The Easter Festival in Relation to the Mysteries
GA 233a
19 April 1924, Dornach
I. Festivals and the Mysteries. The Adonis Mystery. The Easter Thought
Easter is felt by large numbers of human beings as a festival connected on the one hand with the deepest and most intimate feelings of the human soul, and on the other hand with cosmic mysteries and cosmic riddles of existence. Indeed we cannot but observe the connection of Easter with the secrets and riddles of the Universe when we bear in mind the fact that Easter is a movable festival, the date of which has to be reckoned year by year from that constellation of the stars which we shall shortly consider more in detail. At the same time we must observe how many customs and sacred ceremonies have been associated with the Easter Festival for centuries—customs and ceremonies which lie very near to the heart of large numbers of humanity. These things will show us the immense values which mankind has gradually laid into the Easter Festival in the course of historic evolution.
In the first centuries of Christianity—not at its immediate foundation but in the course of the first centuries—Easter became a most important festival connected with the fundamental thought and impulse of Christianity, I mean, with that impulse which arises for the true Christian from the fact of the Resurrection of Christ.
Easter is the festival of the Resurrection. Yet at the same time it leads us back into pre-Christian times. It leads us to the festivals which were held about the time of the Spring Equinox (which still plays a part in our calculation, at least, of the date of Easter). It points to those old festivals which were connected with the reawakening of Nature—with the springing of life that grows forth once more from the Earth.
Here we already find ourselves within the very subject of these lectures; for here already we must touch upon the connection of Easter with the evolution of the Mysteries in the history of mankind.
Easter as a Christian festival is a festival of Resurrection. The corresponding Heathen festival, taking place about the same time of the year as our Easter, was a kind of Resurrection festival of Nature—the coming forth again of what was asleep in Nature throughout the winter time. But we must emphasise most strongly at this point that the Christian Easter is by no means coincident as to its inner essence and meaning with the Heathen festivals of the Spring Equinox. On the contrary, if we do want to relate it to the old Pagan times, we must connect the Christian Easter with certain festivals which, proceeding from the ancient Mysteries, were enacted at the Autumn season. This is a remarkable fact in the determination of the Easter Festival, which by its very content is obviously connected with certain of the ancient Mysteries. Easter above all can remind us of the deep and radical misunderstandings that have arisen, in the course of evolution, in the world-conceptions of mankind with regard to matters of the greatest significance. Nothing less has happened than that the Easter Festival has been confused with an altogether different one, and has thus been removed from Autumn and turned into a festival of Springtime.
We have here touched something of infinite significance in human evolution. Consider the content of this Easter Festival. What is it in its essence? It is this: Christ Jesus, the Being who stands at the centre of the Christian consciousness, passes through death. Good Friday is held in memory of this fact. Christ Jesus lies in the grave. It is a time that takes its course in three days, representing the union of Christ with Earth-existence. This time is celebrated in Christendom as a festival of mourning—the time between Good Friday and Easter Sunday. Easter Sunday is the day when the central Being of Christianity rises out of the grave; it is the day of remembrance of this. Such is the essential content of the Easter Festival: the Death, the lying in the Grave and the Resurrection of Christ Jesus.
Now let us look at the corresponding ancient Heathen festival in any one of its forms. Only then shall we be able to penetrate into the connection between the Easter Festival and the Mysteries. In many places and among many people, we come across ancient Heathen festivals whose external structure—and the structure of the ceremonies which were enacted in them—is decidedly similar to the Easter-content of Christianity.
From the manifold festivals of ancient time, we may select for an example the Adonis festival. Through long, long periods of pre-Christian antiquity this festival was celebrated among certain peoples of Asia Minor. A sacred image was the central point of the festival. It was an image of Adonis—Adonis as the spiritual representative of all that is the springing and thriving force of youth in man, of all that appears as beauty in the human being.
True it is that in many respects the ancient peoples confused the substance of the image with what the image represented. The ancient religions often thus present the character of fetish worship. Many human beings saw in the image the actual and present God—the God of beauty, of the youthful strength of man, of the unfolding germinating forces which reveal in outward glory all the inner worth and inner greatness that man contains, or can contain, within him.
With songs and acts of ritual representing the deepest human grief and mourning, this image of the God was lowered into the waves of the sea, where it had to remain for three days. Or if the sea were not near it was lowered into a lake. Or again, an artificial pond was constructed near the sacred place of the Mysteries, so that the image of the God could be submerged and left for three days. During the three days the whole community associated with this cult remained in an atmosphere of deepest earnestness and stillness. After three days the image was withdrawn from the water. The songs of grief and mourning were transformed into songs of joy, hymns to the resurrected God, to the God who had come to life once more.
This was an outward ceremony which deeply stirred the hearts of large circles of mankind. And this ceremony indicated, in an outward act of ritual, what took place in the Holy of Holies of the Mysteries with every human being who was about to reach initiation. For within the Mysteries in those ancient times every human being who was to receive initiation was led into a special chamber. The walls were black, the whole space was dark and gloomy, empty save for a coffin, or something not unlike a coffin. Beside the coffin those who accompanied the candidate for Initiation broke forth into songs of mourning, songs of death. The candidate was treated like one who is about to die. He was given to understand that when he was now laid in the coffin, he would have to undergo what the human being undergoes in the first three days after death.
On the third day there appeared at a certain place, within sight of the one who lay in the coffin, a twig or a branch to represent springing, thriving life. And now the songs of mourning were transferred into hymns of joy and praise. With consciousness transformed, the man arose out of his grave. A new language, a new writing, was communicated to him; it was the language and writing of spiritual Beings. Henceforth he was allowed to see the world—for now indeed he could see it—from the standpoint of the Spirit.
What was thus enacted in the hidden depths of the Mysteries with the candidates for Initiation was comparable to the sacred cults or rituals enacted in the outer world. The content of the sacred ritual, pictorial as it was, was none the less similar in structure to what took place with chosen human beings in the Mysteries. Indeed the cult—and we may take the special cult of Adonis as representative—the cult was explained at the proper season to all those who partook in it. It was enacted in the Autumn, and those who took part in it were instructed somewhat as follows: “Behold, it is the Autumn season! The Earth is losing her adornment of plants and green foliage. All things are fading and falling. In place of the green and springing life that began to cover the Earth in Springtime, snow will soon come to envelop, or drought to lay waste, the Earth. Nature is dying, but while all things are dying around you, you are to experience that in the human being which is only half like the death you see around you in all Nature. Man also has to die. For him, too, there comes the Autumn season. And when man's life draws to a close, it is right for the hearts and minds of those who remain behind to be filled with sorrow and deep mourning. And that the full earnestness of the passage through death may come before your souls, that you may not experience it only when death approaches you yourselves, but may be mindful of it ever and again—it is enacted before you Autumn by Autumn how the divine Being who is the representative of the beauty, youth and greatness of man, dies and undertakes the same journey as all the things of Nature. Nevertheless, just when Nature is laid waste and bare, when all things in Nature are on the way to death, you also are to remember another thing. Remember how man passes through the gate of death! All that he experienced here in this earthly life was like the things that die in Autumn-time. For in this earthly realm he experiences only what is transient. But when he has passed from the Earth and lives on out into the far spaces of the Cosmic Ether, then will he behold himself growing ever greater and greater, till the whole Universe becomes his own. For three days he will live outward and outward into the wide spaces of the Universe. And then, while here on Earth the earthly eye is turned to the image of death—for the earthly eye is turned to all that dies, to all things transient—yonder in the Spirit after three days the immortal soul of man awakens. Yonder the soul arises, arises to be born again for Spirit-land, three days after passing through the gate of death.”
Deep and penetrating was the inner transformation when these things were enacted in the candidate's own person during the Initiation ceremony, in the hidden depths of the Mysteries. The profound impression, the immense and sudden jerk which the life of a man underwent in this ancient form of initiation, awakened inner forces of the soul within him. (As we shall presently see, in modern times it cannot be done in this way but must be done in quite another way.) The inner forces of the soul, the powers of seership were awakened in him. He knew that he stood henceforward no longer in the world of the senses but in the spiritual world.
I may perhaps sum up in the following words the instruction that was given, once more at the right and proper time, to the pupils in the ancient Mysteries. They were told: That which is enacted in the Mysteries is an image of what takes place in spiritual worlds, in the Cosmos. Sacred cult is itself an image of what is enacted in the sacred Mysteries. For everyone who was admitted to the Mysteries was fully clear that events which the Mysteries concealed within the earthly realm—events enacted there upon the human being—were true images of what man experiences in the wide spaces of the astral-spiritual Cosmos in other forms of existence than in this earthly life. And those who in ancient times were not admitted to the Mysteries—since according to their stage in life they could not yet be chosen to receive the vision of the spiritual world directly—were instructed in the corresponding truths through the sacred cult or ritual, that is to say, through a picture of what was enacted in the Mysteries.
