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Curative Education
GA 317

26 June 1924, Dornach

Lecture II

My dear Friends,

It is, as you know, my dear friends, our intention to work things out here from their foundations, in order then to pass on afterwards to the practical side. I called your attention yesterday to the fact that the ordinary, superficial life of soul has to be regarded as a complex of symptoms, and no more. It follows from this that, if we want to get at the real state of affairs that lies behind a so-called mental illness or mental weakness in some child, modern methods of approach are quite inadequate, for they can only describe how things are in this superficial soul-life, without being able to lead on to what lies deeper—that is to say, to the region where, as we saw yesterday, the real life of soul is working. We cannot here enter into the question of how mental illnesses in grown-up people should be dealt with (there are indeed always, as you know, problems of many kinds connected with that), but we do want, in this course, to make a thorough study of what it is possible to do with children.

Before going further into the subject, I would like to read you an article from this newspaper that gives a crude example of how misleading an observation of the superficial life of soul can be. (I use the word “superficial” in the sense of locality, not in a derogatory sense.) It is an example that will have special significance for you, in view of the tasks that you are undertaking.

A man of the name of Wulffen,1Erich Wulffen, b. 1862, author and criminologist. who was once Public Prosecutor, has made a study, from the standpoint of criminal psychology, of all kinds of mental abnormalities, and has written big books on the subject. How does he reach his conclusions? For he obviously does not take his start from professional medicine. In his capacity as Public Prosecutor he naturally became familiar with a wide field of abnormalities in the life of soul, and afterwards at a more mature age, he set out to acquire a somewhat miscellaneous knowledge of medicine. He then combined his experience in his profession with his subsequent reading, and evolved a theory which is nothing else than the inevitable outcome of the so-called “scientific” hypotheses of today. For either we take this modern scientific point of view seriously, in which case we are bound eventually to come to the conclusions arrived at by Wulffen, or we do not take it seriously, and then nothing remains but to take our start from Anthroposophy. An intermediate way can never be anything but a questionable compromise.

Wulffen recently gave a lecture in Zürich dealing with the subject of criminal psychology, in which he spoke about abnormality in the life of the soul. It is important that we should pay attention to what is said in such a lecture, for we are in fact in these days continually coming up against the very same kind of thing. If you set out to think about any knowledge you have gained from looking into some modern scientific book, or into any book that is based on the scientific way of thinking, you will find it full of the forms and modes of thought which this man Wulffen voices in a particularly radical way. And you really ought to know whither modern science must inevitably lead when it begins to investigate the field of abnormal soul-life. Before I read the press notice let me tell you that Wulffen himself is a much more able man, and much more correct in his statements, than the journalist who is reporting his lecture. The journalist can only make fun of it, which he is free to do, since he has still the public behind him—thanks be!—in his prejudice against psychiatry and criminal psychology. The tone in which the report is written need not therefore concern you; the journalist, as I said, is not a man of much ability and can do no more than ridicule the whole thing. He has, however, no idea that his jests are a hit at modern science rather than at Wulffen! For if the science upon which Wulffen takes his stand were honestly adhered to, its representatives in other fields of knowledge would have to speak in the very same way as he does. And now let us read this press notice—for it really does concern us. It is entitled: “Schiller according to the Psycho-Analysis of the Public Prosecutor”. It should rather be called: “Friedrich Schiller, according to the Psycho-Analysis of present-day Psychology or Psycho-pedagogy”.

Last Friday, 29th February, I924, the Public Prosecutor Dr. E. W. Wulffen, a man known and respected far outside his immediate profession, took severely to task the penniless Swabian, Fritz Schiller (at one time Professor of History in Jena and the author of several revolutionary writings) in a brilliantly constructed lecture on “Criminal Psychology and Friedrich Schiller”. He achieved among the large number of listeners belonging to the Zürich Lawyers' Union a success all the more lasting because, on account of death, the accused was unable to be present at the meeting; the utmost he could do was perhaps to point with an invisible hand to what he had written during his lifetime.

Wullfen's arguments were most effective. The proofs adduced were irrefutable. The lecturer had even confiscated—I mean, had read—Schiller's private correspondence. And, lo and behold, thanks to Dr. Wulffen's help, scales fell from the eyes of the audience. Our people's love for Schiller, youth's adoration for him, were laid bare in all their ugly roots. Schiller is popular, it seems, on account of his innate cruelty which makes wallowing in the gloomy splendor of the horrible come natural to him, and causes him to write ballads like “Die Kindesmörderin”, etc., which are evidence enough of a cruelty that is continually intensified by Schiller's struggle with his own sick body. And then his tragedies, which stimulate fear and compassion in the spectators why are they so effective on the stage? Because they appeal to latent criminal qualities in the public and enable the audience to enjoy a safe outlet for dangerous propensities ...

It is true that in spite of this overwhelming load of proof Wulffen concedes to Schiller certain redeeming features. There is his feeling for freedom, which, nursed by the suppression he laboured under in earlier years (associated, as it was in him, with an inferiority complex) suddenly flares up in “The Robbers”, and is then gradually purified and ennobled, until finally in “Wilhelm Tell” we have the glorification of a revolution that is founded on order. For the rest, Schiller's attitude to good and evil is seen to be the outcome of aesthetic points of view.

Thus are the arteries which feed Schiller's poetry quickly detected by Dr. Wulffen and defined; they are—cruelty and the urge for freedom. The struggle with these impulses, which Schiller lived out in his poetry—this it was, so we are assured, that led him along the path to perfection.2From Neue Züricher Zeitung, No. 342, 7th March, 1924.

So there was, then, in Schiller an “inferiority complex”—in his childhood. It is quite important to realise what the outcome would be if modern science were to enter the realm of pedagogy, and teachers were then to give lessons in the manner of this science—let us say, in a school where some young Schiller was among the pupils. You must envisage quite exactly what this would mean.

If you think of what was said yesterday, you will see that, just as we have to take, in other illnesses, the symptoms, that help us to find the right orientation, and then lead back from these to the real facts of the illness, so we must start in our present investigation from the manifestations of the life of soul, from thinking, feeling and willing, and trace our way back until we can “behold” the real condition of the patient. We saw that the origin, for example, of an abnormality of soul, which showed itself in the patient's being unable to pass from intention to deed, had to be sought in some subtle abnormality of the liver, and that the knowledge of this connection must form the starting point for our treatment, both educational and therapeutic.

And now, before we can pass on to consider the practical side in detail, we must look back once again at the life of soul of the child. We have seen how during the first seven years the body presents a model, and the individuality works out in accordance with this model the second body, which functions between the change of teeth and puberty. If the individuality is stronger than the inherited qualities, the child will overcome these—more or less—in the course of changing his teeth; his individuality will then be apparent in his whole life of soul, and will manifest also externally in his bodily nature. If, however, the individuality of the child is weak, it will be overcome by the inherited characteristics; it will give, as it were, such close attention to the model that a slavish copy of the same will be visible in the body. And then one can rightly speak of inherited characteristics. For between the change of teeth and puberty everything is as it results from the individuality; the reason why it can happen that inherited characteristics show themselves at all during this period, is because the individuality has been to that extent too weak to overcome them and follow its own line of direction in accordance with karma. What works in the individuality as the real impulse of karma shows itself overpowered in such a case by the inherited characteristics.

Now at this point we must observe—and it will also provide us with what I may describe as a symptomatology of more general application—we must observe how thinking is related in its development to the development of will, in the child. We saw yesterday that there is a certain sense in which we have to look upon thinking, feeling and willing as no more than symptoms. We saw that thinking, as it expresses itself in the superficial soul-life, has behind it a synthesizing activity which operates in the construction and organisation of the brain; and then we saw how behind expressions of will is an analytical activity which underlies the organs—underlies indeed our whole metabolism-and-limbs man, keeping the organs separate and distinct one from another.

To begin with, let us consider thinking, with the synthesizing activity of the brain, that underlies it. We must understand clearly what thoughts really are. Thoughts, as we know, enter the organism of the child, as it were, in snatches, bit by bit. Even the grown person has around him only in scattered fragments, so to speak, all that man is capable of thinking. One person will have a great wealth of thoughts, another will have less. But now, what are thoughts?

The modern view, which tends to degenerate into the conclusions you find in people like Wulffen, imagines that thoughts come into existence gradually in the human being, as he progresses in his development, and that when he succeeds in having thoughts that “answer” in the world, that fit in all right with the world, then these thoughts he has evolved, of course, out of himself. But if we investigate, with anthroposophical understanding, the being of man, we shall never succeed in discovering in him anything from which thoughts can arise. All investigations which set out to discover where thoughts could originate in man are, in the eyes of Spiritual Science, no more sensible than if someone who had a jug of milk given him every morning were to begin one day to ponder, in his cleverness, how the china of which the jug is made produces the milk. It might conceivably happen that he had never observed how the milk does get into the jug; but if he could start wondering how the milk manages to ooze out of the china, we should take him for a simpleton indeed. To assume such a possibility in regard to a milk jug is obviously to adopt a hypothesis which leads to an absurdity. And yet, in regard to thinking, science makes this very hypothesis; science is just as stupid, every bit as stupid as the fellow we have imagined. For when we set out to investigate with all the means afforded by Spiritual Science (and we have been speaking of these now for more than twenty years), we find nothing at all in the human organisation that could possibly produce thoughts. There is simply nothing there capable of doing it. Just as the milk must be poured into the jug in order to be in the jug, so for thought to be in man, they must come into him. And whence do they come—for the life we are considering, between birth and death? Where are thoughts? We can investigate the question of where milk comes from; we ought also to be able to discover where thoughts are. Where then shall we look for these thoughts.

We are surrounded by the physical world. But we have around us also the etheric world, from which, as you know, our own etheric body is taken, immediately before we descend to physical incarnation. The etheric body of man comes from the cosmic ether, which is all around us in every direction. Now it is this cosmic ether, my dear friends, that is the bearer of the thoughts. The cosmic ether, which is common to all, carries within it the thoughts; there they are within it, those living thoughts of which I have repeatedly spoken in our anthroposophical lectures, telling you how the human being participates in them in pre-earthly life before he comes down to Earth. There, in the cosmic ether, are contained all the living thoughts there are; and never are they received from the cosmic ether during the life between birth and death. No; the whole store of living thought that man holds within him, he receives at the moment when he comes down from the spiritual world—when, that is, he leaves his own living element, his own element of living thought, and descends and forms his ether body. Within this ether body, within that which is the building and organising force in man, are the living thoughts; there they are, there they still are.

