Cosmic and Human Metamorphoses
GA 175
20 March 1917, Berlin
VII. Errors and Truths
I should like today to introduce a sort of historical survey into this series of lectures, not so much for the purpose of making this an historical lecture, as of drawing attention to various matters concerning the Spiritual attitude of the present day, by which we are immediately surrounded.
In 1775 a very remarkable book appeared in Lyons, which even as early as the year 1782, found its way into certain circles of German Spiritual life, and the effects of which were much greater than is generally supposed. Above all, the result was such that it had to be more or less suppressed by that which was the principal impulse of the nineteenth century. This book is of the very greatest interest, more especially to those who in the interests of Spiritual Science wish to inform themselves as to what happened from the earliest times down to our own—I allude to Concerning Error and Truth, by Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (b. 18th January, 1743; d. 23rd October, 1803.). Anyone taking up this book today, whether in its own original language or in the careful German edition by Matthias Claudius, with its beautiful preface,—will find it extremely difficult to understand. Matthias Claudius himself admits this, even at the end of the eighteenth century. In his fine preface, he says: ‘Most people will not understand this book; I do not understand it myself. But what it contains has sunk so deeply into my heart, that I think it must be admitted into the widest circles.’ Least of all will those be able to make anything of this book whose knowledge is based upon those physical, chemical, and similar conceptions of the world taught today in the schools or acquired as ordinary education, and who have not even a smattering of real knowledge of these things. Neither will those understand this book, who base their present views of the times—we will not use the word ‘Politics’—on what they glean from the ordinary newspaper, or from what is reflected from those newspapers into the magazines of the day. There are several reasons why I should refer to this book today, after the two public lectures I gave last week. In these I spoke of ‘The nature and the principles of man,’ and ‘The connection between the human soul and the human body,’ and referred to the way in which we shall some day speak of those connections, when the knowledge which can now be gained by Natural Science but cannot be utilised, is viewed in the right way. One who has a thorough knowledge of Spiritual Science cannot but be convinced that when the knowledge of Natural Science is rightly appreciated, it will no longer be possible to speak today, of the relation of the life of imagination, of feeling and of will to the human organism. It may be that in these two lectures a beginning has been made of what must come, though it may perhaps be postponed for a long time by the great resistance made in the external world, not by science but by the scientists themselves. However long a time it may take, it must eventually come about that people win consider the relation between man's soul and body in the manner outlined in those two lectures.
In those two lectures I spoke of these things as it is necessary to speak of them in the year 1917; I mean, taking all the investigations of Natural Science and other experiences of man into consideration. One could not have spoken in that way in the eighteenth century, for example. Such things would have been spoken of in a very different way at that time. The enormous significance of the fact which I have repeatedly alluded to is not sufficiently realised—that somewhere about the end of the first third of the nineteenth century, in the thirties or forties, a crisis of exceptional magnitude occurred in the development of European humanity, from the Spiritual aspect. I have often mentioned this, saying that the tide of materialism then reached its height. I have also frequently drawn attention to the frivolous way in which our own time is often called ‘period of transition.’ Of course, every time is a period of transition, and it is absolutely correct to say so of our own. The point, however, is not so much to declare that any particular time is a period of transition as to establish in what this transition consists. One will then certainly come upon certain turning-points which represent deep incisive moments of transition in the development of man; and one such, although it passes unnoticed today, occurred at the time mentioned. Hence it is easy to understand that we must speak in quite a different way about the riddles with which man is confronted now; we must use quite different expressions and study the subject from quite a different aspect than would have been the case in the eighteenth century. Perhaps no man in the eighteenth century spoke with such intensity as de Saint-Martin, calling the attention of the Natural Science of that day to problems similar to those we discuss here. In all that he said, de Saint-Martin stood in the fading light of the old age, and not as we do, in the glimmering light of a new age. Unless we consider the point of view of which I am about to speak, it might seem a matter of indifference whether one studied de Saint-Martin at all, whether one absorbed or did not absorb the peculiar form of ideas aroused in him by Jacob Böhme. Unless a very different, much more significant standpoint were in question, to which I am about to allude today, this might indeed be a matter of indifference.
Let us quote a concrete case. In endeavouring to point out the errors into which man may fall in his philosophy of life as well as to point out the road to truth, de Saint-Martin, in his book: Des erreurs et de la virite—uses in the most practical and objective way the ideas and conceptions current in certain circles up to and into the eighteenth century. By the way he writes it can be seen that he is thoroughly accustomed to make use of them. We find, for instance, that in trying to explain the relation of man to the whole cosmos and to ethical life, de Saint-Martin employs the three principal ideas which play so great a part with Jacob Böhme and Paracelsus: Mercury, Sulphur and Salt, the three chief conceptions by which people tried at that time to grasp the sense world and also man. In these three elements it was sought to find the key to the understanding of external nature and of man. Modern man, speaking in the sense of the Natural Science of today, (as one must and should speak) can no longer use these expressions in the same way; for it is now quite impossible to think in the same way of Mercury, Sulphur and Salt, as did a man in the eighteenth century. In speaking of these, a three-fold nature was in view, which a man of the present day, could only represent according to Natural Science by dividing man as I have done, into the metabolic man, the rhythmic man, and the nerve-man, of which three the whole man is composed; for every part of him belongs to these three. If one supposes that any one part does not belong to these three, as one might of the bones, the discrepancy would only be apparent, not real. A man of the eighteenth century knew that the whole complexity of a human being could be understood if one acquired a comprehensive grasp of Mercury, Sulphur and Salt. Now of course, when the ordinary man speaks of salt today, he refers to the white substance he has on his dinner table, or if he be a chemist, to the salts with which he works in his laboratory. In speaking of sulphur the ordinary man thinks of matches and the chemist thinks of all the many experiments he has tried in his retort for the transmutation of sulphur. As to mercury, one at once thinks of quicksilver and so on.
The men of the eighteenth century did not think in this way. Indeed it is today very difficult to imagine what lived in the souls of that time when they spoke of ‘Mercury, Sulphur and Salt.’ De Saint-Martin put the question to himself in his own way; Into what parts must I divide man, if I take his body as image of his soul? And he replied: First I must consider in man the instruments or organs of his thought. (De Saint-Martin puts this rather differently but we must translate a little, for the exposition would otherwise be too lengthy). I must first study man with respect to the organ of his head; what is the principal thing therein? What comes into consideration there? What is the really active agent in the head? (or as we today should say: in the nervous system? ) He replies: Salt. And by this he does not understand the white table salt, nor what the chemist understands by salt, but the totality of forces at work in the human head, when a man forms ideas. Everything in the nature of the external working of salt, he only regards as manifestation, as an external manifestation of the same forces as work in the human head. He then asks: What is the element that chiefly works in the human breast? According to the division of man I gave in the lecture last Thursday we should put the question thus: What works in the Breathing-Man? De Saint-Martin replies, Sulphur. So that according to him, everything connected with the functions of the chest is governed by those actions which have their origin in Sulphur, or that which is of the nature of Sulphur. He then goes on to ask: What is at work in the rest of man? (We today should say: in the metabolic man.) He replies: There Mercury works. Thus, in his own way, does de Saint-Martin compose the whole human being. By the way he throws things together, from time to time, disjointedly, we can see that he stands in the fading evening twilight of that whole system of thought. On the other hand we see that standing thus in the twilight, he was still able to grasp an enormous number of gigantic truths which could still be understood then, but are now lost. These he expressed by making use of the three conceptions of Mercury, Sulphur and Salt. Thus, in the book Des erreurs et de la verite there is a very fine treatise (which to the modern physicist is of course utter nonsense) on thunder-storms, on thunder and lightning; in which he shows how on the one hand one may use Mercury, Sulphur and Salt to explain the bodily nature of man, and on the other to explain atmospherical disturbances; at one time they are working together within man, at another time in the world outside. In man they engender what may perhaps spring up as a thought or an impulse of will, while outside in the world the same elements engender, for instance, lightning and thunder. As we have said, what is thus expounded by de Saint-Martin could well be understood in the eighteenth century; it belonged to the mode of thought of that time. To the present-day physicist it would be utter nonsense. But precisely as to thunder and lightning, there is a flaw in modern physics, which is obliged to be rather easy-going with respect to these. It teaches that when the clouds in close vicinity—the one charged with positive, and the other with negative electricity—discharge their electricity, a thunderstorm is the result. Any school boy a little brighter than his fellows would notice that before the teacher starts making electrical experiments, he carefully wipes any traces of damp from the instruments, for nothing can be done with electricity where damp is present. He may ask the teacher: ‘Are not clouds damp? How then can electricity be at work in these, as you say?’ The teacher probably replies; ‘You are a silly boy, you don't understand!’ He would hardly be able to give any other answer today. De Saint-Martin tried to explain how through the Salt in the air, Mercury and Sulphur may be connected in a special way, in a similar way to that in which saltpetre and sulphur are united in gunpowder through charcoal; so through a particular transmutation of the elements of Mercury and Sulphur by means of Salt, explosions can occur. This exposition, considering the laws of that time, is extraordinarily clever. I cannot now go into it more deeply; let us rather consider the question more historically. De Saint-Martin particularly proves in a very fine way that in certain properties of the clouds which lead to thunderstorms, one can verify the relation of lightning to salt, or what he called salt. In short, he fights in his own way the materialism which was then beginning to dawn, for he had behind him the basis of a traditional wisdom, which found in him an industrious worker. In so doing he strove to find an explanation of the world in general, and after having made the above-mentioned explanations in which he makes use of the elements, he passes on to an explanation of the origin of the earth. In this he is not so foolish as those born after him, who believe in a mist or nebula as the origin of all things and who think they can find the beginning of the world by means of physical conceptions. He starts straight away by using his imagination, whereby to explain the origin of the world. In the afore-mentioned book when he speaks on this subject we find a wonderful wealth of imaginative ideas, of true imaginations, which, like his physical ideas, can only be understood in connection with the age in which he lived. We could not make use of them today, but they show that beyond a given point he tried to grasp things by means of imaginative cognition. Then, having tried this, he passes on to the comprehension of the historical life of man. Here, he tries to establish how that can only be understood by allowing for the real Spiritual impulses from the Spiritual world which from time to time found their way into the physical plane. He then tries to apply all this to the deeper nature of man, by showing how what the Bible story relates of the Fall in Paradise, rests, according to his imaginative cognition, on definite facts, how man passed over from an original condition into his existing one. He then tries to understand the historical phenomena of his own time and of all the time embraced by history, in the light of the fall from Spiritual life into matter. I am not upholding this, but it must be mentioned; naturally I do not wish to put the doctrine of de Saint-Martin in the place of Spiritual Science, or our Anthroposophy: I am only relating history, to show how far he was in advance of his times. As one reads the book Des erreurs et de la virite, chapter after chapter, we come upon one notable remark. One sees that he speaks from a rich fullness of knowledge, and that what he gives out is but the outer rind of the knowledge that lives in his soul. This is indicated in various passages in which he says somewhat as follows: ‘If I were to go deeper into this, I should be giving out truths that I may not express.’ In one place he even goes so far as to say: ‘If I were to say all that could be said on this subject, I should have to give out certain truths which, as far as most people are concerned, are better left veiled in the profoundest darkness of night.’ A true Spiritual Scientist can read a great deal between the lines in these passages; he knows why these remarks appear at certain parts of certain chapters. There are certain things which cannot be spoken of by means of assumption. It will only be possible to speak of such things when the impulses given by Spiritual Science have grown into moral, ethical impulses,—when men have acquired a certain lofty-mindedness through Spiritual Science, which will enable them to speak in a different way about certain questions than can be done in an age in which such remarkable scientific figures as those of Freud and Konsirt live and move. But the day will come when it will be possible.
In the last third of his book de Saint-Martin passes on to certain political subjects. It is hardly possible at the present day to do more than indicate how the mode of thought here employed by him can be brought into relation with the way men ‘think’ as they call it, today; that is a forbidden subject. I can only say that his whole attitude throughout the last third of his book is very remarkable. If we read this chapter today—we must do so while bearing clearly in mind that the book was published in 1775, and that the French Revolution took place subsequently. This chapter must be thought of in connection with the French Revolution, one must read a great deal between the lines in this particular chapter. De Saint-Martin proceeds as an occultist, I might say. Anyone lacking the organ of perception for the profound impulses to be found in this chapter, would probably be quite satisfied with its introduction. For here de Saint-Martin says: ‘Let no one connected with the ruling powers of the earth, or connected in any way with the government, believe that I am trying to stand well with him. I am the friend of all and everyone.’ After having thus excused himself, he goes on to say things, compared with which Rousseau's remarks are mere child's play. But I cannot say any more about this.
In short, we must realise the deep incisive significance of this man, who had a school behind him, and without whom Herder, Goethe, Schiller and the German Romanticists cannot be imagined, as he himself cannot be thought of without Jacob Böhme. And yet, when one reads de Saint-Martin to day, allowing oneself to be influenced by what he says, one feels, as I have just said: that there would not be the smallest use in putting what one has to say to the public in the form in which de Saint-Martin put it. That would be no use now, when I try to give a picture of the world, as I did in the last two public lectures and shall again in the next, which must on the one side be correct on the basis of Spiritual Science, and on the other fully justified according to the most minute discoveries of Natural Science today. The mode of forming ideas which de Saint-Martin employed is no longer suited to the way in which men must think today, nor to the way in which they must, and rightly so, formulate their thoughts. Just as in travelling, when we pass from the domain of one language into that of another, in that moment we can no longer speak the language of the first, so would it be foolish today to use the form of thought of de Saint-Martin; more especially would it be foolish, because that mighty dividing line in Spiritual evolution which falls in the year 1842 (in the first third of the nineteenth century) lies between us.
By this you see, my dear friends, that it is possible in the Spiritual development of man, for a certain mode of thought to pass into the twilight. But in studying de Saint-Martin, one does not feel that what he says has an been exhausted. On the contrary one feels that there is in his works an enormous amount of still undiscovered wisdom, and that much might still be brought out of it. Yet on the other hand it was necessary in the Spiritual development of mankind that that way of thinking should cease, and another way of thinking should begin. This had to be. In the former the external world was only just beginning, it had only then reached its most external phases of materialism, Therefore we can only rightly understand what really happened, by surveying longer periods of time and applying to greater epochs what Spiritual Science wishes to stimulate in us; for of course what de Saint-Martin gave out at the end of the eighteenth century, being then but in its dawn, subsequently took a different form.
At that time something came to an end on the earth. Not only in a comparatively short time did the ideas ruling Jacob Böhme, Paracelsus, de Saint-Martin and others descend into the twilight, it being impossible to carry them on further; but a very curious change also took place in the manner of feeling. While in de Saint-Martin we see this phenomenon of the twilight of the human mind as regards the study of nature, the same phenomenon can also be traced in another way if we direct our attention to the almost parallel decline of theosophy, to the dimming and damping down of the theosophical philosophy of life.
True, de Saint-Martin is generally called a theosophist; but in speaking of him and describing him, I am thinking rather of a theosophy directed to Natural Science, a more religious form of theosophy then prevalent which was called by that name. Theosophy in the particular form in which it then reached a climax, ruled, I was going to say, in South Germany, though perhaps it would be more accurate to say in Schwabia. There, although it was then already on the decline, it had reached a certain maturity; and among its most prominent followers stand out the figures of Bengel and Ötinger, who were surrounded by many others. I will simply name those whom I know best: Friederick Daniel Schubart; Hahn, the mathematician; Steinhofer; the schoolmaster Hartmann, who had a great influence on Jung Stilling and even a certain influence on Goethe and knew him personally; and Johann Jacob Moser. A goodly number of remarkable minds in comparatively humble circumstances, who did not even form a connected circle, but who all lived at the time when Ötinger's star shone in the firmament. Ötinger lived almost through the whole of the eighteenth century; he was born in l702, and died in l782, as Prelate in Murrhard. A very remarkable personality, in whom was concentrated in a sense, all that the whole circle contained. It was an echo of this Theosophy of the eighteenth century which influenced Richard Rothe, Professor at the University of Heidelberg and other Universities. He wrote a fine preface to a book edited by Carl August Auberlen on the Theosophy of Frederick Christopher Ötinger. In this preface Richard Rothe, who represents a traditional echo of that circle, reminds us in his convinced acceptance of Theosophy, of those great Theosophists just mentioned; while on the other hand we can clearly see in the way he speaks of Ötinger in this preface, that he feels himself standing behind a period of twilight, even as regards those secrets of life with which he as theologist was concerned. The preface was written in 1847. I should like to quote some of it here, that you may see how in Richard Rothe (who was then in Heidelberg) lived one who looked back in thought to Ötinger, and saw in him a man who above all, in his own fashion, strove to decipher the Old and the New Testament; who tried to read them with theosophical understanding of the world. Richard Rothe looked back at that method of reading the Scriptures and compared it with the way he had been taught to read them, and which was then customary. (He only died in the sixties and was himself but an echo).
He compared the then manner of reading the Scriptures with the methods of Bengel, Ötinger, Steinhofer and the mathematician Hahn.