Such, then, was the purport of the Mystery which we have learned to know in this example of the Adonis festival. Autumn, when earthly things were fading away, becoming waste and bare, Autumn, expressing so radically the transitory nature of all earthly things, the dying process and the fact of death—this Autumn time was to call forth in man the certainty, or at least the pictured vision, of how the death that overcomes all Nature in the Autumn, overcomes man too, nay even overcomes the representative of all beauty, youthfulness and greatness in the human soul, portrayed in the God Adonis. Even the God Adonis dies, and is dissolved in the earthly prototype of the cosmic Ether—in the Water. But even as he rises again out of the Water, even as he can be drawn forth from the Water, so is the soul of man drawn forth from the Waters of the world, that is to say, from the cosmic Ether, approximately three days after the human being here upon Earth passes through the gate of death.
It was the secret of death itself which those ancient Mysteries sought to represent in the corresponding Autumn festival. They made it visible in picture form, in that the first half of the sacred ritual coincided with the dying and the death in Nature, while on the other hand the very opposite was shown to be the essential truth for man himself. Such was the meaning and intention of the Mysteries: the human being shall turn his gaze to the death of Nature, in order to become aware how he himself dies in the outward semblance, while in his inner being he is resurrected—resurrected, to begin with, for the spiritual world. To unveil the truth about death was the meaning and purpose of this ancient Pagan festival which was connected so closely with the Mysteries.
Then in the further course of human evolution the great Event took place. What had been undergone at a certain level by the candidate for initiation in the Mysteries—the Death and Resurrection of the soul—took place even as to the body with Christ Jesus. For how does the Mystery of Golgotha appear to one who is acquainted with the Mysteries! He gazes back into the ancient Mysteries. He sees how the candidate for Initiation was led, in his soul, through death to the Resurrection of the soul; that is to say, to the awakening of a higher consciousness in the soul. The soul died, to rise again in a higher consciousness. We must above all hold fast to this, that the body did not die, but the soul died, in order to be awakened to a higher consciousness.
What the soul of every candidate for Initiation underwent, Christ Jesus underwent even in the body. That is to say, He underwent it on a different level. For Christ was no earthly man. He was a Sun-Being dwelling in the body of Jesus of Nazareth. Hence what the candidate for Initiation in the ancient Mysteries had undergone in his soul, could be undergone in the entire human nature by Christ Jesus upon Golgotha.
Those who still had knowledge of the ancient Mysteries and of the above Initiation-rite—it was they who understood most deeply what had happened upon Golgotha. Indeed to this day, it is they who understood it most deeply. For they could say to themselves: For thousands and thousands of years, human beings have been led through the death and resurrection of their souls into the secrets of the spiritual world. The soul was kept separate from the body during the act of Initiation. The soul was led through death, to life eternal. What was thus experienced in the soul by a number of chosen human beings, was undergone even in the body by a Being who descended from the Sun at the Baptism by John in Jordan, and took possession of the body of Jesus of Nazareth. The act of Initiation that had been repeated again and again through long, long years, now became a historic fact.
The essential thing was that man should know: because it was a Sun-Being who took possession of the body of Jesus of Nazareth, therefore what was accomplished for the Initiates only with respect to the soul and the soul's experience, could be accomplished now even into the bodily existence by this Being. In spite of the death of the body, in spite of the dissolving of the body of Jesus of Nazareth in the mortal Earth, there could be a Resurrection of the Christ. For the Christ rises higher than the soul of the initiate could rise. The candidate for Initiation could not carry the body into those deep regions of the sub-sensible into which Christ Jesus carried it. Hence, too, the candidate for Initiation could not rise so high in resurrection as the Christ. Yet it remains true that but for this difference in respect of cosmic greatness, the ancient rite of Initiation appeared as a historic fact at the sacred place of Golgotha.
Yet even in the first centuries of Christianity there were only few who knew that a Being of the Sun, a cosmic Being, had lived in Jesus of Nazareth, that the Earth had really been fertilised by the descent from the Sun of a Being whom until then man upon Earth had only been able to behold within the Sun, by the methods cultivated at the places of Initiation. This was the essential point in Christianity, inasmuch as it was also accepted by those who had real knowledge of the ancient Mysteries. They could say: The Christ to whom we lifted ourselves up through our initiation, the Christ whom we could reach by our ascent to the Sun in the ancient Mysteries, has descended into a mortal body, into the body of Jesus of Nazareth. He has come down to Earth.
It was indeed a festival mood, nay, a mood of sublime holiness which filled the hearts and souls of those who, living in the time of the Mystery of Golgotha, had some understanding of this Mystery. Gradually, and by processes which we shall yet have to trace, what had thus been an immediate and living content of their consciousness became a memory, a festival in memory of the historic event on Golgotha. But while this “memory” was taking shape, the consciousness of who the Christ was as a Being of the Sun, became lost ever more and more. Those who had knowledge of the ancient Mysteries could not fail to know about the Being of the Christ. For they knew that the real Initiates, being made independent of the physical body and passing in their souls through death, rising into the Sun-sphere and there visiting the Christ, had received from Him—from Christ within the Sun—the impulse for the resurrection of their souls. They knew the nature of the Christ because they had raised themselves to Him. With their knowledge of this Initiation rite, the ancient Initiates knew from what took place on Golgotha that the same Being who formerly had to be sought for in the Sun, had now visited mankind on Earth. Why was it so? The sacred rite that had been enacted with the candidates for Initiation in the ancient Mysteries in order that they might reach up to the Christ within the Sun, could no longer be enacted in this way. For in the course of time, human nature had undergone a change. By the very evolution of the human being, the ancient ceremony of Initiation had become impossible. It would no longer have been possible through that ancient Initiation ceremony to visit the Christ in the Sun. It was then that He descended to enact on Earth a sacred deed to which human beings might henceforth turn their gaze.
What is contained within this secret is one of the very holiest things that can possibly be uttered on this Earth.
For how did it really appear to the human beings in the centuries following the Mystery of Golgotha?

From an ancient Initiation sanctuary man upon Earth looked upward to the Sun-existence and became aware, through his Initiation, of Christ within the Sun. Man looked out into Space in order to approach the Christ. And how did the evolution of mankind go forward in the succeeding periods? I must now represent Time itself: the Earth in one year, the Earth in a second year, in a third year, and so on in the course of Time. Spatially, the Earth is of course always present but here I have represented the course of Time. The Mystery of Golgotha has taken place. A human being living, let us say, in the eighth century A.D., instead of looking upward to the Sun from a sacred place of the Mysteries so as to reach the Christ, looks backward through the course of Time—back to the Mystery of Golgotha. At the turning-point of Time—at the beginning of the Christian era—he beholds the Mystery of Golgotha. Thus he can find the Christ within an earthly action, within an event on Earth. He finds the Christ within the Mystery of Golgotha.
Through the Mystery of Golgotha, what had formerly been a vision in Space, became henceforward a vision in Time. That was the significance of what had taken place.
We must however especially contemplate what took place during Initiation in the ancient Mysteries. It was a picture of the death of man and of his resurrection in the life beyond. Then we must consider the structure of the sacred cults, the festival of Adonis, for instance. For this in turn was a picture of what took place within the Mysteries. When we contemplate all this, these things—the three united into one—come before us in a sublime and transcendent aspect concentrated in the one historic action upon Golgotha.
Outwardly upon the scene of history there appears what was hitherto accomplished in the deep and inner Holy of Holies of the Mysteries. For all human beings there now exists what existed hitherto only for the Initiates. Men no longer need an image that is immersed and symbolically resurrected from the sea. Henceforth they shall have the thought—the memory—of what took place in all reality on Golgotha. The outward symbol, relating to a process that was experienced in Space, is now to be replaced by the inward thought and memory, without any picture to the senses—the memory of the historic event of Golgotha, experienced purely in the soul.
Strange is the course of human evolution as we perceive it in the succeeding centuries. Man's penetration into spiritual things becomes ever less and less. The spiritual content of the Mystery of Golgotha cannot find its way into the minds of men. Evolution tends now to develop the sense for material things. Men lose the inner understanding of the heart, which once told them that just where outer Nature reveals her transitoriness and appears as a dying existence, the life of the Spirit can be seen, and with it they lose their understanding for that outer festival which can most truly be felt when Autumn comes with its fading, dying process, inasmuch as the death of the Earthly and Natural corresponds to the Resurrection of the Spiritual.
Thus it becomes possible no longer for Autumn to be the time of the Resurrection Festival. Autumn loses its power to turn man's thought from the transitoriness of Nature to the eternity of the Spirit. Man now needs the support of material things, needs the support of what does not die in Nature, but springs forth again in Nature. He needs to connect his Resurrection Festival with that which is resurrected in outer Nature—the force of the seed which was laid into the Earth in Autumn-time. He takes the material as a symbol for the Spiritual because he is no longer able to receive inspiration for a true perception of the Spiritual itself. Autumn no longer has the power to make manifest through the inner power of the human soul the Eternity of the Spirit, over against what is transient in the world of Nature. Man needs the support of external Nature, of the external Resurrection in Nature. He needs to see how the plants spring out of the Earth, how the Sun increases in strength, how light and warmth increase in strength once more. He needs the Resurrection in Nature in order to celebrate the thought of the Resurrection.
