion. Those who see fit to worship Christ as a national God—it is they who deny Him most deeply.
What must never be forgotten is that the proclamations to the Shepherds and to the Kings contained a message for all mankind—for the earth is common to all. In that the revelation to the shepherds was from the earth, it was a revelation that may not be differentiated according to nationality. And in that the Magi received the proclamation of the sun and the heavens, this too was a revelation destined for all mankind. For when the sun has shone upon the territory of one people, it shines upon the territory of another. The heavens are common to all; the earth is common to all. The impulse of the ‘human universal’ is in very truth quickened by Christianity. Such is the aspect of Christmas revealed by the twofold proclamation.
When we think of the Christmas Mystery, our minds must turn to a birth, to something that must be born anew in our time. For true Christianity must verily be born anew. We need a World-Christmas-Festival, and spiritual science would fain be a preparation for this World-Christmas-Festival among men.
Erster Vortrag
[ 1 ] Lassen Sie uns heute eine Betrachtung anstellen, welche sich anschließen soll an die Festeszeit, an jene Zeit, die ja in jedem Jahr wiederum erneuert die Erinnerung und das Gedenken an das Mysterium von Golgatha, auch die unmittelbare Empfindung des Mysteriums von Golgatha.
[ 2 ] Wir haben eigentlich drei solcher Festeszeiten innerhalb der christlichen Entwickelung: das Weihnachtsfest, das Osterfest und das Pfingstfest. Und man kann sagen, daß diese drei Feste in verschiedener Art den Menschen in ein Verhältnis bringen zu demjenigen, worin die christliche Entwickelung den Sinn des ganzen Erdengeschehens sieht. Auch in bezug auf die menschlichen Seelenkräfte unterscheiden sich diese drei Feste.
[ 3 ] Das Weihnachtsfest knüpft mehr an die Empfindung an. Es ist auch dasjenige Fest, welches in gewissem Sinne das populärste ist, weil sein Verständnis eben die Vertiefung der Empfindung, die Vertiefung des Gefühls fordert, und weil es dasjenige ist, was dem Menschen im weitesten Umkreis zugänglich ist.
[ 4 ] Das Osterfest, das notwendig macht, daß der Mensch sich aufschwingt zu einem Verständnis des eigentlichen Mysteriums von Golgatha, des Hereindringens einer übersinnlichen Wesenheit in die menschheitliche Entwickelung, es stellt die größten Anforderungen an das menschliche Verstehen. Es ist ein Fest, das gewissermaßen das menschliche Verstehen auf das höchste Niveau hinauf erhebt, das ja natürlich auch allgemein begangen wird, aber nicht in derselben Weise populär sein kann wie das Weihnachtsfest.
[ 5 ] Das dritte Fest, das Pfingstfest, stellt besonders ein Verhältnis her zwischen dem menschlichen Willen und der übersinnlichen Welt, der Welt namentlich, welcher das Christus-Wesen als solches angehört. Die Überleitung von Willensimpulsen, die dann wiederum auf die Welt übertragen werden, sie wird ja dem Menschen zum Bewußtsein gebracht durch den rechten Sinn des Pfingstfestes.
[ 6 ] So wird in dreifacher Weise dasjenige, was man das christliche Geheimnis nennen könnte, anschaulich gemacht durch diese jährlichen Festeszeiten. Wie das Weihnachtsmysterium an den Menschen herantritt, das kann man sich in der verschiedensten Weise vor das Bewußtsein stellen, und wir haben ja im Laufe der Jahre den Weihnachtsgedanken von den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten aus gerade gelegentlich der Weihnachtsfeste ins Auge gefaßt.
[ 7 ] Diesmal wollen wir erinnern an etwas, was jedem klar werden kann, der das Weihnachtsmysterium von seiten der Evangelien aus betrachtet. In den Evangelien wird uns eine zwiefache Verkündigung der Geburt des Christus Jesus dargestellt. Die eine Verkündigung ist diejenige, welche ergeht an die armen Hirten auf dem Felde draußen, denen - man nenne es nun im Traume oder irgendwie — ein Engel verkündet die Geburt des Christus Jesus. Wir haben es da zu tun mit dem Gewahrwerden dieses Ereignisses durch die inneren Seelenkräfte, die in einer besonderen Verfassung sind bei diesen Hirten aus der Umgebung des Geburtsortes des Christus Jesus. Und es wird uns eine zweite Verkündigung dargestellt in den Evangelien: diejenige, welche ergeht an die drei Könige oder die drei Magier aus dem Morgenlande. Sie folgen — so wird uns gesagt — der Sprache eines Sternes, die ihnen verkündigt, daß der Christus Jesus in die Welt gekommen ist.
[ 8 ] Wir werden da verwiesen auf zwei Arten, wie eine frühere Menschheit zu ihren höheren Erkenntnissen kam. Es handelt sich auch da um etwas, was in der Gegenwart eigentlich niemals mehr in der richtigen Weise angeschaut wird. In der Gegenwart stellt man sich vielfach vor, daß die Menschen nun einmal eine Wahrnehmung, ein Denken haben, und daß diese Wahrnehmung, dieses Denken, kurz, die Entfaltung der inneren Seelenkräfte, im Grunde genommen durch alle Jahrhunderte und Jahrtausende, wenn sie auch in früheren Zeiten primitiver waren, so doch im wesentlichen so waren, wie sie heute sind. Wir wissen aus unserer anthroposophischen Geisteswissenschaft, wie die Seelenverfassung der Menschen sich im Laufe der Zeiten geändert hat, wie in alten Zeiten, etwa im 7., 8. Jahrtausend der nachatlantischen Zeit oder früher, die Menschheit in einer ganz anderen Weise sowohl das eigene Leben wie auch das Wesen der Umwelt angesehen hat, und wie sich dann diese Seelenverfassung immer wieder gewandelt hat, wie sie dann diejenige geworden ist, die wir als die verstandesmäßige Zergliederung der Welt in der Gegenwart kennen und als die rein sinnliche Auffassung, die wir auch in der Gegenwart in den äußeren Dingen haben. Diese Entwickelung geht von einem gewissen älteren, instinktiven Hellsehen durch unsere gegenwärtige Seelenverfassung, um in der Zukunft sich wiederum zurückzuwenden zu einer Art Hellsichtigkeit, zu einem Schauen der Welt, das aber dann durchsetzt sein soll von der vollen Bewufßstheit der Menschheit.
[ 9 ] Zur Zeit, als das Mysterium von Golgatha sich auf der Erde ereignete, war das alte Hellsehen, das ein instinktives war, zum großen Teil schon, wenn ich so sagen darf, abgelähmt. Die Menschen hatten zwar eine andere Seelenverfassung, als die heutige ist, aber sie hatten auch nicht mehr das alte Hellsehen; sie hatten auch nicht mehr die alten Formen, durch allerlei Weisheit die Welt sich genauer zu zergliedern. Sowohl die alten Weisheitslehren wie auch das alte instinktive Hellsehen waren abgeglommen, als das Mysterium von Golgatha an die Menschheit herankam. Aber Reste davon waren noch vorhanden, und wir werden gerade durch die Evangelien deutlich darauf hingewiesen, wenn wir sie richtig verstehen, daß solche Reste vorhanden waren. Bei einzelnen auserlesenen Persönlichkeiten waren solche Reste vorhanden. Solche auserlesenen Persönlichkeiten können nun sowohl gewesen sein die armen Hirten auf dem Felde, die aus ihrem frommen Herzen heraus eine gewisse hellsichtige Kraft, die wie traumhaft über sie gekommen ist, besessen haben; es können auch gewesen sein solche Persönlichkeiten, die uns auf der Spitze der sozialen Stufenleiter vorgeführt werden, wie die drei Magier aus dem Morgenlande, welche aus alten Zeiten die Fähigkeit bewahrt haben, durch eine gewisse Weisheitslehre hineinzuschauen in den Gang der Weltenereignisse. Und so konnten die armen Hirten in einer Art traumhaften Erlebens, in einer Art innerlicher Wahrnehmung dasjenige an sich herankommen sehen, was in dem Ereignis der Geburt des Christus Jesus sich vollzog. Auf der anderen Seite konnten die drei Magier aus dem Morgenlande eine solche Wissenschaft entwickeln, daß sie aus der Verfolgung der Weltenerscheinungen, der Erscheinungen am Himmel, dasjenige sich zu vergegenwärtigen vermochten, was über den gewöhnlichen Gang des Lebens hinausliegend Bedeutungsvolles auf der Erde geschah.