With respect to this Richard Rothe says something very remarkable: ‘Among the men of this school, to which Bengel with his Apokalyptica belongs, Ötinger occupies a foremost place. Not satisfied with the theology of the schools of his day, he thirsted after a richer and fuller and at the same time a purer understanding of Christian truth, The orthodox theology did not suffice him, it seemed to him but shallow; he wanted more than that; not that it asked too much of his faith, but that the deeper spirit within him wanted more than that. He did not object to the super-naturalism of the orthodox theology of his time, but considered rather that the latter did not take the supernatural seriously enough. His innermost soul rebelled against the spiritualism which reduced the realities of the world of Christian faith to mere abstractions, to mere thought-pictures. Hence his fiery zeal against all forms of idealism.’ ... Such a saying might appear strange, but it has to be understood. By idealism the German understands a system which only lives in ideas, whereas Ötinger as well as Rothe, strove for true Spiritual life. True Spirits were they, who pushed history forward, not like what Ranke and others with their pallid notions, have described as the so-called ideas of history. As though it were possible for mere ideas—one really does not know what word to use in speaking reality—possible for mere ideas to wander through history and carry the whole thing on further. The followers of Ötinger wished to put the living in the place of the abstract and dead. Hence Ötinger's fiery zeal against any idealism; hence too his realism, which, although that was not his intention, did actually, in his energetic search for ‘massive’ conceptions, tend towards materialism.
The conceptions he was trying to find were such as really grasped the Spiritual, not merely talking of an ideal archetype at the back of things, but real, solid (massive) thoughts and ideas, such as look for the Spirits behind created things.
Rothe continues: ‘His leaning to nature and Natural Science is intimately connected with this fundamental scientific tendency. The lack of appreciation, the tendency of the idealist to despise the world of Nature, were foreign to him; he felt that behind rude matter there was a very real existence; he was profoundly permeated by the conviction that without the world of sense there could be no real true existence, either divine or creative. This is a startling and new legitimisation of the authority of history, and we see not only in Ötinger but in the earlier contemporaneous Theosophists and especially in the philosophical writings of Jacob Böhme, the original scientific tendency of the time of the Reformation breaking through again, as shown in this thirst after a true understanding of the world of Nature.’ The kind of realism for which Ötinger longed, comes to ‘life in its innermost being in Christianity,’ (so says Richard Rothe)—‘if transplanted into any other Spiritual movement it must become weaker, more especially as regards its own peculiar doctrine. It is capable of bearing a completely different, richer, Christian world of wonder than that of this idealism to which we have all been accustomed from childhood, which is governed by a fear of believing too strongly in the actuality of Divine things and of taking the word of God too literally. Indeed, this Christian realism demands just such a wonder-world as is unfolded in the doctrine of the Last Things. It cannot therefore, be led astray in its eschatological hopes by the compassionate shaking of the head of those who believe themselves alone to be in the right. For to Christian realism it does not seem possible to arrive at a thoughtful understanding of created things and their history, without clear and definite thinking as to the final result of the development of the world, which is the object and aim of Creation, for only thus can light and meaning come into men's conceptions. This Christian realism does not shrink from the thought of a real, bodily and, therefore, truly living spirit-world, and a real contact of that world with man, even in his present state. The reader admits how true this all seems in the pages of Ötinger.
This refers to a time in which men did not seek for the ideas of the world of nature, but for a living world of Spirit, and indeed Ötinger tried to bring all the treasures of knowledge then accessible to man to his assistance, for the purpose of establishing a living contact with the Spiritual world. What stood behind such a man as this? He was not like a man of the present day, who has above all the task of showing that modern Natural Science must allow itself to be corrected by Spiritual Science, for true knowledge to be attained. Ötinger strove for something different. He strove to prove that the Spiritual world must be contacted in order to attain an understanding of the Bible, of the Scriptures, and especially of the New Testament. Richard Rothe puts it beautifully:
‘In order to understand this, a man must assume that frame of mind (which was that of Ötinger) which admits in its whole consciousness, that, as regards the Holy Scriptures a full, complete and, therefore, real understanding of them is still lacking, that the explanations given by the Churches do not contain it.’ Rothe goes on to say: ‘Perhaps I can best make this clear by relating what has been my own experience for more than thirty years of the Bible and more particularly of the New Testament—and of the words of the Saviour and the Epistles of Paul. The more I study the Scriptures, with the help of the Commentaries, the more I am impressed with a lively sense of their exuberant fulness, not only because of the inexhaustible ocean of feeling which surges through them, but no less by the thoughts contained in the words that I encounter. I stand before them with a key put in my hand by the Church, which has tested it for many a century. I cannot exactly say that it does not fit, still less can I say that it is the right one. It has effected an opening, but only with the help of the power I use in the unlocking. Our traditional exegesis—I do not refer to the neological one—gives me some understanding of the Scriptures, but does not suffice for a full and complete understanding. It is certainly able to draw forth the general content of the thoughts, but cannot give any reason for the peculiar form in which the thoughts appear. It seems to me that there is a blossom flowering above and beyond the exposition given. This remains as an unexplained residue left behind the written word, and this puts the Bible Commentators and those to whom they refer in a very awkward position, however well they may have accomplished their task in other respects. As a matter of fact they have only allowed the Lord and His Apostles to say precisely what the Commentators wish them to say, and this they have done in so clumsy, or perhaps we should say in so wonderful a way that for those who read them, things are made unnecessarily difficult to understand. The very large number of books comprising our exegetic literature deserve a serious reproach, in that they speak with so little clarity and polish concerning such incomparably important things, and such an incomparably important object. Who does not feel that this blame is deserved? The true Bible-reader receives an unequivocal impression that the words are right, just as they are,—that this is no meaningless scroll, from which our commentators must first cut away the wild branches before being able to penetrate the power of the thoughts contained therein. He feels that the accustomed methods of these gentlemen, of sweeping away the dust from these documents on account of their great age before they interpret them, only tends to brush away the imperishable spring-like brilliance which has shone in eternal youth for thousands of years. Let the masters of the Bible commentaries laugh as much as they will, it still remains a fact that there is something written between the lines of the Bible text which, with all their art, they are not able to decipher; yet that is above all what we ought to be able to read, if we wish to understand the altogether peculiar setting in which, in the Holy Scriptures alone, the now familiar thoughts of Divine manifested truth are to be found, in characteristic contra distinction to anything else of the kind. Our interpreters merely point out the figures standing in the foreground of the Scripture pictures; they completely leave out of account the background, with its wonderfully formed mountains in the far distance, and its brilliant dark-blue sky flecked with clouds. Yet from this falls on each one of us that quite unique and magic light which gives illumination, when we have understood what to us is truly an enigma. The peculiar basic thoughts and conceptions which, in the Scriptures, underlie the unexpressed assumptions, are lacking; and at the time there is a lack of soul, of the inner connection of the separate element of the Bible thoughts, which should organically bind them together. No wonder then that there are hundreds of passages in our Bible which thus remain un-interpreted and which are never properly understood, not understood completely in all the minute details of their features. No wonder there are so many passages of which a host of different interpretations have been given, and which have been ceaselessly in dispute for countless ages. No wonder at all; for they are certainly all wrong, because they are all inexact, only approximate, only giving the meaning as a whole, not in detail. We approach the Bible text with the alphabet of our own conceptions of God and the world, in all good faith, as though it was so obvious that it could not be otherwise: we take it, for granted that the Bible Commentator, who, as a silent observer is at the back of all he thinks and writes and illuminates, is of the same opinion. That is, however, an unfortunate illusion, of which we ought to have been cured by experiences long ago. Our key does not unlock, the right key had been lost, and until we find it again our investigations will find no green branch. We lack a fundamental conception of the Bible not expressly given in the text itself, but as long as we make researches without the system which can be found therein and which is not in our schools, the Bible must remain a half-closed book. We should study it with different fundamental conceptions from those we now cultivate as the only ones possible. No matter what these are, or where they are discovered, one thing is very certain from the whole concord of the melody of the Bible in its natural fulness, these conceptions must be more realistic and more “massive.” This is my own individual opinion, and while far from wishing to force it on those to whom it is foreign, I cannot but believe that Ötinger would understand me and assure me it was the same with him. Among all the many protestations that will be raised against me, I can still reckon one, if not many of my contemporaries, who will stand by me in this; I refer to the celebrated Dr. Beek of Tübingen.’
Ötinger hoped to be able to reach an understanding of the Bible on trying to arouse conceptions of a still living nature in the twilight days in which he and de Saint-Martin also lived: he hoped to make these living to himself, that he might enter into a living connection with the Spiritual World, and would then be able to understand the true language of the Bible. His assumption was practically this—that with mere abstract intellectual ideas it was impossible to understand the most important things in the Bible and especially in the New Testament. He believed that one can only hope to understand the Now Testament if one realises that it has proceeded from a direct vision of the Spiritual world itself, that no commentaries or exegesis are necessary; but that above all one ought to learn to read the New Testament. With this object he sought for a Philosophia Sacra. He did not mean this philosophy to be of the pattern of those that came after, but one in which was inscribed what a man may really experience, if he lives in contact with the Spiritual world.
Just as today, we who wish to throw the light of Natural Science on the researches of Spiritual Science, can no longer speak like de Saint-Martin; neither can we speak of the Gospels as did Ötinger or still less like Bengel. The edition of the New Testament brought out by Bengel will still be of use; but for the Apocalyptics of which he thought so much, a man of our day has no use at all. In this, Bengel laid great stress on calculation; he reckoned out the periods of history by this means. One number he held of special importance. This alone of course is sufficient to make the man of modern ideas look upon Bengel as a lunatic, a fantastic or a fool; for according to his reckoning, the year 1836 was to be of special importance in the development of humanity! He made profound calculations! He lived in the first half of the eighteenth century, so that he was a century removed from 1836. He reckoned this out in his own way by considering things historically. But if one goes more deeply, into things and is not so ‘clever’ as the modern mind, one knows that our good Bengel was only six years out in his reckoning. His error was caused by a false rendering of the year of the founding of Rome, and this can easily be proved. What he had meant to arrive at with his calculation was the year 1842, the year we have given for the materialistic crisis. Bengel, the teacher of Ötinger, referred to that profound incision in time; but, because in his search for massive conceptions he went too far and thought too massively, he reckoned that in the course of external history -something very special would take place, something like a last day. It was only the last day of the ancient wisdom
Thus, my dear friends, we see at no very distant date from our own times, the decline of a theosophical age; yet today, if an historian or philosopher writes about these persons at all, he devotes at most a couple of lines to them, and these as a rule tell one very little. None the less these persons had in their day a very far reaching, profound influence. If today anyone tries to disclose the meaning of the second part of Faust and finds it as given in the many commentaries, we cannot be surprised that:
‘He who clings to shallow things alone
Must find his hopes all disappear,
He digs with eager hands for treasure
But only finds the poor earth-worms.’
In this second part of Faust there is an enormous amount of occult wisdom and rendering of occult facts, though expressed in truly German poetic form. All this would be inconceivable if it had not been preceded by that world of which I have given you only the two principal examples. The man of today has no idea of how much was still known of the Spiritual world but a short while ago, comparatively speaking, and of how much of this belief has been shed only in the last few decades. It is certainly extremely important once in a way to fix our attention on these facts, because we, who learn to read the gospels now with the help of what Spiritual Science can give us, are only just beginning to learn over again to read the Scriptures. There is a very remarkable sentence in Ötinger. In his writings we find it quoted over and over again, though never understood. This sentence alone should suffice to make a man who has insight say: Ötinger is one of the greatest spirits of mankind. That sentence is: ‘Die Materie ist das Ende der Wege Gottes.’ (Matter is the end of Gods path). It was only possible for a very highly-developed soul to have given such a definition of matter, corresponding so clearly to what the Spiritual Scientist also knows; such a definition was only possible from one who was in a position to understand how the Divine Spiritual creative-forces work and concentrate to bring about a material structure such as man, who in his form is the expression of an enormous concentration of forces. If you read what takes place at the beginning of the conversation between Capesius and Benedictus in the second Mystery Play, and how the relation of the Macrocosm to man is there developed, which causes Capesius to fall ill, you will be able to form an idea of how these things can be expressed according to our present Spiritual Science, translated into our words. This is the same as Ötinger expressed in his significant saying, which can only be understood when we rediscover it: ‘Matter is the end of God's path.’ Even here it is the case, as in the words of de Saint-Martin, that we can no longer speak in such words today. Anyone using them must be fond of preserving that which today can no longer be understood.
Not only have our conceptions undergone a great transformation, but our feelings too have very greatly changed. Just think of a typical man of modern times, one who is really a practical example of his age, and imagine what his impressions would be were he to take up de Saint-Martin's: Des erreurs et de la liberte and come upon the following sentence. ‘Man is preserved from knowing the principle of his external corporeality; for if he were to become acquainted with it, he could never for very shame look at an uncovered human being.’ In an age in which the culture of the nude is even encouraged on the stage, as is done by the most modern people, one could, of course, make nothing of such a sentence. Yet just think: a great philosopher, de Saint-Martin, understanding the world, tells us that a higher feeling of shame would make one blush to gaze upon a human form—to de Saint-Martin this seemed absolutely comprehensible. You will have observed that I wanted first of all to call your attention today to something extremely significant, which has now disappeared. Besides that, I wanted to call to your notice the fact that at that time a different language was spoken from the one we now speak. We are obliged to speak differently. The possibility of thinking in the way corresponding to that language has vanished. Both in Ötinger and de Saint-Martin we find that things were not thought out to their end; but they could be thought out further. They can be further discussed; though not with a modern thinker. I might go even farther, and say: We need not go into these things today when studying the Riddles of the world, for we must understand ourselves through the conceptions of our own day, not through former ones. For that reason I always lay so much stress on the necessity of connecting all our Spiritual scientific work with modern ideas. It is a remarkable phenomenon, that no matter how much we now try to fall back into those former ideas, yet they are not played out; they show in themselves that a vast deal more could be arrived at by thinking further along those lines. Because we today hold the curious belief that people have always thought just as we do today, we have no conception how closely those conceptions were connected with universal consciousness. The typical man, to whom I have already referred, thinks as follows: ‘I call the white powdered particles in the salt-cellar, salt.’ Now this man is wen aware that salt is called by a different name in different languages, but he assumes that it has always represented what we see it to be today. That, however, is not the case, even the most uneducated peasant in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and much later still, had a much more comprehensive conception of ‘Salt;’ he had a conception of which de Saint-Martin's was but a more concentrated form; he had not the present materialistic idea, and when he spoke of Salt he meant something connected with the Spiritual life. Words were even then not so material as they are today, they did not refer to a direct, separate substance.
Now, read in the Gospels how Christ says to His Disciples: ‘Ye are the salt of the Earth.’ Well now, if these words are read with the present meaning, we do not get the words spoken by Christ, for the word ‘Salt’ was then quite naturally understood as referring to the whole configuration of the soul A man may have a very broad mind on the subject, but that is not enough. To call forth in a man of today a like feeling, ‘Salt’ must be differently translated, This applies to many of the old records, but above all to the Scriptures. Many mistakes have been made in this very respect. So it is not difficult to understand why Ötinger made many historical studies, trying to get at what was concealed behind the value of words, and to get at the right feeling for them. Of course, at the present day a mind like his would be considered mad! He shut himself up in his laboratory, not merely for weeks but for whole months, making alchemical experiments and studying Cabalistic books, simply to find out how the words in a given sentence were to be understood; for all his strivings were directed to the meaning of the words of holy writ.
I have spoken of these things today to show that we must now speak in a different way, for we are standing at the dawn, as they then stood in the evening twilight; and I also want to approach them now from yet another standpoint. I should like to go back to the strange fact that according to the modern view of things, from which Spiritual Science as it develops must set itself free, it would appear useless to enter deeply into the nature of the ideas of the time of Bengel, Ötinger, de Saint-Martin, and others. For when we speak to educated people today we must speak of the metabolic body, of the rhythmic body, of the nervous system; we can no longer speak of the mercurial-body, of the sulphur-body and of the salt-body. For these conceptions, comprehensible to the age of Paracelsus, of Jacob Böhme, de Saint-Martin and Ötinger, would no longer be understood today. And yet it is not without value to study these things—and would not be so even if it were quite impossible to speak to the cultured today through these methods. I am willing to admit that it would not be wise to throw the old ideas of Mercury, Sulphur, and Salt into modern thought; it would not be well to do so, nor right. A man who can feel the pulse of his time would not fall into the error of wishing to restore those old conceptions, as is done in certain so-called occult societies which attach great weight to decorating themselves with old vignettes. Yet, none the less, it is of immense significance to re-acquire the language that is no longer spoken now; for de Saint-Martin, Ötinger, and in more ancient times Paracelsus and Jacob Böhme by no means exhausted it.
Why is this? Yes, why? The men of today no longer speak in that way; that language could fall into disuse and at the most one could study the historical phenomenon of how it was possible for an historic period not to live out its full life. How comes it about that there is still something remaining which might be carried further, but which has yet come to a standstill? How does this come about? What is the underlying cause? It might well be that if we could learn all there is to be learnt, even without including these conceptions, nobody would be able to understand us! Here, however, something comes to light which is of enormous significance. The living no longer speak of these conceptions and do not require to use them; but for the dead, for those who have passed through the portals of death, the language of these ideas is of all the more importance. If we have occasion to make ourselves understood by the dead or by certain other Spirits of the Spiritual world, we come to recognise that in a certain respect we need to learn that unexhausted language, which has now died out as regards the earthly physical life of the physical plane, It is just among those who have passed through the portal of death that what lives and stirs in these conceptions will become a living language, the current language for which they are seeking. The more we have tried to realise what was once thought, felt and understood in these conceptions, the better we are able to make ourselves understood to the Spirits who have passed the portals of death. It is then easier to have mutual understanding.