At the same time he loses that immediate inner relationship which he had with the Adonis Festival, and which he can also have with the Mystery of Golgotha. The inner experience which could arise at the earthly death of man, loses its power. In that inner experience the human soul was aware how the man who in the earthly sense passes through the gate of death, undergoes in three days what can indeed fill the soul with solemnity and earnestness. Then, however, the soul must become inwardly joyful, inasmuch as out of this very death the human soul arises after three days to spiritual immortality.
The power that lay in the Adonis Festival was lost. To begin with, it was intended for humanity that this power should arise with still greater intensity. Man had gazed upon the death of the God, the death of all that is beautiful in mankind—of all that is great and filled with the strength of youth. This God was immersed in the ocean on the day of Mourning, on the day of Chara (Charfreitag is Good Friday; Chara means mourning). They fell into a solemn, earnest mood. This was the feeling they first wanted to unfold in view of the transitoriness of Nature. But then this very feeling of the transitoriness of Nature had to be transformed by the soul into a feeling of the super-sensible resurrection of the human soul after three days. When the God—or image of the God—was lifted out again, the true believer beheld the image of the human soul a few days after death. “What happens to the dead man in the Spirit, behold! it stands before thy soul in the image of the resurrected God of youthful strength and beauty!”
This truth, deeply united with the whole destiny of man, was really awakened in the human spirit year by year in the Autumn season. In that ancient time men could not have thought it possible to take their start from external Nature. That which was perceptible in the Spirit was represented in the symbolic action of the sacred cult. But the time came when this picture of ancient times had to be blotted out in order that the memory, unassisted by any image—the inward memory, experienced purely within the soul, the memory of the Mystery of Golgotha in which the same truth is contained—should take the place of the picture. To begin with, humanity had not the power for it to be so. For the Spirit descended into the very depths of the soul of man. To this day it has remained so; man needs the support of external Nature. But external Nature provides no symbol—no perfect symbol—of the destinies of man in death. Thus the thought of death itself was able to live on, but the thought of the Resurrection disappeared more and more. Though the Resurrection is still referred to as an article of faith, the fact of the Resurrection is not a really living experience in the humanity of modern times. It must become alive again through the anthroposophical conception reawakening the sense of man to the true Resurrection thought.
The Michael thought, as was said at the proper season, must lie near to the anthroposophical heart and mind as the thought of the Herald of Christ. The Christmas thought too, must be made ever deeper in the heart of the anthroposophist. And the Easter thought must become especially sacred and joyful. For Anthroposophy has to add to the thought of Death, the thought of the Resurrection. Anthroposophy itself must become like an inner festival of Resurrection for the human soul. It must bring an Easter mood into man's world-conception. This will indeed be possible if it is understood how the thought of the ancient Mysteries can live on in the true Easter thought. And this will still be possible if there arises a true conception of the body, soul and spirit of man, and of the destinies of body, soul and spirit, in the physical world, the soul-world and the spiritual world of Heaven.
Erster Vortrag
Das Osterfest wird von zahlreichen Menschen als etwas empfunden, das zusammenhängt auf der einen Seite mit den tiefsten Gefühlen und Empfindungen der Menschenseele, zusammenhängt aber auf der anderen Seite auch mit Weltengeheimnissen und Weltenrätseln. Man muß ja aufmerksam werden auf die Tatsache des Zusammenhanges des Osterfestes mit Weltengeheimnissen und Weltenrätseln dadurch, daß das Osterfest ein sogenanntes bewegliches Fest ist, das alljährlich ausgerechnet werden muß nach jener Sternkonstellation, die wir in diesen Tagen noch genauer besprechen wollen. Man muß aber auch, wenn man verfolgt, wie durch die Jahrhunderte festliche Gebräuche an das Osterfest geknüpft worden sind, Kulthandlungen, die einer zahlreichen Menschenschaft außerordentlich nahegehen, man muß auch daraus sehen, welchen ungeheuren Wert die Menschheit allmählich im Verlaufe ihres geschichtlichen Werdens in dieses Osterfest hineingelegt hat.
Nun ist das Osterfest in den ersten Jahrhunderten des Christentums, nicht gleich bei der Begründung, aber in den ersten Jahrhunderten des Christentums, ein wichtiges christliches Fest geworden, ein christliches Fest, das zusammenhängt mit dem Grundgedanken, dem Grundimpuls des Christentums, mit dem Impuls, der sich ergibt für das Christsein durch die Tatsache der Auferstehung Christi.
Das Osterfest ist das Auferstehungsfest. Aber das Osterfest weist hin auf ältere als die christlichen Zeiten. Es weist hin auf Feste, die mit der Zeit der Frühlings-Tagundnachtgleiche, die ja wenigstens mit der Berechnung der Österzeit etwas zu tun hat, zusammenhängen, mit jenen Festen, welche anknüpfen an die neuerwachende Natur, an das sprießende, der Erde wieder entwachsende Leben.
Und damit stehen wir an dem Punkte, wo wir, wenn die Dinge gerade zur Sprache kommen sollen, die das Thema dieser Ostervorträge bilden: das Osterfest als ein Stück Mysteriengeschichte der Menschheit, wo wir diese Dinge sogleich berühren müssen.
Das Osterfest als christliches Fest ist ein Auferstehungsfest. Das entsprechende heidnische Fest, das ungefähr in dieselbe Jahreszeit fällt wie das Osterfest, ist eine Art Auferstehungsfest der Natur, ein Wiederherauskommen dessen, was naturhaft die Winterszeit hindurch, wenn ich mich so ausdrücken darf, geschlafen hat. Aber damit kommen wir an denjenigen Punkt, wo wir betonen müssen, daß das christliche Osterfest ganz und gar nicht ein Fest ist, das irgendwie seinem inneren Sinn und Wesen nach zusammenfällt mit den heidnischen Festen der Frühlings-Tagundnachtgleiche, sondern das Osterfest, als christliches Fest gedacht, fällt eigentlich zusammen, wenn wir schon zurückgehen wollen auf die alten Heidenzeiten, mit alten Festen, die aus den Mysterien herausgewachsen sind und die in die Herbsteszeit fallen. Das Allermerkwürdigste in bezug auf die Festsetzung des Osterfestes, das ja gerade durch seinen Inhalt ganz offensichtlich zusammenhängt mit gewissem altem Mysterienwesen, das Allermerkwürdigste ist: gerade dieses Osterfest erinnert uns daran, welch radikale, welch tiefe Mißverständnisse geschehen sind in der Weltauffassung allerbedeutendster Dinge im Verlaufe der Menschheitsentwickelung. Denn es ist ja nichts Getingeres geschehen, als daß das Osterfest verwechselt worden ist im Laufe der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte mit einem ganz anderen Feste, daß es dadurch verlegt worden ist von einem Herbstesfeste zu einem Frühlingsfeste.
Diese Tatsache weist eigentlich auf Ungeheures hin in der Menschheitsentwickelung. Aber sehen wir uns einmal den Inhalt dieses Osterfestes an. Was ist sein Wesentliches? Sein Wesentliches ist: Die Wesenheit, die in der Mitte des christlichen Bewußtseins steht, der Christus Jesus, geht durch den Tod, woran der Karfreitag erinnert. Der Christus Jesus ruht in dem Grabe die Zeit, welche in dreien Tagen verläuft und welche darstellt die Verbindung des Christus mit dem Erdendasein. Diese Zeit wird als Festeszeit, als Trauerfesteszeit begangen innerhalb des Christentums zwischen dem Karfreitag und dem Ostersonntag. Der Ostersonntag ist dann der Tag, an dem dieses Mittelpunktwesen des Christentums aus dem Grabe ersteht. Der Erinnerungstag daran ist es.
Damit haben wir den wesentlichen Inhalt des Osterfestes dargelegt: Tod, Grabesruhe, Auferstehung des Christus Jesus. Und nun sehen wir uns zunächst einmal das entsprechende alte heidnische Fest in irgendeiner Gestalt an. Nur dadurch kommen wir zu einer inneren Durchdringung des Zusammenhanges zwischen Osterfest und Mysterienwesen. Wir finden an vielen Orten, bei vielen Völkern alte heidnische Feste, welche in ihrer äußeren Struktur, in der Struktur des Kultus, durchaus ähnlich sind der Struktur des Osterinhaltes des Christentums.
Nehmen wir aus den mannigfaltigen alten Festlichkeiten das Adonisfest heraus. Bei gewissen vorderasiatischen Völkern wurde es begangen durch lange Zeiten des vorchristlichen Altertums. Ein Bild bildete den Mittelpunkt. Auf diesem Bilde war dargestellt Adonis, der geistige Repräsentant alles dessen, was im Menschen sprießende Jugendkraft ist, der Repräsentant alles dessen, was im Menschen sich als die Schönheit darstellt.