[ 10 ] Wir werden also auf zwei ganz bestimmte, aber voneinander verschiedene Erkenntnisarten verwiesen. Wenden wir uns zunächst zu demjenigen, was bei den drei Magiern aus dem Morgenlande vorhanden war als ein letzter Rest einer alten Weisheitslehre. Es wird uns ja deutlich gezeigt, wie diese Magier den Gang der Sterne enträtseln konnten. Wir werden also durch diese Darstellung verwiesen auf eine alte Sternenkunde, auf eine alte Anschauung über die Geheimnisse der Sternenwelt, in der sich auch die Geheimnisse des menschheitlichen Geschehens offenbarten. Diese alte Sternenkunde war etwas anderes als unsere Sternenkunde. Unsere Sternenkunde ist ja auch in einer gewissen Weise prophetisch; sie kann voraussagen den Gang von Sonnen- und Mondfinsternissen und ähnliches. Aber unsere Sternenkunde ist bloß mathematisch-mechanisch. Unsere Sternenkunde spricht bloß von den Verhältniissen des Raumes und der Zeit, insofern man sie mathematisch zum Ausdruck bringen kann. Dasjenige aber, was sich in bezug auf das innere Menschenleben abseits von Raum und Zeit, aber doch im Raum und in der Zeit, jedoch mit einer höheren Bedeutung abspielt, das sah eine alte Sternenkunde, eine alte Sternenweisheit aus dem Gang der Sterne heraus. Wenn wir die Wissenschaft einer älteren Menschheit uns vor das Bewußtsein bringen, so finden wir, daß diese Sternenweisheit im wesentlichen das ist, was dieser alten Wissenschaft überhaupt den Inhalt gab. Aus den Sternen erforschten die Menschen dasjenige, was auf der Erde geschah. Aber ihnen war die Sternenwelt nicht jenes abstrakte, maschinenartige Wesen, das sie der heutigen Menschheit geworden ist. Ihnen war die Sternenwelt etwas, was voll Leben war. Sie empfanden bei jedem einzelnen der Planeten ein Wesenhaftes in der Welt. Gewissermaßen sprachen sie durch eine innere Seelensprache mit jedem einzelnen Planeten so, wie wir heute nur von Mensch zu Mensch durch die äußere Sprache sprechen. Man war sich klar darüber, daß man im Inneren seelisch etwas erlebt, was in einer gewissen Weise abspiegelt und wiedergibt dasjenige, was draußen im großen Raume durch den Gang der Sterne sich vollzieht. Es war eine lebendige, durchgeistigte Anschauung des Weltenalls. Und der Mensch selber fühlte sich in einer geistigen, in einer seelenhaften Weise in dieses Weltenall hineingestellt. Es wurde die Weisheit von diesem Weltenall auch gepflegt in Schulen, die man Mysterienschulen nennen könnte, in denen die Zöglinge in einer sorgfältigen, intimen, innerlichen Art vorbereitet wurden, den Gang der Sterne so verstehen zu können, daß er das menschliche Leben auf der Erde verständlich machte.
[ 11 ] Welcher Art waren diese Vorbereitungen? Diese Vorbereitungen gerade für die Erkenntnis des Sternenhimmels und seiner Wirkungen waren so, daß der Mensch auch damals schon, in der Zeit instinktiven Hellsehens, erzogen wurde zu einem wacheren Leben, als das normale äußere Leben war. Die Menschen der breiten Massen hatten eine Art instinktiven Hellsehens. Das entsprach einer Seelenverfassung, die weniger wach war, als es unsere normale Seelenverfassung ist. Man konnte in alten Zeiten der Menschheitsentwickelung nicht in solcher Weise wach denken, wie man das heute kann. Man konnte nicht in demselben Sinne wie heute zu der Mathematik, zu der Geometrie kommen. Es war des Menschen Leben durch das ganze Dasein zwischen Geburt und Tod mehr ein hinträumendes gewesen, das aber eben gerade deshalb, weil es ein hinträumendes war, in einer lebendigeren Art als unser ganz waches Leben die Umwelt wahrnahm. Und das Eigentümliche ist, daß die einzelnen Zöglinge der Mysterien, in deren letzten Resten eben solche Menschen wie die drei Magier standen damals in alten Zeiten, man könnte sagen noch etwa bis in das 2. Jahrtausend, sogar anfangs des 1. Jahrtausends vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha eingeführt wurden in ein Wissen, das ganz ähnlich unserem geomerrischen oder mathematischen Wissen ist.
[ 12 ] Für die äußere Menschheit hat Euklid zuerst die Geometrie hingestellt. Das war aber eben nur eine Übermittlung der Geometrie an die äußere, große Menschheit. Was Euklid als Geometrie hingestellt hat, das war in den Mysterien lebendig durch Jahrtausende schon; es wurde aber nur mitgeteilt an die auserlesenen Schüler der Mysterien. Bei ihnen wirkte es anders, als es später wirkte. Es sieht sonderbar und paradox aus, ist aber doch so: was heute bei uns schon die Kinder lernen, unsere Geometrie, unsere Rechenkunst, das lernten in den Mysterienschulen einzelne Menschen, die besonders dazu auserlesen wurden, die man innerhalb der Masse für besonders befähigt hielt und die man hineinnahm in die Mysterien.
[ 13 ] Man kann heute oftmals hören, in den Mysterien seien geheimnisvolle Dinge gelehrt worden. Ihrem rein abstrakten Inhalte nach sind diese geheimnisvollen Dinge dieselben, die heute den Kindern gelehrt werden. Es sind gar keine anderen Dinge, und das Mysterienhafte liegt nicht darin, daß diese Dinge heute den Menschen etwa unbekannt seien, sondern es liegt in der anderen Art, wie die Sache an die Menschen herangebracht worden ist. Es ist natürlich etwas ganz anderes, wenn man den Inhalt unserer Geometrie einfach appellierend an den Verstand an die Kinder heranbringt in einem Zeitalter, wo der Mensch vom Aufwachen bis zum Einschlafen in unserem Wachbewußtsein lebt, oder ob man im Zeitalter des alten, instinktiven Hellsehens mit einer traumhaften Art des Bewußtseins diese Dinge an besonders auserlesene Menschen mit reiferem Bewußtsein heranbrachte. Es sind heute durchaus nicht immer zutreffende Vorstellungen in der Menschheit über diese Dinge vorhanden.
[ 14 ] Sehen Sie, es gibt ein Gedicht an Varuna in der morgenländischen Literatur. Das spricht davon, daß Varuna erscheint in der Luft, die als Wind die Wälder durchweht, daß Varuna erscheint in dem Donner, der aus dem Wolkenwasser hervorzuckt, daß Varuna erscheint in dem menschlichen Herzen, wenn es zum Willen sich aufrafft, daß Varuna erscheint am Himmel, wenn die Sonne über den Himmel geht, daß Varuna enthalten ist auf den Bergen in dem Somasaft. Sie werden heute in den Büchern meistens finden: daß man eigentlich nicht wisse, was der Somasaft ist. Die Menschen konstatieren heute in ihrer Gelehrsamkeit, daß man nicht wisse, was der Somasaft ist, trotzdem es Menschen gibt, die ihn literweise trinken und von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus sehr gut kennen. Aber es ist etwas anderes, die Sachen vom Mysterienstandpunkt aus zu kennen, als vom Standpunkte des wachen Bewußtseins in profaner Empfindung. Und Sie können heute lesen vom Stein der Weisen, der gepflegt wurde in einer gewissen Zeit, in der man das Wesen der Substantialität eben anders angesehen hat als heute. Und wiederum werden Ihnen die Geschichtsschreiber der Alchimie sagen, man kenne den Stein der Weisen nicht. Ich habe schon immer da und dort in meinen Vorträgen angedeutet, daß dieser Stein der Weisen den meisten Menschen sehr gut bekannt ist. Sie kennen nur nicht seine Wesenheit und wissen nicht, warum er so genannt wird. Er ist den meisten Menschen sehr gut bekannt, da sie ihn eigentlich kiloweise verwenden.
[ 15 ] Es handelt sich eben bei den Dingen zuweilen um etwas ganz anderes als um dasjenige, was sich unsere heute abstrakt-theoretische und lebensfremde, wirklichkeitsfremde Anschauung vorzustellen vermag. Es gibt heute auch keine rechte Anschauung davon, was es heißt, mit ganz anderer Seelenverfassung, als diejenige der heutigen Menschheit ist, im reifen Zustande aufzunehmen unsere geometrische, unsere arithmetische Wissenschaft. Ich habe auf diese besondere Artung des Mysterienwesens in meiner Schrift «Das Christentum als mystische Tatsache» ja hingewiesen. Allein solch wichtige Dinge versteht man gewöhnlich nicht in der richtigen Weise; man nimmt sie gewöhnlich nicht tief genug. Daß die Art und Weise, wie die Dinge an die Menschen herangebracht worden sind, das Mysterienhafte in alten Zeiten ausmachte, das ist dasjenige, was man verstehen sollte. Und so war es wirklich bei rein mathematischen Betrachtungen, deren Gefühls- und vollmenschlichen Inhalt Novalis noch nachgefühlt hat, als er die Mathematik wie ein großes Gedicht empfand, was die meisten Menschen heute gewiß nicht drin finden. So war es dieses gefühlsmäßige, aber in mathematische Formen ergossene Erfassen der Welt, in das der Zögling der alten Mysterien eingeführt wurde. Und wenn so das mathematische Verständnis des Weltenalls an den Zögling der alten Mysterien herantrat, dann wurde er ein Mensch mit einer solchen Weltbetrachtung, wie es diejenige war, die uns als die der Magier aus dem Morgenlande geschildert wird. Dann enthüllte die Mathematik des Weltenalls, die bei uns zu etwas ganz Abstraktem geworden ist, Wesenhaftes, weil das, was sie enthüllte, durch anderes ergänzt wurde, was ihm entgegenkam. Und so war dasjenige, was als äußeres Wissen einer alten Kultur entsprach, was sich in den letzten Resten für die Magier erhalten hatte, was an die Magier aus dem Morgenlande herangekommen ist, die Veranlassung zu der einen Verkündigung: der Verkündigung durch die Weisheitslehre, durch die äußere Wissenschaft.