Thus then the peculiar and remarkable secret is disclosed: that a certain form of thought lives on this earth only up to a given point; it does not then develop further on the earth, but attains a further stage of perfection among those who pass into the intermediate life, between death and rebirth. Let no one suppose that all that is necessary is to learn what we can today about the formation of Sulphur, Quicksilver, (mercury is not Quicksilver) and Salt; these conceptions alone would not suffice for coming into relation with the dead through their language. But if we can take in these thoughts as did Paracelsus, Jacob Böhme, and especially the almost super-abundant fruitfulness of de Saint-Martin, Ötinger and Bengel, one perceives that a bridge is established between this world and that other. However much people may laugh at Bengel's calculations, which, of course, are of no tangible value to the external physical life,—to those living between death and rebirth they are of very great significance and meaning. For incisions in time such as that of which Bengel tried to calculate the date, and in which he was only six years out, are in that other world of very profound significance.
You see that the world here on the physical plane and the world of the Spirit are not so connected that one can form a bridge between them by means of abstract formulae; they hang together in a concrete way. That which in a sense, loses its meaning here, rises into the Spiritual world and lives on there together with the dead, while with the living it has to be succeeded by a different phase.
Siebenter Vortrag
Ich möchte heute eine Art geschichtlicher Betrachtung in den Fortgang unserer Auseinandersetzungen einschalten, weniger um diese Betrachtung als eine geschichtliche Betrachtung anzustellen, aus der Geschichte etwas herauszuholen gleichsam, sondern vielmehr, weil durch die Betrachtung, die wir anstellen wollen, uns mancherlei im Geistesgehalt der Gegenwart, in dem uns unmittelbar umgebenden Geistesgehalte, dies oder jenes nahegebracht werden kann.
Es war 1775, da ist ein sehr merkwürdiges Buch erschienen in Lyon, ein Buch, welches sehr bald, schon 1782, Eingang gefunden hat in gewisse Kreise auch des deutschen Geisteslebens, und dessen Wirkung viel größer ist, als man gewöhnlich meint; dessen Wirkung aber vor allen Dingen eine solche war, daß sie mehr oder weniger zurückgedrängt werden mußte gerade durch dasjenige, was den hauptsächlichsten Impuls der Geistesentwickelung des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts bildet. Das Buch ist gerade für denjenigen von höchstem Interesse, der geisteswissenschaftlich sich orientieren will über dasjenige, was eigentlich von jüngsten Zeiten her bis in unsere Tage herein vorgegangen ist. Ich meine das Buch «Des erreurs et de la verité» von Saint-Martin. Dieses Buch, wenn es heute jemand, sei es in seiner Ursprache, sei es in der von dem «Wandsbecker Boten» Matthias Claudius besorgten deutschen Ausgabe, die mit einem schönen Vorworte von Matthias Claudius versehen ist, in die Hand nimmt, ist für den heutigen Menschen im Grunde genommen außerordentlich schwer verständlich, ja, selbst für Matthias Claudius, also für die Zeit am Ende des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts schon etwas schwer verständlich, wie Matthias Claudius selber gesteht. Er sagt in seiner, wie gesagt, sehr schön geschriebenen Vorrede: Die meisten werden dieses Buch nicht verstehen. Ich verstehe es eigentlich auch nicht. Aber es ist sein Inhalt mir so tief ins Herz gegangen, daß ich meine, daß es in den weitesten Kreisen aufgenommen werden muß. — Insbesondere wird mit dem Inhalt dieses Buches derjenige gar nichts anfangen können, der ausgeht von jenen physikalischen, chemischen und sonstigen Weltvorstellungen - ohne selbstverständlich in diesen Dingen auch nur einen Anflug von Gelehrsamkeit zu haben -, die man heute durch die Schule oder so durch die allgemeine Bildung aufnimmt. Auch wird derjenige nichts mit dem Buche anzufangen wissen, der sich seine heutige — wie soll man es nennen? — sagen wir Zeitanschauung, um das Wort «Politik» nicht zu berühren, aus den gewöhnlichen Zeitungen holt oder dem, was sich um diese Zeitungen herum in den die heutige Bildung spiegelnden Zeitschriften spiegelt.
Es hat mehrere Gründe, daß ich gerade heute, nachdem die beiden öffentlichen Vorträge vom letzten Donnerstag und letzten Sonnabend verflossen sind, in Anknüpfung an dieses Buch zu Ihnen spreche. In diesen beiden Vorträgen sprach ich ja über die Natur und Gliederung des Menschen, über den Zusammenhang von Menschenseele und Menschenleib in dem Sinne, wie man über diesen Zusammenhang einmal sprechen wird, wenn die naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse, die man heute schon haben kann, aber nicht verwerten kann, in der richtigen Weise werden angeschaut werden. Daß man dann nicht mehr in derselben Weise über die Beziehungen des Vorstellungslebens, des Gefühlsund Willenslebens zum menschlichen Organismus sprechen wird, wie man das heute noch tut, wenn man die naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse recht verwertet haben wird, das muß die Überzeugung des wirklich die Geisteswissenschaft erkennenden Geisteswissenschafters sein. Daher meine ich auch, ist mit dem Inhalte dieser beiden Vorträge ein Anfang gemacht für dasjenige, was kommen muß, was vielleicht in der äußeren Welt bei den großen Widerständen, welche nicht die Wissenschaft, aber die Wissenschafter solchen Dingen bereiten, noch lange dauern wird. Wenn es auch lange dauern wird, so wird es doch so kommen, daß man das Verhältnis von Menschenseele und Menschenleib in dieser Weise anschauen wird, wie es in diesen beiden Vorträgen skizziert worden ist.
Nun ist in diesen beiden Vorträgen von mir so gesprochen worden, wie man eben, ich möchte sagen, sprechen muß über diese Dinge im Jahre 1917. Ich meine damit, wie man sprechen muß, nachdem man berücksichtigt all dasjenige, was an naturwissenschaftlichen Forschungen und an sonstigen bezüglichen menschlichen Erlebnissen vorgegangen ist. Nicht so hätte man über all diese Dinge sprechen können zum Beispiel im achtzehnten Jahrhundert. Im achtzehnten Jahrhundert würde man über alle diese Dinge ganz anders gesprochen haben. Man berücksichtigt eben immer nicht genügend, welche ungeheure Bedeutung dieses hatte, was ich oftmals auseinandergesetzt habe: daß ungefähr mit dem Ende des ersten Drittels des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, in den dreißiger, vierziger Jahren, geistig gesehen mit der europäischen Menschheitsentwickelung eine außerordentlich starke Krisis vorgegangen ist. Ich habe das öfter charakterisiert, indem ich sagte: Dazumal gingen die Wogen des Materialismus zu ihrem Höhepunkte. Und das habe ich ja öfter auseinandergesetzt, auch öfter darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß man sehr häufig die triviale Redensart hört: Unsere Zeit ist eine Übergangsepoche! Selbstverständlich ist jede Zeit eine Übergangsepoche, und dieser Ausspruch «Unsere Zeit ist eine Übergangsepoche» ist außerordentlich billig, weil das jede Zeit ist. Aber nicht darum handelt es sich, daß man feststellt, irgendeine Zeit ist eine Übergangsepoche; sondern darauf kommt es an, festzustellen, worin der Übergang besteht. Dann allerdings wird man an bestimmte Zeitwenden kommen, welche tief einschneidende Übergänge in der Menschheitsentwickelung darstellen. Und ein solcher tief einschneidender Übergang in der Menschheitsentwickelung — wenn er auch heute nicht bemerkt wird — lag in dem angegebenen Zeitpunkte. Daher muß es erklärlich sein, daß über gerade die den Menschen unmittelbar angehenden Rätsel heute mit ganz anderen Worten, mit ganz anderen Wendungen gesprochen werden muß, gewissermaßen die Gesichtspunkte von ganz anderen Seiten her genommen werden müssen, als das der Fall sein konnte im achtzehnten Jahrhundert.
Im achtzehnten Jahrhundert hat nun vielleicht keiner mit einem so intensiven Hinlenken der Aufmerksamkeit zu den damaligen naturwissenschaftlichen Vorstellungen gesprochen über ganz ähnliche Fragen, wie diejenigen sind, über die wir hier sprechen, als Saint-Martin. Saint-Martin steht aber mit all dem, was er spricht, eben durchaus noch nicht, wie wir jetzt, in der Morgendämmerung einer neuen Zeit, sondern er steht in der Abenddämmerung der alten Zeit und spricht mit der Abenddämmerung der alten Zeit. So daß es, wenn nicht der Gesichtspunkt hauptsächlich in Betracht käme, von dem ich gleich nachher sprechen werde, heute fast gleichgültig scheinen könnte, ob man sich überhaupt mit Saint-Martin befaßt, ob man diese eigentümliche Ausgestaltung der durch Jakob Böhme angeregten Ideen bei SaintMartin wirklich in sich aufnimmt oder nicht. Es könnte, sage ich, gleichgültig erscheinen, wenn nicht ein viel anderer, tief bedeutsamer Gesichtspunkt in Frage käme, den ich im Verlaufe der heutigen Betrachtung erwähnen werde.
Saint-Martin spricht, um einiges Konkrete hervorzuheben, indem er versucht darzulegen, welchen Irrtümern die Menschen unterworfen sein können bei ihrer Weltanschauung, und welches die Wege der Wahrheit sein können — «Des erreurs et de la verité» heißt ja sein Buch -, er spricht durchaus so, daß er gewisse Begriffe und Ideen, die innerhalb gewisser Kreise bis ins achtzehnte Jahrhundert herein gang und gäbe waren, in der denkbar sachgemäßesten Weise handhabt. So spricht er, daß man sieht, daß er ganz darinnensteht in der Handhabung dieser Begriffe und Ideen. So finden wir, daß, indem Saint-Martin daran geht, das Verhältnis des Menschen zum ganzen Kosmos und zum sittlichen Leben ins Auge zu fassen, er da handhabt die drei Hauptideen, die ja auch bei Jakob Böhme, bei Paracelsus eine so große Rolle spielen, die drei Hauptideen, durch die man dazumal die Natur und auch den Menschen zu begreifen suchte: Merkur, Schwefel, Salz. Durch diese drei Elemente, Merkur, Schwefel, Salz, versuchte man dazumal den Schlüssel zu gewinnen zum Verständnis der äußeren Natur und zum Verständnis des Menschen. So, wie diese Ideen dazumal gebraucht worden sind, kann sie der heutige Mensch, der in demselben Sinne sprechen würde, wie ein Naturwissenschafter der Gegenwart spricht — und das muß man ja tun, sonst geht man zurück -, gar nicht mehr so handhaben, weil es einfach unmöglich ist, bei den drei Worten Merkur, Schwefel, Salz dasselbe zu denken, was noch ein Mensch des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts gedacht hat. Man stellte dazumal, indem man von Merkur, Schwefel, Salz sprach, eine Dreiheit hin, die der heutige Mensch, wenn er mit naturwissenschaftlicher Einsicht spricht, nur dann wiederum richtig hinstellen wird, wenn er so den Menschen gliedert, wie ich es getan habe: in den Stoffwechselmenschen, den Atmungsmenschen und den Nervenmenschen, woraus der ganze Mensch zusammengesetzt erscheint. Denn alles gehört irgendwie zu einem dieser drei Glieder. Und wenn man meint, es gehöre nicht dazu, wie man es von den Knochen denken kann, so wäre das nur scheinbar. Ebenso aber verstand der Mensch des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts, daß das ganze menschliche Wesen begriffen werden kann, wenn man die umfassende Vorstellung von Merkur, Schwefel, Salz hat. Nun, natürlich, wenn der heutige Tagesmensch oder auch der Chemiker von Salz spricht, dann spricht er von den weißen Körnern, die er auf dem Tische hat, oder von den Salzen, die der Chemiker in seinem Laboratorium verarbeitet. Wenn er von Schwefel spricht, denkt der Tagesmensch an die Zündhölzel, und der Chemiker an alle die Experimente, die er mit der Retorte und dem Auffang gemacht hat über die Verwandlung des Schwefels. Beim Merkur denkt man an gewöhnliches Quecksilber und so weiter.
So dachten die Menschen des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts nicht. Und es ist sogar heute schon schwer, sich zu vergegenwärtigen, was alles in der Seele lebte bei einem solchen Menschen noch des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts, wenn er von Merkur, Schwefel, Salz sprach. So legte sich in seiner Art dazumal auch Saint-Martin die Frage zurecht: Wie gliedere ich den Menschen, wenn ich seine Leiblichkeit als Abbild seines Seelenhaften betrachte? Und da sagte er: Da betrachte ich den Menschen zunächst mit Bezug auf die Werkzeuge, die Organe seines Denkens - er spricht sich darüber etwas anders aus, aber wir müssen schon ein wenig übersetzen, es würde sonst die Auseinandersetzung zu lange dauern -, ich betrachte zunächst den Menschen mit Bezug auf die Organe seines Hauptes. Was ist da die Hauptsache? Was kommt da in Betracht? Was ist das eigentlich wirkende Agens im Haupte, wir würden heute sagen, im Nervensystem? Da sagt er: das Salz. Und er versteht unter dem Salz zunächst nicht die weißen Körner, auch nicht das, was die Chemiker unter dem Salz verstehen, sondern die Summe derjenigen Kräfte vorzugsweise, die im menschlichen Haupte wirken, wenn der Mensch vorstellt. Und alles dasjenige, was äußere Salzwirkung ist, das betrachtet er nur als Manifestation, als eine äußere Offenbarung derselben Kräfte, die sonst im menschlichen Haupte wirken. Dann fragt er: Welches Element wirkt vorzugsweise in der menschlichen Brust? Bei meiner letztdonnerstäglichen Gliederung des Menschen würden wir dafür setzen: Was wirkt im Atmungsmenschen? Saint-Martin sagt: Da wirkt der Schwefel. So daß alles dasjenige, was mit den Brustfunktionen zusammenhängt, bei Saint-Martin in der Gewalt derjenigen Aktionen steht, die im Schwefel, im Schwefligen ihren Ursprung haben. Und dann fragt er: Was wirkt alles in dem übrigen Menschen? Wir würden heute sagen: im Stoffwechselmenschen. Und er sagt: Da wirkt der Merkur. — Und nun hat er in seiner Art auch den ganzen Menschen beisammen. Allerdings, in der Art, wie er nun spricht, wie er die Dinge zusammenwirft bisweilen, sieht man, daß er in der Abenddämmerung dieses ganzen Denksystems steht. Aber auf der anderen Seite sieht man, daß er, indem er in der Abenddämmerung steht, noch eine ungeheure Fülle von Riesenwahrheiten übernommen hat, die dazumal noch verstanden wurden und die heute verschüttet sind; die er ausdrücken kann, indem er seinerseits handhabt dasjenige, was in den drei Begriffen Merkur, Schwefel, Salz gegeben ist. So gibt er in diesem Buche «Des erreurs et de la verité» eine sehr schöne Abhandlung - die natürlich für den heutigen Physiker ein kompletter Unsinn ist -, eine sehr schöne Abhandlung über das Gewitter, über den Blitz und den Donner, indem er zeigt, wie man auf der einen Seite verwenden kann Merkur, Schwefel, Salz, um den Menschen zu erklären in bezug auf seine Leiblichkeit; wie man auf der anderen Seite Merkur, Schwefel, Salz in ihrem Zusammenwirken verwenden kann, um solche atmosphärischen Erscheinungen zu erklären. Das eine Mal wirken die Dinge im Menschen zusammen, das andere Mal draußen in der Welt. Im Menschen erzeugen sie dasjenige, was aufleuchtet vielleicht als ein Gedanke oder als ein Willensimpuls; draußen in der Welt erzeugen dieselben Elemente zum Beispiel Blitz und Donner.
Wie gesagt, dasjenige, was da Saint-Martin ausführt, ist für das achtzehnte Jahrhundert etwas, was derjenige voll noch verstehen kann, der drinnensteckt in der damaligen Denkweise. Für den heutigen Physiker ist es ein kompletter Unsinn. Aber gerade mit Blitz und Donner hat es ja in der heutigen Physik, ich möchte sagen, einen gewissen Haken. Denn mit Blitz und Donner macht sich es ja die heutige Physik ein bißchen bequem, wenn sie etwas erklären will. Da muß man zum Beispiel lehren, daß der Blitz entsteht und in seinem Gefolge der Donner, wenn zwischen zwei Wolken, von denen die eine positiv, die andere negativ geladen ist, nun sich die Elektrizitäten ausgleichen. Der Schulbub, der etwa ein bißchen vorwitzig wäre und gerade vorher gesehen hat, wie der Lehrer, wenn er elektrische Experimente macht, sorgfältig alle Feuchtigkeit abwischt, damit die Instrumente trocken sind, weil es mit der Elektrizität, wenn Feuchtigkeit da ist, so nicht geht, der Schulbub kann da sagen: Ja, aber Herr Lehrer, die Wolken sind doch so feucht, wie kann denn da drinnen die Elektrizität so wirtschaften, wie Sie da sagen? — Da würde der Lehrer sagen: Du bist ein dummer Bub, du verstehst das nicht! - Anderes wüßte er nämlich heute kaum zu sagen.