If we have here the symptomatic life of soul—thinking, feeling and willing—and here behind, the real life of soul, then the thoughts constitute a part of this real life of soul: and these thoughts which we take from the universal cosmic ether build up in us, first of all, our brain, and then in the wider sense, our whole nerves-and-senses system. For it is the living thinking that forms our brain—forming it into an organ of demolition, an organ that deals with matter in a way we might describe somewhat as follows.

When we look out upon our environment, we have around us the world of earthly substance, in all its various processes and ways of working. These processes, which in Nature are living processes, are gradually broken down by the activity of the living thinking, so that here—in the brain—a continual demolition is going on; the processes—which are, as I said, Nature processes—are arrested. Thus, in the brain, a beginning is actually made in the direction of a stoppage of Nature processes; matter is continually being secreted and then falling away. The matter that has fallen away, the matter that has been excreted and become useless, is the nerves. And the nerves, arising in this way as a product of living thinking but with the life in them being perpetually killed all the time, become in consequence endowed with a faculty that resembles the faculty possessed by a mirror. They acquire the faculty of enabling the thoughts of the surrounding ether to be reflected in them; and this is the origin of subjective thinking, the superficial thinking which consists in reflected pictures, the thinking we carry within us between birth and death. Through the fact, therefore, that living thinking is active within us, we are enabled to hold up our nerves-and-senses system to the world like a mirror, and can then produce there pictures of the impressions that are living in the surrounding ether, and throw them back into our consciousness. This means that the thinking, and the forming of mental pictures, which belongs to the superficial life of soul is nothing else than the reflection of the thoughts that live in the cosmic ether.

When you compare yourself with your reflection in a mirror, you realise at once that you are something altogether different from that reflected picture. Similarly, you can compare thoughts with their reflections, and you will find that the latter are “dead” thinking, just as the picture of you in the mirror is dead, whilst you yourself, standing in front of it, are alive. There cannot ever be in the cosmic ether a distorted, an illogical or a deranged thought. Yet the thoughts that are contained in the ordinary, superficial life of soul are, as we have seen, reflections of the thoughts in the cosmic ether; how, then, does a deranged or senseless thought come about? How can it ever arise? The answer is, through the mirror not being in order. The whole process that originated in the structure of the brain has not succeeded in producing a perfect mirror. In order, therefore, to explain the presence of distorted thoughts, we have to go back to what takes place in the brain and the nerves-and-senses system, which the human being constructed for himself from the real living life of thought. It is most important to be clear from the outset that it is not the thoughts themselves that we can in any way assail; for the thought-content as such, the thoughts themselves, are in the cosmic ether in their full validity and truth.

We must make every endeavour to enable the pupil with whom we are dealing, who has been given into our charge, to find his right relation to this cosmic ether. We shall never do so unless we, as teachers, are permeated through and through with the feeling that the thoughts in all their rightness and in all the power of their livingness are contained in the cosmic ether, are present all the time in the cosmic ether. Without having ourselves this religious feeling towards the cosmos, we cannot possibly develop a right attitude towards the child. And the attitude, the whole relation that we bear to him, is what matters most of all. Let me explain why this is so.

What is it that is influencing the child, and what is it that is living in the child, when he gets distorted thoughts? And what is able then to work from the teacher upon the child? What can the teacher do? From all that I have said, you will be able to see that in such a child the etheric body has not been formed in the right way. When the human being is descending from pre-earthly existence, there are of course, at that moment, as always, only right and true thoughts in the cosmic ether; but these right thoughts have to be received by the being who is providing himself, clothing himself, with an ether body. And now let us go back to our milk jug. We cannot accuse the milk of having a wrong form or shape: it is obliged to take on the form that the jug can give it. If we have a sensible vessel, then our milk will be properly and sensibly “housed” in it. But suppose it occurred to an eccentric person to make a milk jug like an hour glass with the waist stopped up. [A drawing was made.] He pours in the milk and it cannot get down to the bottom. And yet, in reckoning up the cubic content of the jug, he reckons in all this part down below! I have given you an extreme case. All sorts of mistakes are, in fact, possible. One could, for example, make a jug that very easily tips over, and more often than not, the milk is spilt. The point is, of course, that the way in which the milk will be in the jug, will depend upon what the jug is like. And the way in which the ether body with all its livingness will be in the human being, will depend upon how the human being—as he arrives from pre-earthly existence, bringing with him his karma—is able to receive into himself the ether body. It is important to recognise this and have it in our consciousness.

It can actually happen that a human being, owing to his karma, arrives from pre-earthly existence with something that is not at all unlike this very inadequate milk jug. For his karma may not enable him, for instance, to permeate the metabolism-and-limbs system properly. This system will then be poorly provided with etheric body. The child will have in the region of the head a properly developed etheric body, and in the region of the abdomen and limbs, a poorly developed etheric body. In these parts he will lack the formative thoughts. It is actually most important for you to know that in very many cases of backward children we have to do with an imperfectly developed etheric body. And we teachers must ask ourselves the question: What is it that can influence the etheric body of a growing child?

Here we encounter a law, of the working of which we have abundant evidence throughout all education. It is as follows. Any one member of the being of man is influenced by the next higher member (from whatever quarter it approaches) and only under such influence can that member develop satisfactorily. Thus, whatever is to be effective for the development of the physical body must be living in the etheric body—in an etheric body. Whatever is to be effective for the development of an etheric body must be living in an astral body. Whatever is to be effective for the development of an astral body must be living in an ego; and an ego can be influenced only by what is living in a spirit-self. I could continue, and go beyond the spirit-self, but there we should be entering the field of esoteric instruction.

What does this mean in practice? If you find that the etheric body of a child is in some way weakened or deficient, you must form, you must modify, your own astral body in such a way that it can work upon the etheric body of the child, correcting and amending it. We could, in fact, make a diagram to demonstrate how this principle works in education:

Child Teacher
Physical body : Etheric body
Etheric body : Astral body
Astral body : Ego
Ego : Spirit-Self

The teacher's etheric body (and this should follow quite naturally as a result of his training) must be able to influence the physical body of the child, and the teacher's astral body the etheric body of the child. The ego of the teacher must be able to influence the astral body of the child. And now you will be rather taken aback, for we come next to the spirit-self of the teacher, and you will be thinking that surely the spirit-self is not yet developed. Nevertheless, such is the law. The spirit-self of the teacher must work upon the ego of the child. And I will show you how, not only in the ideal teacher, but often in the very worst possible teacher, the teacher's spirit-self—of which he is himself not yet in the least conscious—influences the child's ego. Education is indeed veiled in many mysteries.

What concerns us at the moment is that the weakened etheric body of the child must receive the influence of the teacher's health-giving astral body. How is the astral body of the educator to be “educated” for this purpose? Self-educated too, as it needs must be today! For Anthroposophy can at present do no more than give suggestion and stimulus; we cannot right away establish colleges and arrange courses for all the necessary branches of training. The astral body of the teacher must be of such a character and quality that he is able to have an instinctive understanding for whatever debilities there may be in the child's etheric body. Say, the child's etheric body is weak and deficient in the region of the liver. As a result, we shall notice that the child stops short at intention, he cannot get beyond it; it constantly happens that he has an impulse of will, but the impulse comes to a standstill before the actual deed. If the teacher can feel his way right into this situation (where the child's will ought to push through to deed), if he is able himself to feel the stoppage that the child feels, and able at the same time out of his own energy to evoke in his soul a deep compassion with the child's experience, then he will develop in his own astral body an understanding for the situation the child is in, and will gradually succeed in eliminating in himself all subjective reaction of feeling when faced with this phenomenon in the child. By ridding himself of every trace of subjective reaction, the teacher educates his own astral body.

Let us say, the child wants to walk, has the will to walk, but cannot. This can become a pathological condition, can become quite conspicuous; it may even happen that at last the child comes to be described as “incapable of learning to walk”. But we will suppose that the condition shows itself in only a slight degree. So long as the teacher meets the situation with any kind of bias, so long as it can arouse in him irritation or excitement—so long will he remain incapable of making any real progress with the child. Not until the point has been reached where such a phenomenon becomes an objective picture and can be taken with a certain calm and composure as an objective picture for which nothing but compassion is felt—not until then is the necessary mood of soul present in the astral body of the teacher. Once this has come about, the teacher is there by the side of the child in a true relation and will do all else that is needful more or less rightly. For you have no idea how unimportant is all that the teacher says or does not say on the surface, and how important what he himself is, as teacher.

How may one set about acquiring this kind of understanding? By developing greater and greater interest in the mystery of the human organisation. All sense of its mystery—in fact, any real interest in the organisation of man—is completely lacking in present-day civilisation; consequently, one thing present-day civilisation does not know ...3A gap occurs here in the text.

Suppose someone is suffering from severe mental disease. How is that regarded in our time? For obviously whatever is done in such a case has to be done within the civilisation of the present day; there is no alternative. This will mean that while we must do our best to come to an understanding of such illnesses, we cannot expect to be able at once in each single case to use methods and treatment that accord with the picture we have in our understanding. It is, on this account, very important that there shall be no fanatics among you. It will not do for you to set out on this work of Curative Education in a fanatical spirit, not knowing how to judge the scope and bearing of some truth, when it is a question of applying esoteric knowledge in practical life. For this reason the circles within which these truths are communicated cannot be too carefully restricted; for people of the present day have not the insight to see why, in very many cases, it is quite impossible to follow at once some particular guidance that has been given. We must know the truth, and then try to act wisely and sensibly, applying the guidance where it can be applied, as in the education of backward children, within the given limits. In dealing with adult mental patients you will not be able to apply the guidance in the same way; for something extraneous comes in there—namely, the law. And the moment you have to reckon with factors other than those that arise out of the nature of the case, the moment you have to do with hard and fast laws, the thing becomes unworkable. For what the law lays down is general; it cannot be individual in its application, it has to be general. So far as treatment of abnormal human beings is concerned, the law is a veritable poison. It is there in the world, however, and you have to reckon with it. The things of which we are speaking here cannot be applied fanatically; you have to let them percolate into life, in ways that are possible and practicable.

Let us suppose then that you have this person who is said to be suffering from grave mental illness. You can, as is generally done nowadays, describe the case psychographically—that is, describe the symptoms. According to the view of the case that is certain to be adopted in our present-day civilisation, the person does the maddest possible things. But people do not stop to consider what they may have before them in this mad person! As a matter of fact, it may quite well be that the person who is now passing his life in complete insanity has had in earlier ages a very significant incarnation, he may at one time have been a genius. But suppose this manifestation of genius came two incarnations ago and then, in the intermediate incarnation, the man was imprisoned when comparatively young, and had from that moment on no contact with the world. He passed then through the gate of death, and lived on further in the spiritual world. Then he appeared again on Earth—insane. Because what he took in during that incarnation remained completely outside the field of experience of the physical and the etheric body, he had not the opportunity of elaborating it, and therefore returns to incarnation in entire ignorance of the interior of the human body. He cannot get into the physical body and ether body, he remains outside them all the time; and so, being unable to make use of the physical body, he is, you see, insane. His manner of life is such that we shall not be able to see him as he really is, until we look right away from his physical and his etheric body and give our attention to his astral body and ego.