[ 16 ] Auf der anderen Seite konnte sich das innerliche Erleben der Menschheitsgeheimnisse bei besonders dazu veranlagten Menschen entwickeln, wie diejenigen waren, die uns dargestellt werden sollten in den Hirten auf dem Felde. Da mußten die inneren Kräfte, die im Menschen sind, eine besondere Stufe erreichen. Dann wurde unmittelbare Anschauung, imaginative, instinktiv-imaginative Bilderwahrnehmung dasjenige, was in der Menschheitswelt geschah. So kündigte sich durch inneres Schauen für die armen Hirten auf dem Felde dasjenige an, was sich ihnen zusammenfaßte in den Verkündigungsspruch: «Es offenbart sich der Gott in den Himmelshöhen, und durch ihn kann sein der Friede bei allen Menschen, die eines guten Willens sind.»
[ 17 ] Es sprachen also die Weltengeheimnisse sowohl zum Innersten der armen Hirten auf dem Felde wie zu dem Äußersten, wozu sich menschliche Weisheit aufschwingen konnte in der damaligen Zeit; es sprachen die Weltengeheimnisse sowohl zu den Hirten wie zu den Magiern aus dem Morgenlande. Und es wurde verkündigt von zwei Seiten das große Mysterium des Erdenlebens.
[ 18 ] Was erlebten die Magier aus dem Morgenlande? Was wurde bei solchen Schülern besonders entwickelt dadurch, daß die Mathematik in ihre Seelenverfassung hereingebracht wurde, wenn diese Seelenverfassung schon eine besonders reife war? Sehen Sie, Kant sagt von den mathematischen Erkenntnissen, sie seien a priori. Mit dem a priori meint er: sie sind vor der äußeren, empirischen Erkenntnis, vor der Erfahrung errungen. Das ist eine Wortweisheit. Es ist gar nichts gesagt mit diesem a priori. Das Wort bekommt erst einen Sinn, wenn man aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus darauf hinweisen kann, daß die Mathematik aus uns aufsteigt, daß sie etwas ist, das aus dem Inneren des Menschen in das menschliche Bewußtsein kommt. Und woher kommt sie? Nun, sie kommt aus den Erlebnissen, die wir vor der Empfängnis oder vor der Geburt in der geistigen Welt durchgemacht haben. Da lebten wir im großen, weiten Weltenall. Da erlebten wir dasjenige, was wir erleben konnten, bevor wir unsere Leibesaugen und Leibesohren hatten. Da erlebten wir a priori gegenüber dem Leben auf der Erde. Dasjenige, was da a priori erlebt wird, es steigt heute für unser Bewußtsein unbewußt aus dem Inneren herauf. Der Mensch weiß nicht, wenn er es nicht wie Novalis durch solch eine Ahnung erlebt, daß da aufsteigen die Erlebnisse von vor der Geburt oder Empfängnis, wenn er mathematisiert. Für denjenigen, der diese Dinge in der richtigen Weise anzuschauen vermag, ist allein schon das mathematische Erkennen ein Beweis dafür, daß er vor der Empfängnis in einer geistigen Welt da war. Für jene, denen das kein Beweis ist für ein vorgeburtliches Leben, für die besteht die andere Tatsache, daß sie eben nicht gründlich genug über die Erscheinungen des Lebens nachdenken, daß sie keine Ahnung haben von dem, was eigentlich der Ursprung des Mathematischen ist.
[ 19 ] Die Schüler der alten Mysterien, die in jener Weisheitsverfassung waren, wie sie sich als letzte Reste bei den Magiern aus dem Morgenlande erhalten hatte, bekamen einen deutlichen Eindruck davon: Wenn wir so die Sterne anschauen, daß wir sie durchdringen mit den mathematischen Linien, mit unserer Rechnung, dann breiten wir über die äußeren Raumesweiten dasjenige aus, worin wir gelebt haben vor unserer Geburt. Und so kam sich solch ein Schüler der heiligen Mysterien vor, daß er sich sagte: Jetzt lebe ich hier auf der Erde, schaue durch meine Augen hinaus in den Weltenraum, bemerke dasjenige, was räumlich um mich herum ist. Ich habe auch gelebt innerhalb dieser Erscheinungen des Weltenraumes vor meiner Geburt oder Empfängnis. Da habe ich selber gezählt von Stern zu Stern dasjenige, was ich mir jetzt hier nur nachbildlich vergegenwärtige durch Mathematik; da bin ich selber hingeeilt mit den inneren Kräften von Stern zu Stern; da lebte ich in dem, was ich jetzt nur konstruiere. Gegenwärtig wurde den Menschen dadurch alles, was sie erlebt hatten vor der Geburt oder Empfängnis. Daher nahmen sie es auch in einem heiligen Sinne auf. Daher wußten sie auch: es ist die geistige Welt, in die sie sich da einleben, es ist die Welt, in der sie gelebt haben, bevor sie die Erde betreten haben. Dieses Wissen um die Welt, die der Mensch durchlebt, bevor er die Erde betritt, war in einem letzten Rest bei den Magiern aus dem Morgenland vorhanden; durch das erkannten sie das Herannahen der Christus-Wesenheit.
[ 20 ] Woher kam denn die Christus-Wesenheit? Sie kam ja aus jener Welt, die wir durchleben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, und vereinigte sich mit dem Leben, das wir durchleben zwischen Geburt und Tod. Diejenige Wissenschaft, die handelt von der Welt, die wir durchleben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, kann daher so etwas wie das Mysterium von Golgatha enthüllen. Auf dem Wege dieser Wissenschaft wurde also den Magiern verkündet das Mysterium von Golgatha, das Weihnachtsmysterium.
[ 21 ] Indem der Mensch hier auf der Erde lebt und das entfaltet, was ihm seine Erkenntnisse bringen über die Umwelt, was die Impulse zu seinem Handeln, seinem sozialen Leben sind, erlebt er ja in sich unbewußt noch etwas anderes. Er weiß es nicht, aber geradeso wie er die Nachwirkungen seines vorgeburtlichen Lebens erlebt, erlebt er auch dasjenige, was dann durch die Pforte des Todes schreitet und der Inhalt des Lebens nach dem Tode wird. Das sind die Kräfte, die keimhaft schon vorhanden sind zwischen Geburt und Tod und die erst im nachtodlichen Leben sich zur vollen Blüte entfalten. Diese Kräfte wirkten mit einer großen Intensität im alten instinktiven Hellsehen; und sie wirkten im letzten Rest noch bei den armen Hirten auf dem Felde durch ihre besondere Frömmigkeit. In diesen Kräften leben wir ja insbesondere zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen, wenn unsere Seele aus der Körperlichkeit draußen ist und im äußeren Raume lebt. Dann lebt sie auf solche Art, wie sie bewußt erst wiederum leben wird, wenn sie den äußeren physischen Leib abgelegt hat nach dem Tode. Diese Kräfte, die aus der Traumes-, aus der Schlafeswelt heraus in besonderen Zuständen in das Tagesleben eindringen können, waren da sehr regsam in dem alten instinktiven Hellsehen. Die armen Hirten erlebten diese Kräfte, und in ihnen enthüllte sich dasjenige, was ihnen, von einer anderen Seite als den drei Magiern, das Mysterium von Golgatha ankündigen konnte.
[ 22 ] Was erfährt man durch diejenigen Kräfte, die dem Menschen besonders eigen sind zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, wenn sie in dem Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod angefacht werden wie bei den Magiern aus dem Morgenlande? Man erfährt dasjenige, was außer dem Irdischen geschieht. Man wird von der Erde hinweggetragen in die Welt der Sterne, in der man ist zwischen dem 'Tod und einer neuen Geburt. Das war die Welt, in die eingeführt wurden die Magier aus dem Morgenlande, von der Erde weg in den Himmelsraum.