Saint-Martin versucht klarzumachen, wie in einer besonderen Weise durch das Salzige in der Luft gebunden sein kann das Merkurialische und das Schweflige, und versucht zu zeigen, wie nun in einer ähnlichen Weise, wie durch Kohle Salpeter und Schwefel im Schießpulver gebunden sind, so durch eine besondere Umsetzung des Merkurialischen und des Schwefligen mit Hilfe des Salzes Explosionen entstehen können. Und diese Auseinandersetzung ist im Sinne der damaligen Zeit mit Verwendung der damaligen Begriffe von dem Merkurialischen, Schwefligen und Salzigen eine außerordentlich geistreiche. Nun, ich kann nicht näher darauf eingehen, aber wir wollen die Sache ja auch mehr geschichtlich betrachten. Und insbesondere zeigt sehr schön Saint-Martin, wie mit gewissen Eigenschaften der Luft nach dem Gewitter gerade die eigentümliche Beziehung des Blitzes zum Salz — was er das Salz nennt — sich bewahrheitet. Kurz, Saint-Martin bekämpft in seiner Art den eben heraufziehenden Materialismus, indem er hinter sich hat die Grundlage überlieferter Weisheit, die einen ungeheuer bedeutsamen Bearbeiter in ihm gefunden hat. Dabei strebt Saint-Martin nach einer Welterklärung im ganzen und geht über, nachdem er solche Erklärungen gegeben, in denen er die Elemente verwendet hat, von denen wir eben gesprochen haben, zu einer Erklärung des Erdenwerdens. Da ist er nicht so töricht wie die Nachgeborenen, welche an den Urnebel glauben und meinen, daß man mit physikalischen Begriffen an den Anfang der Welt kommt; sondern da nimmt er sogleich seine Zuflucht, indem er das Urwerden der Erde erklären will, zu Imaginationen. Und eine wunderbare Fülle von imaginativen Vorstellungen finden wir da in dem genannten Buche, wo er über das Erdenwerden sprechen will, von wirklichen Imaginationen, die ebenso wie seine physikalischen Vorstellungen nur aus seinem Zeitalter heraus zu begreifen sind. Wir würden heute nicht mehr dieselben Imaginationen verwenden können, aber sie zeigen, daß er von einem gewissen Punkte an die Dinge mit dem imaginativen Erkennen begreifen will.
Dann, nachdem er dies versucht hat, geht er dazu über, das geschichtliche menschliche Leben zu begreifen. Und da versucht er festzustellen, wie das geschichtliche Leben nur dadurch zu verstehen ist, daß immer von Zeit zu Zeit wirklich geistige Impulse von der geistigen Welt in die Welt des physischen Planes hier eingegriffen haben. Und dann versucht er anzuwenden dieses Ganze auf die tiefere Natur des Menschen, indem er zeigt, wie dasjenige, was die biblische Legende als den Sündenfall des Paradieses darstellt, wie das gerade nach seiner imaginativen Erkenntnis auf bestimmten Tatsachen beruht, wie der Mensch aus einem Urstande zu seinem jetzigen Stande übergegangen ist. Er versucht nun, die geschichtlichen Erscheinungen seiner Zeit und überhaupt der geschichtlichen Zeit zu begreifen gewissermaßen aus dem Fall des geistigen Lebens in die Materie. - Das alles soll nicht verteidigt, sondern nur geschildert werden. Ich will ja selbstverständlich die SaintMartinsche Lehre nicht an die Stelle der Geisteswissenschaft, unserer Anthroposophie, setzen; ich will nur Geschichte erzählen, um zu zeigen, wie dazumal Saint-Martin weitergeschritten ist.
Bei alledem lesen wir immer wieder und wiederum von Kapitel zu Kapitel in dem Buche «Des erreurs et de la verité» eine merkwürdige Bemerkung. Man sieht nämlich, wenn man das Buch von Saint-Martin vornimmt, daß er aus einer reichen Fülle des Wissens heraus spricht, und daß dasjenige, was er gibt, ich möchte sagen, nur die äußersten Ranken sind eines Wissens, das in seiner Seele lebt. Aber er deutet es auch an mehreren Stellen seines Buches an. Ungefähr so sagt er da: Wenn ich an dieser Stelle noch tiefer gehen würde, so würde ich Wahrheiten aussprechen müssen, die ich nicht aussprechen darf. An einer Stelle sagt er sogar: Wenn ich hier zu Ende reden sollte, so würde ich Wahrheiten aussprechen müssen, die am besten für die Mehrzahl der Menschen in das tiefste Dunkel der Nacht gehüllt werden. — Der wirkliche Geisteswissenschafter weiß mit all diesen Bemerkungen sehr viel anzufangen, weiß auch, warum an bestimmten Stellen bestimmter Kapitel diese Bemerkungen auftauchen. Über bestimmte Dinge kann man eben nicht von allen Voraussetzungen aus sprechen. Es wird erst möglich sein, über gewisse Dinge zu sprechen, wenn die Impulse, die durch die Geisteswissenschaft gegeben sind, sittliche Impulse geworden sein werden; wenn die Menschen eine gewisse Hochgesinnung sich errungen haben werden durch die Geisteswissenschaft, so daß man über gewisse Fragen anders sprechen kann als in einem Zeitalter, in dem merkwürdige wissenschaftliche Gestalten herumwandeln, ich brauche nur an Freud und Konsorten zu erinnern. Aber diese Dinge werden schon erreicht werden.
In dem letzten Drittel seines Buches geht Saint-Martin über zu der Besprechung gewisser politischer Dinge. Da läßt sich in unserer Gegenwart kaum an diesem Orte auch nur andeuten, wie man die Art, wie dazumal Saint-Martin denkt, in Verhältnis bringen soll zu dem, wie jetzt die Menschheit, nun, sagen wir «denkt». Denn das ist ja verboten, darüber zu sprechen. Ich kann nur sagen, daß die ganze Haltung, die Saint-Martin in diesem letzten Drittel seines Buches annimmt, eine außerordentlich merkwürdige ist. Liest man dieses Kapitel, so muß man es heute lesen, indem man sich immer klar macht: Dieses Kapitel ist mit dem ganzen Buche 1775 erschienen, die Französische Revolution folgte erst, nachdem dieses Kapitel geschrieben war. Man muß dieses Kapitel im Zusammenhang mit der Französischen Revolution denken; man muß gerade dieses Kapitel lesen, indem man da wirklich vieles zwischen den Zeilen liest. Aber Saint-Martin geht, ich möchte sagen, als Okkultist vor. Derjenige, der kein Organ hat, die tiefen Impulse zu erkennen, die gerade in diesem Kapitel von Saint-Martin vorhanden sind, der wird wahrscheinlich sein Gemüt recht befriedigen an der Einleitung, die Saint-Martin zu diesem Kapitel macht. Denn in diesem Kapitel sagt Saint-Martin: Es soll nur ja niemand glauben, daß ich irgend jemand nahetreten will. Jemand, der irgendwie mit den regierenden Mächten der Erde etwas zu tun hat, der an irgend etwas regierungsmäßig beteiligt ist, soll nur ja nicht glauben, daß ich ihm nahetrete. Ich bin ein Freund von allen, allen, allen. - Aber nachdem diese Entschuldigung verflossen ist, sagt er doch Dinge, gegen die wahrhaftig Rousseau’s Bemerkungen Kinderspiel sind. Nun, auch über diese Dinge kann ich ja nicht weiter sprechen.
Kurz, wir haben es mit einer tief einschneidenden Bedeutung dieses Mannes zu tun, der eine Schule hinter sich hatte, und ohne den Herder, Goethe, Schiller und die deutsche Romantik gar nicht zu denken sind, wie er nicht zu denken ist ohne Jakob Böhme. Und dennoch, liest man ihn heute, läßt man ihn auf sich wirken, so ist es so, wie ich eben gesagt habe: Es hätte nicht den geringsten Wert, in Saint-Martinschen Formen etwa zu dem Publikum so zu sprechen, wie ich es letzten Donnerstag und Sonnabend getan habe — und es auch nächsten Donnerstag wieder tun werde —, indem ich versuchte, ein Weltbild zu entwerfen, das auf der einen Seite voll gerecht wird den geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen, auf der anderen Seite voll gerecht wird auch den minuziösesten naturwissenschaftlichen Entdeckungen der Gegenwart. In die Art und Weise, wie man heute zu denken hat, wie man mit Recht heute die Dinge zu formulieren hat, paßt eben die Vorstellungsart des Saint-Martin nicht mehr hinein. Wie für jemanden, der aus einem Sprachgebiet in ein anderes kommt, nicht die Sprache des ersten Sprachgebietes paßt, sondern die des zweiten, so wäre es heute ein Unsinn, in den Gedankenformen des Saint-Martin die Dinge erörtern zu wollen; und hauptsächlich ein Unsinn, weil eben jene gewaltige Scheidewand in der Geistesentwickelung zwischen uns und ihnen liegt, welche in das Jahr 1842 fällt, also am Ende des ersten Drittels des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.
Sie sehen daraus: In der Geistesentwickelung der Menschheit liegt eine Möglichkeit, mit einer gewissen Denkungsart in die Abenddämmerung hereinzukommen. Aber nun hat man nicht etwa das Gefühl, wenn man auf Saint-Martin sich einläßt: da ist nun alles schon herausgeholt. Dies ist durchaus nicht der Fall, sondern man hat im Gegenteil das Gefühl: Da ist eine solche Unsumme von noch ungehobenen Weisheitsschätzen darinnen, daß sehr viel herausgeholt werden könnte. Und dennoch ist es auf der anderen Seite eine Notwendigkeit, daß in dem Fortschreiten der Geistesentwickelung der Menschheit diese Art zu denken aufhöre und eine andere beginne. Das liegt also vor. Denn mit der anderen steht die äußere Welt ja noch ganz im Anfang, sie ist ja erst bei der äußersten materialistischen Phase angekommen. Daher wird man so recht verstehen können, was da eigentlich geschehen ist, erst dann, wenn man größere Zeiträume überblickt, wo dasjenige, was die Geisteswissenschaft heute erst anregen will, über einen größeren Zeitraum hin verlaufen ist. Denn natürlich hat sich dasjenige, was SaintMartin am Ende des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts geäußert hat, als es in seiner Morgendämmerung war, auch anders ausgenommen, als es sich heute ausnimmt.
Nun ist dazumal in dieser ganzen Zeit überhaupt etwas zu Ende gegangen. Nicht nur das ist zu Ende gegangen, daß solche Begriffe, die Jakob Böhme, Paracelsus, Saint-Martin und andere beherrscht haben noch in verhältnismäßig späterer Zeit in der Abenddämmerung, unmöglich weiter gehandhabt werden können; nicht nur das ist vorgegangen, sondern es ist auch mit der Fühlweise etwas sehr Bedeutsames vorgegangen. Zeigt sich uns, ich möchte sagen, der mehr auf die Natur hinaus gerichtete Menschengeist in bezug auf dieses Abenddämmerungs-Phänomen gerade anschaulich in Saint-Martin, so zeigt sich dieselbe Erscheinung in etwas anderer Art, wenn wir unseren Blick werfen auf eine in der Zeit fast parallelgehende Erscheinung, auf die Abenddämmerung der Theosophie, auf das Herabdämmern, Herunterdämmern, der theosophischen Weltanschauung. Gewiß, Saint-Martin wird auch gewöhnlich Theosoph genannt, aber ich meine jetzt, indem ich Saint-Martin charakterisiere, eine mehr nach dem Naturwissenschaftlichen hin gerichtete Theosophie, und mit dem, was ich jetzt charakterisieren will, eine mehr religiöse Theosophie, die dazumal Theosophie genannt wurde, als sie herrschte. Sie herrschte allerdings in dieser besonders präzisen Ausgestaltung, so daß sie da einen Höhepunkt erreichte, in — ja, man kann eigentlich nicht einmal gut Süddeutschland sagen - im Schwabenland, wo herausragen aus dieser allgemeinen theosophischen Niedergangsepoche, die aber gerade ihre besondere Reife erlangte in dieser Abenddämmerungs-Epoche, unter den verschiedenen Gestalten die beiden: Bergel und Oetinger. Sie sind umgeben von einer ganzen Anzahl anderer. Ich will nur diejenigen nennen, die mir näher bekannt sind: Friedrich Daniel Schubart, der Mathematiker Hahn, dann Steinhofer, dann der Schulmeister Hartmann, der einen großen Einfluß auf Jung-Stilling hatte, auch auf Goethe einen gewissen Einfluß hatte, sogar mit Goethe persönlich bekannt war, dann Johann Jakob Moser - eine große Anzahl bedeutender Geister in verhältnismäßig bescheidenen Stellungen, die einen nicht einmal zusammenhängenden Kreis bildeten, aber die alle lebten in der Zeit, in der auch das Gestirn Oetingers leuchtete. Oetinger war ja derjenige, der fast das ganze achtzehnte Jahrhundert mitmachte. 1702 ist er geboren und 1782 als Prälat in Murrhardt gestorben; eine höchst merkwürdige Persönlichkeit, in der sich in gewisser Beziehung konzentrierte dasjenige, was sich in diesem ganzen Kreise zugetragen hat.
Einen Nachklang zu dieser Theosophie des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts bildete dann der auch an anderen Universitäten lehrende, aber vorzugsweise in Heidelberg lehrende Richard Rothe, der eine sehr schöne Vorrede geschrieben hat zu einem Buche, das Carl August Auberlen herausgegeben hat über «Die Theosophie Friedrich Christoph Oetingers», in welcher Vorrede sich gerade Richard Rothe, der ja einen Nachklang darstellt, der sich die Traditionen bewahrt hat aus diesem Kreise, aus seiner theosophischen Überzeugung heraus auf der einen Seite noch immer erinnert an die Theosophie jener großen Theosophen, von denen ich eben die Namen genannt habe, auf der anderen Seite aber so spricht, daß man genau erkennt, wie gerade Richard Rothe fühlt, daß er hinter einer Dämmerungsperiode steht auch mit Bezug auf diejenigen Lebensgeheimnisse, die er gerade als Theologe im Auge hat. Und so spricht denn Richard Rothe über Oetinger in dieser Vorrede. Und eine Stelle aus dieser Vorrede möchte ich Ihnen hier zur Verlesung bringen. Die Vorrede selber ist geschrieben 1847. Ich möchte sie Ihnen zur Verlesung bringen, damit Sie sehen, wie in Richard Rothe — dazumal war er in Heidelberg — ein Mensch lebte, der zurückdachte an Oetinger, und der in Oetinger noch einen Menschen gesehen hat, der sich bemüht hat, vor allen Dingen die Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testamentes in seiner Art zu lesen; zu lesen aber mit theosophischem Weltverständnis. Und auf diese besondere Art, die Schrift zu lesen, blickt Richard Rothe zurück und vergleicht diese Art, die Schrift zu lesen, mit der Art, wie er sie auch nun schon - er ist ja erst in den sechziger Jahren gestorben, er ist ein Nachklang -, wie er sie gelernt hat, wie sie um ihn herum üblich war. Mit dieser Art, die Schrift zu lesen, vergleicht er dasjenige, was die Bengel, Oetinger, Steinhofer, der MathematikerAstronom Hahn und andere angestrebt haben.
Da sagt Richard Rothe ganz merkwürdige Worte:
«Unter den Männern dieser Richtung nun, denen auch Bengel mit seiner Apokalyptik bestimmt angehört, steht Oetinger in vorderster Reihe. Unbefriedigt von der Schultheologie seiner Zeit, dürstet er nach einem reicheren und volleren, eben damit dann aber freilich auch reineren Verständnis der christlichen Wahrheit. Die orthodoxe Theologie genügt ihm nicht, sie dünkt ihn schal; er verlangt über sie hinaus, nicht weil sie seinem Glauben zu viel zumutet, sondern weil sein tiefer Geist mehr bedarf als sie zu geben hat. Nicht an ihrem Supranaturalismus» an dem Supranaturalismus der landläufigen Theologie — «stößt er sich, sondern daran, daß sie das Übernatürliche nicht reell genug nimmt. Der ihr geläufige Spiritualismus, der die Realitäten der Welt des christlichen Glaubens zu blassen Abstraktionen, zu bloßen Gedankenbildern depotenziert, wiiderstrebt ihm in der innersten Seele. Daher sein Feuereifer gegen allen Idealismus...»
Solch ein Satz könnte sonderbar erscheinen, aber man muß ihn verstehen. Unter Idealismus versteht ja der Deutsche ein System, das nur in Ideen lebt, während Oetinger, und mit ihm Rothe, wirkliches Geistesleben anstrebte: wirkliche Geister, die die Geschichte vorrücken machen, nicht das, was die Rankes und dann die anderen alle mit ihren blassen Ideen, als die sogenannten historischen Ideen geschildert haben. Als ob Ideen - ja, man weiß da nicht ein Wort, wenn man «reell» reden will — so durch die Geschichte wandeln könnten, und nun die Sache vorwärts bringen könnten. Das Lebendige wollten diese Leute setzen an die Stelle des Abstrakt-Toten. «Daher sein Feuereifer gegen allen Idealismus, sein, freilich, wiewohl wider seine Absicht, in den Materialismus hinüberspielender Realismus, sein energisches Dringen auf «massive» Begriffe.»