Let us now imagine, we have such a person before us in childhood. There will be a constant effort on the part of the child to come into the physical and into the etheric body, and then again, he will experience a resistance, he will be pushed back. It may very well be that owing to the predetermined conditions some of the organs are not in order. Imagine you have here physical body and etheric body.4A drawing was made. The astral body and ego want to come in. And they do come in, everywhere, but here they do not enter in a proper and orderly manner. They have to make a special effort. Every time, they want, let us say, to penetrate liver and stomach, the astral body and ego have to make an effort. And now this effort works itself out—regulates itself, as it were, in a curious way. A kind of rhythm is set up, an abnormal rhythm. At one moment the ego strengthens itself, then it become feeble again. So that we find in the child this alternation—first, a strong liver-stomach feeling, and then, before this has come to consciousness, a weakened liver-stomach feeling. The child oscillates continually between the two. And the consequence is, he has not, as it were, time to make use of his body in the so-called normal way. For he could make use of the body only if this rhythm were not present and astral body and ego were able to take possession of the several organs quietly.

How can we learn to recognise and understand such a condition? It will help us to do so, if we look at the whole process in somewhat the following way.

Imagine you have before you a clever man, an exceedingly clever man—but a man who is definitely not a watchmaker. It happens one day that he is in the predicament of having to mend his watch, which has stopped. Instead of mending it, he completely ruins it. That does not gainsay the fact that he is an exceedingly clever man. He fails, not from lack of cleverness, but because he has not sufficient mastery of the situation. Similarly genius may, under certain circumstances, fail and come to grief, when descending from pre-earthly to earthly existence. Only, in this case the failure is not so quickly finished with, but lasts for the whole of that earthly life.

There is a real call to us here to look with love upon the soul-and-spirit nature that descends from the spiritual world, to look with love upon it, even where it comes to expression in so-called insanity—yes, to look with love upon the very details of the insanity. And then we shall feel impelled to go beyond the symptomatology that can furnish a psychography of the case, and look rather at the karmic connections into which this insane human being comes. We shall have to observe his relation with the outer world, and note carefully the situations of life into which he comes, for these are incredibly interesting. And then, watching all this objectively, we shall find that insanity is really something that can arouse our deepest interest. We shall see in it a distorted image of the highest wisdom; it will be for us like the opening of a door from the direction of the spiritual world—though the spiritual world has then to come in through a rather twisted and contorted passage of entry! And as our interest in the whole process grows—without of course becoming sensational—the particular abnormalities will become deeply and inwardly interesting to us. Suppose an abnormality gets hold of the physical and the ether body and a rhythm such as I have described is set up: first, a powerful development of astral and ego activity, so that physical body and etheric body are taken hold of strongly; then, that is all reversed, and the activity of astral and ego becomes weak again. Suppose there is this rhythm, and we come to the point of being able to observe what happens, first in the moment when firm hold is taken of the physical and etheric bodies, and then again in the moment when this hold is weakened. If we are able also to enter into the experience the child goes through inwardly, entering into it with a great capacity of love, it can come about that, as time goes on, the rhythm is overcome, and that then as a result of it all, liver and stomach are gripped with quite unusual intensity—and behold, the child begins to do things that are a manifestation of genius! Otherwise the condition has to remain as it is until these things can be adjusted in the further life between death and a new birth. For it is indeed true, and we must be conscious of the fact: in educating backward children we are intervening in a process which in the normal course of development—were there no intervention, or were there misguided intervention—would find its fulfilment only when the child had passed through the gate of death and come to birth again in the next life. We are making, that is to say, a deep intervention in karma. Whenever we give treatment to a backward child, we are intervening in karma. And it goes without saying, we must intervene in karma in this way. For there is such a thing as right intervention. Certain prejudices in these matters need to be overcome. How necessary that is, let me demonstrate to you from another example.

In the Agricultural Course at Koberwitz,5A course held at the Estate of Count Carl Keyserlink near Breslau, 7th – 16th June, 1924. at which one or two of those here were also present, I indicated guiding lines for agriculture. An elderly farmer attended the course, who is also an old member of the Society. Throughout the whole of the course he could not rid himself of a feeling of misgiving; it kept coming out in the discussions. Again and again he would say: “But if we do that, we shall be using occult means for practical ends; won't that be steering too close to the sphere of ethics? Could not these truths be applied also in a wrong way?” He was never able to get rid of this scruple; he was always suspicious of black magic in the application. Needless to say, these things do become black magic when they are not handled as they ought to be handled. And it was for this reason that I said once on that occasion quite explicitly: “A high standard of morality is absolutely essential in dealing with these matters; therefore I assume at the outset that those who attend this course attend it on purely ethical grounds, desirous only to serve humanity and help agriculture. The Agricultural Experimental Circle has accordingly to be regarded also as an ethical circle, which definitely sets itself the task of seeing that the truths are applied in the right and proper way.” The Gods use magic, and the difference between white and black magic consists only in this: in white magic one intervenes in a moral, selfless way, and in black magic in an immoral, selfish way. There is no other difference. And so, in the nature of the case, since all talk about education of backward children is mere talk and leads to nothing, obviously this education can only be effective when it uses measures which are capable also of immoral application. And that brings us once again to the imperative need for a deep sense of responsibility.

If only one could count upon a more serious sense of responsibility, one could at this time do a great deal. I must, however, frankly admit that silence has to be maintained today about many things, just because conscientiousness is not sufficiently developed. When people hear that this can be done, and that can be done—they want to do it! An eagerness to be doing something—that they have. But that is not enough. As soon as it comes to the doing of a real deed, and no mere continuation of some old impulse, as soon as it is a question of bringing in new impulses from the spiritual world—and that is what is needed, new impulses from the spiritual world!—then it becomes imperative to demand a high standard of conscientiousness and responsibility. And there is only one way in which these can be awakened in us, namely, that we have knowledge of what is really involved. Thus, we must know that in the education of backward children it is a matter of deep intervention in karmic activities which would otherwise come to fulfilment between death and the next birth. It is actually so: what is done by us now, intervenes in the work of God which would otherwise be brought to fulfilment at a later time. If we are not satisfied for this to remain merely a piece of theoretical knowledge, if we are ready to let it work powerfully upon our minds and hearts, then we shall find ourselves continually faced with the alternative of doing what has to be done or of leaving it undone. Let us never forget that every step taken at the prompting of the spiritual world leads us into a situation where we have to look right and left, and make a new decision—and these decisions that are continually facing us have to be made with courage, with inner courage of life.

In ordinary life, man is protected from the necessity of this inner courage, for in ordinary life he can simply continue doing what he has been accustomed to do. He can jog on in conformity with the motives and standards that are so deeply rooted in him, taking for granted that these are correct, and feeling no necessity to adopt new ones. This answers quite well for the life that proceeds merely in the physical world. But when we come to working out of spiritual sources, we are inevitably confronted, daily and hourly, with decisions; in regard to each single action, we stand face to face with the possibility of either doing it or leaving it undone—or else maintaining an entirely neutral attitude. And the decisions require courage. This inner courage is the very first thing needed, if we want to accomplish anything in the domain of Curative Education. And it can be aroused in us if we hold continually before our minds the greatness of that which we have undertaken. We must be constantly thinking: “I am doing something which generally God does in the life between death and new birth.” The fact that you know this is of untold significance. Receive it as a meditation. To be able to think it, is most important. If we bring it before us every day in meditation—as one says a prayer every day—if we place it there before our soul day by day, it will endow our astral body with the character and tone that we need to give it if we are to deal in the right way with backward children.

It is really only possible for us to go on in these lectures and speak together of further things, if we are ready to acknowledge that we must in this way prepare ourselves for the task before us. Therefore, let us resolve to take what has been said as a necessary introduction, providing the groundwork for what follows; and let us ponder it with all earnestness. For in approaching tasks like those of which we are speaking here, it is indeed a matter of undergoing preparation of mind and heart.

Zweiter Vortrag

Ich machte gestern aufmerksam — wir wollen versuchen, die Dinge sozusagen aus den Fundamenten heraus zu arbeiten, um dann auf das Praktische einzugehen -, wie das gewöhnliche oberflächliche Seelenleben nur als Symptomenkomplex aufgefaßt werden darf. Wenn man auf den eigentlichen Tatbestand, der irgendeiner sogenannten Geisteskrankheit oder sogenannten Geistesschwäche bei irgendeinem Kind zugrunde liegt, kommen will, so sieht man, daß ja alle geistigen Betrachtungsweisen heute daran leiden, daß die oberflächlichen Seelenzustände einfach beschrieben werden und dann der Übergang zu dem, was tiefer liegt, also zu dem Gebiete, wo das eigentliche Seelenleben, wie wir gestern gesehen haben, arbeitet, nicht gefunden werden kann. Nun kann hier nicht eingegangen werden auf die Art und Weise, wie man bei erwachsenen Geisteskranken sich zu verhalten hat, wobei ja immer in allem Verhalten etwas Problematisches ist. Aber was möglich ist, bei Kindern zu machen, das muß alles in diesen Stunden vor unsere Seele treten. Wie wenig nun dabei das oberflächliche Seelenleben — wobei ich oberflächlich nicht abträglich, sondern nur örtlich meine -, wie sehr die Betrachtung des oberflächlichen Seelenlebens irreführen kann, dafür möchte ich Ihnen einleitungsweise ein krasses Beispiel vorführen, das gerade für Ihre Aufgabe von besonderer Bedeutung sein wird.

Sehen Sie, es gibt heute einen ehemaligen Staatsanwalt Wulffen. Der hat sich vom Standpunkte der Kriminalpsychologie mit allerhand geistigen Abnormitäten beschäftigt und dicke Bücher über dieses Gebiet geschrieben. Wie kommt ein solcher Mensch, der zunächst nicht von der Medizin ausgeht, zu seinen Auseinandersetzungen? Er hat natürlich ein reiches Gebiet von abnormem Seelenleben kennengelernt in seinem Amt als Staatsanwalt, läßt sich dann wohl im reiferen Alter darauf ein, allerlei medizinische Dinge kennenzulernen, verbindet dann das, was er in seinem Berufe erfahren hat, mit dem, was er sich dann auf diese Weise später erlesen hat und bildet sich daraus eine Theorie, die einfach heute entstehen muß aus den sogenannten wissenschaftlichen Vorbedingungen. Denn entweder nimmt man die ganze Sache ernst, dann kommt so etwas heraus, wie es bei Wulffen herauskommt, oder man nimmt sie nicht ernst, dann ist man genötigt, von anthroposophischen Gesichtspunkten auszugehen. Ein eigentlicher Mittelweg ist immer ein sehr bedenklicher Kompromifß.