[ 23 ] Was erfährt man durch diejenigen Kräfte, die innerlich aufsteigen, besonders in der Traumeswelt, die überhaupt aus dem menschlichen Inneren kommen? Da erfährt man, was im Inneren der Erde geschieht. Da wirken vorzugsweise die tellurischen Kräfte, diejenigen Kräfte, die wir haben durch unseren Leib, durch das Wohnen in unserem Leibe. Die wirken besonders in demjenigen, was wir durchleben zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen. Wir sind auch da in der äußeren Welt, aber vorzugsweise in jener äußeren Welt, die zur Erde gehört.
[ 24 ] Sie werden sagen: Das ist ein Widerspruch gegenüber der Wahrheit, daß wir außerhalb unseres Leibes sind. — Das ist kein Widerspruch. Man nimmt immer nur das wahr, was man außerhalb hat; dasjenige, in dem man lebt, das nimmt man nicht wahr. Nur diejenigen Menschen, die über irgendwelche Gebiete besonders unwissend sind und ein reines Phrasenwissen entwickeln möchten, bringen es fertig, über solche Dinge leicht hinwegzugleiten mit Phrasen und etwa zu sagen: Es käme nicht darauf an, eine Geisteswissenschaft zu begründen mit einem Wissen, gewonnen außerhalb des Menschen, denn das Wichtige sei gerade, daß der Mensch zu dem äußeren Naturwissen ein Wissen durch das Innere bekäme. - Ja, mit einem solchen Phrasenschwall kann man heute Darmstädter Weisheitsschulen begründen, aber man bleibt doch eben bloß ein Phraseur, auch wenn man Weisheitsschulen begründet. Denn wenn man die Sache in der richtigen Weise versteht, kann man sogar sagen: Ja, man muß die Welt von innen beschreiben, um zum Übersinnlichen zu kommen; aber dann muß man ja erst ins Innere hineinkommen, und das, was dann äußerlich ist, das muß man betrachten aus dem Leibe heraußen, und man muß den Leib zurück betrachten. Die Keyserlingschen Reden von einem Betrachten von seelischen Gesichtspunkten aus wollen aber eigentlich nicht in das menschliche Innere hinein, sondern sie bedienen sich bloßer Phrasen. Daher ist es auch so: wenn wir in dem Zustand zwischen Einschlafen und Aufwachen sind, schauen wir zurück und empfinden gewissermaßen zurück in unseren Leib. Wir empfinden also dasjenige, worin unser Leib mit dem Irdischen zusammenhängt; er ist ja von der Erde. Die armen Hirten auf dem Felde empfanden eigentlich die Offenbarung der Erde aus ihrem Leibe, indem sie in einem traumhaften Zustande dasjenige, was geschah, als die Stimme des Engels wahrnahmen.
[ 25 ] Und es entspricht das ganz dem Mysterium von Golgatha, daß von zwei Seiten her die Offenbarung gekommen ist: die der Magier aus der Himmelskunde, die der Hirten aus der Erdenoffenbarung. Denn ein himmlisches Wesen, ein Wesen, das bis dahin nicht zur Erde gehört hat, das kommt an. Das muß man also erkennen in seiner Ankunft aus der Himmelsweisheit heraus. Da lernt man erkennen, daß vom Himmel etwas heruntersteigt. - Hat man die Hirtenweisheit, so lernt man die Erde kennen; man empfindet sich hinein in das Weben und Leben der Erde, welches die Ankunft des Himmelswesens wahrnimmt. Es ist von der anderen Seite dieselbe Ankündigung. In wunderbarer Weise ist zusammengeflossen dasjenige, was als einheitliches Ereignis von zwei Seiten her den Menschen mitgeteilt wird.
[ 26 ] Und wenn man nun sieht auf die Art und Weise, wie die Menschheit das Ereignis von Golgatha aufnahm, so muß man sagen: Es waren ja in dieser und in anderer Beziehung nur noch Reste der alten Weisheit vorhanden. Ich habe schon darauf hingedeutet, wie mit den Resten der alten Weisheit, mit einer gewissen Gnosis zunächst in den ersten Jahrhunderten unserer Zeitrechnung das Mysterium von Golgatha verstanden worden ist. Dann versuchte man immer mehr und mehr mit dem bloßen verstandesmäßigen Zergliedern in das Ereignis von Golgatha einzudringen. Und im 19. Jahrhundert kam allmählich der Naturalismus auf diesem Bekenntnisgebiet herauf. Es wurde nichts mehr begriffen von dem übersinnlichen Inhalt des Ereignisses von Golgatha. Der Christus wurde zum bloßen naturalistisch aufgefaßten weisen Mann aus Nazareth. Es wurde eben notwendig eine neue, geistige Erfassung des Mysteriums von Golgatha. Man darf nicht verwechseln die Tatsache des Mysteriums von Golgatha mit der Art und Weise, wie die Menschen in ihrem Verständnis sich zu dieser Tatsache verhalten.
[ 27 ] Nun, solche Seelenverfassung, wie sie die Hirten auf dem Felde hatten, wie sie die Magier aus dem Morgenland hatten, war ja in den letzten Resten vorhanden zur Zeit, als das Mysterium von Golgatha eintrat. Das hat sich alles in der Menschheitsentwickelung geändert. Die Dinge ändern sich und erleiden Metamorphosen.
[ 28 ] Was ist geworden aus der Magierweisheit aus dem Morgenlande? Es ist daraus geworden unsere Mathematik mit ihrer Himmelskunde. Die Magier hatten ein überirdisches Wissen, das im Grunde genommen ein grandioses Erinnern an das vorgeburtliche Leben war. Das ist bei uns zusammengeschrumpft und abgelähmt zu unserem mathematisch-mechanischen Himmelserfassen, wo wir auf die äußeren Erscheinungen nichts mehr anwenden als die Gesetze der Mathematik, der Mechanik. Was aus unserem Inneren heraufsteigt, gerade wenn wir auf das hinschauen, was uns als mathematische Astronomie geblieben ist, das ist die heutige Metamorphose desjenigen, was die Magier gehabt haben.
[ 29 ] Und wenn wir auf dasjenige hinschauen, was unser äußeres Sinneswissen ist — bloßes Augenwahrnehmen, Ohrenwahrnehmen -, so ist es das veräußerlichte innere Wissen der Hirten auf dem Felde. Was den Hirten auf dem Felde noch die inneren Geheimnisse des Erdendaseins gegeben hat, das läßt uns kalt anschauen die äußere Welt in unserer naturwissenschaftlichen Beobachtung. Unsere naturwissenschaftliche Beobachtung ist die Tochter der Hirtenweisheit. Aber die Tochter schaut der Mutter sehr unähnlich aus. Und unsere Mathematik, die zur Himmelskunde wird, ist die Tochter der Magierweisheit. Die Menschheit mußte durch das hindurchgehen. Wenn unsere Naturforscher mit ihrem trockenen Forschen in den Laboratorien, in den Kliniken sitzen, haben sie ja nicht mehr viel Gemeinschaftliches mit den Hirten, aber es ist die gradlinige Metamorphose der Hirtenweisheit. Und unsere Mathematiker sind die in gradliniger Strömung gekommenen Nachfolger der Magier aus dem Morgenlande. Das Außerliche ist innerlich, das Innerliche ist äußerlich geworden. Und damit sind wir zunächst im Grunde genommen sehr abgekommen von dem Verständnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha; und dessen sollten wir uns bewußt werden. Ja, wir sind sehr abgekommen von diesem Verständnis. Vielleicht am meisten aber sind viele von denjenigen abgekommen vor diesem Verständnis, die sich im offiziellen Sinne heute die Prediger und Verkündiger des Christentums nennen.
[ 30 ] Mit denjenigen Erkenntniskräften und Empfindungskräften und Glaubenskräften, die heute im Menschen spielen, ist auch das Ereignis von Golgatha in seiner wahren Wesenheit nicht mehr zu durchschauen. Es muß schon durchaus neu gefunden werden. Zur trockenen Mathematik, durch deren Bilder nur der Himmel noch angeschaut wird, ist dieMagierweisheit geworden; sie ist innerlich geworden. Das Innerliche muß sich wieder beleben. Es muß gewissermaßen das, was äußerlich ist, wiederum aufbauen von innen her.
[ 31 ] Versuchen Sie jetzt, von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus zu verstehen den Inhalt eines solchen Buches, wie es meine «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» ist. Die Magier überschauten die Sternenwelten; sie sahen in den Sternenwelten das Geistige, weil sie in das menschliche Erleben vor der Geburt hineinschauen konnten. Das ist abstrakt geworden in unserer Mathematik. Aber dieselben Kräfte, die unsere Mathematik entwickelt, können wiederum verlebendigt werden, verintensiviert werden im imaginativen Anschauen. Dann gebiert sich aus unserem Inneren eine Welt, die wir nun wiederum, obwohl wir sie aus dem Inneren heraus schaffen, als die äußere Welt anschauen, die uns nun wiederum wie Saturn, Sonne, Mond, Erde, Jupiter, Venus, Vulkan ist. Wir sehen den Himmel durch innere Anschauung, wie die Weisen aus dem Morgenlande durch äußere Anschauung die Geheimnisse des Mysteriums von Golgatha wahrgenommen haben. Das Äußere ist innerlich geworden, ist bis zur Abstraktheit der Mathematik gekommen; also muß das Innerliche wiederum erweitert werden zum äußerlichen Weltenall, indem uns wiederum das innerliche Anschauen zu einer neuen Astronomie, zu einer innerlich erlebten Astronomie führt.