Das sind Begriffe, die das Geistige wirklich ergreifen, die nicht davon reden, daß ein ideelles Urbild den Dingen zugrunde liegt, sondern die die Geister suchen — massive Gedanken und Begriffe.
«Auch sein Zug zu der Natur und den Naturwissenschaften hin hängt innig zusammen mit dieser seiner wissenschaftlichen Grundrichtung. Die verächtliche Geringschätzung, mit welcher der Idealist so leicht die Natur behandelt, war ihm fremd; er ahnte hinter ihrer groben Materialität ein reales Sein und war tief durchdrungen von der Überzeugung, daß es ohne Natur überall kein wahres, weil kein reales Sein geben könne, es sei nun das göttliche oder das geschöpfliche. Es ist dabei überraschend und eine neue Legitimation der historischen Berechtigung der Richtung, von welcher wir hier reden, wie in diesem Durst nach einem wirklichen Verständnis der Natur nicht bloß in unserm Oetinger, sondern auch in den früheren und den gleichzeitigen protestantischen Theosophen, am gewaltigsten in Jakob Böhme, die ursprüngliche wissenschaftliche Tendenz des Reformationszeitalters, wie sie sich in seinen philosophischen Bestrebungen darstellt, von neuem durchbricht. Ein solcher Realismus, nach dem Oetinger schmachtete, ist dem Christenthum in seinem innersten Wesen angeboren;» — sagt Richard Rothe — «auf eine andere Geistesrichtung gepflanzt, muß es sich stets Abschwächungen gefallen lassen, und gerade in seinen eigentümlichsten Lehrpunkten am meisten. Er vermag dann auch eine ganz anders reiche christliche Wunderwelt zu tragen als der uns allen von klein auf anerzogene Idealismus, der überall von der Furcht geängstet wird, die göttlichen Dinge zu reell zu denken und die göttlichen Worte zu eigentlich und zu buchstäblich zu nehmen. Ja dieser christliche Realismus fordert geradezu eine solche Wunderwelt, wie sie insbesondere in der Lehre von den letzten Dingen sich entfaltet. Er läßt sich daher auch nicht irre machen in seinen eschatologischen Hoffnungen durch das mitleidige Kopfschütteln der sich allein verständig Dünkenden; er begreift es vielmehr nicht, wie doch ein gedankenmäßiges Verständnis der geschaffenen Dinge und ihrer Geschichte möglich sein sollte ohne einen klaren und deutlichen Gedanken von dem letztlichen Resultate der Weltentwickelung, das ja als Zweck und Ziel der Schöpfung allein über ihren Begriff und Sinn Licht geben kann. Er schreckt endlich auch nicht zurück vor den Gedanken einer reellen, einer leibhaftigen und darum wirklich lebendigen Geisterwelt und einer ebenso reellen Berührung des Menschen auch schon in seinem jetzigen Zustande mit ihr. Der Leser sagt sich selbst, wie genau dies alles bei Oetinger zutrifft.»
Da haben Sie den Hinweis auf eine Zeit, in der gesucht wurde nicht nach den Ideen der Natur, sondern nach einer lebendigen Geisterwelt; und in der Tat, Oetinger hat alles, was ihm zugänglich war an Schätzen des Wissens der Menschheit in seinem Leben zusammenzutragen versucht, um eine lebendige Berührung mit der geistigen Welt zu erlangen. Und was stand hinter diesem Manne? Der Mann war noch nicht ein solcher, wie ein Mann, der in der Gegenwart lebt. Der Mensch der Gegenwart hat vor allen Dingen die Aufgabe, zu zeigen, wie die moderne Naturwissenschaft sich korrigieren lassen muß durch Geisteswissenschaft, damit ein wirkliches Wissen zustande komme. Oetinger strebte noch etwas anderes an: er strebte an, zu zeigen eine Erlangung der lebendigen Geisterwelt, um zum Verständnis der Bibel, der Schrift, namentlich des Neuen Testamentes zu kommen. Und darüber spricht nun auch sehr schön Richard Rothe:
«Um indes diesen zu verstehen, muß man ganz besonders auch noch seine Stellung oder vielmehr seine Stimmung» — nämlich Oetingers Stimmung — «gegenüber von der heiligen Schrift mit in Rechnung bringen, sein lebendiges Bewußtsein darum, daß das rechte, das heißt das ganze und volle und deshalb auch das wirklich reine Verständnis der Bibel noch fehle, daß es namentlich in der kirchlichen Auslegung derselben noch nicht gegeben sei. Ich kann, was ich hiermit von Oetinger sagen will, vielleicht am deutlichsten machen, wenn ich erzähle, wie es mir selbst seit nun mehr als dreißig Jahren mit der heiligen Schrift ergeht,» — so spricht Richard Rothe — «vorzüglich mit dem Neuen Testament und in diesem wieder vor allem mit den Reden des Erlösers und den paulinischen Briefen. Der Eindruck, den die Schrift mir gibt, wenn ich mit unsern Kommentaren an sie herantrete, ist das je länger desto lebendigere Bewußtsein um ihre Überschwänglichkeit, nicht etwa bloß was das freilich nie auszuschöpfende Meer der Empfindung betrifft, das sie durchwogt (die πάθη Sacrae Scripturae, wie Bengel es nennt), sondern nicht minder auch in Ansehung des in ihrem Wort niedergelegten Gedankeninhalts. Ich stehe vor ihr mit einem Schlüssel, den mir die Kirche als einen lange Jahrhunderte hindurch erprobten in die Hand gegeben. Ich kann nicht geradezu sagen, daß er nicht paßt, aber noch weniger, daß er der rechte ist. Er schließt notdürftig auf, aber nur mit Hülfe der Gewalt, die ich dem Schloß antue. Unsre traditionelle Exegese- ich meine nicht die neologische — läßt mich die Schrift verstehen, aber sie reicht nicht aus, um mich sie ganz und rein verstehen zu lassen. Den allgemeinen Inhalt ihrer Gedanken weiß sie wohl hervorzuziehen, aber die eigentümliche Gestalt, in der diese Gedanken in ihr auftreten, weiß sie nicht zu motivieren. Es liegt mir immer noch wie ein Flor über dem Texte auch nach geschehener Auslegung. Dieser bleibt an dem Schriftwort als ein irrationaler Rest zurück, der, wenn anders sie ihr Geschäft tüchtig ausgerichtet hat, die biblischen Verfasser und diejenigen, deren Rede diese selbst erst wieder referieren, in eine sehr ungünstige Lage bringt. In der Tat, haben der Herr und seine Apostel nur das und genau gerade das sagen wollen, was die Ausleger sie sagen lassen, so haben sie sich sehr ungelenk und unbequem oder, richtiger geredet, sehr wunderlich ausgedrückt, und denen, die sie hörten und die sie lesen, höchst unnötigerweise das Verständnis erschwert. Die unabsehliche Bibliothek unserer exegetischen Literatur ist in diesem Falle eine ernste Anklage wider sie, daß sie so wenig klar und deutlich, so wenig rund heraus und mit reinlicher Zunge gesprochen haben von so unvergleichlich wichtigen Dingen und zu einem so unvergleichlich wichtigen Zweck. Aber wer fühlte nicht, daß diese Anklage sie nicht trifft? Der rechte Leser der Bibel empfängt den völlig unzweideutigen Eindruck, daß die Rede gerade so die rechte ist, wie sie lautet, — daß das keine bedeutungslosen Schnörkel sind, was unsre Exegese von der Fassung der Schriftgedanken immer erst als wilde Reben wegschneiden muß, ehe sie in ihren Gehalt eindringen kann, — daß die langgewohnte Art der Exegeten, das Schriftwort, weil es so alt und verlegen sei, erst abzustäuben, bevor sie es verdolmetschen, darauf hinausläuft, zuerst den unnachahmlichen Schmelz von ihm abzuwischen, durch den es nun schon seit Jahrtausenden in unvergänglichem Frühlingsglanze ewiger Jugend strahlt. Die Meister der Bibelauslegung mögen lächeln, wie sie wollen, es bleibt doch dabei, — es steht nun einmal etwas zwischen den Zeilen ihres Textes geschrieben, was sie mit aller ihrer Kunst zu lesen nicht imstande sind, was man aber gerade vor allem müßte lesen können, um die durchaus eigentümliche Fassung zu verstehen, in welcher die unter uns allgemein anerkannten Gedanken der göttlich geoffenbarten Wahrheit eben nur in der heiligen Schrift, im charakteristischen Unterschiede von allen sonstigen Darstellungen derselben, uns begegnen. Unsre Interpreten deuten uns nur die im Vordergrunde stehenden Figuren des Schriftgemäldes, aber den Hintergrund desselben mit seinen fernen wunderbar geformten Bergzügen und seinem glanzvollen tiefblauen Wolkenhimmel ignorieren sie. Und doch fällt gerade von diesem aus auf jene das in seiner Art völlig einzige magische Licht, in dem sie eine Verklärung erhalten, die für uns das eigentlich Rätselhafte an ihnen ist. Die eigentümlichen Fundamentalgedanken und Fundamentalanschauungen, die der Art und Weise, wie die Schrift redet, als unausgesprochene Voraussetzung zum Grunde liegen, fehlen uns; mit ihnen aber fehlt uns nicht weniger als eben das alles Einzelne der Schriftgedanken organisch Zusammenhaltende Band, die eigentliche Seele, der innere Zusammenhang der einzelnen Elemente des biblischen Gedankenkreises. Kein Wunder dann, daß wir es bei hundert Dingen in unserer Bibel, die eben deshalb immerwährende cruces interpretum bleiben, nicht zu einem genauen Verständnis bringen können, nicht zu einem Verständnis, welches das Detail des Textes vollständig in allen seinen kleinen Zügen als motiviert erkennt. Kein Wunder, daß wir bei so vielen Stellen ein ganzes Heer von verschiedenen Auslegungen haben, die nun schon seit undenklichen Zeiten miteinander im Streit liegen, ohne daß es zum Ausschlag des Kampfes gekommen wäre. Kein Wunder; denn sie werden wohl alle falsch sein, weil alle ungenau, alle nur ungefähr, nur in Bausch und Bogen den Sinn treffend. Wir treten mit dem Alphabet unsrer Grundbegriffe von Gott und der Welt vor den biblischen Text hin, wir unterstellen in gutem Glauben, wie wenn es sich von selbst verstände und gar nicht anders sein könnte, das der biblischen Verfasser, welches hinter allem, was sie Einzelnes denken und schreiben, als stillschweigende Voraussetzung im Hintergrunde steht und durch alles hindurchleuchtet, werde dasselbe sein. Aber das ist leider eine Täuschung, von der die Erfahrung uns längst geheilt haben sollte. Unser Schlüssel schließt eben nicht, der rechte Schlüssel ist abhanden gekommen, und bis wir uns wieder in seinen Besitz gesetzt, wird unsre Schriftauslegung auf keinen grünen Zweig kommen. Das in der Schrift selbst nicht ausdrücklich vorgetragene, sondern nur vorausgesetzte System der biblischen Grundbegriffe fehlt uns, es ist nun einmal nicht das unsrer Schulen, und so lange wir ohne dasselbe exegesieren, muß uns die Bibel ein halbverschlossenes Buch bleiben. Mit anderen Grundbegriffen als die uns geläufigen, welche wir für die einzig möglichen zu halten pflegen, müssen wir in sie eintreten; und welche diese auch immer sein, und wo sie auch immer zu suchen sein mögen, das Eine wenigstens ist wohl unzweifelhaft nach dem ganzen Klange der Melodie der Schrift in ihrer natürlichen Fülle, daß sie realistischere, «massivere sein müssen. Ich habe hier lediglich meine individuelle Erfahrung berichtet. Fern davon, sie denen aufdringen zu wollen, welchen sie fremd ist, darf ich doch zuversichtlich glauben, Oetinger "würde mich verstehen und mir bezeugen, gerade dies sei auch sein Fall gewesen. Aber auch unter den Zeitgenossen rechne ich auf solche, die mir hierin, bei allen sonstigen Protestationen gegen mich, beitreten werden. Ich nenne statt vieler nur Einen, den vortrefflichen Dr. Beck in Tübingen.»
Oetinger hat eben versucht, zum Verständnis der Bibel zu kommen dadurch, daß er — er lebte in der Abenddämmerung, geradeso wie Saint-Martin — die in dieser Abenddämmerung noch lebendigen Begriffe für sich zu beleben suchte, daß er in einen lebendigen Zusammenhalt zu kommen suchte mit der geistigen Welt, denn dann erst hoffte er, daß ihm die wirkliche Sprache der Bibel aufgehen könne. Denn seine Voraussetzung war fest diese, daß man mit bloß abstrakten Verstandesbegriffen eben an dem Wichtigsten der Bibel vorbeiliest, besonders des Neuen Testamentes, und daß man dem wahren Sinn des Neuen Testamentes nur nahekommt, wenn man zu verstehen vermag, daß dieses Neue Testament aus dem unmittelbaren Anschauen der geistigen Welt selber hervorgegangen ist, daß es da keiner Auslegung bedarf, keiner Exegese, sondern daß es vor allen Dingen dessen bedarf, dieses Neue Testament lesen zu können. Zu diesem Zwecke suchte er eine Philosophia sacra. Das sollte nicht eine Philosophie sein nach dem Muster derjenigen, die nachher gekommen sind, sondern eine solche, in der geschrieben steht dasjenige, was der Mensch wirklich erleben kann, wenn er mit der geistigen Welt zusammenlebt.
Geradeso wie wir, wenn wir naturwissenschaftlich beleuchten wollen geisteswissenschaftliche Voraussetzungen, heute nicht sprechen können im Sinne Saint-Martins, so können wir nicht, wenn wir heute von den Evangelien sprechen, im Sinne Oetingers, noch weniger im Sinne Bengels sprechen. Fruchtbar wird immer noch sein die Ausgabe des Neuen Testamentes, die Bengel gemacht hat; aber mit demjenigen, was Bengel besonders nahegelegen hat, wird der moderne Mensch zunächst gar nichts anzufangen wissen: mit der Apokalyptik. Oetinger selber lag die Apokalyptik ferne; dem Älteren, Bengel, lag die Apokalyptik sehr nahe. Und da hat er in seiner Apokalyptik besonderen Wert gelegt auf Rechnungen; er hat so die Perioden der Geschichte entsprechend ausgerechnet. Und er hat eine Zahl für besonders wichtig gehalten. Und daß er diese Zahl besonders wichtig gehalten hat, das genügt selbstverständlich ganz allein für die modern denkenden Menschen - jetzt sage ich selbstverständlich «modern denkende Menschen» in Gänsefüßchen -, Bengel für einen Wirrkopf, für einen Phantasten, für einen Narren zu halten; denn nach seinen Rechnungen sollte das Jahr 1836 ein besonders wichtiges in der Menschheitsentwickelung sein. Er hat großartige Rechnungen angestellt. Er lebte ja in der ersten Hälfte des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts, also er war noch durch ein Jahrhundert getrennt von diesem Jahr 1836. Das hat er nun ausgerechnet, allerdings noch in seiner Art sich die Dinge geschichtlich vorgestellt. Wenn man sie aber anschaut und tiefer eingeht auf die Dinge und nicht die Klugheit hat eines modernen Geistes, dann weiß man, daß sich der gute Bengel nur um sechs Jahre geirrt hat. Dieser Irrtum beruht auf einem falschen Ansatz des Jahres der Begründung Roms; das läßt sich leicht nachweisen. Was er mit seiner Rechnung gemeint hat, ist das Jahr 1842, das Jahr, das wir anzugeben haben für die materialistische Krisis. Den tiefen Einschnitt hat er gemeint, Bengel, der Lehrer Oetingers. Er hat nur, weil er in der Sucht nach massiven Begriffen zu weit gegangen, sie zu massiv gedacht hat, sich den äußeren Geschichtsverlauf vorgestellt, als ob da etwas Besonderes geschehen würde, was wie ein jüngster Tag wäre; das hat er sich so vorgestellt. Es war nur ein jüngster Tag für die alte Weisheit!