Gewiß, die alten Völker haben in mancher Beziehung verwechselt das, was eine Abbildung enthielt, mit demjenigen, was die Abbildung darstellte. Und so haben ja diese alten Religionen vielfach den Charakter des Fetischismus. Viele Menschen sahen in dem Bilde den gegenwärtigen Gott der Schönheit, der Jugendkraft des Menschen, der sich entwickelnden Keimeskraft, die in glanzvollem Dasein nach außen sich offenbart, die alles das im glanzvollen Dasein nach außen offenbart, was der Mensch an innerem Wert, an innerer Würde, an innerer Größe in sich enthält oder auch enthalten kann.
Dieses Götterbild wurde unter Gesängen, unter Kulthandlungen, die darstellten tiefste menschliche Trauer, tiefstes menschliches Leid, wenn es an einem Orte geschah, wo Meer in der Nähe war, in die Meeresfluten gesenkt, wo es drei Tage drinnen zu bleiben hatte, wo ein See war, in den See versenkt; sonst wurde sogar in der Nähe der Mysterienstätte ein künstlicher Teich angelegt, um dieses Götterbild in diesen Teich zu versenken und es drei Tage lang drinnen zu lassen. Während dieser drei Tage ruhte über dem Ganzen der Gemeinde, die sich zu diesem Kultus bekannte, die diesen Kultus ihr eigen nannte, tiefster Ernst, tiefste Stille. Nach dreien Tagen wurde das Bild aus dem Wasser geholt. Die vorherigen Trauergesänge wurden in Jubelgesänge, in Hymnen auf den wiedererstandenen Gott, auf den wiederum zum Leben gekommenen Gott verwandelt.
Das war eine äußerliche Zeremonie, das war eine Zeremonie, die weitesten Kreisen von Menschen das Gemüt tief aufrüttelte. Und diese Zeremonie deutete wiederum eben in einer äußeren Handlung, in einem äußeren Kultusverlauf an, was in den Tiefen der heiligen Mysterien sich abspielte mit jedem Menschen, der zur Initiation, zur Einweihung, kommen sollte. Jeder Mensch, der zur Initiation, zur Einweihung, kommen sollte, wurde in diesen alten Zeiten innerhalb der Mysterien in ein besonderes Gemach geführt. Die Wände waren schwarz, der ganze Raum, in dem nichts anderes enthalten war als ein Sarg oder wenigstens ein sargartiges Gebilde, war düster und dunkel. Und an diesem Sarg wurden von jenen, die den zu Initiierenden hineingeleiteten, Trauergesänge angestimmt, Todesgesänge angestimmt. Der zu Initiierende wurde behandelt wie einer, der da stirbt, und ihm wurde begreiflich gemacht, daß er nun, indem er in den Sarg gelegt wird, dasjenige durchzumachen habe, was der Mensch durchmacht, wenn er durch die Todespforte geht und die nächsten drei Tage verlebt. Die Anordnung war auch so getroffen, daß dem zu Initiierenden zur völligen inneren Klarheit kam, was der Mensch in den ersten drei Tagen nach dem Tode durchmacht.
Am dritten Tage erhob sich an einer bestimmten Stelle, auf die hinschauen konnte der, der in dem Sarge lag, ein Zweig, darstellend das sprießende Leben. Die früheren Trauergesänge verwandelten sich in Hymnen, in Jubelgesänge. Der Betreffende erhob sich aus seinem Grabe mit verwandeltem Bewußtsein. Ihm wurde mitgeteilt eine neue Sprache, eine neue Schrift, die Sprache der Geister, die Schrift der Geister. Er durfte jetzt schauen, er konnte auch schauen die Welt vom Gesichtspunkte des Geistes.
Wenn man dieses mit den Einzuweihenden in den Tiefen der Mysterien Veranstaltete verglich mit dem, was als Kultushandlungen draußen vollzogen wurde, dann war der Inhalt des Kultus bildhaft, aber in seiner ganzen Struktur ähnlich dem, was da geschah mit den auserlesenen Menschen innerhalb der Mysterien. Und der Kultus nehmen wir als den Repräsentanten den speziellen Adoniskultus -, der Kultus wurde auch denjenigen, die daran teilnahmen, in entsprechender Zeit erklärt. Dieser Kultus fand ja statt zur Herbsteszeit, und diejenigen, die an diesem Kultus teilnahmen, wurden etwa in der folgenden Art belehrt: Seht, es ist Herbsteszeit. Die Erde ‚verliert ihren Pflanzen-, ihren Blattesschmuck. Alles welkt hinunter. An die Stelle des grünenden, sprießenden Lebens, das im Frühling begonnen hat die Erde zu bedecken, wird der die Erde einhüllende Schnee kommen oder wenigstens die die Erde verödende Dürre. Die Natur erstirbt. Aber indem um euch herum alles erstirbt, sollt ihr erleben, was im Menschen zur Hälfte ähnlich ist dem Sterben, das in aller Natur ringsherum ist. Auch der Mensch stirbt. Auch für ihn kommt ein Herbst. Wenn es mit dem Leben zu Ende geht, dann ist es recht, wenn das menschliche Gemüt derjenigen, die übrigbleiben, sich erfüllt mit tiefer Trauer. Und damit der ganze Ernst des Durchganges durch den Tod vor eure Seele trete, damit ihr nicht bloß den Tod erlebt, wenn er an euch herantritt, sondern damit ihr euch immer wieder und wiederum an ihn erinnern könnt, so wird eben allherbstlich gezeigt, wie gerade dasjenige göttliche Wesen, das da ist der Repräsentant der Schönheit, der Jugend, der Größe des Menschen, wie dieses göttliche Wesen stirbt, wie dieses göttliche Wesen den Gang macht, den alles Naturhafte macht. Aber gerade wenn die Natur in ihre Öde eingeht, wenn es in der Natur ins Sterben kommt, dann sollt ihr euch erinnern an etwas anderes. Dann sollt ihr euch erinnern, daß der Mensch durch die Pforte des Todes geht, daß, während er hier im irdischen Dasein nur Dinge erlebt hat, die gleich sind denen, die im Herbste ersterben, während er hier im Irdischen nur die Dinge erlebt hat, die vergänglich sind, daß er von der Erde abgezogen wird und in die Weiten des Weltenäthers sich hinauslebt. Er sieht sich immer größer und größer werden, er wird so, daß die ganze Welt sein eigen wird. Er lebt sich hinaus durch drei Tage in das ganze weite Weltenall. Und dann, während das irdische Auge hier hingelenkt ist auf das Bild des Todes, während das irdische Auge hingelenkt ist auf dasjenige, was stirbt, auf das Vergängliche, erwacht drüben im Geiste nach dreien Tagen die unsterbliche Menschenseele. Sie steht drüben auf. Sie steht auf, um drei Tage nach dem Tode geboren zu werden für das Geisterland.
In eindringlicher innerer Wandlung wurde dies vollzogen am eigenen Leibe des zu Initiierenden innerhalb der Tiefe der Mysterien. Und der bedeutsame Eindruck, der ungeheure Ruck, den das Menschenleben bekam durch diese alte Art der Initiation — wir werden sehen, daß das in der Neuzeit nicht so vor sich gehen kann, sondern in ganz anderer Weise -, der weckte innere Seelenkräfte, der weckte das Schauen, der brachte den Menschen dahin zu wissen: Er steht nunmehr nicht bloß in der Sinneswelt, er steht nunmehr in der geistigen Welt.
Und was wiederum zu einer entsprechenden Zeit als Belehrung an diejenigen herankam, die Schüler der Mysterien waren, das kann ich etwa in die folgenden Worte zusammenfassen. Diesen Schülern der Mysterien wurde gesagt: Was in den Mysterien vorgeht, ist Bild von dem, was in der geistigen Welt vorgeht, was im Kosmos vorgeht; Kultus ist Bild von dem, was in den Mysterien vorgeht. - Denn dessen war sich jeder, der zu den Mysterien zugelassen worden ist, klar: Die Mysterien umschlossen im Irdischen Vorgänge, die am Menschen sich abspielten und die durchaus Abbilder waren dessen, was in den Weiten des astralgeistigen Kosmos von dem Menschen in anderen Daseinsformen erlebt wird als in der irdischen. Denjenigen, die in diesen alten Zeiten nicht zugelassen worden sind zu den Mysterien, weil sie nach ihrer Lebensreife nicht ausersehen sein konnten, die Anschauung der geistigen Welt unmittelbar zu empfangen, denen wurde im Kultus, das heißt im Bilde dessen, was in den Mysterien vorging, das Entsprechende beigebracht.