[ 32 ] Nur durch eine solche Hinwendung zu einem neuen Christus-Verständnis erfüllen wir heute mit einem gewissen Sinn dasjenige, was das Weihnachtsfest ist. Hat denn für die meisten Menschen heute das Weihnachtsfest noch einen besonderen Sinn? Es ist eine sehr schöne Sitte geworden, die noch nicht sehr alt ist, kaum hundertfünfzig Jahre alt, den Weihnachtsbaum zum Symbol des Weihnachtsfestes zu machen. Der Weihnachtsbaum ist ja erst im 19. Jahrhundert heraufgekommen. Was ist er? Man kann sich anstrengen, den Sinn des Weihnachtsbaumes zu finden. Gerade wenn man sich anstrengt und wenn man weiß, wie der Weihnachtsbaum allmählich erwachsen ist, wie er aus dem kleinen Zweige, den zuerst der Knecht Ruprecht, der Nikolaus, zum 6. Dezember in seinem Arme trug, zum Weihnachtsbaum ausgewachsen ist, gerade wenn man die Geschichte des Weihnachtsbaumes verfolgt, kommt man darauf, wie der Weihnachtsbaum doch wieder mit dem Paradiesesbaum unmittelbar etwas zu tun hat. Das menschliche Bewußtsein lenkt sich zum Paradiesesbaum, zu Adam und Eva hin. Was heißt das? Es ist die eine Seite, wie in unserer Zeit das Mysterium von Golgatha wieder verkündet wird.
[ 33 ] Man wendet sich vom Mysterium von Golgatha zurück zur Welterschaffung, zu dem Ausgangspunkte der Welt. Man begreift nicht den Sinn der Welterlösung und wendet sich wiederum zum weltschaffenden Gott. Das drückt sich darin aus, daß allmählich verschwindet das eigentliche Weihnachtssymbol, das Krippensymbol, das so großartig da war noch in den Weihnachtsspielen der früheren Jahrhunderte, und indem heraufkommt der Weihnachtsbaum, der eigentlich der Paradiesesbaum ist. Die alte Jahve-Religion trat wiederum an die Stelle der Christus-Religion, und der Weihnachtsbaum ist das Symbolum für dieses Heraufkommen der Jahve-Religion. Nur tritt diese Jahve-Religion vervielfacht auf bei den Menschen. Denn Jahve ist als der Einheitliche mit Recht verehrt worden in einer Zeit, als sein Volk sich eben als das Einheitsvolk fühlte, das nicht über seine Grenzen hinaus sah und in der Erwartung war, daß es einmal ganz die Erde erfüllen würde.
[ 34 ] In unserer Zeit reden die Leute vom Christus Jesus und verehren nur den Jahve. Denn in den einzelnen Nationalitäten, das hat sich besonders im Kriege gezeigt, wurde zwar von Christus gesprochen; es war aber nur der ursprüngliche Gott, der in der Vererbung, in der Natur lebende Gott Jahve. Der Weihnachtsbaum auf der einen Seite, die Nationalgötter, die nicht bis zum Christlichen hinaufkamen, auf der anderen Seite waren das, wodurch die Menschen von der Erfassung des Mysteriums von Golgatha zu der Erfassung einer viel früheren Zeit zurückkehrten. In der Geltendmachung des Nationalitätenprinzips, in der Verkündigung, daß die einzelnen Völker ihren Göttern folgen, ist ein Rückschritt vorhanden in die alte Jahve-Religion. Den Christus verleugnen am meisten diejenigen, die ihn in irgendeiner nationalen Form anbeten wollen.
[ 35 ] Sehen Sie, was man berücksichtigen muß, das ist, daß in jeder Art von Verkündigung, in der Hirtenverkündigung und in der Magierverkündigung, etwas ganz allgemein Menschliches gegeben ist; denn die Erde ist allen Menschen gemeinschaftlich. Und indem die Hirten die Erdenverkündigung bekommen haben, haben sie eine Verkündigung bekommen, die nicht volksmäßig verschieden sein kann, die nicht volksmäßig sich differenzieren kann. Und indem die Magier die große Sonnen-, die Himmelsverkündigung bekommen haben, haben auch sie ein allgemein Menschliches empfangen. Denn wenn die Sonne zuerst auf dem Territorium des einen Volkes geschienen hat, dann scheint sie auch im Territorium des anderen. Der Himmel ist allen gemeinschaftlich, die Erde ist allen gemeinschaftlich. Das ganz allgemein Menschliche wird mit dem Christentum in der Menschheit rege. Darauf weist auch jene Weihnachtsdarstellung hin, die sich in der zweifachen Verkündigung darstellt. Solche Dinge, die für eine ganz andere Seelenverfassung voll verständlich waren, werden heute erst wiederum verständlich durch die Geisteswissenschaft.
[ 36 ] Und wie wird diese Geisteswissenschaft behandelt? — Ja, sie wird sehr sonderbar behandelt gerade von denjenigen, welche sich offizielle Vertreter des Christentums nennen. Es sind gewiß auch eine Anzahl unter Ihnen, welche jene Gruppe in Dornach gesehen haben, mit der Christus-Figur in der Mitte, die am Ostende des Dornacher Goetheanums stehen soll. Sie wissen, wenn ich diese Christus-Figur erkläre, so erkläre ich, wie oben ein ideales Antlitz des Menschen ist, wie es mir erscheint als das wirkliche Antlitz des Christus. Diejenigen, welche die Figur gesehen haben, werden sich erinnern, daß es ein rein menschliches, idealisiertes Angesicht ist. Jetzt ist die Figur etwas weiter gediehen in der letzten Zeit, aber sie war, solange sie gezeigt wurde, bis zur Mitte unten ein Holzklotz, wie ihn die Arbeiter gemacht haben. Denn unten wird namentlich der Wille im Schreiten sich auszudrücken haben. Diese Figur ist umgeben oben von zwei luziferischen Gestalten, die abgesondert sind von der Christus-Gestalt, und unten von zwei ahrimanischen Gestalten. — Nun gibt es einen gewissen Missionsprediger, der den Namen Frohnmeyer trägt. Der hat ein Büchelchen erscheinen lassen über die Theosophie. Das behandelt auch in ganz äußerlicher Weise die Anthroposophie. Da steht — und nicht, als ob dem Manne das irgend jemand gesagt hätte, sondern als ob er selber dagewesen wäre und es sich angesehen hätte -, da steht in dieser Schrift: In Dornach soll ein Christus dargestellt werden, welcher oben luziferische Züge trägt und unten tierische Merkmale.
[ 37 ] Ich habe oftmals die Erzählung gehört, daß man in einer ganz besonderen Weise abends manchmal seinen Seelenzustand prüfen kann, indem man, wenn man nach Hause kommt, sich ins Bett legt und den Zylinder auf die Bettdecke legt. Ist der Zylinder einfach vorhanden, so ist man nüchtern, ist er doppelt vorhanden, so ist man entschieden betrunken. — Nun, wer in Dornach die Christus-Figur oben mit luziferischen Zügen sieht und unten mit tierischen Merkmalen, der war gewiß in der Lage eines Mannes, der zwei Zylinderhüte sieht, wenn er einen auf die Bettdecke gelegt hat.
[ 38 ] Die Sache hat einen sehr ernsthaften Hintergrund, denn das schreibt ein Mensch, welcher ein christlicher Missionsprediger ist. Das erscheint in einer Schrift, in der andere Sachen stehen von gleichem Wahrheitsgehalt. Der Mann wurde vor einiger Zeit von einer theologischen Fakultät zum Dr. theol. gemacht. Der Mann lehrt an einer theologischen Fakultät, wo er als Dozent eingeschrieben ist. Sie können sich vorstellen, von welchem Wahrheitsgehalt die Lehre eines Menschen durchdrungen sein kann, der ein solches Verhältnis zur Wahrheit hat und der behauptet, er hätte das gesehen, was er da beschreibt.