So sehen wir gar nicht so lange getrennt von uns ein theosophisches Zeitalter untergehen. Und wenn heute einer Geschichte oder Philosophie schreibt, dann wird er, wenn er überhaupt diese Leute nennt, ihnen höchstens einige Zeilen widmen, die gewöhnlich höchst wenig besagen. Trotzdem haben diese Leute einen tiefgehenden Einfluß ausgeübt. Und wenn heute jemand nach dem Sinn des zweiten Teiles des Goetheschen «Faust» fragt und diesen Sinn so findet, wie ihn viele Kommentatoren finden, dann kann man sich nur wundern, daß «dem Kopf nicht alle Hoffnung schwindet, der immerfort an schalem Zeuge klebt, mit gierger Hand nach Schätzen gräbt und froh ist, wenn er Regenwürmer findet». In diesem zweiten Teil des «Faust» steckt eine Unsumme von okkulter Weisheit und Wiedergabe von okkulten Tatsachen, allerdings ausgedrückt in wirklich dichterischer Gestalt. Das alles wäre undenkbar, wenn nicht die Welt vorangegangen wäre, die ich Ihnen nur in zwei hauptsächlichen Erscheinungen charakterisieren wollte. Der heutige Mensch macht sich gar keine Vorstellung, wieviel man in verhältnismäßig noch gar nicht so lange zurückliegender Zeit von der geistigen Welt noch gewußt hat, wieviel in den allerletzten Jahrzehnten erst verschüttet worden ist. Allerdings, es ist außerordentlich wichtig, auf diese Tatsache einmal das Augenmerk zu lenken - denn man wird gerade das Evangelium lesen lernen, auch mit dem, was wir heute von der Geisteswissenschaft geben können -, die Tatsache, daß nur ein allererster Anfang gemacht ist im Wiederlesen des Evangeliums. |
Bei Oetinger liegt die Sache auch so merkwürdig. In Oetingers Schriften findet sich ein Satz, der immer wieder zitiert, aber immer wieder nicht verstanden wird, ein Satz, der allein genügen würde für einen Einsichtigen, zu sagen: Dieser Oetinger ist einer der größten Geister der Menschheit. Das ist der Satz: Die Materie ist das Ende der Wege Gottes. — Solch eine Definition der Materie zu geben, die so sehr entspricht demjenigen, was der Geisteswissenschafter auch wissen kann, ist nur möglich bei einer ungeheuer entwickelten Seele, nur möglich, wenn man imstande ist zu begreifen, wie die göttlich-geistigen Schöpferkräfte wirken, sich konzentrieren, um zustandezubringen ein materielles Gebilde, wie es zum Beispiel der Mensch ist, das in seiner Form ausdrückt ein Ende einer ungeheuren Konzentration von Kräften. Wenn Sie lesen, was sich im Gespräch zwischen Capesius und Benedictus im zweiten Mysteriendrama am Anfang entwickelt von der Beziehung des Makrokosmos zum Menschen, woran da der Capesius krankt, dann werden Sie einen Begriff davon sich verschaffen, wie man im Sinne der heutigen Geisteswissenschaft diese Dinge, umgesetzt in unsere Worte, ausdrücken kann, für die in seinem Sinne Oetinger das bedeutsame Wort, das man eben nur versteht, wenn man die Sache wiedergefunden hat, aussprechen konnte: Die Materie stellt dar das Ende der Wege Gottes. -— Aber auch eben bei ihm ist es so: man kann nicht mehr in seinen Worten sprechen, ebensowenig wie in den Worten Saint-Martins. Wer die spricht, der muß eben eine Vorliebe zur Konservierung desjenigen haben, was heute nicht mehr verstanden werden kann.
Aber nicht nur haben die Vorstellungen eine solche Umgestaltung erfahren; auch die Gefühle, eine ungeheure Umgestaltung auch die Gefühle. Denn man denke sich nur so einen richtigen Menschen unserer modernen Zeit. Denken Sie ein richtiges Prachtexemplar eines solchen Menschen der modernen Zeit, und denken Sie sich, was sich der für eine Vorstellung machen sollte, wenn er nun den Saint-Martin «Des erreurs et de la verite» aufschlägt und da zufällig findet den Satz: Der Mensch ist bewahrt worden davor, das Prinzip seiner äußeren leiblichen Körperlichkeit zu kennen; denn würde er das Prinzip seiner leiblichen Körperlichkeit kennen, so würde er vor Schamgefühl niemals einen entblößten Menschen sehen können. - In dem Zeitalter, in dem man Nacktkultur auf den Bühnen ersehnt — das tun ja gerade die Prachtexemplare der modernen Menschheit -, kann man ja selbstverständlich mit einem solchen Satz nichts anfangen. Denken Sie, da tritt ein großer Philosoph, Saint-Martin, begreifend die Welt, auf und erklärt: Es gehört zum höheren Schamgefühl, daß man eigentlich errötet, wenn man eine menschliche Gestalt anschaut. -— Und doch, für Saint-Martin ist dies eine absolut begreifliche Sache. Eine absolut begreifliche Sache!
Sehen Sie, ich habe zunächst heute hinweisen wollen erstens darauf, daß da etwas verschüttet ist, das ungeheuer bedeutsam ist, dann aber abe ich besonders aufmerksam machen wollen, daß da in einer Sprache geredet wird, die wir nicht mehr sprechen können. Wir müssen anders sprechen. Es sind eben Möglichkeiten des Denkens verloren gegangen, um noch in dieser Sprache heute zu sprechen. Aber sowohl bei Oetinger wie bei Saint-Martin finden wir, daß die Dinge durchaus nicht zu Ende gedacht sind; sie können weitergedacht werden. Man kann sich über sie weiter unterhalten, aber nicht mit einem modernen Menschen. Ich möchte noch weiter gehen und sagen: Man braucht sich über sie nicht einmal zu unterhalten, wenn man heute nach den Rätseln der Welt fragt, weil wir uns ja selber begreifen müssen nicht mit alten Begriffen, sondern mit Begriffen der Gegenwart. Darum wird hier so viel darauf gehalten, daß wir gerade mit Begriffen der Gegenwart verbinden alles, was geisteswissenschaftliche Bestrebungen anlangt. Das ist eine merkwürdige Erscheinung: Man kann ungeheuer viel Wert darauf legen, gar nicht mehr in diese Begriffe zurückzufallen, aber sie sind nicht ausgedacht; sie zeigen durch sich selbst, daß noch ungeheuer viel mit ihnen zu denken ist. Man hat gar keine Vorstellung, wie nun diese Begriffe wiederum mit dem allgemeinen Bewußtsein zusammenhängen, weil man heute der sonderbaren Idee nachgeht, daß man eben eigentlich immer so gedacht hat wie heute.
Das Prachtexemplar, von dem ich vorher gesprochen habe, das denkt: Nun, ich nenne die weißen Bröselchen, die da sind, das weiße Pulver im Salzfaß, das nenne ich Salz. Nun weiß dieses Prachtexemplar, daß Salz verschiedene Namen in verschiedenen Sprachen hat, aber daß man darunter immer dasselbe verstanden hat, was der heutige Mensch darunter versteht. Das setzt man natürlich immer voraus. Aber das ist eben nicht wahr. Selbst der Bauer, selbst der ungebildetste Mensch hatte, wenn er «Salz» aussprach im siebzehnten, achtzehnten Jahrhundert, sogar noch lange Zeit nachher, eine viel umfassendere Vorstellung. Er hatte vielmehr eine Vorstellung, von der die Saint-Martinsche Vorstellung eine konzentrierte war; er hatte nicht diese materialistische Vorstellung, er hatte etwas, was mit dem spirituellen Leben zusammenhängt, wenn er von Salz sprach. Die Worte waren schon nicht so materiell wie heute, beschäftigten sich nicht bloß mit dem, was das unmittelbare, einzelne Materielle ist. Und nun lese man im Evangelium, wie der Christus zu den Jüngern sagt: «Ihr seid das Salz der Erde.» Ja, wenn das heute mit den heutigen Worten gesprochen wird: «Ihr seid das Salz der Erde», so ist es eben nicht das, was der Christus gesprochen hat, weil man unwillkürlich bei dem Worte «Salz» die Empfindung, die ganze Seelenkonfiguration hat, die heute ein Mensch bei dem Worte «Salz» hat; er mag ja recht weite Begriffe haben, aber das nützt alles nichts. Man muß das übersetzen, daß da gar nicht Salz steht, sondern etwas anderes, um bei dem heutigen Menschen dieselbe Empfindung hervorzurufen, die damals mit der damaligen Wertigkeit gesetzt worden ist mit dem Worte «Salz». Und so muß man es mit Bezug auf sehr viele Urkunden schon machen, am meisten mit der Heiligen Schrift. Und sehr viel ist gesündigt worden mit Bezug auf die Heilige Schrift gerade in dieser Beziehung. Und so ist es gar nicht unbegreiflich, daß Oetinger versuchte, unendliche historische Studien zu machen, um hinter die Valeurs der Worte zu kommen, hinter das richtige Fühlen der Worte zu kommen. Natürlich gilt solch ein Kopf, wie Oetingers Kopf ist, heute als verrückt, weil sich Oetinger einschließt in sein Laboratorium, und dort nicht wochen-, sondern monatelang alchimistische Experimente macht und kabbalistische Bücher studiert, bloß um darauf zu kommen, wie die Worte eines Satzes eigentlich zu verstehen sind; denn sein ganzes Bestreben geht auf die Worte der Sätze der Heiligen Schrift.
Nun, um von dem einen Gesichtspunkte auszugehen, zu zeigen, daß heute, weil in einer Morgendämmerung, anders gesprochen werden muß als damals in einer Abenddämmerung, aber um auch noch von einem anderen Gesichtspunkte auszugehen, habe ich von den Dingen gesprochen, von denen ich heute hier gesprochen habe. Da möchte ich noch einmal zurückkommen auf die eigentümliche Tatsache, daß es gegenüber dem, was heute der Zeitgehalt ist, aus dem hier sich auch das Geisteswissenschaftliche herausentwickeln muß, gleichgültig erscheinen könnte, sich zu vertiefen in die Vorstellungsart der damaligen Zeit, des Bengel, Oetinger, Saint-Martin und anderer. Denn spricht man zu der heutigen Bildung, muß man vom Stoffwechselleib sprechen, vom Atmungsleib, vom Nervensystemleib; man kann nicht sprechen vom Merkurialleib, vom schwefligen Leib, vom Salzleib. Denn diese Begriffe, die noch im Paracelsus-Zeitalter, im Jakob Böhme-Zeitalter, in _ Saint-Martins Zeitalter, in Oetingers Zeitalter für diejenigen, die sich mit ihnen beschäftigt haben, verständlich waren, sind heute nicht mehr verständlich. Dennoch, es ist keineswegs wertlos, sich mit diesen Dingen zu befassen, und es wäre nicht wertlos, selbst wenn man überhaupt gar keine Möglichkeit hätte, zu der heutigen Bildung noch irgendwie mit diesen Begriffen zu sprechen. Ja, ich gebe Ihnen sogar noch mehr zu: Es wäre sogar unklug, solche alten Begriffe von Merkur, Schwefel, Salz heute in das heutige Denken hineinzuwerfen. Ich finde es unklug; es ist gar nicht gut. Und derjenige, der den Pulsschlag seiner Zeit versteht, wird nicht darauf verfallen, diese alten Begriffe wiederum renovieren zu wollen, wie es gewisse sogenannte okkulte Gesellschaften tun, die darauf besonders viel geben, sich alte Vignetten anzuhängen. Und dennoch, es ist von ungeheuer großer Bedeutung, sich jene Sprache anzueignen, die eigentlich heute nicht mehr gesprochen wird, die aber noch nicht zu Ende gesprochen ist bei Saint-Martin, bei Oetinger oder in älteren Zeiten bei Paracelsus, bei Jakob Böhme. |
Warum? Ja, warum? Die Menschen der Gegenwart sprechen ja nicht so, da könnte man sich ja diese Sprache abgewöhnen, und man könnte höchstens das historische Phänomen ins Auge fassen: Wie konnte so eine historische Epoche sich nicht ausleben, wie kommt es, daß da noch etwas ist, was weitergehen könnte, was aber aufhört, trotzdem es weitergehen könnte? Wie kommt das? Was liegt da zugrunde? Es könnte ja richtig sein, daß man sich überhaupt mit niemand verständigt, wenn man alles das, was man zu lernen hat, auch ohne diese Begriffe lernen kann.
Hier aber erweist sich etwas, was ungeheuer bedeutungsvoll ist: Die Lebenden sprechen nicht mehr von diesen Begriffen, haben nicht davon zu sprechen, brauchen nicht davon zu sprechen; um so wichtiger ist die Sprache dieser Begriffe für die Toten, für diejenigen, die durch des Todes Pforte gegangen sind. Und hat man nötig, sich mit Toten irgendwie zu verständigen, oder mit sonstigen gewissen Geistern der geistigen Welt, dann lernt man erkennen, daß man in gewisser Beziehung notwendig hat, sich jene unausgesprochene Sprache, die damals für das irdische physische Leben des physischen Planes zu Ende gegangen ist, anzueignen. Und gerade unter denjenigen, die durch des Todes Pforte gegangen sind, wird allmählich dasjenige, was in diesen Begriffen lebt, rege und lebendig, wird eine ihnen geläufige Sprache, die sie suchen. Und je besser es versucht wird, sich so, wie es aber nun dazumal gedacht und empfunden und gefühlt und vorgestellt worden ist, sich in diese Begriffe hineinzuleben, desto mehr gelingt es einem, sich mit den Geistern, die durch des Todes Pforte gegangen sind, zu verständigen. Man lernt dann um so besser sie verstehen. Und da stellt sich dann das eigentümliche, das merkwürdige Geheimnis heraus, daß eine gewisse Art der Gedankenformen auf dieser Erde lebt, aber nur bis zu einem gewissen Punkte, dann aber nicht mehr auf der Erde weitergebildet wird, sondern unter denjenigen, die dann in das Leben eingehen zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, weitergebildet wird. Man darf allerdings nicht glauben, daß man nur von dem, was man heute aufnehmen kann aus der Bildung von Schwefel, Quecksilber - Merkur ist nicht Quecksilber —-, von Schwefel, Quecksilber, Salz, einen Nutzen hat. Wenn man nur diese Begriffe hat, dann nützen einem diese Begriffe nichts, um mit den Toten in Beziehung zu kommen in ihrer Sprache. Aber wenn man diese Begriffe so aufnimmt, wie sie Paracelsus, wie sie Jakob Böhme hatte, namentlich so, wie sie, ich möchte sagen, in einer gewissen Überfruchtigkeit Saint-Martin, Bengel, Oetinger hatten, dann merkt man, wie hierdurch eine Brücke geschlagen wird zwischen dieser Welt und der anderen Welt. Und hier mögen die Leute noch so lachen über Bengels Berechnungen - sie haben ja auch selbstverständlich für das äußere physische Leben keinen greifbaren Wert, aber für diejenigen, die zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt stehen, haben diese Berechnungen erst recht einen großen Sinn, einen bedeutungsvollen Sinn. Denn dort sind solche Einschnitte, wie der, den Bengel auszurechnen versuchte, bezüglich dessen er sich nur um sechs Jahre geirrt hat, von tiefgehender Bedeutung.
Sie sehen: Die Welt hier auf dem physischen Plan und die Welt des Geistes, sie hängen nicht nur so zusammen, daß man den Zusammenhang mit abstrakten Formeln überbrücken kann, sondern sie hängen in sehr konkreter Art zusammen. Dasjenige, was hier gewissermaßen seinen Sinn verliert, das geht selber hinauf in die geistige Welt, lebt dort mit den Toten weiter, wenn es bei den Lebenden wiederum durch eine andere Phase ersetzt werden muß. - Davon das nächste Mal weiter.
Seventh Lecture
Today, I would like to interject a kind of historical reflection into the course of our discussions, not so much to offer a historical reflection, to extract something from history, as it were, but rather because the reflection we intend to offer can bring us closer to various aspects of the intellectual content of the present, of the intellectual content that immediately surrounds us.
It was in 1775 that a very remarkable book appeared in Lyon, a book which very soon, as early as 1782, found its way into certain circles of German intellectual life, and whose influence was much greater than is generally supposed; but whose influence was above all such that it had to be suppressed more or less by the very thing constituted the main impulse of the intellectual development of the nineteenth century. The book is of the utmost interest to anyone who wants to gain an intellectual understanding of what has actually happened from recent times to the present day. I am referring to the book “Des erreurs et de la verité” by Saint-Martin. This book, if someone were to pick it up today, whether in its original language or in the German edition published by Matthias Claudius in the “Wandsbecker Boten,” Matthias Claudius, which has a beautiful preface by Matthias Claudius, is basically extremely difficult for people today to understand, and even Matthias Claudius himself admitted that it was somewhat difficult to understand at the end of the eighteenth century. He says in his beautifully written preface: Most people will not understand this book. I don't really understand it myself. But its content has touched me so deeply that I believe it should be read by as many people as possible. — In particular, those who start from the physical, chemical, and other worldviews that are taught in school or through general education today—without, of course, having even a hint of scholarship in these matters—will not be able to make sense of the content of this book. Nor will those who derive their current—how shall we call it?—let us say, view of time, so as not to touch on the word “politics,” from the ordinary newspapers or from what is reflected around these newspapers in the magazines that mirror today's education, know what to make of the book.
There are several reasons why I am speaking to you today, following the two public lectures last Thursday and last Saturday, in connection with this book. In these two lectures, I spoke about the nature and structure of the human being, about the connection between the human soul and the human body in the sense in which this connection will one day be discussed when the scientific knowledge that we already have today but cannot yet utilize is viewed in the right way. The conviction of the spiritual scientist who truly recognizes spiritual science must be that, once scientific knowledge has been properly utilized, we will no longer speak in the same way about the relationship of the life of imagination, feeling, and will to the human organism as we do today. That is why I believe that the content of these two lectures marks the beginning of what must come, what will perhaps take a long time in the outer world due to the great resistance that not science but scientists will offer to such things. Even if it takes a long time, the relationship between the human soul and the human body will come to be viewed in the way outlined in these two lectures.