So war das entsprechende Mysterienfest, das wir an dem Beispiel des Adonisfestes kennengelernt haben, dazu da, während des herbstlichen Welkens, während des herbstlichen Ödewerdens des Irdischen, während des herbstlichen radikalen Darstellens der Vergänglichkeit der irdischen Dinge, während des herbstlichen Darstellens des Sterbens und des Todes, in dem Menschen die Gewißheit oder wenigstens die Anschauung hervorzurufen: der Tod, der über die ganze Natur im Herbste kommt, der kommt auch über den Menschen, er kommt auch über den Repräsentanten der Schönheit, Jugend und Größe der Menschenseele, die im Gotte Adonis dargestellt wird. Auch der Gott Adonis stirbt. Er geht auf in den irdischen Repräsentanten des Weltenäthers, in das Wasser. Aber so, wie er sich erhebt aus dem Wasser, so wie er geholt werden kann aus dem Wasser, so wird des Menschen Seele geholt aus den Wassern der Welt, das heißt aus dem Äther des Kosmos, nach ungefähr dreien Tagen, nachdem der Mensch hier auf Erden durch die Todespforte gegangen ist.
Das Geheimnis des Todes selber sollte dargestellt werden in diesen alten Mysterien durch das entsprechende Herbstesfest. Und anschaulich sollte das Dargestellte dadurch werden, daß der Kultus auf der einen Seite in seiner ersten Hälfte zusammenfiel mit dem Sterben, mit dem Tode der Natur, auf der anderen Seite aber das Gegenteil darstellte, als das Wesentliche des Menschenwesens selber. Der Mensch soll hinschauen auf das Sterben der Natur - so war es gemeint —, um gewahr zu werden, wie er nach dem äußeren Scheine stirbt, nach dem inneren Wesen aber aufersteht zunächst für die geistige Welt. Die Wahrheit über den Tod zu enthüllen, das war der Sinn dieses alten heidnischen, an die Mysterien angelehnten Festes.
Nun geschah im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung dieses Bedeutsame, daß dasjenige, was auf einem gewissen Niveau der Einzuweihende in den Mysterien durchmachte, das Sterben und Wiederauferstehen der Seele, daß das bis zum Leibe hin sich vollzog mit dem Christus Jesus. Denn wie stellt sich für den Kenner der Mysterien das Mysterium von Golgatha dar? Der Kenner der Mysterien schaut in die alten Mysterien hinein. Er sieht, wie der Einzuweihende seiner Seele nach geführt wurde durch den Tod zur Auferstehung der Seele, das heißt zum Erwecken eines höheren Bewußtseins in der Seele. Die Seele starb, um aufzuerstehen in einem höheren Bewußtsein. Was hier festgehalten werden muß, das ist, daß der Leib nicht starb, daß die Seele aber starb, um zu einem höheren Bewußtsein erweckt zu werden.
Was die Seele eines jeden zu Initiierenden durchmachte, das machte der Christus Jesus bis zum Leibe durch, also einfach auf einem anderen Niveau. Weil der Christus kein irdischer Mensch, sondern ein Sonnenwesen im Leibe des Jesus von Nazareth war, konnte dasselbe, was der alte zu Initiierende in den Mysterien seiner Seele nach durchmachte, der ganzen Menschennatur nach durchmachen der Christus Jesus auf Golgatha.
Diejenigen, die noch da waren als Kenner der alten Mysterien, als Wissende dieser Initiationshandlung, sie waren wohl die Menschen, auch bis heute diejenigen Menschen, welche am tiefsten verstanden, was auf Golgatha geschehen war. Denn, was konnten sie sich sagen? Sie konnten sich sagen: Durch Jahrtausende hindurch sind Menschen in die Geheimnisse der geistigen Welt durch den Tod und die Auferstehung ihrer Seele geführt worden. Die Seele ist von dem Leibe getrennt gehalten worden während der Einweihungshandlung. Sie ist durch den Tod zum ewigen Leben geführt worden. Was da erlebt worden ist von einer Anzahl von auserlesenen Menschen, das hat ein Wesen erlebt bis in den Leib hinein, das bei der Johannestaufe im Jordan heruntergestiegen ist von der Sonne und Besitz ergriffen hat von dem Leibe des Jesus von Nazareth. Geschichtliche Tatsache ist geworden, was sich wiederholende Einweihungshandlung durch lange, lange Jahrtausende hindurch gewesen war.
Das war das Wesentliche, daß man wußte: Weil es ein Sonnenwesen war, das Besitz ergriffen hatte von dem Leibe des Jesus von Nazareth, deshalb konnte das, was sich bei den zu Initiierenden nur vollzog in bezug auf die Seele und ihre Erlebnisse - es konnte sich vollziehen bis in das Leibesdasein hinein. Es konnte vollzogen werden trotz des Todes des Leibes, trotz des Aufgehens des Leibes des Jesus von Nazareth in der sterblichen Erde, eine Auferstehung des Christus, weil dieser Christus höher hinaufsteigt, als die Seele des zu Initiierenden hinaufsteigen konnte. Den Leib konnte der zu Initiierende nicht in so tiefe Regionen des Untersinnlichen bringen, wie ihn der Christus Jesus gebracht hat. Deshalb konnte der zu Initiierende nicht so hoch hinaufsteigen mit der Auferstehung wie der Christus; aber bis zu diesem Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Weltengröße ist die alte Einweihungshandlung als historische Tatsache erschienen auf der Weihestätte von Golgatha.
Es haben auch nur wenige in den ersten Jahrhunderten des Christentums gewußt, daß ein Sonnenwesen, ein kosmisches Wesen, in dem Jesus von Nazareth gelebt hat und die Erde dadurch befruchtet worden ist, daß von der Sonne wirklich heruntergekommen ist ein Wesen, das vorher von der Erde aus durch die Methoden der Initiationsstätten nur in der Sonne hat gesehen werden können. Und es war das Wesentliche des Christentums, insoferne es angenommen haben auch die rechten Kenner der alten Mysterien, daß gesagt werden konnte: Der Christus, zu dem wir uns erhoben haben dadurch, daß wir eingeweiht worden sind, der Christus, den wir durch unseren Aufstieg zur Sonne in den alten Mysterien haben erreichen können, der ist heruntergestiegen in einen sterblichen Leib, in den Leib des Jesus von Nazareth. Er ist zur Erde heruntergekommen.
Es war zunächst, ich möchte sagen, eine festliche Stimmung, mehr als eine festliche Stimmung, eine hochheilige Stimmung, welche diejenigen Seelen und Gemüter erfüllte, die in der Zeit des Mysteriums von Golgatha etwas von diesem Mysterium von Golgatha verstanden. Was da ein lebendiger Inhalt des Bewußtseins war, das wurde allmählich durch Vorgänge, die wir noch kennenlernen wollen, ein Erinnerungsfest an den historischen Vorgang auf Golgatha.
Aber während sich diese Erinnerung herausbildete, verlor man immer mehr und mehr das Bewußtsein davon, wer der Christus als Sonnenwesen war. Die Kenner der alten Mysterien konnten sich ja nicht im Unklaren sein über die Wesenheit des Christus. Sie wußten ja, daß die wirklichen Eingeweihten, die wirklichen Initiierten dadurch, daß sie unabhängig gemacht wurden von ihrem physischen Leibe, in ihrer Seele durch den Tod gingen, sich erhoben bis in die Sonnensphäre und da den Christus aufsuchten und von ihm, von dem Christus in der Sonne, den Impuls zur Auferstehung der Seele empfingen; sie wußten, wer der Christus ist, weil sie sich zu ihm erhoben hatten. Diese alten Initiierten, die Kenner dieser Initiationshandlung, die wußten aus dem, was auf Golgatha vorging, daß dasselbe Wesen, das früher in der Sonne gesucht werden mußte, nun zu den Menschen auf die Erde niedergestiegen war. Warum? Weil jene Handlung, die in den alten Mysterien zum Erreichen des Christus in der Sonne mit dem zu Initiierenden vollzogen war, so nicht mehr vollzogen werden konnte, weil die Menschennatur einfach im Laufe der Zeit eine andere geworden ist. Die alte Einweihungszeremonie war nach der Entwickelungsart der Menschenwesenheit eine Unmöglichkeit geworden. Es hätte der Christus durch die alte Einweihungszeremonie in der Sonne nicht mehr gesucht werden können. Da stieg er denn herab, um auf der Erde eine Handlung zu vollziehen, nach welcher nun die Menschen hinschauen konnten.
Es gehört das, was sich in dieses Geheimnis schließt, zu dem Allerheiligsten, das man auf dem Erdenboden aussprechen kann.
Denn wie stellte sich eigentlich die Sache für die Menschen der auf das Mysterium von Golgatha folgenden Jahrhunderte dar?
Soll ich das schematisch zeichnen, so müßte ich es so zeichnen: Wenn das die Erde ist, so sah man aus einer alten Einweihungsstätte herauf (rechts: rot) zum Sonnendasein und wurde durch die Initiation den Christus in der Sonne gewahr. Man sah in den Raum hinaus, um an den Christus heranzutreten.

Will ich schematisch darstellen, wie die Entwickelung nun in der Folgezeit war, so muß ich die Zeit darstellen, das heißt die Erde - in einem Jahr, im dritten Jahr, fortlaufend in der Zeit; die Erde räumlich ist ja immer da, aber den Zeitenlauf stellen wir so dar. Es hat sich abgespielt das Mysterium von Golgatha. Ein Mensch, der, sagen wir, im 8. Jahrhundert lebt, statt daß er vom Mysterium aus in die Sonne schaut, um zum Christus zu kommen, schaut jetzt auf die Zeitenwende bis zum Beginn der christlichen Zeitrechnung, schaut in der Zeit hin nach dem Mysterium von Golgatha (siehe Zeichnung, gelber Pfeil); er kann in einer Erdenhandlung, in einem Erdengeschehen den Christus innerhalb des Mysteriums von Golgatha finden.