Nun hat dieser Staatsanwalt Wulffen in Zürich jüngst einen Vortrag gehalten, und zwar auf diesem Gebiet der Kriminalpsychologie, worin er gesprochen hat über abnormes Seelenleben. Es, ist wichtig, solch eine Sache ins Auge zu fassen, denn Sie sind ja diesem in jedem Momente ausgesetzt. Wenn Sie heute nachdenken über das, was Sie gelernt haben, wenn Sie ein wissenschaftliches Buch in die Hand nehmen, wenn Sie irgendein Buch aus der wissenschaftlichen Denkungsart in die Hand nehmen, so finden Sie überall die Denkformen und die Denkweise, die hier bei diesem Staatsanwalt nur in besonders radikaler Art zum Ausdruck kommt, so daß man also wissen muß, wohin gerade auf dem Gebiete des sogenannten abnormen Seelenlebens notwendigerweise die heutige Wissenschaft führen muß. Bevor ich Ihnen den Zeitungsabschnitt vorlese, mache ich Sie darauf aufmerksam, daß der Staatsanwalt noch immer eine viel größere Kapazität ist, daß Wulffen mehr Recht hat als der Journalist, der darüber schreibt. Der kann sich nur darüber lustig machen, weil er heute, Gott sei Dank, noch das Publikum hinter sich hat gegen die Psychiatrie und die Kriminalpsychologie. Natürlich gilt doch, daß in diesem Falle der Ton, in dem berichtet wird, nichts für Sie bedeuten soll, denn der Journalist ist trotzdem im Verhältnis zu Wulffen der viel Unfähigere, kann sich nur Justig machen über die Sache, aber er ahnt dabei gar nicht, daß da das Lustigmachen über die heutige Wissenschaft geht und nicht über Wulffen. Denn eigentlich müßte die Wissenschaft, in der Wulffen darinnensteht und aus der er schöpft, überall in einer solchen Weise sprechen, wenn sie aufrichtig und ehrlich wäre. Nun, jetzt lassen wir uns, weil es uns ja angeht, gerade diesen Zeitungsabschnitt einmal vor die Seele treten. Er ist überschrieben: «Schiller unter der Psychoanalyse des Staatsanwaltes.» Es müßte überschrieben werden eigentlich mit: «Friedrich Schiller unter der Psychoanalyse der heutigen Psychologie oder Psychopädagogik.»

«Mit Fritz Schiller, vermögenslos, schwäbischer Herkunft, weiland Geschichtsprofessor in Jena und Verfasser verschiedener Revolutionsstücke, ging letzten Freitag, den 29. Februar 1924, der weit über seine Fachkreise hinaus bekannte und geschätzte Dresdener Staatsanwalt Dr. E. W. Wulffen in glänzend aufgebauter Rede über «Die KriminalPsychologie bei Friedrich Schiller» ins Gericht und erzielte vor zahlreichem Auditorium des Zürcher Juristenvereins einen um so nachhaltigeren Erfolg, als der Angeklagte todeshalber der Versammlung nicht beswohnen konnte und vielleicht nur mit unsichtbarer Hand auf das wies, was sie bei Lebzeiten niederschrieb.

Herr Staatsanwalt Wulffen seinerseits ging mit wohlverzahnten Ausführungen vor; die Beweisführung klappte widerspruchslos; sogar die private Korrespondenz Schillers hatte der Staatsanwalt beschlagnahmt, wollte sagen, gelesen, und siehe da: unter der Assistenz Dr. Wulffens fiel es der Versammlung wie Schuppen von den Augen: die Liebe unseres Volkes zu Schiller und die der Jugend zu ihm wird in ihren häßlichen Wurzeln bloßgelegt: Schiller ist populär wegen der ihm eingeborenen Grausamkeit, die ihm ein Schwelgen in der düstern Pracht des Furchtbaren besonders nahelegt und ihn zu Balladen treibt, wie ‹Die Kindsmörderin›, ‹Die Kraniche des Ibykus›, ‹Der Taucher›, ‹Der Handschuh›, ‹Der Gang nach dem Eisenhammer›, wo beispielsweise in den Hohnworten: ‹Der ist versorgt und aufgehoben! Der Graf wird seine Diener loben!› die aus dem Kampf Schillers mit seinem siechen Körper ständig genährte Grausamkeit bedeutsam zutage tritt. Und Schillers Tragödien, in denen der Zuschauer Furcht und Mitleid erregt wird, weshalb sind sie so bühnenwirksam? Weil sie an latente Verbrecherqualitäten des Publikums appellieren und ein ungefährliches Abreagieren gefährlicher Instinkte ermöglichen.

Das alles sagt Herr Staatsanwalt Wulffen und gibt sich zum Schluß als überzeugter Verehrer Schillers zu erkennen; er schließt sogar mit Goethes Epilog zur «Glocke: Gott schütze uns vor unsern Freunden!

Freilich, Herr Staatsanwalt Wulffen billigt Schillern trotz erdrükkender Beweislast mildernde Umstände zu: sein Freiheitsgefühl, das aus frühzeitiger Unterdrückung und wohl im Anschluß an einen Minderwertigkeitskomplex jäh aufloht in den ‹Räubern› und sich mählich läutert, um endlich im ‹Tell› eine Revolution auf dem Boden der Ordnung zu verherrlichen. - Im übrigen sei Schillers Einstellung zu Gut und Böse wesentlich von ästhetischen Gesichtspunkten aus erfolgt und, wie schon gesagt, die Schlagadern, die Schillers Dichtung nähren, sind von Herrn Dr. Wulffen rasch gefunden und definiert: Grausamkeit und Freiheitsdrang. Der Kampf mit diesen Trieben, die er in der Dichtung ausgelebt hatte, habe Schiller den Weg zur Vollendung geführt.» Hier haben Sie den Minderwertigkeitskomplex, in seiner Kindheitszeit natürlich.

Nun, nicht wahr, man muß sich über das eine klar sein: was herauskommen würde, wenn die heutige Wissenschaft in die Pädagogik übergehen würde und dann Pädagogen nach dem Schlage dieser Wissenschaft in diesen Schulen lehren würden, wo etwa solch ein Schiller säße. Das muß man sich ganz klipp und klar vor die Augen stellen.

Nun nehmen Sie das alles zusammen, was ich gestern gesagt habe, so würden Sie eben sehen, daß, wie gesagt, gerade wie man in andern Krankheitsfällen aus eben andern Orientierungssymptomen auf den eigentlichen Tatbestand nur zurückschließen kann, so kann man auch aus dem, was das Seelenleben darstellt, Denken, Fühlen und Wollen auf den eigentlichen Tatbestand zurückschließen beziehungsweise zurückschauen. Und wir haben ja an dem Beispiele der Leber gesehen, wie der Ursprung einer seelischen Abnormität, daß der betreffende Kranke nicht kommen kann von der Intention, irgend etwas zu tun, zur wirklichen Tat, wie der eigentliche Grund in irgendeiner feineren Abnormität der Leber gesucht werden muß und daß von da aus die Behandlung, sowohl die erzieherische als therapeutische Behandlung in Angriff genommen werden muß.

Nun müssen wir, bevor wir auf das einzelne Praktische eingehen, noch einmal auf das kindliche Seelenleben zurückblicken. Wir haben ja auf der einen Seite gesehen, wie der Körper in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren ein Modell darstellt, nach dem sich die Individualität den zweiten Körper, der die Funktionen verrichtet zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife, herausarbeitet. Wenn die Individualität stärker ist als dasjenige, was in den Erbeigenschaften darinnen ist, so wird das Kind im Verlaufe des Zahnwechsels die Erbeigenschaft mehr oder weniger überwinden und wird als Individualität auch äußerlich körperlich in seiner ganzen Seelenverfassung erscheinen. Ist aber die Individualität des Kindes schwach, so wird sie durch die Erbeigenschaften unterdrückt, sie betrachtet das Modell so, daß ein sklavischer Abguß des Modells sichtbar körperlich erscheint. Und man wird von vererbten Eigenschaften im eigentlichen Sinne reden können. Denn es ist zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife alles so, wie es aus der Individualität heraus kommt. Die vererbten Eigenschaften treten deshalb hervor, weil die Individualität zu schwach war, sie zu überwinden, um in ihrem Sinne nach dem Karma zu arbeiten. Deshalb erscheint der eigentliche Karmaimpuls übertönt von dem, was als vererbte Eigenschaften herauskommt.

Nun, sehen Sie, meine lieben Freunde, wir müssen jetzt gleichsam auch wie eine generelle Symptomatologie ins Auge fassen, wie sich das Denken in seiner Entwickelung verhält zu der Entwickelung des Willens beim Kinde. Sie haben schon gestern gesehen, in welchem Sinne man dies nur als-symptomatisch betrachten kann. Sie haben gesehen, daß dem Denken, wie es sich äußert im oberflächlichen Seelenleben, eine synthetische Tätigkeit zugrunde liegt, die in dem Erbauen und Durchorganisieren des Gehirns liegt, und daß der Willensäußerung zugrunde liegt eine analytische Tätigkeit, eine auseinanderhaltende Tätigkeit, die den Organen, namentlich dem Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßenmenschen zugrunde liegt.