Now, in these two lectures, I have spoken as one must, I would say, speak about these things in 1917. By this I mean how one must speak after taking into account all that has been accomplished in scientific research and other related human experiences. One could not have spoken about all these things in this way in the eighteenth century, for example. In the eighteenth century, one would have spoken about all these things quite differently. People do not always take sufficient account of the enormous significance of what I have often pointed out: that around the end of the first third of the nineteenth century, in the 1830s and 1840s, there was an extraordinarily severe crisis in the spiritual development of European humanity. I have often characterized this by saying that at that time the waves of materialism were reaching their peak. And I have often discussed this and pointed out that one very often hears the trivial saying: Our time is a transitional epoch! Of course, every age is a transitional epoch, and this statement, “Our time is a transitional epoch,” is extremely cheap, because every age is. But it is not a matter of stating that any period is a transitional epoch; what matters is to determine what the transition consists of. Then, however, one will come to certain turning points in time which represent profound transitions in human development. And such a profound transition in human development—even if it is not noticed today—took place at the time indicated. It must therefore be understandable that the mysteries that directly concern human beings today must be spoken of in completely different words, with completely different turns of phrase, and that the points of view must be taken from completely different angles than was possible in the eighteenth century.
In the eighteenth century, perhaps no one spoke with such intense attention to the scientific ideas of the time about questions very similar to those we are discussing here as Saint-Martin. However, in everything he says, Saint-Martin is not yet, as we are now, at the dawn of a new era, but rather at the twilight of the old era, speaking with the twilight of the old era. So that, if it were not for the point of view I am about to discuss, it might seem almost irrelevant today whether one concerns oneself with Saint-Martin at all, whether one really takes in this peculiar elaboration of the ideas inspired by Jakob Böhme in Saint-Martin. It might seem indifferent, I say, if it were not for a very different, deeply significant point of view, which I will mention in the course of today's discussion.
Saint-Martin speaks, in order to emphasize certain concrete points, by attempting to explain the errors to which people can be subject in their worldview and what the paths to truth can be — “Des erreurs et de la verité” is the title of his book—he speaks in such a way that he handles certain concepts and ideas that were commonplace in certain circles until the eighteenth century in the most appropriate manner imaginable. He speaks in such a way that one can see that he is completely at home in the handling of these concepts and ideas. Thus we find that when Saint-Martin sets out to consider the relationship of man to the whole cosmos and to moral life, he handles the three main ideas that also play such an important role in the works of Jakob Böhme and Paracelsus, the three main ideas through which people at that time sought to understand nature and also man: mercury, sulfur, and salt. Through these three elements, mercury, sulfur, and salt, people at that time sought to gain the key to understanding external nature and human beings. The way these ideas were used back then, people today who would speak in the same sense as a modern natural scientist—and you have to do that, otherwise you're going backwards—can't use them anymore, because it's just impossible to think the same thing about the three words mercury, sulfur, and salt that someone in the 18th century thought. At that time, when people spoke of mercury, sulfur, and salt, they were positing a trinity which people today, when speaking with scientific insight, will only be able to correctly posit if they divide the human being as I have done: into the metabolic human being, the respiratory human being, and the nervous human being, out of which the whole human being appears to be composed. For everything belongs somehow to one of these three members. And if one thinks that it does not belong there, as one might think of bones, this would only be apparent. In the same way, however, the people of the eighteenth century understood that the whole human being can be understood if one has the comprehensive concept of mercury, sulfur, and salt. Now, of course, when the modern man of today or even the chemist speaks of salt, he is talking about the white grains he has on his table or the salts the chemist processes in his laboratory. When he speaks of sulfur, the modern person thinks of matches, and the chemist thinks of all the experiments he has done with the retort and the receiver on the transformation of sulfur. When we think of mercury, we think of ordinary quicksilver, and so on.
This is not how people in the eighteenth century thought. And even today it is difficult to imagine what was going on in the mind of such a person in the eighteenth century when he spoke of mercury, sulfur, and salt. In his own way, Saint-Martin also asked himself the question: How do I classify human beings when I consider their physicality as a reflection of their soul? And he said: I first consider the human being in relation to the tools, the organs of his thinking – he expresses this somewhat differently, but we have to translate a little, otherwise the discussion would take too long – I first consider the human being in relation to the organs of his head. What is the main thing here? What comes into consideration? What is the actual agent at work in the head, or, as we would say today, in the nervous system? He says: salt. And by salt he does not mean the white grains, nor what chemists understand by salt, but rather the sum of those forces that are primarily at work in the human head when the human being imagines. And he considers everything that is the external effect of salt to be merely a manifestation, an external revelation of the same forces that otherwise work in the human head. Then he asks: Which element acts primarily in the human chest? In my last Thursday's outline of the human being, we would ask: What acts in the breathing human being? Saint-Martin says: Sulfur acts there. So that everything connected with the functions of the chest is, according to Saint-Martin, under the control of those actions that have their origin in sulfur, in the sulfurous. And then he asks: What is it that acts in the rest of the human being? Today we would say: in the metabolic human being. And he says: Mercury acts there. — And now, in his own way, he has the whole human being together. However, in the way he now speaks, the way he sometimes throws things together, one can see that he stands in the twilight of this whole system of thought. But on the other hand, one sees that, standing in the twilight, he has taken on an enormous wealth of giant truths that were still understood at that time and are now buried; truths that he can express by handling what is given in the three concepts of Mercury, sulfur, and salt. Thus, in his book Des erreurs et de la verité, he gives a very beautiful treatise—which is, of course, complete nonsense for today's physicists—a very beautiful treatise on thunderstorms, lightning, and thunder, showing how, on the one hand, mercury, sulfur, and salt can be used to explain the human being in relation to his physicality; and how, on the other hand, mercury, sulfur, and salt can be used in their interaction to explain such atmospheric phenomena. Sometimes things work together within the human being; at other times they work outside in the world. Within the human being, they produce what is necessary for the human being to live. salt in their interaction to explain such atmospheric phenomena. Sometimes things work together within humans, other times they work outside in the world. Within humans, they produce what perhaps flashes up as a thought or an impulse of the will; outside in the world, the same elements produce, for example, lightning and thunder.
As I said, what Saint-Martin explains is something that, in the eighteenth century, could be fully understood by those who were immersed in the thinking of the time. For today's physicists, it is complete nonsense. But I would say that there is a certain catch in today's physics, particularly with regard to lightning and thunder. Because modern physics makes things a little too easy for itself when it wants to explain lightning and thunder. For example, we have to teach that lightning is caused by thunder following it when the electric charges between two clouds, one positively charged and the other negatively charged, balance each other out. The schoolboy who is a little cheeky and has just seen the teacher carefully wiping all moisture from the instruments before conducting electrical experiments, because electricity does not work in the presence of moisture, can say: “Yes, but sir, the clouds are so moist, how can the electricity work in there the way you say?” The teacher would say, ‘You're a silly boy, you don't understand!’ He wouldn't know what else to say today.
Saint-Martin tries to explain how the mercurial and sulphurous elements can be bound in a special way by the salt in the air, and attempts to show how, in a similar way to how saltpetre and sulphur are bound in gunpowder by coal, explosions can occur through a special conversion of the mercurial and sulphurous elements with the help of salt. And this discussion is, in the spirit of the time, with the use of the terms of the time for mercurial, sulphurous and salty, an extraordinarily ingenious one. Now, I cannot go into it in more detail, but we want to look at the matter more from a historical perspective. In particular, Saint-Martin shows very nicely how certain properties of the air after a thunderstorm confirm the peculiar relationship between lightning and salt—what he calls salt. In short, Saint-Martin combats the emerging materialism in his own way, drawing on the foundation of traditional wisdom, which found an immensely significant interpreter in him. In doing so, Saint-Martin strives for an explanation of the world as a whole and, after giving such explanations in which he has used the elements we have just mentioned, moves on to an explanation of the origin of the earth. He is not as foolish as his descendants, who believe in the primordial nebula and think that physical concepts can explain the beginning of the world; instead, he immediately resorts to imagination in his attempt to explain the origin of the earth. And we find a wonderful wealth of imaginative ideas in the aforementioned book, where he wants to talk about the becoming of the earth, of real imaginings which, like his physical ideas, can only be understood from his own age. We would no longer be able to use the same imaginings today, but they show that from a certain point on he wants to understand things through imaginative cognition.
Then, after attempting this, he moves on to understanding historical human life. And there he tries to determine how historical life can only be understood by the fact that, from time to time, spiritual impulses from the spiritual world have actually intervened in the world of the physical plane here. And then he tries to apply all this to the deeper nature of man by showing how what the biblical legend presents as the Fall of Man in Paradise is based, according to his imaginative knowledge, on certain facts, how man passed from his original state to his present state. He now attempts to understand the historical phenomena of his time and of historical time in general, as it were, from the fall of spiritual life into matter. All this is not to be defended, but only described. Of course, I do not want to replace spiritual science, our anthroposophy, with Saint-Martin's teachings; I only want to tell the story to show how Saint-Martin progressed at that time.
In all this, we read again and again, from chapter to chapter in the book “Des erreurs et de la verité,” a remarkable remark. For when one takes up Saint-Martin's book, one sees that he speaks from a rich wealth of knowledge, and that what he gives is, I would say, only the outermost tendrils of a knowledge that lives in his soul. But he also hints at this in several places in his book. He says something like this: If I were to go deeper at this point, I would have to speak truths that I am not allowed to speak. In one place he even says: If I were to finish speaking here, I would have to utter truths that are best kept shrouded in the deepest darkness of night for the majority of people. The true spiritual scientist knows what to make of all these remarks and also knows why they appear in certain places in certain chapters. Certain things simply cannot be spoken of from all points of view. It will only be possible to talk about certain things when the impulses given by spiritual science have become moral impulses; when people have attained a certain high-mindedness through spiritual science, so that one can talk about certain questions differently than in an age in which strange scientific figures are wandering around—I need only think of Freud and his ilk. But these things will be achieved.
In the last third of his book, Saint-Martin moves on to discuss certain political matters. In our present day, it is hardly possible to even hint at how Saint-Martin's way of thinking at that time can be related to how humanity now, let us say, “thinks.” For it is forbidden to speak about this. I can only say that the whole attitude Saint-Martin adopts in this last third of his book is an extremely strange one. If one reads this chapter today, one must always bear in mind that this chapter appeared with the entire book in 1775, and that the French Revolution did not follow until after this chapter was written. One must think of this chapter in connection with the French Revolution; one must read this chapter in particular, reading a great deal between the lines. But Saint-Martin proceeds, I would say, as an occultist. Those who lack the faculty to recognize the deep impulses that are present in this chapter of Saint-Martin will probably find the introduction that Saint-Martin gives to this chapter quite satisfying. For in this chapter Saint-Martin says: Let no one believe that I wish to offend anyone. Anyone who has anything to do with the ruling powers of the earth, anyone who is involved in anything governmental, should not believe that I am offending them. I am a friend to all, all, all. But after this excuse has been made, he says things that truly make Rousseau's remarks seem like child's play. Well, I cannot speak further about these things either.
In short, we are dealing with a man of profound significance, who had an education behind him, and without whom Herder, Goethe, Schiller, and German Romanticism would be unthinkable, just as they are unthinkable without Jakob Böhme. And yet, when one reads him today, when one allows him to work on one, it is as I have just said: It would be of no value whatsoever to speak to the audience in Saint-Martin's style, as I did last Thursday and Saturday—and will do again next Thursday—by attempting to outline a worldview that, on the one hand, does full justice to the foundations of the humanities and, on the other hand, does full justice to even the most minute scientific discoveries of the present day. Saint-Martin's way of thinking no longer fits into the way we have to think today, the way we have to formulate things today. Just as someone who comes from one language area to another does not fit into the language of the first language area, but into that of the second, so it would be nonsense today to try to discuss things in the thought forms of Saint-Martin; and mainly nonsense because there is a huge dividing wall in the development of the mind between us and them, which falls in the year 1842, that is, at the end of the first third of the nineteenth century.
You can see from this that in the development of the human mind there is a possibility of entering the twilight with a certain way of thinking. But now, when one engages with Saint-Martin, one does not have the feeling that everything has already been extracted. This is by no means the case; on the contrary, one has the feeling that there is such an enormous amount of untapped wisdom within that a great deal could be extracted. And yet, on the other hand, it is necessary that in the progress of the spiritual development of humanity, this way of thinking should cease and another should begin. That is the situation. For with the other, the outer world is still in its infancy; it has only just reached the most materialistic phase. Therefore, one will only be able to understand what has actually happened when one looks back over longer periods of time, when what spiritual science is only now beginning to stimulate has been going on for a longer period of time. For, of course, what Saint-Martin expressed at the end of the eighteenth century, when it was still in its infancy, also appeared different than it does today.Now, something came to an end during that entire period. Not only did such concepts, which Jakob Böhme, Paracelsus, Saint-Martin, and others had mastered even in relatively later times at dusk, become impossible to continue to use; not only did that happen, but something very significant also happened to the way people felt. It seems to me that the human spirit, which is more oriented toward nature, is clearly evident in Saint-Martin in relation to this twilight phenomenon. The same phenomenon appears in a slightly different form when we look at a phenomenon that occurred almost parallel to it in time, namely the twilight of theosophy, the twilight, the decline of the theosophical worldview. the twilight of the theosophical worldview. Certainly, Saint-Martin is also usually called a theosophist, but what I mean now, in characterizing Saint-Martin, is a theosophy more oriented toward natural science, and what I now want to characterize is a more religious theosophy, which was called theosophy at the time when it prevailed. It did indeed prevail in this particularly precise form, reaching its peak in—yes, one cannot even say southern Germany—in Swabia, where two figures stood out from this general era of theosophical decline, which nevertheless reached its particular maturity in this twilight era: Bergel and Oetinger. They are surrounded by a whole number of others. I will only mention those who are more familiar to me: Friedrich Daniel Schubart, the mathematician Hahn, then Steinhofer, then the schoolmaster Hartmann, who had a great influence on Jung-Stilling, also had a certain influence on Goethe, and was even personally acquainted with Goethe, then Johann Jakob Moser – a large number of important minds in relatively modest positions, who did not even form a coherent circle, but who all lived in the time when Oetinger's star was shining. Oetinger was the one who lived through almost the entire eighteenth century. He was born in 1702 and died in 1782 as a prelate in Murrhardt; he was a highly remarkable personality who, in a certain sense, embodied everything that happened in this entire circle.
An echo of this eighteenth-century theosophy was then formed by Richard Rothe, who taught at other universities but preferred to teach in Heidelberg and wrote a very beautiful preface to a book published by Carl August Auberlen on “The Theosophy of Friedrich Christoph Oetinger,” in which Richard Rothe, who represents an echo of this tradition, who preserved the traditions of this circle, still recalls the theosophy of those great theosophists whose names I have just mentioned, on the one hand, but on the other hand speaks in such a way that one can clearly see how Richard Rothe feels that he is also in a period of twilight with regard to those secrets of life that he has in mind as a theologian. And so Richard Rothe speaks about Oetinger in this preface. I would like to read you a passage from this preface. The preface itself was written in 1847. I would like to read it to you so that you can see how Richard Rothe — who was in Heidelberg at the time — was a person who thought back to Oetinger and who saw in Oetinger a man who strove above all else to read the writings of the Old and New Testaments in their own way; but to read them with a theosophical understanding of the world. Richard Rothe looks back on this special way of reading Scripture and compares it with the way he himself had learned to read it, the way it was customary around him. He died in the 1860s, so he was already an echo of the past. He compares this way of reading Scripture with what Bengel, Oetinger, Steinhofer, the mathematician-astronomer Hahn, and others had strived for.
Richard Rothe says some very strange words here:
"Among the men of this school of thought, to which Bengel with his apocalyptic views certainly belongs, Oetinger stands at the forefront. Unsatisfied with the scholastic theology of his time, he thirsts for a richer and fuller, but then of course also purer, understanding of Christian truth. Orthodox theology is not enough for him; he finds it insipid. He demands more than that, not because it asks too much of his faith, but because his profound mind needs more than it has to offer. It is not its supernaturalism—the supernaturalism of conventional theology—that offends him, but the fact that it does not take the supernatural seriously enough. The spiritualism familiar to it, which reduces the realities of the world of Christian faith to pale abstractions, to mere mental images, repels him in the depths of his soul. Hence his fiery zeal against all idealism..."
Such a sentence may seem strange, but it must be understood. By idealism, Germans understand a system that lives only in ideas, whereas Oetinger, and with him Rothe, strove for real spiritual life: real spirits that advance history, not what Rank and then all the others have described with their pale ideas as so-called historical ideas. As if ideas—yes, one doesn't know what word to use if one wants to speak “realistically”—could thus pass through history and now move things forward. These people wanted to replace the abstract and dead with the living. “Hence his zeal against all idealism, his realism, which, admittedly, though contrary to his intention, veered toward materialism, his energetic insistence on ‘solid’ concepts.”
These are concepts that truly grasp the spiritual, that do not speak of an ideal archetype underlying things, but seek the spirits themselves — solid thoughts and concepts.