Was früher räumliche Anschauung war, sollte nun zeitliche Anschauung werden durch das Mysterium von Golgatha. Das war das Bedeutsame, was geschehen war.
Aber gerade, wenn wir auf die Seele wirken lassen, was in den Mysterien bei der Initiation sich abspielte und was ein Bild war vom Tod und von der Auferstehung des Menschen nach dem Tode, und wenn wir dazunehmen die Struktur der Kultushandlungen, zum Beispiel des Adonisfestes, die wiederum ein Bild waren dessen, was in den Mysterien vorging, so erscheint uns wie aufs Höchste hinaufgehoben das alles, dieses Dreifache vereinigt, konzentriert in der historischen Handlung auf Golgatha.
Äußerlich in der Geschichte erscheint, was tief innerlich in dem Heiligtum der Mysterien sich vollzogen hat. Für alle Menschen ist da, was vorher nur für die Eingeweihten da war. Man braucht kein Bild mehr, das in das Meer versenkt wird, das symbolisch aus dem Meere aufersteht. Man soll vielmehr haben den Gedanken, die Erinnerung an das, was auf Golgatha wirklich geschehen ist. An die Stelle des äußeren Sinnbildes, das sich eben auf einen Vorgang, der im Raum erlebt wurde, bezog, sollte treten das innerlich sinnlich bildlose Gedenken, das bloß in der Seele erlebte Gedenken an die historische Handlung auf Golgatha.
Nun werden wir eine merkwürdige Entwickelung der Menschheit in den folgenden Jahrhunderten gewahr. Das Eindringen der Menschen in die Geistigkeit nimmt immer mehr und mehr ab. Der geistige Inhalt des Mysteriums von Golgatha kann nicht Platz greifen in den Gemütern der Menschen. Die Entwickelung geht nach der Ausbildung des materiellen Sinnes. Man verliert das innere Herzensverständnis für das Folgende, man verliert das Verständnis dafür, daß da, wo die äußere Natur sich als Vergänglichkeit, sich als ersterbendes ödes Sein darstellt, gerade die Lebendigkeit des Geistes erschaut werden kann. Man verliert auch das Verständnis für die äußere Festlichkeit: daß dann, wenn der Herbst mit seinem Sterben kommt, am besten empfunden werden kann, wie dem Sterben des Irdisch-Naturhaften gegenübersteht das Auferstehen des Geistigen.
Damit verliert der Herbst die Möglichkeit, Zeit zu sein für das Auferstehungsfest. Der Herbst verliert die Möglichkeit, aus der Naturvergänglichkeit heraus gerade den Sinn hinzuweisen auf die Geist-Ewigkeit. Man braucht die Anlehnung an das Materielle. Man braucht die Anlehnung an das, was nicht stirbt in der Natur, was in der Natur aufsprießt, was in der Natur als die Samenkraft, die im Herbste in die Erde versenkt wird, aufersteht. Man nimmt das Materielle als ein Symbolum für das Geistige, weil man sich durch das Materielle nicht mehr anregen lassen kann, das Geistige in seiner Wirklichkeit zu empfinden. Der Herbst hat nicht mehr die Kraft, gegenüber dem Vergänglichen im Naturhaften die Unvergänglichkeit des Geistigen durch die innere Macht der Menschenseele zu offenbaren. Man braucht die Anlehnung an die äußere Natur, an die äußere Auferstehung. Man will sehen, wie die Pflanzen sprießen aus der Erde, wie die Sonne an Kraft gewinnt, wie das Licht und die Wärme wiederum an Kraft gewinnen. Man braucht die Auferstehung in der Natur, um den Auferstehungsgedanken zu feiern.
Damit aber verschwindet auch jenes unmittelbare Verhältnis, das verbunden war mit dem Adonisfeste, das verbunden sein kann mit dem Mysterium auf Golgatha. Jenes innere Erlebnis verliert an Kraft, das auftreten kann beim irdischen Tode eines jeden Menschen, wenn die Menschenseele weiß: der Mensch geht irdisch durch die Pforte des Todes, macht durch drei Tage hindurch etwas durch, was den Menschen allerdings ernst stimmen kann; dann aber muß die Seele innerlich fröhlich werden, innerlich festlich und freudig gestimmt werden, weil sie weiß, daß gerade aus dem Tode heraus sich in geistiger Unsterblichkeit die Menschenseele nach dreien Tagen erhebt.
Jene Kraft, welche im Adonisfeste lag, sie ist verlorengegangen. Zunächst war für die Menschheit veranlagt, daß diese Kraft mit einer größeren Intensität erstehen sollte. Man sah hin auf den Tod des Gottes, alles Schönen in der Menschheit, alles Großen, alles Jugendkraftvollen. Dieser Gott wird in das Meer versenkt am Trauertag, am Chartage. Chara ist Trauer. Man kam in ernste Stimmung, weil man zunächst die Stimmung entwickeln wollte an der Vergänglichkeit des Naturhaften.
Dann aber sollte gerade diese Stimmung gegenüber der Vergänglichkeit des Naturhaften hinüberwandeln die Menschenseele zu der Stimmung gegenüber dem übersinnlichen Auferstehen der Menschenseele nach dreien Tagen. Als der Gott wieder herausgehoben wurde beziehungsweise sein Bild, da sah nun der richtig unterrichtete Gläubige das Bild der Menschenseele einige Tage nach dem Tode: Was im Geiste geschieht mit den gestorbenen Menschen, siehe da, es stellt sich vor deine Seele hin in dem Bilde des auferstandenen Gottes der Schönheit und Jugendkraft.
Dasjenige, was mit dem Menschenschicksal so tief verbunden ist, wurde alljährlich im Herbste unmittelbar im Geiste des Menschen erweckt. Man hätte es in der damaligen Zeit nicht für möglich gehalten, an die äußere Natur anzuknüpfen. Was im Geiste erlebt werden konnte, das stellte man in der Kultushandlung, in der symbolischen Handlung dar. Als aber gerade das Bild der alten Zeit getilgt werden sollte, als Erinnerung - bildlose, innere, seelisch erlebte Erinnerung an das Mysterium von Golgatha, das dasselbe darstellt - eintreten sollte, da hatte die Menschheit zunächst nicht die Kraft, das zu vollziehen, weil der Geist in die Untergründe der Seele des Menschen ging. Da blieb denn bis in unsere Zeit die Sache so, daß man die Anlehnung an die äußere Natur brauchte. Aber die äußere Natur gibt kein Sinnbild, kein vollständiges Sinnbild vom Schicksale des Menschen im Tode. Der Todesgedanke, er konnte fortleben. Der Auferstehungsgedanke ist immer mehr und mehr geschwunden. Und wenn auch von der Auferstehung als einem Glaubensinhalte gesprochen wird, lebendig ist die Auferstehungstatsache der Menschheit der neueren Zeit nicht. Sie muß es wieder werden, sie muß es dadurch werden, daß anthroposophische Anschauung den Menschensinn wieder erweckt für den wahren Auferstehungsgedanken.
Wenn daher auf der einen Seite, wie das zur rechten Zeit gesagt worden ist, dem anthroposophischen Gemüte der Michaelsgedanke naheliegen muß als der ankündigende Gedanke, wenn sich dem anthroposophischen Gemüte der Weihnachtsgedanke vertiefen muß, der Ostergedanke muß ein besonders festlicher werden. Denn Anthroposophie muß hinzufügen zu dem Todesgedanken den Auferstehungsgedanken. Sie muß selber werden wie ein inneres Auferstehungsfest der Menschenseele. Sie muß eine österliche Stimmung in die Weltanschauung des Menschen bringen. Sie wird es bringen können, wenn verstanden wird, wie der alte Mysteriengedanke in dem wahrhaft erfaßten Ostergedanken weiterleben kann, wenn eine richtige Anschauung ersteht von Leib, Seele und Geist des Menschen und von dem Schicksal von Leib, Seele und Geist des Menschen in der physischen, seelischen und geistig-himmlischen Welt.
First Lecture
Easter is perceived by many people as something that is connected on the one hand with the deepest feelings and sensations of the human soul, but on the other hand it is also connected with world mysteries and world riddles. One has to become aware of the fact that Easter is connected with the mysteries and riddles of the world because Easter is a so-called movable feast, which has to be calculated every year according to the constellation of the stars, which we want to discuss in more detail in these days. But if you follow how festive customs have been linked to Easter through the centuries, ritual acts that are extremely close to a large number of people, you must also see from this what enormous value mankind has gradually placed in this Easter in the course of its historical development.