Nun fassen wir zunächst das Denken ins Auge mit der zugrunde liegenden synthetischen Tätigkeit des Gehirns. So müssen wir uns darüber klar sein, was Gedanken eigentlich sind. Denn Gedanken treten ja stückweise immer in den kindlichen Organismus herein. Auch der erwachsene Mensch hat das, was überhaupt ein Mensch denken kann, mehr oder weniger in Fragmenten um sich. Der eine hat eine größere Fülle von Gedanken, der andere eine geringere. Aber was sind denn eigentlich Gedanken? Die heutige Anschauung, die dann in den Wulffenianismus ausartet, die sieht in den Gedanken etwas, was im Menschen entwickelungsgemäß stufenweise entsteht. Und wenn auch halt der Mensch dazu kommt, solche Gedanken zu haben, die in der Welt taugen, so sagt man: Er hat eben diese Gedanken aus sich heraus entwickelt. - Nun wird man, wenn man den Menschen mit anthroposophischer Anschauung wirklich prüft, gar nicht dazu kommen, irgend etwas in ihm zu entdecken, woraus Gedanken entstehen. Alle Untersuchungen, die dahin zielen, zu prüfen, woraus Gedanken entstehen könnten, die sind so vor der Geisteswissenschaft, als wenn jemand täglich morgens von irgendwoher einen gefüllten Milchtopf gestellt bekäme, einen Topf mit Milch (siehe Tafel 2, rechts), und eines Tages aus seiner Gescheitheit heraus anfangen würde nachzudenken, in welcher Weise der Ton, aus dem der Milchtopf geformt ist, jeden Morgen die Milch aus sich hervorbringt. Man wird im Ton, aus dem der Milchtopf geformt ist, niemals etwas finden, woraus die Milch hervorgehen könnte. Nun stellen wir uns vor, irgendein Dienstmädchen, nein, sagen wir, eine aus dem Gouvernantenstande heraus aufgestiegene moderne Hausfrau - wenn auch das fast unmöglich ist -, nicht wahr, es könnte aber einmal vorkommen, daß jemand niemals wahrgenommen hätte, wie die Milch in den Milchtopf hereinkommt: man würde eine solche Persönlichkeit für dumm halten, die nachdenken könnte darüber, wie aus dem Ton die Milch heraussickert, wie das bewirkt wird. Ja es ist wirklich eine Hypothese, die sich selbst ad absurdum führt, wenn man annimmt, daß mit Bezug auf den Milchtopf jemand zu dieser Ansicht kommt. Die Wissenschaft in bezug auf das Denken kommt zu dieser Hypothese. Sie ist so dumm, sie ist ganz zweifellos so dumm. Denn wenn man ans Untersuchen mit allen Mitteln herankommt, die die Geisteswissenschaft bietet, von denen nun schon seit mehr als zwanzig Jahren gesprochen wird, wenn man mit den Mitteln herangeht, so findet man in alldem, was menschliche Organisation ist, auch nichts, was Gedanken hervorbringen könnte. Das gibt es einfach nicht. Geradeso wie die Milch in den Milchtopf hereingegossen werden muß, damit sie darinnen ist, so müssen die Gedanken in den Menschen hineinkommen, damit sie darinnen sind.

Und woher kommen sie im Leben, das zunächst in Betracht kommt zwischen Geburt und Tod? Wo sind sie? So wie das Hervorgehen der Milch erforscht werden kann, so müßten Sie finden, wo die Gedanken sind. Wo sind diese Gedanken? Nun sehen Sie, wir sind umgeben von der physischen Welt. Aber auch von der ätherischen Welt, aus der ja unmittelbar, bevor wir heruntersteigen zu unserer physischen Inkarnation, der menschliche Ätherleib genommen wird. Der menschliche Ätherleib wird ja aus dem allgemeinen Weltenäther genommen, der durchaus überall vorhanden ist. Nun, dieser Weltenäther, meine lieben Freunde, der ist in Wirklichkeit der Träger der Gedanken. Dieser Weltenäther, den alle gemeinsam haben, er ist der Träger der Gedanken, da sind die Gedanken darinnen, da sind jene lebendigen Gedanken eben darinnen, von denen ich Ihnen immer gesprochen habe auch in anthroposophischen Vorträgen, daß der Mensch ihrer teilhaftig ist im vorirdischen Leben, bevor er auf die Erde heruntersteigt. Das alles, was überhaupt an solchen Gedanken vorhanden ist, ist im lebendigen Zustande im Weltenäther darinnen und wird niemals entnommen aus dem Weltenäther im Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod, niemals, sondern alles, was der Mensch an lebendigem Gedankenvorrat in sich enthält, empfängt er dann in dem Augenblick, wo er aus der geistigen Welt heruntersteigt, also sein eigenes lebendiges Gedankenelement verläßt, wenn er heruntersteigt und sich seinen Ätherleib bilder. Dadrinnen sind noch die lebendigen Gedanken, in dem, was am Menschen bildet und organisiert.

Wenn ich also das Schema von gestern noch einmal mache (siehe Tafel 2, Mitte), wenn Sie hier den Menschen sehen, wenn wir hier das symptomatische Seelenleben, Denken, Fühlen, Wollen haben, wenn wir dahinter haben das Seelenleben, das wirkliche Seelenleben, so haben wir einen Teil des wirklichen Seelenlebens in den Gedanken. — Und diese Gedanken, die wir aus dem allgemeinen Weltenäther herausnehmen, die bilden uns vorzugsweise unser Gehirn und im weiteren Sinne unser Nerven-Sinnessystem. Das ist das lebendige Denken, das bildet uns das Gehirn zum Abbauorgan, zu dem Organ, das gewissermaßen in folgender Art die Materie behandelt.

Wenn wir hinausschauen auf die Umgebung, da haben wir die Substanz des Irdischen um uns herum, in ihren verschiedenen Prozessen und Wirkungsarten. Diese Prozesse, die da in der Natur leben, die werden stufenweise abgebaut von der Tätigkeit des lebendigen Denkens, so daß fortwährend hier (siehe Tafel 2) abgebaut wird, das heißt, die Prozesse gestoppt werden, die die Naturprozesse sind. Also im Gehirn wird der Anfang damit gemacht, daß die Naturprozesse gestoppt werden und die Materie fortwährend in Absonderung herausfällt. Die herausgefallene Materie, die also ausgeschiedene und unbrauchbar gewordene Materie: das sind die Nerven. Und diese Nerven bekommen dadurch, daß sie in dieser Weise vom lebendigen Denken bearbeitet werden, bekommen dadurch, daß sie fortwährend ertötet werden, eine Fähigkeit, die der Spiegelungsfähigkeit ähnlich ist. Dadurch bekommen sie die Fähigkeit, daß sich durch sie die Gedanken des umliegenden Äthers spiegeln, und dadurch entsteht das subjektive Denken, das oberflächliche Denken, das nur in Spiegelbildern besteht, das wir in uns tragen zwischen Geburt und Tod. Wir werden also dadurch, daß wir das lebendige Denken in uns wirkend tragen, fähig gemacht, der Welt unser Sinnes- und Nervensystem entgegenzustellen, die Eindrücke, die im umliegenden Äther leben, in Spiegelbildern zu erzeugen und in unser Bewußtsein zu schmeißen. So daß also dieses Denken und Vorstellen des oberflächlichen Seelenlebens nichts anderes ist, als der Reflex der im Weltenäther lebenden Gedanken.

Nun, wenn Sie sich selber mit Ihrem Spiegelbild vergleichen, so werden Sie darauf kommen, daß Sie etwas anderes sind als das Spiegelbild. Ebenso können Sie die Gedanken mit ihren Spiegelbildern vergleichen und bekommen dadurch das tote Denken, wie das Spiegelbild tot ist Ihnen gegenüber, der Sie als Lebender vor dem Spiegelbild stehen. Es kann ein verzerrter, ein unlogischer, ein verrückter Gedanke niemals im Weltenäther vorhanden sein. Die Gedanken aber, welche das gewöhnliche, das oberflächliche Seelenleben enthält, sind ja nur die Spiegelungen der Gedanken im Weltenäther. Woher kann nun ein verrückter, ein querköpfiger Gedanke kommen? Dadurch, daß der Spiegel, all dasjenige, was da entstanden ist im Aufbau des Gehirns, nicht in Ordnung ist. Also handelt es sich darum, daß wir in richtiger Weise den Weg zurückfinden von den verzerrten Gedanken zu dem, was im menschlichen Gehirn beziehungsweise im Sinnes-Nervensystem eigentlich wirkt, was der Mensch sich aufgebaut hat aus dem wirklichen lebendigen Gedankenleben heraus. Daraus ersehen Sie, daß es sich eigentlich ungeheuer stark darum handeln wird, daß wir von dem Bewußtsein ausgehen: an den Gedankeninhalt selber, an die eigentlichen Gedanken können wir gar nicht herankommen, denn die sind ja im Weltenäther in ihrer absoluten Richtigkeit vorhanden.

Wir müssen nun alles versuchen, damit der Zögling, der uns angeht, der uns übergeben ist, in der richtigen Weise an diesen Weltenäther herankommen kann. Wir werden das nie tun, wenn wir nicht wirklich gefühlsmäßig als Erzieher durchdrungen sind davon, daß die allrichtig waltende Gedankenlebendigkeit im Weltenäther enthalten ist. Ohne daß wir diese kosmische religiöse Einstellung haben, werden wir unmöglich dazu vorrücken können, die richtige Haltung gegenüber dem Kinde zu entwickeln. Und auf diese Haltung kommt es an. Und ich will Ihnen beweisen, warum es auf die Haltung ankommt.

Was ist es denn, was auf das Kind wirkt, was in dem Kinde lebt, wenn es zu verzerrten Gedanken kommt, und was ist es, was vom Erzieher aus in einem solchen Fall auf das Kind wirken kann? Sehen Sie, aus dem, was ich gesagt habe, können Sie entnehmen, daß der Ätherleib nicht in der richtigen Weise geformt worden ist, wenn so etwas zugrunde liegt. Auch wenn der Mensch aus dem vorirdischen Dasein heruntersteigend ankommt, sind natürlich nur richtige Gedanken im Weltenäther, aber diese richtigen Gedanken müssen aufgenommen werden von demjenigen, der sich in seinen Ätherleib einkleidet.

Nun gehen wir noch einmal zu unserem Milchtopf zurück. Die Milch, wir können von ihr nicht sagen, daß sie irgendwie falsch geformt ist: sie nimmt die Form eben an, die ihr durch die Umhüllung gegeben werden kann. Wenn wir ein vernünftiges Gefäß haben, so haben wir die Milch darin vernünftig untergebracht. Nehmen wir an, einem Querkopf, der recht querköpfig wäre, dem fiele es ein, ein Milchgefäß so zu formen (siehe Tafel 2, rechts), und jetzt gießt er die Milch hinein, da kann sie nicht herunter. Nun rechnet er aber, und wenn er den Kubikinhalt ausrechnet, dann rechnet er das — den unteren Teil hinzu. Das ist der extremste Fall. Man kann nach allen Richtungen das Milchgefäß ungeschickt machen. Man kann es zum Beispiel so machen, daß es umfällt und von dreißig Monatstagen dadurch, daß man den Boden ungeschickt gemacht hat, an siebenundzwanzig Tagen die Milch ausfließt. Also es handelt sich darum, daß die Milch so sein wird in dem Gefäß, wie das Gefäß ist. Der Ätherleib mit all seiner Lebendigkeit ist so in dem Menschen, wie der Mensch aus dem vorirdischen Dasein mit seinem Karma ankommt und den Ätherleib in sich aufnehmen kann. Dessen müssen wir uns bewußt sein.