His attraction to nature and the natural sciences is also closely connected with his fundamental scientific orientation. The contemptuous disdain with which the idealist so easily treats nature was foreign to him; he sensed a real existence behind its crude materiality and was deeply imbued with the conviction that without nature there could be no true existence anywhere, because there could be no real existence, whether divine or created. This is surprising and provides a new legitimation for the historical justification of the direction we are discussing here, how in this thirst for a real understanding of nature, not only in our Oetinger, but also in earlier and contemporary Protestant theosophists, most powerfully in Jakob Böhme, the original scientific tendency of the Reformation era, as it is represented in his philosophical endeavors, breaks through anew. Such realism, for which Oetinger yearned, is inherent in the innermost essence of Christianity,” says Richard Rothe, ”but when planted in another spiritual direction, it must always suffer weakening, and most of all in its most distinctive teachings. It is then also capable of supporting a Christian world of miracles that is quite different from the idealism instilled in us all from childhood, which is everywhere haunted by the fear of thinking too realistically about divine things and taking divine words too literally. Indeed, this Christian realism demands precisely such a world of miracles as unfolds in particular in the doctrine of the last things. It therefore cannot be deterred in its eschatological hopes by the pitying head-shaking of those who think they understand everything; rather, it cannot understand how a conceptual understanding of created things and their history could be possible without a clear and distinct idea of the ultimate result of world development, which, as the purpose and goal of creation, alone can shed light on its concept and meaning. Finally, he does not shy away from the idea of a real, corporeal, and therefore truly living spirit world and an equally real contact between humans and this world even in their present state. The reader can see for himself how accurately all this applies to Oetinger.
Here you have a reference to a time when people were searching not for ideas about nature, but for a living spirit world; and indeed, Oetinger tried to gather together everything that was accessible to him in terms of the treasures of human knowledge in order to achieve a living contact with the spiritual world. And what was behind this man? The man was not yet a man living in the present. The task of the man of the present is, above all, to show how modern natural science must be corrected by spiritual science in order for true knowledge to emerge. Oetinger strove for something else: he strove to show how the living spirit world could be attained in order to understand the Bible, the Scriptures, and especially the New Testament. Richard Rothe speaks very beautifully about this:
“In order to understand this, however, one must also take into account his position, or rather his attitude” — namely Oetinger's attitude — “towards the Holy Scriptures, his living awareness that the right, that is, the complete and therefore also the truly pure understanding of the Bible is still lacking, that it does not yet exist, especially in the ecclesiastical interpretation of the Bible. I can perhaps make what I mean about Oetinger most clear by telling you how I myself have felt about the Holy Scriptures for more than thirty years now,” says Richard Rothe, ”especially the New Testament, and within that, above all, the words of the Savior and the Pauline epistles. The impression the Scriptures make on me when I approach them with our commentaries is, the longer I study them, the more vividly I become aware of their exuberance, not only in terms of the admittedly inexhaustible sea of emotion that pervades them (the πάθη Sacrae Scripturae, as Bengel calls it), but also in terms of the content of the thoughts expressed in their words. I stand before it with a key that the Church has given me, one that has been tried and tested over many centuries. I cannot say outright that it does not fit, but even less that it is the right one. It opens the lock, but only with difficulty and with the force I apply to the lock. Our traditional exegesis—I do not mean the neological one—allows me to understand Scripture, but it is not enough to enable me to understand it completely and purely. It is able to extract the general content of its thoughts, but it cannot explain the peculiar form in which these thoughts appear in it. Even after interpretation, there is still something like a veil over the text. This remains in the text as an irrational remnant which, if she has done her job properly, puts the biblical authors and those who repeat their words in a very unfavorable position. Indeed, if the Lord and his apostles meant to say only what the interpreters say they say, then they expressed themselves very awkwardly and inconveniently, or, more accurately, very strangely, and made understanding extremely difficult for those who heard them and read them. The vast library of our exegetical literature is, in this case, a serious accusation against them that they spoke so unclearly and indistinctly, so little straightforwardly and with such impure language about things of such incomparable importance and for such an incomparably important purpose. But who would not feel that this accusation does not apply to them? The right reader of the Bible receives the completely unambiguous impression that the words are exactly right as they are—that they are not meaningless flourishes, which our exegesis must always first cut away like wild vines before it can penetrate their meaning—that the long-established practice of exegetes first dust off the words of Scripture because they are so old and awkward before interpreting them amounts to wiping away the inimitable mellifluousness that has caused them to shine for thousands of years in the imperishable springtime splendor of eternal youth. The masters of biblical interpretation may smile as they will, but the fact remains that — there is something written between the lines of their text that they are unable to read with all their skill, but which one must be able to read in order to understand the thoroughly peculiar version in which the thoughts of divinely revealed truth, generally accepted among us, are found only in the Holy Scriptures, in their characteristic difference from all other representations of the same. Our interpreters interpret for us only the figures in the foreground of the scriptural painting, but they ignore the background with its distant, wonderfully formed mountain ranges and its glorious deep blue cloudy sky. And yet it is precisely from this background that the magical light, unique in its kind, falls upon them, giving them a transfiguration that is for us the real mystery of them. We lack the peculiar fundamental ideas and fundamental views that underlie the way the Scriptures speak as unspoken prerequisites; but with them we lack nothing less than the very thing that organically holds together all the individual thoughts of Scripture, the actual soul, the inner connection between the individual elements of the biblical circle of thought. No wonder, then, that we cannot arrive at a precise understanding of a hundred things in our Bible, which for this very reason remain perpetual cruces interpretum, an understanding that recognizes the detail of the text as fully motivated in all its small features. No wonder that in so many places we have a whole army of different interpretations that have been in dispute with each other since time immemorial, without the battle ever having been decided. No wonder, for they are all probably wrong, because they are all inaccurate, all only approximate, only roughly hitting the mark. We approach the biblical text with the alphabet of our basic concepts of God and the world, and we assume in good faith, as if it were self-evident and could not be otherwise, that what the biblical authors have in mind behind everything they think and write, as a tacit presupposition in the background that shines through everything, is the same thing. But this is unfortunately a delusion from which experience should have cured us long ago. Our key does not fit; the right key has been lost, and until we regain possession of it, our interpretation of Scripture will come to nothing. We lack the system of basic biblical concepts that is not explicitly stated in Scripture itself, but is only presupposed; it is simply not the system of our schools, and as long as we exegete without it, the Bible will remain a half-closed book to us. We must approach it with basic concepts other than those familiar to us, which we tend to consider the only ones possible; and whatever these may be, and wherever they may be found, one thing at least is undoubtedly clear from the overall tone of Scripture in its natural fullness, namely that they must be more realistic, more “solid.” I have merely reported my own individual experience here. Far from wishing to impose it on those to whom it is foreign, I can nevertheless confidently believe that Oetinger “would understand me and testify that this was also his case. But even among my contemporaries, I count on those who, despite all other protests against me, will agree with me in this. Instead of naming many, I will mention only one, the excellent Dr. Beck in Tübingen."
Oetinger attempted to understand the Bible by trying—he lived in the twilight of his life, just like Saint-Martin—to revive the concepts that were still alive in this twilight, by seeking to establish a living connection with the spiritual world, for only then did he hope that the real language of the Bible would open up to him. For he was firmly convinced that with mere abstract concepts of the intellect one would miss the most important aspects of the Bible, especially of the New Testament, and that one could only approach the true meaning of the New Testament if one were able to understand that this New Testament had emerged from the direct observation of the spiritual world itself, that it requires no interpretation, no exegesis, but that above all else it requires the ability to read this New Testament. To this end, he sought a philosophia sacra. This was not to be a philosophy modeled on those that came later, but one in which is written what human beings can truly experience when they live together with the spiritual world.
Just as we cannot speak in the sense of Saint-Martin when we want to shed scientific light on spiritual-scientific prerequisites, so we cannot speak in the sense of Oetinger, and even less in the sense of Bengel, when we speak of the Gospels today. Bengel's edition of the New Testament will still be fruitful, but modern people will initially have no idea what to do with what was particularly close to Bengel: apocalypticism. Oetinger himself was far removed from apocalypticism; the older Bengel was very close to it. And in his apocalypticism, he placed particular emphasis on calculations; he calculated the periods of history accordingly. And he considered one number to be particularly important. And the fact that he considered this number particularly important is, of course, enough in itself for modern-minded people – and I say “modern-minded people” in quotation marks, of course – to consider Bengel a confused person, a fantasist, a fool; for according to his calculations, the year 1836 was to be a particularly important one in the development of humanity. He made grandiose calculations. He lived in the first half of the eighteenth century, so he was still a century away from the year 1836. He calculated this, albeit in his own way of imagining history. But if you look at it and delve deeper into the matter, and don't have the cleverness of a modern mind, then you know that the good fellow was only six years off. This error is based on a false assumption about the year Rome was founded; this can be easily proven. What he meant with his calculation is the year 1842, the year we have to give for the materialist crisis. He meant the profound turning point, Bengel, Oetinger's teacher. It was only because he went too far in his addiction to massive concepts, thought them too massively, that he imagined the external course of history as if something special were happening, as if it were Judgment Day; that is how he imagined it. It was only Judgment Day for the old wisdom!
Thus, we do not see a theosophical age coming to an end so long after our own. And when someone writes history or philosophy today, if they mention these people at all, they will devote at most a few lines to them, which usually say very little. Nevertheless, these people have exerted a profound influence. And if someone today asks about the meaning of the second part of Goethe's Faust and finds this meaning as many commentators do, then one can only wonder why “all hope does not vanish from the head that clings to stale evidence, digs greedily for treasures, and is happy when it finds earthworms.” This second part of Faust contains a vast amount of occult wisdom and accounts of occult facts, albeit expressed in a truly poetic form. All this would be unthinkable if the world had not preceded it, which I would like to characterize in two main aspects. People today have no idea how much was known about the spiritual world in a relatively recent past, how much has been buried in the last few decades. However, it is extremely important to draw attention to this fact—because we will learn to read the Gospel, even with what we can offer today from spiritual science—the fact that only a very first beginning has been made in rereading the Gospel. |
With Oetinger, the matter is also strange. In Oetinger's writings there is a sentence that is quoted again and again but never understood, a sentence that alone would suffice for an insightful person to say: This Oetinger is one of the greatest minds of humanity. The sentence is: Matter is the end of God's paths. — To give such a definition of matter, which corresponds so closely to what the spiritual scientist can know, is only possible with an immensely developed soul, only possible if one is able to comprehend how the divine-spiritual creative forces work, concentrate themselves to bring about a material structure such as the human being, which expresses in its form the end of an immense concentration of forces. When you read what develops in the conversation between Capesius and Benedictus in the second Mystery Drama at the beginning about the relationship between the macrocosm and the human being, about what Capesius is suffering from, then you will gain an idea of how, in the sense of today's spiritual science, these things can be expressed in our words, for which Oetinger, in his sense, found the significant words which can only be understood if one has rediscovered the matter itself: Matter represents the end of God's paths. — But even with him, it is the same: one can no longer speak in his words, any more than in the words of Saint-Martin. Anyone who speaks them must have a preference for preserving what can no longer be understood today.
But it is not only ideas that have undergone such a transformation; feelings too have undergone an enormous transformation. Just think of a typical person of our modern age. Think of a typical specimen of such a person of the modern age, and imagine what kind of idea he would form if he were to open Saint-Martin's “Des erreurs et de la verite” and happen to come across the sentence: Man has been prevented from knowing the principle of his external physicality; for if he knew the principle of his physicality, he would never be able to look at a naked human being without feeling shame. In an age when people long for nudity on stage—which is precisely what the finest specimens of modern humanity are doing—it goes without saying that such a sentence is incomprehensible. Imagine a great philosopher, Saint-Martin, appearing, understanding the world, and declaring: It is part of a higher sense of shame that one actually blushes when looking at a human form. — And yet, for Saint-Martin, this is an absolutely comprehensible thing. An absolutely comprehensible thing!
You see, I wanted to point out first of all that something immensely significant has been lost, but then I wanted to draw particular attention to the fact that we are talking in a language that we can no longer speak. We have to speak differently. We have lost the ability to think in this language today. But both in Oetinger and in Saint-Martin, we find that things have not been thought through to their conclusion; they can be thought further. One can continue to discuss them, but not with a modern person. I would go even further and say that there is no need to even discuss them when we ask questions about the mysteries of the world today, because we have to understand ourselves not with old concepts, but with concepts of the present. That is why so much emphasis is placed here on connecting everything that has to do with spiritual science with concepts of the present. This is a remarkable phenomenon: One can attach tremendous importance to not falling back on these concepts, but they are not invented; they show by themselves that there is still a tremendous amount to think about with them. One has no idea how these concepts are connected to the general consciousness, because today we pursue the strange idea that we have always thought as we do today.
The prime example I mentioned earlier thinks: Well, I call the white crumbs that are there, the white powder in the salt shaker, I call that salt. Now, this prime example knows that salt has different names in different languages, but that what is meant by it has always been the same as what people today understand by it. Of course, one always assumes that. But that is not true. Even the farmer, even the most uneducated person, when he said “salt” in the seventeenth, eighteenth centuries, and even long after that, had a much more comprehensive idea. He had an idea of which Saint-Martin's idea was a concentrated form; he did not have this materialistic idea, he had something connected with spiritual life when he spoke of salt. The words were not as material as they are today; they did not deal merely with what is immediate and individual in the material world. And now read in the Gospel how Christ says to his disciples: “You are the salt of the earth.” Yes, if this is said today with today's words, “You are the salt of the earth,” it is not what Christ said, because when we hear the word “salt,” we automatically have the feeling, the whole soul configuration that a person today has when they hear the word “salt”; they may have quite broad concepts, but that is of no use. One must translate this to mean that it does not say “salt” at all, but something else, in order to evoke in people today the same feeling that was attached to the word “salt” at that time. And so one must do this with reference to many documents, most of all with the Holy Scriptures. And much has been sinned against in relation to the Holy Scriptures, especially in this regard. And so it is not at all incomprehensible that Oetinger attempted to conduct endless historical studies in order to get behind the values of words, to get behind the true meaning of words. Of course, a mind like Oetinger's is considered crazy today, because Oetinger locks himself in his laboratory and spends not weeks but months conducting alchemical experiments and studying Kabbalistic books, just to figure out how the words of a sentence are actually to be understood; for his entire endeavor is directed toward the words of the sentences of the Holy Scriptures.
Now, starting from this point of view, to show that today, because we are in a dawn, we must speak differently than we did then in a twilight, but also starting from another point of view, I have spoken of the things I have spoken of here today. I would like to return once more to the peculiar fact that, in contrast to what is the content of the present age, out of which spiritual science must also develop, it might seem irrelevant to delve into the mode of thinking of that time, of Bengel, Oetinger, Saint-Martin, and others. For when one speaks to today's education, one must speak of the metabolic body, the respiratory body, the nervous system body; one cannot speak of the mercurial body, the sulphurous body, the salt body. For these concepts, which were still understandable in the age of Paracelsus, in the age of Jakob Böhme, in the age of Saint-Martin, in the age of Oetinger, for those who were concerned with them, are no longer understandable today. Nevertheless, it is by no means worthless to concern oneself with these things, and it would not be worthless even if one had no possibility whatsoever of speaking about these concepts in any way in today's education. Yes, I will even admit more: it would even be unwise to introduce such old concepts of mercury, sulfur, and salt into today's thinking. I find it unwise; it is not good at all. And those who understand the pulse of their time will not fall into the trap of wanting to renovate these old concepts, as certain so-called occult societies do, which are particularly keen on attaching old vignettes to themselves. And yet, it is of immense importance to acquire that language which is no longer spoken today, but which has not yet been spoken to the end by Saint-Martin, by Oetinger, or in earlier times by Paracelsus and Jakob Böhme.
Why? Yes, why? People today don't speak like that, so you could just give up on this language and at most consider the historical phenomenon: How could such a historical epoch not have run its course, how is it that there is still something that could continue but stops even though it could continue? How did this happen? What is the underlying cause? It could well be true that it is impossible to communicate with anyone at all if everything there is to learn can be learned without these concepts.
But here something immensely significant becomes apparent: the living no longer speak of these concepts, they have no need to speak of them, they do not need to speak of them; this makes the language of these concepts all the more important for the dead, for those who have passed through the gates of death. And if one needs to communicate with the dead in some way, or with other certain spirits of the spiritual world, then one learns to recognize that, in a certain sense, it is necessary to acquire that unspoken language which at that time came to an end for earthly physical life on the physical plane. And it is precisely among those who have passed through the gate of death that what lives in these concepts gradually becomes active and alive, becoming a language familiar to them, which they seek. And the more one tries to live into these concepts as they were thought, felt, and imagined at that time, the more one succeeds in communicating with the spirits who have passed through the gate of death. One then learns to understand them all the better. And then the peculiar, the remarkable mystery emerges that a certain kind of thought form lives on this earth, but only up to a certain point, and then it is no longer developed on earth, but is further developed among those who then enter life between death and a new birth. However, one must not believe that one can derive any benefit solely from what one can learn today about the formation of sulfur, mercury—mercury is not mercury—sulfur, mercury, and salt. If one has only these concepts, then they are of no use in communicating with the dead in their language. But if you take these concepts as Paracelsus did, as Jakob Böhme did, and especially as, I would say, Saint-Martin, Bengel, and Oetinger did in a certain superabundance, then you realize how this builds a bridge between this world and the other world. And here people may laugh at Bengel's calculations — of course they have no tangible value for external physical life, but for those who stand between death and a new birth, these calculations have a great meaning, a meaningful meaning. For there, such turning points as the one Bengel tried to calculate, in which he was only six years wrong, are of profound significance.
You see: the world here on the physical plane and the world of the spirit are not only connected in such a way that the connection can be bridged with abstract formulas, but they are connected in a very concrete way. That which loses its meaning here, so to speak, ascends into the spiritual world, where it lives on with the dead until it must be replaced by another phase in the lives of the living. We will continue with this next time.