Now in the first centuries of Christianity, not immediately at its foundation, but in the first centuries of Christianity, Easter became an important Christian festival, a Christian festival that is connected with the basic idea, the basic impulse of Christianity, with the impulse that arises for being a Christian through the fact of the resurrection of Christ.
Easter is the feast of the resurrection. But Easter points to times older than the Christian era. It points to festivals that are connected with the time of the vernal equinox, which at least has something to do with the calculation of Easter time, with those festivals that tie in with the new awakening of nature, with the sprouting life that is growing out of the earth again.
And this brings us to the point where, if we are to discuss the things that form the theme of these Easter lectures: Easter as a piece of the mystery history of humanity, we must immediately touch on these things.
Easter as a Christian festival is a festival of resurrection. The corresponding pagan festival, which falls at about the same time of year as Easter, is a kind of resurrection festival of nature, a re-emergence of that which has been dormant, if I may put it that way, throughout the winter. But this brings us to the point where we must emphasize that the Christian Easter is not at all a festival that somehow coincides in its inner meaning and essence with the pagan festivals of the spring equinox, but Easter, conceived as a Christian festival, actually coincides, if we want to go back to the old pagan times, with old festivals that have grown out of the mysteries and that fall in the autumn season. The most remarkable thing with regard to the celebration of Easter, which is quite obviously connected by its content with certain ancient mysteries, is that it is precisely this Easter that reminds us of the radical and profound misunderstandings that have occurred in the world view of the most important things in the course of human development. For nothing less has happened than that in the course of the first Christian centuries Easter has been confused with a completely different festival, that it has been shifted from an autumn festival to a spring festival.
This fact actually points to something tremendous in the development of mankind. But let us take a look at the content of this Easter festival. What is its essence? Its essence is that the being at the center of Christian consciousness, the Christ Jesus, passes through death, as Good Friday reminds us. The Christ Jesus rests in the tomb for the time which runs in three days and which represents the connection of the Christ with earthly existence. This time is celebrated as a festive time, a time of mourning within Christianity between Good Friday and Easter Sunday. Easter Sunday is then the day on which this central being of Christianity rises from the grave. It is the day of remembrance.
Thus we have set out the essential content of Easter: Death, rest in the tomb, resurrection of Christ Jesus. And now let us first take a look at the corresponding ancient pagan festival in some form. This is the only way to gain an inner understanding of the connection between Easter and the mysteries. In many places, among many peoples, we find ancient pagan festivals which, in their external structure, in the structure of the cult, are quite similar to the structure of the Easter content of Christianity.
Let us take the Adonis festival out of the many ancient festivities. It was celebrated by certain Near Eastern peoples throughout long periods of pre-Christian antiquity. An image formed the centerpiece. This image depicted Adonis, the spiritual representative of everything that is the sprouting power of youth in man, the representative of everything that is beauty in man.
Certainly, the ancient peoples in many respects confused what an image contained with what the image represented. And so these old religions often have the character of fetishism. Many people saw in the image the present god of beauty, of the youthful power of man, of the developing germinal power that reveals itself outwardly in a glorious existence, that reveals outwardly in a glorious existence everything that man contains or can contain within himself in terms of inner value, inner dignity, inner greatness.
This image of the gods was lowered into the ocean waters, where it had to remain inside for three days, where there was a lake; otherwise an artificial pond was even created near the place of mystery in order to sink this image of the gods into this pond and leave it inside for three days. During these three days, the whole community that professed this cult, that called this cult their own, rested in the deepest seriousness, the deepest silence. After three days, the image was taken out of the water. The previous songs of mourning were transformed into songs of jubilation, hymns to the resurrected God, to the God who had come back to life.
This was an outward ceremony, a ceremony that deeply stirred the minds of the widest circles of people. And this ceremony in turn indicated in an external act, in an external ritual process, what was taking place in the depths of the sacred mysteries with every human being who was to come to initiation, to initiation. In those ancient times, every person who was to come for initiation was led into a special chamber within the Mysteries. The walls were black, the whole room, which contained nothing other than a coffin or at least a coffin-like structure, was gloomy and dark. And at this coffin, those who led the person to be initiated into it sang funeral songs, death songs. The person to be initiated was treated like someone who was dying, and it was made clear to him that by being placed in the coffin he would now have to go through what a person goes through when he passes through the gate of death and spends the next three days. The arrangement was also made in such a way that the person to be initiated came to complete inner clarity about what the person goes through in the first three days after death.
On the third day, at a certain place where the person lying in the coffin could look, a branch rose up, representing the sprouting life. The earlier songs of mourning turned into hymns, songs of rejoicing. The person in question rose from his grave with a transformed consciousness. He was given a new language, a new script, the language of the spirits, the script of the spirits. He was now allowed to see, he could also see the world from the point of view of the spirit.
If one compares what was organized with the initiates in the depths of the Mysteries with what was carried out as cult acts outside, then the content of the cult was figurative, but in its whole structure similar to what happened there with the selected people within the Mysteries. And the cult - let us take the special Adonis cult as the representative - was also explained to those who took part in it at the appropriate time. This cult took place in the fall, and those who took part in it were taught something like this: "Look, it's fall. The earth 'loses its plant and leaf ornaments. Everything withers away. The green, sprouting life that began to cover the earth in spring will be replaced by snow that envelops the earth, or at least by drought that desolates the earth. Nature is dying. But as everything around you dies, you shall experience what in man is half similar to the dying that is in all nature around. Man also dies. An autumn comes for him too. When life comes to an end, it is right that the human mind of those who remain should be filled with deep sorrow. And so that the whole seriousness of the passage through death may come before your soul, so that you do not merely experience death when it approaches you, but so that you can remember it again and again and again, it is shown all autumn how that very divine being, which is the representative of the beauty, the youth, the greatness of man, how this divine being dies, how this divine being takes the course that all natural things take. But just when nature is entering its wasteland, when nature is dying, then you should remember something else. Then you should remember that man passes through the gate of death, that while here in earthly existence he has only experienced things that are like those that die in autumn, while here in earthly existence he has only experienced those things that are transient, that he is drawn away from earth and lives out into the vastness of the ether of the world. He sees himself becoming greater and greater, he becomes so that the whole world becomes his own. For three days he lives out into the whole wide universe. And then, while the earthly eye here is directed towards the image of death, while the earthly eye is directed towards that which dies, towards the transient, the immortal human soul awakens over there in the spirit after three days. It stands up over there. It rises to be born three days after death for the spirit land.
This was accomplished in a powerful inner transformation in the body of the initiate within the depths of the Mysteries. And the significant impression, the tremendous jolt that human life received through this ancient kind of initiation - we will see that this cannot happen in the same way in modern times, but in a completely different way - awakened inner soul forces, it awakened vision, it brought man to know: He now stands not merely in the sensory world, he now stands in the spiritual world.
And what again at a corresponding time came as an instruction to those who were students of the Mysteries, I can summarize in the following words. These students of the Mysteries were told that what happens in the Mysteries is an image of what happens in the spiritual world, what happens in the cosmos; cultus is an image of what happens in the Mysteries. - For everyone who was admitted to the Mysteries was aware of this: the Mysteries encompassed processes in the earthly world which took place in man and which were certainly images of what is experienced by man in the vastness of the astral-spiritual cosmos in other forms of existence than in the earthly. Those who were not admitted to the Mysteries in those ancient times, because they could not have been destined to receive the vision of the spiritual world directly according to their maturity, were taught the corresponding things in the cultus, that is, in the image of what took place in the Mysteries.
So the corresponding mystery festival, which we have become acquainted with in the example of the Adonis festival, was there, during the autumnal withering, during the autumnal desolation of the earthly, during the autumnal radical representation of the transitoriness of earthly things, during the autumnal representation of dying and death, to evoke in man the certainty or at least the view: death, which comes over all nature in autumn, also comes over man, it also comes over the representative of the beauty, youth and greatness of the human soul, which is represented in the god Adonis. The god Adonis also dies. He merges into the earthly representative of the ether of the world, into the water. But just as he rises from the water, just as he can be taken from the water, so the soul of man is taken from the waters of the world, that is, from the ether of the cosmos, after about three days, after man has passed through the gates of death here on earth.
The mystery of death itself was to be represented in these ancient mysteries through the corresponding autumn festival. And what was represented was to become vivid by the fact that the first half of the cultus coincided with death, with the death of nature, but on the other hand represented the opposite, as the essence of the human being itself. Man should look at the death of nature - that is what was meant - in order to become aware of how he dies according to the outer appearance, but is resurrected according to the inner being, initially for the spiritual world. Revealing the truth about death was the purpose of this ancient pagan festival based on the Mysteries.
Now, in the course of human development, this significant thing happened, that what the initiate underwent at a certain level in the Mysteries, the dying and resurrection of the soul, took place in the body with Christ Jesus. For how does the Mystery of Golgotha present itself to the connoisseur of the Mysteries? The connoisseur of the Mysteries looks into the ancient Mysteries. He sees how the one to be initiated was led through death to the resurrection of the soul, that is, to the awakening of a higher consciousness in the soul. The soul died in order to rise in a higher consciousness. What must be noted here is that the body did not die, but that the soul died in order to be awakened to a higher consciousness.