Nun, da ist es gar nicht so unmöglich, daß der Mensch ankommt durch sein Karma mit etwas, das gar nicht unähnlich sieht diesem Milchgefäß. Wenn er zum Beispiel so ankommt, daß er seinem Karma gemäß das Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßensystem nicht ordentlich durchdringen kann, so wird dieses in kümmerlicher Weise mit dem Ätherleib versorgt, und der Mensch hat dann seinen Ätherleib in der Kopfgegend ordentlich ausgebildet, er hat ihn in der Unterleibsgegend und Gliedmaßengegend schlecht ausgebildet. Er ist leer von den formenden Gedanken an diesen Stellen. So daß wir uns vor allen Dingen darüber klar sein müssen, daß wir einen mangelhaft ausgebildeten Ätherleib bei zahlreichen seelisch minderwertigen Kindern vorliegend haben. Und fragen müssen wir uns: Was wirkt auf einen Ätherleib, der in den Entwicklungsjahren der Kinder vorhanden ist, was wirkt auf einen Ätherleib?

Da tritt uns eben ein pädagogisches Gesetz entgegen, das ja in aller Pädagogik erscheint. Das ist dieses, daß wirksam ist in der Welt auf irgendein Glied der menschlichen Wesenheit, wo es auch immer herkommt, das nächsthöhere Glied, und daß es nur dadurch wirksam zur Entwickelung kommt. Zur Entwickelung auf den physischen Leib kann wirksam sein ein im Ätherleib Lebendes, in einem ätherischen Leib Lebendes. Zur Entwickelung auf einen Ätherleib kann nur wirksam ein in einem astralischen Leib Lebendes sein. Zur Entwickelung auf einen astralischen Leib kann wirksam nur ein in einem Ich Lebendes sein. Und auf ein Ich kann wirksam sein nur ein in einem Geistselbst Lebendes. Ich könnte es noch weiter fortführen über das Geistselbst hinaus, aber da würden wir schon in die Unterweisung des Esoterischen hineinkommen.

Was heißt das? Wenn Sie gewahr werden, daß in einem Kinde der Ätherleib in irgendeiner Weise verkümmert ist, so müssen Sie Ihren eigenen astralischen Leib so gestalten, daß er korrigierend auf den Ätherleib des Kindes wirken kann. Wir können geradezu sagen, mit Bezug auf das Erziehungsschema kann hierher geschrieben werden:

Kind: physischer Leib Erzieher: Ätherleib
Ätherleib astralischer Leib
astralischer Leib Ich
Ich Geistselbst

Der eigene Ätherleib des Erziehers muß — und das muß durch seine Seminarvorbildung geschehen -, er muß auf den physischen Leib des Kindes wirken können. Der eigene astralische Leib muß auf den Ätherleib des Kindes wirken können. Das eigene Ich des Erziehers muß auf den Astralleib des Kindes wirken können. Und jetzt werden Sie innerlich sogar erschrecken, denn hier steht das Geistselbst des Erziehers, von dem Sie glauben werden, daß es nicht entwickelt ist. Das muß auf das Ich des Kindes wirken. Aber das Gesetz ist so. Und ich werde Ihnen zeigen, inwiefern tatsächlich nicht bloß im Idealerzieher, sondern oftmals im allerschlechtesten Erzieher das Geistselbst des Erziehers, das ihm selber gar nicht zum Bewußtsein kommt, auf das Ich des Kindes wirkt. Das Erziehungswesen ist in der Tat in eine Reihe von Mysterien eingehüllt.

Aber jetzt geht uns auf, daß auf den verkümmerten Ätherleib des Kindes der gesundende astralische Leib des Erziehers wirken muß. Und sehen Sie, wie kann mit Rücksicht gerade auf diese Dinge der Astralleib des Erziehers erzogen werden, selbsterzogen werden, wie es ja heute noch sein muß? Denn Anthroposophie kann heute nur Anregung geben, nicht für alles gleich Seminare begründen. Der eigene Astralleib des Erziehers muß so beschaffen sein, daß er ein instinktives Verständnis hat für die Verkümmerungen im Ätherleibe des Kindes.

Nehmen wir an, es sei in der Lebergegend des Kindes der Ätherleib verkümmert. Dadurch wird in dem Kinde die Erscheinung hervorgebracht, daß es mit seinen Intentionen dasteht, immer will, aber dieses Wollen ihm immer vor der Tat stoppt. Wenn nun der Erzieher innerlich sich ganz hineinfühlen kann in diese Lage, daß man mit seinem Willen sich durchdrücken muß in die Tat, wenn man mitfühlen kann dieses Stoppen und zu gleicher Zeit entwickeln kann aus seiner eigenen Energie heraus ein tiefes Mitleid mit diesem so innerlich Erlebten, dann bildet man im eigenen Astralleib das Verständnis aus für diese Lage des Kindes, und man wird nach und nach dazu kommen, jede Spur von Sympathie oder Antipathie mit dieser Erscheinung bei dem Kinde in sich auszutilgen. Dadurch, daß der Erzieher die Sympathie und Antipathie in sich austilgt, dadurch wirkt er erzieherisch auf seinen eigenen Astralleib. Solange man mit einer solchen Eigenschaft des Kindes, daß es zum Beispiel gehen will und nicht gehen kann - das kann bis in pathologische Zustände hineingehen, das kann in auffällige Zustände hineingehen; es geht immer in pathologische Zustände hinein, bis, ich möchte sagen, bis in ganz auffällige pathologische Zustände, die man so bezeichnet, daß man sagt, das Kind kann nicht gehen lernen -, solange man damit Sympathie oder Antipathie hat, wenn es in gelindem Maße auftritt, solange man in Erregung kommen kann dabei, so lange kann man eigentlich noch nicht wirksam erziehen. Erst dann, wenn man es so weit gebracht hat, daß einem eine solche Erscheinung zum objektiven Bild wird, daß man sie mit einer gewissen Gelassenheit als objektives Bild nimmt und nichts anderes dafür empfindet als Mitleid, dann ist die im astralischen Leib befindliche Seelenverfassung da, die in richtiger Weise den Erzieher neben das Kind hinstellt. Und dann wird er alles übrige mehr oder weniger richtig besorgen. Denn, meine lieben Freunde, Sie glauben gar nicht, wie gleichgültig es im Grunde genommen ist, was man als Erzieher oberflächlich redet oder nicht redet, und wie stark es von Belang ist, wie man als Erzieher selbst ist.

Wie aber kommt man zu einem solchen Verständnis? Zu einem solchen Verständnis kommt man eben dadurch, daß man ein größeres und immer größeres Interesse entwickelt für das Mysterium der menschlichen Organisation überhaupt. Dieses Mysterium, dieses Interesse für die menschliche Organisation überhaupt, das fehlt ja der heutigen Zivilisation vollständig. Daher weiß die heutige Zivilisation eines nicht. Die heutige Zivilisation sieht hin auf einen, sagen wir, schwer Geisteskranken [Lücke im Text]. Selbstverständlich, die Dinge gehen ja nicht anders, die Dinge können ja nur innerhalb der Zivilisation sich abspielen, daher können die Dinge, die wir begreifen sollen, auch nicht in dieser Art, wie wir sie im Begreifen hinstellen, von uns selbst in jedem einzelnen Fall ausgeführt werden. Deshalb ist es von großer Wichtigkeit, daß unter Ihnen nicht Fanatiker sitzen, nicht Leute sitzen, die von Anfang an fanatisch sind, und die nicht verstehen die Tragweite einer Wahrheit zu nehmen in bezug auf die Dinge, die esoterisch ins praktische Leben eingreifen sollen. Daher kann man heute die Kreise, in denen man die Dinge mitteilt, nicht eng genug ziehen, weil der Mensch der heutigen Zivilisation nicht einsehen kann, warum es notwendig ist, daß man in zahlreichen Fällen sich nicht nach der Richtschnur richten kann. Aber wissen muß man es und dann streben nach der Vernünftigkeit, und sie dort anwenden, wo sie doch anzuwenden ist, und — das wird bei der Erziehung der Fall sein, bei minderwertigen Kindern - sie in den entsprechenden Grenzen anzuwenden. Den erwachsenen Geisteskranken gegenüber können Sie sie nicht anwenden, weil sich da etwas Unsachliches hineinmischt, die Polizei. In dem Augenblicke, wo man es in einer solchen Angelegenheit mit andersgearteten Impulsen zu tun hat als mit solchen, die aus der Sache folgen, wenn man es mit der Gesetzgebung zu tun hat, ist die Sache nicht durchführbar. Denn die Gesetzgebung ist ein Generelles und kann nicht für das Individuelle angewendet werden, sie kann nur allgemein sein. Die Jurisprudenz ist in allen Fällen für die Behandlung von abnormen Menschen ein wirklicher Giftstoff. Aber der stehen Sie doch gegenüber. Sie können nicht in fanatischer Weise die Dinge anwenden, Sie müssen sie einfließen lassen in das Leben in der Weise, wie es geht, wie es eben möglich ist.

Nehmen Sie etwa an, Sie haben einen Menschen, von dem man sagt, er sei schwer geistig krank, und Sie können so, wie es heute üblich ist, psychographisch, das heißt in den Symptomen, beschreiben: Er macht die allerverrücktesten Sachen — nach der Ansicht, die eben bestehen muß. Ja, darüber denkt doch der Mensch der heutigen Zivilisation gar nicht nach, was da vorliegt, er denkt nicht nach. Sehen Sie, dasjenige, was da vorliegt, ist dieses: Dieser Mensch, der heute also als ein ganz verrückter sich auslebt, der kann unter Umständen eine sehr bedeutende Inkarnation gewesen sein in früheren Zeiten, in genialischer Weise sich in früheren Zeiten ausgelebt haben irgendeinmal. Aber sagen wir, dieses geniale Ausleben wäre in einer zweiten zurückliegenden Inkarnation dagewesen (siehe Tafel 3, unten). Dann wäre eine andere Inkarnation gefolgt, in der man den betreffenden Menschen in verhältnismäßig frühem Alter eingekerkert hat, so daß er gar nicht mit der Welt in Beziehung gekommen ist. Dann ist er durch den Tod gegangen und hat weitergelebt. Dann ist er als verrückter Mensch wiedererschienen. Gerade deshalb, weil das, was er in der Inkarnation aufgenommen hat, vollständig außer dem Bereich des Erlebens des physischen und ätherischen Leibes geblieben ist, deshalb hat er nicht Gelegenheit gehabt, es zu verarbeiten, und er kommt daher in völliger Unkenntnis des Inneren des menschlichen Leibes zur Inkarnation, er kann nicht hinein in den physischen Leib und Ätherleib, bleibt immer draußen, und, weil er sich nicht bedienen kann des physischen Leibes, ist er eben verrückt. Er lebt sich so aus, daß wir däs, was er ist, erst sehen, wenn wir ganz absehen von seinem physischen und seinem Ätherleib, wenn wir hinsehen auf seinen astralischen Leib und sein Ich.