[ 39 ] So steht es heute mit der Wahrhaftigkeit derjenigen, die offiziell das Christentum vertreten wollen. Ich frage Sie: Beweisen nicht gerade diese christlichen, das heißt antichristlichen Vertreter - antichristlich wegen ihres unwahrhaftigen, verlogenen Sinnes — die Notwendigkeit einer Erneuerung des Christentums? Sind diese Leute nicht der lebendige Beweis dafür, daß das Christentum einer Erneuerung bedarf? Vielleicht ist es auch aus diesem Grunde heraus am meisten begreifbar, warum man an diesen Leuten die schärfsten Feinde hat: weil herauskommen soll, was für Christen diese Menschen sind! Das wollen sie natürlich nicht. Sie wollen weiter im trüben fischen, wollen ihre Verleumdungen und Unwahrheiten überall verkündigen und dann selber als Leuchten des Christentums dastehen.
[ 40 ] Das sollen wir uns heute ins Herz schreiben: Wir haben nötig, wenn wir an das Weihnachtsmysterium denken, tatsächlich auf eine Geburt hinzuschauen. Wir haben nicht bloß zu schwätzen über das Weihnachtsfest und auch nicht bloß zu schwätzen in unserer Empfindung, sondern wir haben hinzuschauen auf etwas, was in unserer Zeit neu geboren werden muß. Das wahre Christentum, wahrhaftig, es muß neu geboren werden. Wir brauchen ein Weltenweihnachtsfest. Geisteswissenschaft will sein dasjenige, was ein Weltenweihnachtsfest unter den Menschen in der richtigen Weise vorbereitet.
First Lecture
[ 1 ] Let us today engage in a reflection that follows on from the festive season, that time of year which renews our memory and remembrance of the mystery of Golgotha, as well as our immediate perception of the mystery of Golgotha.
[ 2 ] We actually have three such festive seasons within Christian development: Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost. And it can be said that these three festivals in different ways bring human beings into a relationship with that in which Christian development sees the meaning of the whole of earthly existence. These three festivals also differ in relation to the human soul forces.
[ 3 ] Christmas is more connected with feeling. It is also the most popular holiday in a certain sense, because understanding it requires a deepening of feeling and because it is accessible to people in the widest circle.
[ 4 ] Easter, which requires people to rise to an understanding of the actual mystery of Golgotha, of the intrusion of a supernatural being into human development, places the greatest demands on human understanding. It is a festival that, in a sense, raises human understanding to the highest level. It is, of course, celebrated by everyone, but it cannot be as popular as Christmas.
[ 5 ] The third festival, Pentecost, establishes a special relationship between the human will and the supersensible world, namely the world to which the Christ being as such belongs. The transition of impulses of will, which are then transmitted to the world, is brought to human consciousness through the true meaning of Pentecost.
How the mystery of Christmas approaches human beings can be brought to consciousness in many different ways, and over the years we have considered the Christmas idea from many different points of view, especially during the Christmas season.[ 7 ] This time, we want to recall something that can become clear to anyone who looks at the mystery of Christmas from the perspective of the Gospels. In the Gospels, we are presented with a twofold proclamation of the birth of Christ Jesus. The first proclamation is that which is made to the poor shepherds in the fields, to whom—whether in a dream or in some other way—an angel announces the birth of Christ Jesus. Here we are dealing with the awareness of this event through the inner soul forces, which are in a special state in these shepherds from the vicinity of the birthplace of Christ Jesus. And a second proclamation is presented to us in the Gospels: that which is made to the three kings or the three magi from the East. They follow, we are told, the language of a star that proclaims to them that Christ Jesus has come into the world.
[ 8 ] We are referred here to two ways in which an earlier humanity attained its higher knowledge. This is also something that is no longer viewed in the right way in the present. Nowadays, many people imagine that human beings simply have a certain perception, a certain way of thinking, and that this perception, this thinking — in short, the unfolding of the inner soul forces — has basically remained the same throughout the centuries and millennia, albeit in a more primitive form in earlier times. We know from our anthroposophical spiritual science how the soul constitution of human beings has changed over time, how in ancient times, for example in the 7th or 8th millennium of the post-Atlantean era or earlier, humanity viewed both its own life and the nature of the environment in a completely different way, and how this soul constitution then changed again and again until it became what we know today as the intellectual division of the world and as the purely sensory perception that we also have of external things in the present. This development proceeds from a certain older, instinctive clairvoyance through our present state of mind, in order to return in the future to a kind of clairvoyance, to a vision of the world, which will then, however, be permeated by the full consciousness of humanity.
[ 9 ] At the time when the mystery of Golgotha took place on earth, the old clairvoyance, which was instinctive, had already been largely, if I may say so, atrophied. People had a different state of mind than they do today, but they no longer had the old clairvoyance; nor did they have the old ways of analyzing the world more precisely through all kinds of wisdom. Both the old wisdom teachings and the old instinctive clairvoyance had faded when the mystery of Golgotha came to humanity. But remnants of it still existed, and the Gospels clearly point this out to us, if we understand them correctly, that such remnants existed. Such remnants were present in certain select personalities. Such select personalities may have been the poor shepherds in the fields who, out of their pious hearts, possessed a certain clairvoyant power that came over them as if in a dream; they may also have been personalities presented to us at the top of the social ladder, such as the three magi from the East, who had preserved from ancient times the ability to look into the course of world events through a certain wisdom teaching. And so the poor shepherds were able to see approaching them, in a kind of dreamlike experience, in a kind of inner perception, what was taking place in the event of the birth of Christ Jesus. On the other hand, the three magi from the East were able to develop such a science that, by observing world phenomena, the phenomena in the heavens, they were able to visualize what was happening on earth that was significant beyond the ordinary course of life.
[ 10 ] We are thus referred to two very specific but different types of knowledge. Let us first turn to what was present in the three magi from the East as a last remnant of an ancient wisdom teaching. We are clearly shown how these magi were able to unravel the course of the stars. This account thus refers us to an ancient astronomy, to an ancient view of the mysteries of the starry world, in which the mysteries of human events were also revealed. This ancient astronomy was different from our astronomy. Our astronomy is also prophetic in a certain sense; it can predict the course of solar and lunar eclipses and the like. But our astronomy is merely mathematical and mechanical. Our astronomy speaks only of the relationships of space and time insofar as they can be expressed mathematically. But what takes place in relation to the inner life of human beings, apart from space and time, yet still within space and time, but with a higher meaning, was seen by an ancient astronomy, an ancient wisdom of the stars, from the course of the stars. When we bring the science of an older humanity to our consciousness, we find that this star wisdom is essentially what gave this ancient science its content. From the stars, people researched what was happening on Earth. But for them, the starry world was not the abstract, machine-like entity that it has become for humanity today. For them, the world of the stars was something full of life. They perceived each individual planet as an essential being in the world. In a sense, they spoke to each individual planet through an inner soul language, just as we today speak only from person to person through the outer language. People were aware that they were experiencing something within themselves that in a certain way reflected and reproduced what was happening outside in the vast space through the movement of the stars. It was a living, spiritualized view of the universe. And human beings themselves felt that they were placed in this universe in a spiritual, soulful way. The wisdom of this universe was also cultivated in schools that could be called mystery schools, where pupils were carefully, intimately, and inwardly prepared to understand the movement of the stars in such a way that it made human life on earth comprehensible.
[ 11 ] What kind of preparations were these? These preparations, specifically for understanding the starry sky and its effects, were such that even then, in the time of instinctive clairvoyance, human beings were educated to live a more awake life than normal outer life. The broad masses of people had a kind of instinctive clairvoyance. This corresponded to a state of mind that was less awake than our normal state of mind. In the ancient times of human development, it was not possible to think as clearly as we can today. One could not arrive at mathematics and geometry in the same sense as today. Throughout their entire existence between birth and death, human beings lived more in a dreamlike state, but precisely because it was dreamlike, they perceived their environment in a more vivid way than we do in our fully awake lives. And the peculiar thing is that the individual pupils of the mysteries, in whose last remnants people like the three magi stood in ancient times, one might say until about the 2nd millennium, even at the beginning of the 1st millennium before the Mystery of Golgotha, were introduced to a knowledge that is very similar to our geometric or mathematical knowledge.
[ 12 ] Euclid first presented geometry to outer humanity. But that was just a transmission of geometry to the outer, greater humanity. What Euclid presented as geometry had already been alive in the mysteries for thousands of years; but it was only communicated to the select students of the mysteries. It had a different effect on them than it did later. It seems strange and paradoxical, but it is true: what we teach children today, our geometry and arithmetic, was learned in the mystery schools by individuals who were specially selected, who were considered particularly gifted among the masses and who were admitted to the mysteries.
[ 13 ] Today, one often hears that mysterious things were taught in the mysteries. In terms of their purely abstract content, these mysterious things are the same as those taught to children today. They are not different things at all, and the mystery does not lie in the fact that these things are unknown to people today, but in the different way in which they were presented to people. It is, of course, quite different to present the content of our geometry to children in an age when people live in our waking consciousness from the moment they wake up to the moment they fall asleep, or when, in the age of ancient, instinctive clairvoyance, these things were presented to specially selected people with a more mature consciousness in a dreamlike state of consciousness. Today, humanity's ideas about these things are by no means always accurate.