What the soul of every initiate went through, Christ Jesus went through as far as the body, simply on a different level. Because the Christ was not an earthly man, but a solar being in the body of Jesus of Nazareth, the same thing that the old initiate went through in the Mysteries according to his soul, the Christ Jesus could go through on Golgotha according to the whole human nature.
Those who were still there as connoisseurs of the ancient mysteries, as knowers of this act of initiation, they were probably the people, even to this day, who understood most deeply what had happened on Golgotha. For what could they say to themselves? They could say to themselves: For thousands of years people have been led into the secrets of the spiritual world through the death and resurrection of their soul. The soul has been kept separate from the body during the act of initiation. It has been led through death to eternal life. What was experienced by a number of selected people was experienced by a being right into the body, which descended from the sun at John's baptism in the Jordan and took possession of the body of Jesus of Nazareth. What had been a repeated act of initiation throughout long, long millennia became a historical fact.
This was the essential thing, that one knew: Because it was a solar being that had taken possession of the body of Jesus of Nazareth, therefore that which took place with those to be initiated only in relation to the soul and its experiences - it could take place right into the bodily existence. It could be accomplished despite the death of the body, despite the rising of the body of Jesus of Nazareth in the mortal earth, a resurrection of the Christ, because this Christ ascends higher than the soul of the one to be initiated could ascend. The initiate could not bring the body into such deep regions of the subconscious as Christ Jesus brought it. Therefore the one to be initiated could not ascend as high with the resurrection as the Christ; but up to this difference in world magnitude, the ancient act of initiation appeared as a historical fact on the place of consecration at Golgotha.
In the first centuries of Christianity only a few knew that a solar being, a cosmic being, had lived in Jesus of Nazareth and that the earth had been fertilized by it, that a being had really descended from the sun which previously could only be seen from the earth in the sun through the methods of the places of initiation. And it was the essence of Christianity, insofar as it was also accepted by the true connoisseurs of the ancient mysteries, that it could be said: The Christ to whom we have risen through our initiation, the Christ whom we were able to reach through our ascent to the sun in the ancient mysteries, has descended into a mortal body, into the body of Jesus of Nazareth. He descended to earth.
At first, I would like to say, it was a festive mood, more than a festive mood, a highly holy mood, which filled those souls and minds who understood something of the Mystery of Golgotha at the time of the Mystery of Golgotha. What was then a living content of the consciousness gradually became, through processes that we still want to get to know, a festival of memory of the historical event on Golgotha.
But as this memory developed, the consciousness of who the Christ was as a solar being was lost more and more. The connoisseurs of the ancient mysteries could not be unclear about the nature of the Christ. They knew that the real initiates, the real initiates, by being made independent of their physical body, went through death in their soul, rose up into the solar sphere and there sought out the Christ and received from him, from the Christ in the sun, the impulse for the resurrection of the soul; they knew who the Christ was because they had risen up to him. These ancient initiates, the connoisseurs of this act of initiation, knew from what took place on Golgotha that the same Being who formerly had to be sought in the sun had now descended to men on earth. Why? Because the act that was performed in the ancient mysteries to reach the Christ in the sun with the person to be initiated could no longer be performed in this way, because the nature of man has simply become different in the course of time. The old initiation ceremony had become an impossibility according to the developmental nature of the human being. The Christ could no longer have been sought in the sun through the old initiation ceremony. So he descended to perform an act on earth that people could now look to.
What is included in this mystery belongs to the most sacred thing that can be uttered on earth.
Because how did the matter actually present itself to the people of the centuries following the Mystery of Golgotha?
If I were to draw it schematically, I would have to draw it like this: If this is the earth, then one looked up from an old place of initiation (right: red) to the sun and became aware of the Christ in the sun through the initiation. One looked out into space in order to approach the Christ.

If I want to depict schematically how the development was in the following time, I have to depict the time, that is, the earth - in one year, in the third year, continuously in time; the earth is always there spatially, but we depict the course of time in this way. The Mystery of Golgotha has taken place. A person who, let us say, lives in the 8th century, instead of looking from the Mystery into the sun in order to come to the Christ, now looks at the turn of time until the beginning of the Christian calendar, looks in time towards the Mystery of Golgotha (see drawing, yellow arrow); he can find the Christ within the Mystery of Golgotha in an earthly action, in an earthly event.
What used to be a spatial view was now to become a temporal view through the Mystery of Golgotha. That was the significant thing that had happened.
But precisely when we allow what took place in the Mysteries at the initiation and what was a picture of the death and resurrection of man after death to affect the soul, and when we add the structure of the cult acts, for example the Adonis feast, which in turn were a picture of what took place in the Mysteries, then all this, this threefold united and concentrated in the historical action on Golgotha, appears to us as if raised to the highest level.
What took place deep within the sanctuary of the Mysteries appears outwardly in history. What was previously only there for the initiated is there for all people. We no longer need an image that is sunk into the sea, that symbolically rises from the sea. Rather, we should have the thought, the memory of what really happened on Golgotha. The external symbol, which referred to a process that was experienced in space, should be replaced by an inwardly sensual, imageless remembrance, a remembrance of the historical act on Golgotha that is merely experienced in the soul.
Now we become aware of a strange development of humanity in the following centuries. Man's penetration into spirituality decreases more and more. The spiritual content of the Mystery of Golgotha cannot take hold in the minds of men. Development follows the formation of the material sense. One loses the inner understanding of the heart for what follows, one loses the understanding that where outer nature presents itself as transience, as a dying barren existence, it is precisely the vitality of the spirit that can be seen. One also loses the understanding of the outer festivity: that when autumn comes with its dying, one can best feel how the dying of the earthly-natural is contrasted with the resurrection of the spiritual.
Thus autumn loses the possibility of being the time for the resurrection festival. Autumn loses the possibility of pointing out the meaning of spiritual eternity from the transience of nature. We need the connection to the material. We need the connection to that which does not die in nature, that which sprouts in nature, that which rises in nature as the seed power that is sunk into the earth in autumn. One takes the material as a symbol for the spiritual, because one can no longer be stimulated by the material to feel the spiritual in its reality. Autumn no longer has the power to reveal the immortality of the spiritual through the inner power of the human soul in contrast to the transience of nature. We need the connection to external nature, to external resurrection. We want to see how the plants sprout from the earth, how the sun gains strength, how the light and warmth in turn gain strength. We need the resurrection in nature in order to celebrate the idea of resurrection.
But with it also disappears that direct relationship that was connected with the Adonis feast, which can be connected with the mystery of Golgotha. That inner experience loses its power, which can occur at the earthly death of every human being, when the human soul knows: the human being goes through the gate of death earthly, goes through something through three days, which can certainly make the human being serious; but then the soul must become inwardly joyful, inwardly festive and joyful, because it knows that just out of death the human soul rises in spiritual immortality after three days.The power that lay in the Adonis festival has been lost. At first it was intended for mankind that this power should arise with greater intensity. One looked forward to the death of the god, all that was beautiful in humanity, all that was great, all that was youthful. This god is sunk into the sea on the day of mourning, on Chara. Chara is mourning. People got into a serious mood because they initially wanted to develop the mood of the transience of nature.
But then this very mood towards the transience of the natural was to transform the human soul into the mood towards the supersensible resurrection of the human soul after three days. When the God was lifted out again, or rather his image, the correctly instructed believer saw the image of the human soul a few days after death: What happens in the spirit with the deceased human beings, behold, it presents itself before your soul in the image of the resurrected God of beauty and youthful power.
That which is so deeply connected with human destiny was awakened directly in the spirit of man every autumn. At that time, it would not have been considered possible to connect with external nature. What could be experienced in the spirit was represented in the ritual act, in the symbolic act. But when the image of the old time was to be erased, when the memory - the imageless, inner, soul-experienced memory of the Mystery of Golgotha, which represents the same thing - was to enter, mankind did not at first have the strength to accomplish this, because the spirit went into the depths of man's soul. The situation remained the same right up to our own time, in that people needed to be guided by external nature. But external nature gives no symbol, no complete symbol of man's fate in death. The idea of death could live on. The idea of resurrection has dwindled more and more. And even if the resurrection is spoken of as a content of faith, the fact of resurrection is not alive in modern mankind. It must become so again, it must become so through anthroposophical views reawakening the human mind to the true idea of resurrection.
If, therefore, on the one hand, as has been said at the right time, the thought of St. Michael must lie close to the anthroposophical mind as the heralding thought, if the thought of Christmas must deepen in the anthroposophical mind, the thought of Easter must become a particularly festive one. For anthroposophy must add to the thought of death the thought of resurrection. It must itself become like an inner resurrection festival of the human soul. It must bring a paschal mood into the world view of man. It will be able to do so when it is understood how the old mystery thought can live on in the truly grasped Easter thought, when a correct view arises of the body, soul and spirit of man and of the destiny of the body, soul and spirit of man in the physical, spiritual and celestial world.