Denken Sie, wir haben also einen solchen Menschen als Kind vor uns. Da haben wir dieses fortwährende Versuchen im kindlichen Menschenwesen, in den physischen Leib und in den Ätherleib hineinzukommen, und dann wiederum dieses Zurückstoßen. Nun, wir können durchaus den Fall so haben, daß, sagen wir — schematisch wäre hier physischer Leib und Ätherleib (siehe Tafel 3, rechts) -, irgendwelche Organe da sind, die durch die Vorbedingungen nicht in Ordnung sind; der Astralleib und das Ich wollen hinein. Sie kommen da überall hinein, aber da (siehe Tafel 3) kommen sie nicht ordentlich hinein, sie müssen jedesmal eine Anstrengung machen. Sagen wir, der astralische Leib und das Ich müssen jedesmal eine Anstrengung machen, wenn Leber und Magen durchdrungen werden sollen, Diese Anstrengung wirkt sich nun in merkwürdiger Weise aus: es entsteht etwas wie ein abnormer Rhythmus, die Anstrengung führt dazu, daß das Ich in einem entsprechenden Momente sich verstärkt und dann sich wieder abschwächt. Und wir haben abwechselnd in dem Kinde ein starkes Leber-Magengefühl, und ehe das noch zum Bewußtsein gekommen ist, dann ein abgeschwächtes Leber-Magengefühl da. Und immer pendelt das Kind hin und her zwischen diesem starken Leber-Magengefühl und dem abgeschwächten Leber-Magengefühle. Dadurch kommt das Kind nicht dazu, seinen Körper in sogenannt normaler Weise zu benutzen. Denn den kann man nur benutzen, wenn dieser Rhythmus nicht eintritt, unterbleibt, und in ruhiger Weise der Astralleib und das Ich von den einzelnen Organen Besitz ergreifen.

Ja, aber wie kommt man zum Verstehen einer solchen Sache? Zum Verstehen einer solchen Sache kommt man eben dann, wenn man den ganzen Vorgang etwa so ansieht.

Nehmen wir an, wir haben einen sehr, sehr gescheiten Menschen vor uns, der aber eben gerade kein Uhrmacher ist. Aber er ist genötigt, sich seine Uhr, die stehengeblieben ist, selber zu reparieren. Es passiert ihm, daß, statt daß er die Uhr repariert, er sie total zugrunde richtet. Das hindert ja nicht daran, daß er ganz gescheit ist. Es ist ihm halt in einer Maßnahme aus Mangel an Beherrschung der Möglichkeiten, nicht aus Mangel an Gescheitheit seine Gescheitheit gescheitert. So scheitert unter Umständen beim Heruntersteigen aus dem vorirdischen Dasein in das irdische Dasein die Genialität generaliter, nur daß sich eben das Scheitern nicht in so kurzer Zeit abspielt, sondern im ganzen Erdenleben.

Das aber fordert uns erst recht auf, hinzuschauen auf das, was da heruntersteigt, liebevoll hinzuschauen auf dasjenige, was sich da in der sogenannten Verrücktheit auslebt, auf all die Einzelheiten hinzuschauen, die sich in der Verrücktheit ausleben, und hinauszukommen über die bloße Symptomatologie des Seelenlebens, die zur Psychographie führen kann, und mehr auf die karmischen Zusammenhänge hinzuschauen, in die dieser Verrückte hineinkommt, mehr auf seine Verbindung mit der Außenwelt zu schauen, in welche Lebenslagen er kommt - denn diese Lebenslagen sind unglaublich interessant -, auf dieses mehr objektiv zu schauen, und dann diese Verrücktheit außerordentlich interessant finden und sie zu nehmen für ein verzerrtes Abbild der höchsten Weisheit, für ein Toröffnen von seiten der geistigen Welt, die eben nur durch verzerrte Ausgangsmittel hereinkommt, immer mehr und mehr sich hineinzuleben in das Interessantfinden, nicht etwa sensationell, sondern tief innerlich Interessantfinden der Abnormitäten. Denn ergreift einmal eine Abnormität in Wirklichkeit den physischen und Ätherleib, kommt es dazu, daß dasjenige, was ich Ihnen da angedeutet habe, eintritt, daß ein Rhythmus entsteht durch starke Entfaltung astralisch-ichlicher Tätigkeit und daß physischer und Ätherleib stark ergriffen werden, dann überwunden werden, dann wieder schwach werden, und kommt man an das heran, daß man dem entgegenkommt, kommt man so heran, daß man beobachten kann, was eintritt in dem Momente des Sich-intensiv-Ergreifens, in dem Momente des Sich-schwach-Ergreifens, geht man selbst mit voller Liebefähigkeit daran, dann kann aus diesem Rhythmus das herauskommen, daß später, wenn der Rhythmus überwunden ist, gerade in einer intensiveren Weise, als dies gewöhnlich der Fall ist, Leber und Magen ergriffen werden, dann kann ein Genie der Tat, des Tuns, doch noch daraus hervorgehen, während es sonst dem überlassen bleibt, daß in dem Weiterleben zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt diese Sachen ausgeglichen werden. Denken Sie sich nur einmal, man muß sich bewußt sein, daß, wenn man minderwertige Kinder erzieht, man eingreift in dasjenige, was sich im naturgemäßen Gang ohne Eingreifen erst vollzieht, oder bei falschem Eingreifen sich erst vollzieht, wenn das Kind durch die Todespforte gegangen ist und im nächsten Leben wiedergeboren wird, wodurch ins Karma tief eingegriffen wird. Bei jedem Behandeln eines minderwertigen Kindes wird in das Karma eingegriffen, und selbstverständlich muß eingegriffen werden. Es ist ein richtiges Eingreifen ins Karma, es müssen da gewisse Dinge überwunden werden.

Daß gewisse Dinge überwunden werden, dafür haben ein paar von denen, die hier sind und in Breslau waren, vor kurzer Zeit ein Beispiel erlebt, das ich Ihnen hier erzählen will, damit Sie in der richtigen Weise in das Denken kommen über solche Dinge. Ich habe auf dem Landwirtschaftlichen Kursus in Breslau Richtlinien angegeben, um die Landwirtschaft in der richtigen Weise zu behandeln. Nun saß bei diesem Breslauer Kursus auch ein älterer Landwirt, der auch ein altes Mitglied der Gesellschaft ist. Er kam bei dem ganzen Kursus nicht hinaus über eine gewisse Empfindung, und immer in der Diskussion trat diese Empfindung wieder hervor. Er sagte fortwährend: Ja, wenn man aber das tut, da benützt man ja okkulte Mittel, um praktische Dinge auszuführen. Berührt das nicht die menschliche Moralität in einem zu intensiven Sinne? Kann das nicht auch in unmoralischem Sinne ausgenutzt werden? — Er kam gar nicht hinaus über diesen Skrupel, er witterte in Anwendung solcher Dinge schwarze Magie. Natürlich wird diese Sache schwarze Magie, wenn man sie nicht so behandelt, wie sie behandelt werden muß. Deshalb habe ich einmal ganz klar gesagt: Ja, Moralität muß bei allen diesen Dingen sein. Deshalb setze ich voraus, daß die, welche teilgenommen haben, in voller Moralität der Menschheit zu dienen, der Landwirtschaft zu helfen, an diesem Kursus teilgenommen haben. Deshalb soll man nehmen den Landwirtschaftlichen Ring auch als einen moralischen Ring, der sich zur Aufgabe setzt, daß diese Dinge richtig angewendet werden. Die Magie, die Götter wenden sie an, aber der Unterschied zwischen weißer und schwarzer Magie besteht lediglich darin, daß man in der weißen Magie eingreift in moralischer Art, in selbstloser Art, bei der schwarzen Magie auf unmoralische, auf selbstische Art. Einen andern Unterschied gibt es nicht. Und so kann selbstverständlich, da alles Reden über die Erziehung minderwertiger Kinder ein bloßes Gerede ist, wo nichts dabei herauskommt, diese Erziehung nur mit Mitteln wirken, die auch hinübergehen können in die unmoralische Anwendung. Da kommt vor allen Dingen in Betracht die Erstarkung des Verantwortungsgefühles.