[ 14 ] You see, there is a poem to Varuna in Eastern literature. It speaks of Varuna appearing in the air that blows through the forests as wind, of Varuna appearing in the thunder that flashes from the cloud water, of Varuna appearing in the human heart when it summons up the will, of Varuna appearing in the sky when the sun passes across the sky, of Varuna being contained in the mountains in the soma juice. Today, you will mostly find in books that no one really knows what soma juice is. People today, in their scholarship, state that no one knows what soma juice is, even though there are people who drink it by the liter and, from a certain point of view, know it very well. But it is one thing to know things from the standpoint of mystery and another to know them from the standpoint of waking consciousness in profane perception. And today you can read about the philosopher's stone, which was cultivated at a certain time when the nature of substance was viewed differently than it is today. And again, the historians of alchemy will tell you that the philosopher's stone is unknown. I have always hinted here and there in my lectures that this philosopher's stone is very well known to most people. They just don't know its essence and don't know why it is called that. It is very well known to most people because they actually use it by the kilo.
[ 15 ] Things are sometimes quite different from what our abstract, theoretical, and unrealistic view of life today can imagine. Today, there is also no real understanding of what it means to take in our geometric and arithmetic sciences in a mature state with a completely different state of mind than that of today's humanity. I have pointed out this special nature of the mysteries in my book Christianity as Mystical Fact. But people don't usually understand such important things in the right way; they don't usually take them deeply enough. What one should understand is that the way things were brought to people in ancient times was what made them mysterious. And this was indeed the case with purely mathematical considerations, whose emotional and fully human content Novalis still sensed when he perceived mathematics as a great poem, which most people today certainly do not find in it. It was this emotional, but mathematically expressed understanding of the world into which the pupil of the ancient mysteries was introduced. And when the mathematical understanding of the universe approached the pupil of the ancient mysteries in this way, he became a person with a view of the world such as that described to us as belonging to the magi from the East. Then the mathematics of the universe, which has become something completely abstract for us, revealed something essential, because what it revealed was complemented by something else that corresponded to it. And so what corresponded to the external knowledge of an ancient culture, what had been preserved in its last remnants for the magicians, what came to the magicians from the East, was the impetus for the one proclamation: the proclamation through the wisdom teaching, through external science.
[ 16 ] On the other hand, the inner experience of the mysteries of humanity could develop in people who were particularly predisposed to it, such as those who were to be portrayed to us in the shepherds in the field. There, the inner forces that are in human beings had to reach a special level. Then direct perception, imaginative, instinctive-imaginative perception of images became what happened in the human world. Thus, through inner vision, the poor shepherds in the fields were given a foretaste of what was summed up for them in the proclamation: “God is revealed in the heights of heaven, and through him there can be peace among all people of good will.”
[ 17 ] Thus the secrets of the world spoke both to the innermost being of the poor shepherds in the fields and to the highest level of human wisdom at that time; the secrets of the world spoke both to the shepherds and to the magi from the East. And the great mystery of earthly life was proclaimed from two sides.
[ 18 ] What did the magi from the East experience? What was particularly developed in such students by the fact that mathematics was brought into their soul constitution, when this soul constitution was already particularly mature? You see, Kant says of mathematical knowledge that it is a priori. By a priori he means that it is attained before external, empirical knowledge, before experience. That is a play on words. This a priori says nothing at all. The word only acquires meaning when one can point out, from the perspective of spiritual science, that mathematics arises from within us, that it is something that comes from within the human being into human consciousness. And where does it come from? Well, it comes from the experiences we had in the spiritual world before conception or before birth. There we lived in the great, wide universe. There we experienced what we could experience before we had our physical eyes and ears. There we experienced a priori in relation to life on earth. What is experienced a priori there rises today unconsciously from within our consciousness. Unless they experience it intuitively, as Novalis did, people do not know that experiences from before birth or conception rise up when they do mathematics. For those who are able to view these things in the right way, mathematical knowledge alone is proof that they existed in a spiritual world before conception. For those for whom this is not proof of a pre-birth life, there is the other fact that they do not think deeply enough about the phenomena of life, that they have no idea what the origin of mathematics actually is.
[ 19 ] The students of the ancient mysteries, who were in that state of wisdom as it had been preserved in its last remnants among the magicians of the East, gained a clear impression of this: When we look at the stars in such a way that we penetrate them with mathematical lines, with our calculations, then we spread out over the outer expanses of space that in which we lived before our birth. And so such a student of the sacred mysteries felt that he was saying to himself: Now I live here on Earth, looking out through my eyes into the world space, noticing what is spatially around me. I also lived within these phenomena of the world space before my birth or conception. There I counted for myself, from star to star, what I now only imagine through mathematics; there I rushed with my inner forces from star to star; there I lived in what I now only construct. At that time, everything that people had experienced before their birth or conception became real to them. Therefore, they also accepted it in a sacred sense. That is why they also knew that it was the spiritual world into which they were entering, the world in which they had lived before they came to earth. This knowledge of the world that human beings pass through before they come to earth was still present in a last remnant among the magi from the East; through it they recognized the approach of the Christ being.
[ 20 ] Where did the Christ being come from? It came from the world we live through between death and a new birth, and united itself with the life we live between birth and death. The science that deals with the world we live in between death and a new birth can therefore reveal something like the mystery of Golgotha. It was through this science that the mystery of Golgotha, the mystery of Christmas, was revealed to the Magi.
[ 21 ] As human beings live here on earth and develop what their insights into their environment bring them, what are the impulses for their actions and their social life, they also experience something else within themselves, unconsciously. He does not know it, but just as he experiences the after-effects of his pre-birth life, he also experiences that which then passes through the gate of death and becomes the content of life after death. These are the forces that are already present in seed form between birth and death and only unfold to their full potential in the afterlife. These forces were at work with great intensity in the ancient instinctive clairvoyance; and they were still at work in their last remnants among the poor shepherds in the fields through their special piety. We live in these forces especially between falling asleep and waking up, when our soul is outside the physical body and lives in outer space. Then it lives in such a way as it will consciously live again when it has shed the outer physical body after death. These forces, which can penetrate into daily life in special states from the world of dreams and sleep, were very active in the old instinctive clairvoyance. The poor shepherds experienced these forces, and in them was revealed that which, from a different side than the three magi, could announce to them the mystery of Golgotha.
[ 22 ] What does one experience through those forces that are particularly characteristic of human beings between death and a new birth, when they are kindled in the life between birth and death, as in the case of the Magi from the East? One experiences what happens outside the earthly realm. One is carried away from the earth into the world of the stars, where one is between death and a new birth. That was the world into which the Magi from the East were introduced, away from the earth into the heavenly space.
[ 23 ] What does one experience through those forces that rise up within, especially in the dream world, which come from within the human being? There one experiences what is happening within the earth. There the telluric forces are at work, those forces that we have through our body, through living in our body. They are particularly active in what we experience between falling asleep and waking up. We are also in the outer world, but primarily in the outer world that belongs to the earth.
[ 24 ] One always perceives only what is outside oneself; one does not perceive that in which one lives. Only those people who are particularly ignorant about certain areas and want to develop pure phraseological knowledge manage to gloss over such things with phrases and say, for example: It would not matter to establish a spiritual science with knowledge gained outside of man, because what is important is precisely that man should obtain knowledge through his inner being in addition to his knowledge of external nature. Yes, with such a torrent of phrases one can establish schools of wisdom in Darmstadt today, but one remains merely a phrase-monger, even if one establishes schools of wisdom. For if one understands the matter correctly, one can even say: Yes, one must describe the world from within in order to arrive at the supersensible; but then one must first enter into the inner realm, and what is then external must be viewed from outside the body, and one must look back at the body. Keyserling's talk about viewing things from spiritual points of view does not actually want to go into the human inner being, but merely uses empty phrases. That is why it is so: when we are in the state between falling asleep and waking up, we look back and, in a sense, feel back into our body. We therefore feel that which connects our body with the earthly; for it is indeed of the earth. The poor shepherds in the field actually felt the revelation of the earth from their bodies, perceiving what was happening as the voice of the angel in a dreamlike state.
[ 25 ] And it corresponds entirely to the mystery of Golgotha that the revelation came from two sides: that of the Magi from the knowledge of the heavens, that of the shepherds from the revelation of the earth. For a heavenly being, a being that until then did not belong to the earth, arrives. This must be recognized in his arrival from heavenly wisdom. Then one learns to recognize that something descends from heaven. If one has the wisdom of the shepherds, one learns to know the earth; one feels oneself into the weaving and life of the earth, which perceives the arrival of the heavenly being. It is the same announcement from the other side. In a wonderful way, what is communicated to human beings as a unified event from two sides has flowed together.
[ 26 ] And when we now look at the way in which humanity received the event of Golgotha, we must say that in this and in other respects only remnants of the old wisdom remained. I have already pointed out how, with the remnants of ancient wisdom, with a certain gnosis, the mystery of Golgotha was initially understood in the first centuries of our era. Then people tried more and more to penetrate the event of Golgotha by means of mere intellectual analysis. And in the 19th century, naturalism gradually arose in this area of belief. Nothing more was understood of the supersensible content of the event of Golgotha. Christ became merely a wise man from Nazareth, understood in a naturalistic way. A new, spiritual understanding of the mystery of Golgotha became necessary. One must not confuse the fact of the mystery of Golgotha with the way in which people relate to this fact in their understanding.
[ 27 ] Now, the state of mind that the shepherds in the fields had, that the Magi from the East had, was still present in its last remnants at the time when the mystery of Golgotha took place. All this has changed in the course of human evolution. Things change and undergo metamorphoses.
[ 28 ] What has become of the wisdom of the magi from the East? It has become our mathematics with its astronomy. The magi had a super-earthly knowledge, which was basically a magnificent memory of pre-birth life. This has shrunk and withered away in us to become our mathematical-mechanical understanding of the heavens, where we apply nothing more to external phenomena than the laws of mathematics and mechanics. What rises up from within us, especially when we look at what remains of mathematical astronomy, is the present-day metamorphosis of what the magicians had.
[ 29 ] And when we look at what our external sensory knowledge is — mere perception by the eyes and ears — it is the externalized inner knowledge of the shepherds in the fields. What gave the shepherds in the fields the inner secrets of earthly existence leaves us cold when we look at the external world through our scientific observations. Our scientific observation is the daughter of the wisdom of the shepherds. But the daughter looks very different from her mother. And our mathematics, which becomes astronomy, is the daughter of the wisdom of the magicians. Humanity had to go through this. When our natural scientists sit in their laboratories and clinics with their dry research, they no longer have much in common with the shepherds, but it is the straightforward metamorphosis of the wisdom of the shepherds. And our mathematicians are the straightforward successors of the magicians from the East. The external has become internal, the internal has become external. And with that, we have basically strayed very far from understanding the mystery of Golgotha, and we should be aware of that. Yes, we have strayed very far from this understanding. But perhaps those who have strayed the furthest from this understanding are many of those who today call themselves preachers and proclaimers of Christianity in the official sense.
[ 30 ] With the powers of knowledge, feeling, and faith that are at work in human beings today, it is no longer possible to understand the true nature of the event of Golgotha. It must be found anew. The wisdom of the magicians has become dry mathematics, through whose images only the heavens can still be seen; it has become internal. The internal must be revived. In a sense, what is external must be rebuilt from within.
[ 31 ] Now try to understand from this point of view the content of a book such as my “Outline of Secret Science.” The magicians surveyed the starry worlds; they saw the spiritual in the starry worlds because they could look into human experience before birth. This has become abstract in our mathematics. But the same forces that develop our mathematics can in turn be enlivened and intensified in imaginative contemplation. Then a world is born from within us, which we now in turn, although we create it from within, see as the outer world, which is now in turn Saturn, Sun, Moon, Earth, Jupiter, Venus, Vulcan. We see the sky through inner contemplation, just as the wise men from the East perceived the secrets of the mystery of Golgotha through outer contemplation. The external has become internal, has reached the abstract level of mathematics; therefore, the internal must in turn be expanded to the external universe, in that our inner contemplation leads us to a new astronomy, to an astronomy experienced inwardly.
[ 32 ] Only through such a turning toward a new understanding of Christ can we today fulfill with a certain meaning what Christmas is. Does Christmas still have a special meaning for most people today? It has become a very beautiful custom, which is not very old, barely 150 years old, to make the Christmas tree a symbol of Christmas. The Christmas tree only came into being in the 19th century. What is it? One can try hard to find the meaning of the Christmas tree. Especially when you try hard and when you know how the Christmas tree gradually grew up, how it grew from the small twigs that St. Nicholas first carried in his arms on December 6, to become the Christmas tree, especially when you follow the history of the Christmas tree, you realize how the Christmas tree is directly related to the tree of paradise. Human consciousness is drawn to the tree of paradise, to Adam and Eve. What does this mean? It is one side of how the mystery of Golgotha is being proclaimed again in our time.
[ 33 ] People turn away from the mystery of Golgotha and back to the creation of the world, to the starting point of the world. People do not understand the meaning of the redemption of the world and turn again to the world-creating God. This is expressed in the gradual disappearance of the actual Christmas symbol, the crib symbol, which was so magnificent in the Christmas plays of earlier centuries, and in the emergence of the Christmas tree, which is actually the tree of paradise. The old Yahweh religion has once again taken the place of the Christ religion, and the Christmas tree is the symbol of this emergence of the Yahweh religion. Only this Yahweh religion appears multiplied among people. For Yahweh was rightly worshipped as the One in a time when his people felt themselves to be a unified people who did not look beyond their borders and were waiting for the day when they would fill the whole earth.
[ 34 ] In our time, people speak of Christ Jesus and worship only Yahweh. For in the individual nationalities, as was particularly evident in the war, Christ was spoken of, but it was only the original God, the God Yahweh living in heredity, in nature. The Christmas tree on the one hand, and the national gods who did not rise to the level of Christianity on the other, were what caused people to return from the comprehension of the mystery of Golgotha to the comprehension of a much earlier time. In the assertion of the principle of nationality, in the proclamation that individual peoples follow their gods, there is a step backward into the old Yahweh religion. Those who want to worship Christ in some national form are the ones who deny him most.
[ 35 ] You see, what must be taken into account is that in every kind of proclamation, in the proclamation to the shepherds and in the proclamation to the Magi, there is something very general and human, for the earth is common to all human beings. And in receiving the earthly proclamation, the shepherds received a proclamation that cannot be different from one people to another, that cannot be differentiated according to people. And in receiving the great solar, heavenly proclamation, the Magi also received something universally human. For when the sun first shone on the territory of one people, it also shone on the territory of another. The heavens are common to all, the earth is common to all. What is universally human becomes active in humanity through Christianity. This is also pointed to by the Christmas story, which is presented in the twofold proclamation. Such things, which were completely understandable to a completely different state of mind, are only becoming understandable again today through spiritual science.
[ 36 ] And how is this spiritual science treated? — Yes, it is treated very strangely, especially by those who call themselves official representatives of Christianity. There are certainly a number among you who have seen that group in Dornach, with the figure of Christ in the middle, which is to stand at the east end of the Goetheanum in Dornach. You know that when I explain this figure of Christ, I explain how the ideal face of the human being appears to me as the real face of Christ. Those who have seen the figure will remember that it is a purely human, idealized face. The figure has now progressed somewhat further, but as long as it was on display, it was a wooden block down to the middle, as made by the workers. For it is particularly the will that will have to express itself in the lower part. This figure is surrounded above by two Luciferic figures, which are separated from the Christ figure, and below by two Ahrimanic figures. Now there is a certain missionary preacher who bears the name Frohnmeyer. He has published a little book about theosophy. It also deals with anthroposophy in a very superficial way. It says there — and not as if someone had told the man, but as if he had been there himself and seen it — it says in this book: In Dornach, a Christ is to be depicted who has Luciferic features above and animal characteristics below.
[ 37 ] I have often heard the story that in a very special way one can sometimes examine one's state of mind in the evening by lying down in bed when one comes home and placing one's top hat on the bedspread. If the top hat is simply there, you are sober; if there are two, you are definitely drunk. Now, anyone in Dornach who sees the figure of Christ with Luciferian features above and animal characteristics below was certainly in the position of a man who sees two top hats when he has placed one on the bedspread.
[ 38 ] The matter has a very serious background, for it is written by a person who is a Christian missionary preacher. It appears in a document that contains other things of equal truthfulness. Some time ago, the man was awarded a doctorate in theology by a theological faculty. He teaches at a theological faculty, where he is registered as a lecturer. You can imagine the degree of truthfulness that can permeate the teachings of a person who has such a relationship with the truth and who claims to have seen what he describes.
[ 39 ] Such is the state of truthfulness today among those who officially claim to represent Christianity. I ask you: Do not these Christian, that is, anti-Christian representatives—anti-Christian because of their untruthful, deceitful minds—prove the necessity of a renewal of Christianity? Are these people not living proof that Christianity needs renewal? Perhaps this is also the reason why these people have the fiercest enemies: because the truth about what kind of Christians they really are must come out! Of course, they do not want that. They want to continue fishing in murky waters, proclaiming their slander and untruths everywhere, and then presenting themselves as the shining lights of Christianity.
[ 40 ] We should take this to heart today: when we think of the mystery of Christmas, we need to look at a birth. We must not merely talk about Christmas, nor merely talk about our feelings, but we must look at something that must be reborn in our time. True Christianity, truly, must be reborn. We need a universal Christmas. Spiritual science wants to be that which prepares a universal Christmas among human beings in the right way.