Nun muß ich Ihnen offen gestehen, meine lieben Freunde, könnte man heute innerhalb unserer gegenwärtigen Zeit mit einem stärkeren Verantwortungsgefühl rechnen, so könnte man vieles machen. Aber es muß heute, weil in unserer Zeit die Gewissenhaftigkeit nicht stark ausgebildet ist, auch gerade deshalb über vieles geschwiegen werden. Wenn die Leute hören: das kann man machen und das kann man machen, so wollen sie es machen. Denn Lust, etwas zu tun, haben sie. Aber sobald es ans wirkliche Tun kommt, nicht bloß an die Fortsetzung der ehemaligen Impulse, sobald es darauf ankommt, daß wieder neue Impulse aus der geistigen Welt herausgeholt werden — und die müssen herausgeholt werden -, dann handelt es sich vor allen Dingen darum, daß Verantwortlichkeitsgefühl und Gewissenhaftigkeit gefördert werden müssen. Das wird nur gefördert, wenn man weiß, um was es sich handelt. Und so muß man wissen, daß es sich handelt um ein tiefes Eingreifen in die karmischen Tätigkeiten, die sich sonst vollziehen würden zwischen Tod und einer nächsten Geburt. Bei der Erziehung minderwertiger Kinder ist es so, daß nun das, was man hier tut, daß das nun eingreift in die Arbeit der Götter, die dann sich vollziehen würde später. Stellt man das nicht als eine Theorie sich vor, sondern läßt man das fest auf sein Gemüt wirken, so wird man natürlich immer davor stehen, entweder das, was geschehen soll, zu tun, oder es zu unterlassen. Aber es darf nicht vergessen werden: jeder Schritt, der getan wird aus der geistigen Welt heraus, der führt den Menschen dazu, nach links, nach rechts zu blicken und stets einen neuen Entscheid durch den inneren Mut des Lebens herbeizuführen. Das gewöhnliche Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod, das bewahrt den Menschen vor der Notwendigkeit dieses inneren Mutes. Da kann er fortwährend das tun, was er gewohnt ist, woran er sich gewöhnt hat. Da trollt er fort nach dem, was in ihm steckt, da sieht er die Ansichten immer als die Richtigen an, hat nicht nötig, sich neue Ansichten zu geben. Das ist gut für das Leben, das bloß in der physischen Welt sich vollzieht, so darinnen zu stehen. Aber wenn man zum Wirken aus dem Geistigen kommt, muß man sich täglich, stündlich vor Entscheidungen gestellt fühlen, bei jeder Tat sich vor die Möglichkeit gestellt fühlen, sie tun zu können oder unterlassen zu können, oder sich völlig neutral verhalten zu können. Und zu diesen Entscheidungen gehört eben Mut, innerer Mut. Das ist die allererste Bedingung, wenn man auf einem solchen Felde etwas tun will. Und der erwacht nur, wenn man sich die Größe der Dinge immer vor Augen stellt: du tust etwas, was die Götter sonst tun im Leben zwischen Tod und nächster Geburt. Das zu wissen, ist von gar großer Bedeutung. Nehmen Sie das meditierend auf. Es denken zu können, hat eine große Bedeutung. Führt man sich das jeden Tag meditierend vor die Seele, daß es so ist, wie man ein Gebet jeden Tag betet, sich das jeden Tag vor die Seele zu rücken, dann erzeugt das in uns die Verfassung des astralischen Leibes, die wir brauchen, um uns in der richtigen Weise dem minderwertigen Kinde gegenüberzustellen. Erst wenn wir daran glauben, daß wir selber uns so zurichten müssen, dann können wir über die weiteren Dinge reden. Daher wollen wir diese Dinge als die Einleitung betrachten und wollen sie uns ernstlich überlegen. Es kommt auf die Gemütsvorbereitung an, wenn man an solche Aufgaben herangehen will, wie diejenigen sind, von denen wir hier sprechen.

Second Lecture

Yesterday I pointed out — we want to try to work things out from the ground up, so to speak, and then move on to the practical aspects — that ordinary, superficial soul life can only be understood as a complex of symptoms. If one wants to get to the actual facts underlying any so-called mental illness or so-called mental deficiency in any child, one sees that all spiritual approaches today suffer from the fact that superficial soul states are simply described and then the transition to what lies deeper that is, to the realm where the actual soul life, as we saw yesterday, operates. Now, we cannot go into here the manner in which one should behave toward mentally ill adults, whereby there is always something problematic in all behavior. But what is possible to do with children must come before our soul in these hours. How little the superficial soul life — whereby I mean superficial not in a pejorative sense, but only in a local sense — how misleading the observation of the superficial soul life can be, I would like to illustrate to you by way of introduction with a striking example that will be of particular importance for your task.

You see, there is a former public prosecutor named Wulffen. From the standpoint of criminal psychology, he has dealt with all kinds of mental abnormalities and written thick books on this subject. How does such a person, who does not initially start from a medical perspective, arrive at his conclusions? Of course, he became familiar with a rich field of abnormal mental life in his office as a public prosecutor, then, at a more mature age, he probably became interested in learning all kinds of medical things, then combined what he had experienced in his profession with what he had later read in this way, and formed a theory from this, which simply has to arise today from the so-called scientific preconditions. For either one takes the whole thing seriously, and then something like what Wulffen comes up with emerges, or one does not take it seriously, and then one is compelled to proceed from anthroposophical points of view. A true middle way is always a very questionable compromise.

Now this public prosecutor Wulffen recently gave a lecture in Zurich on the subject of criminal psychology, in which he spoke about abnormal mental life. It is important to consider such a thing, because you are exposed to it at every moment. When you think today about what you have learned, when you pick up a scientific book, when you pick up any book from the scientific way of thinking, you will find everywhere the forms of thought and the way of thinking that are expressed here by this public prosecutor in a particularly radical way, so that one must know where today's science must necessarily lead, especially in the field of so-called abnormal mental life. Before I read you the newspaper article, I would like to point out that the public prosecutor is still a much greater authority, that Wulffen is more right than the journalist who writes about it. The journalist can only make fun of it because, thank God, he still has the public behind him against psychiatry and criminal psychology. Of course, in this case, the tone in which the report is written should not mean anything to you, because the journalist is still much less competent than Wulffen and can only make fun of the matter, but he has no idea that he is making fun of today's science and not of Wulffen. For in fact, the science in which Wulffen is involved and from which he draws inspiration should speak in this way everywhere, if it were sincere and honest. Well, now let us, because it concerns us, take a closer look at this newspaper article. It is entitled: “Schiller under the psychoanalysis of the public prosecutor.” It should actually be titled: “Friedrich Schiller under the psychoanalysis of today's psychology or psychopedagogy.”

"Fritz Schiller, penniless, of Swabian origin, formerly a history professor in Jena and author of various revolutionary plays, was brought to trial last Friday, February 29, 1924, by the Dresden public prosecutor Dr. E. W. Wulffen, well known and respected far beyond his professional circles, delivered a brilliantly constructed speech on “Criminal Psychology in Friedrich Schiller” and achieved all the more lasting success before a large audience of the Zurich Lawyers' Association, as the defendant was unable to attend the meeting due to his death and perhaps only pointed with an invisible hand to what she wrote during her lifetime.

Prosecutor Wulffen, for his part, proceeded with well-coordinated arguments; the presentation of evidence went without contradiction; the prosecutor had even confiscated Schiller's private correspondence, that is to say, read it, and lo and behold: with the assistance of Dr. Wulffen, it dawned on the assembly: the love of our people for Schiller and that of young people for him is exposed in its ugly roots: Schiller is popular because of his innate cruelty, which particularly inclines him to revel in the gloomy splendor of the terrible and drives him to write ballads such as “The Child Murderess,” “The Cranes of Ibycus,” “The Diver,” “The Glove,” and “The Walk to the Iron Hammer,” where, for example, in the words of scorn: "He is cared for and safe! The count will praise his servants!' the cruelty constantly nourished by Schiller's struggle with his ailing body comes to the fore in a significant way. And Schiller's tragedies, in which the audience is aroused to fear and pity, why are they so effective on stage? Because they appeal to the latent criminal qualities of the audience and allow them to safely act out dangerous instincts.

All this is said by District Attorney Wulffen, who at the end reveals himself to be a convinced admirer of Schiller; he even concludes with Goethe's epilogue to “The Bell”: “God protect us from our friends!”

Of course, Prosecutor Wulffen concedes mitigating circumstances to Schiller despite the overwhelming weight of evidence: his sense of freedom, which, arising from early oppression and probably following an inferiority complex, suddenly flares up in “The Robbers” and gradually purifies itself, finally glorifying a revolution based on order in “Tell.” Incidentally, Schiller's attitude toward good and evil was essentially based on aesthetic considerations and, as already mentioned, the arteries that nourish Schiller's poetry are quickly found and defined by Dr. Wulffen: cruelty and the urge for freedom. The struggle with these drives, which he had lived out in his poetry, led Schiller to perfection." Here you have the inferiority complex, in his childhood, of course.

Well, you have to be clear about one thing: what would happen if today's science were to be incorporated into education and educators were to teach according to this science in schools where someone like Schiller might be sitting. You have to be very clear about that.

Now, if you take everything I said yesterday together, you would see that, as I said, just as in other cases of illness one can only infer the actual facts from other orientational symptoms, so too can one infer or look back on the actual facts from what the soul life represents, thinking, feeling, and willing. And we have seen in the example of the liver how the origin of a mental abnormality, whereby the patient in question cannot translate their intention to do something into actual action, must be sought in some subtle abnormality of the liver, and that treatment, both educational and therapeutic, must be undertaken from there.

Now, before we go into the individual practicalities, we must look back once more at the child's soul life. On the one hand, we have seen how, in the first seven years of life, the body represents a model according to which the individuality develops the second body, which performs the functions between tooth change and sexual maturity. If the individuality is stronger than what is contained in the hereditary characteristics, the child will more or less overcome the hereditary characteristics in the course of tooth replacement and will also appear externally physically in its entire soul constitution as an individuality. But if the child's individuality is weak, it will be suppressed by the hereditary characteristics, and it will regard the model in such a way that a slavish cast of the model appears physically visible. And one can speak of inherited characteristics in the true sense of the word. For between the change of teeth and sexual maturity, everything is as it comes out of the individuality. The inherited characteristics come to the fore because the individuality was too weak to overcome them in order to work in accordance with karma. Therefore, the actual karma impulse appears to be drowned out by what emerges as inherited characteristics.

Now, you see, my dear friends, we must now also consider, as it were, a general symptomatology of how thinking in its development relates to the development of the will in the child. You already saw yesterday in what sense this can only be regarded as symptomatic. You saw that thinking, as it manifests itself in the superficial life of the soul, is based on a synthetic activity that lies in the construction and organization of the brain, and that the expression of the will is based on an analytical activity, a separating activity that underlies the organs, namely the metabolic-limb human being.

Now let us first consider thinking with the underlying synthetic activity of the brain. We must be clear about what thoughts actually are. For thoughts always enter the child's organism piecemeal. Even the adult human being has what a human being can think of, more or less in fragments, around him. Some have a greater abundance of thoughts, others less. But what are thoughts, actually? The current view, which then degenerates into Wulffenianism, sees thoughts as something that develops gradually in humans. And even if humans come to have thoughts that are useful in the world, it is said that they have developed these thoughts from within themselves. Now, if one really examines human beings from an anthroposophical point of view, one will not discover anything in them from which thoughts arise. All investigations aimed at examining what thoughts might arise from are as irrelevant to spiritual science as if someone were to receive a filled milk jug from somewhere every morning, a jug of milk (see plate 2, right), and one day, out of their own intelligence, began to think about how the clay from which the milk jug is made produces milk every morning. You will never find anything in the clay from which the milk jug is made that could produce milk. Now let us imagine that some maid, no, let us say, a modern housewife who has risen from the ranks of governesses—even if that is almost impossible—could it not happen that someone had never noticed how the milk gets into the milk jug? one would consider such a person stupid, who might wonder how the milk seeps out of the clay, how this is achieved. Yes, it is really a hypothesis that leads itself ad absurdum, if one assumes that someone comes to this conclusion with regard to the milk jug. Science, with regard to thinking, comes to this hypothesis. It is so stupid, it is undoubtedly so stupid. For if one approaches the investigation with all the means that spiritual science offers, which have been talked about for more than twenty years now, if one approaches it with these means, one finds nothing in all that is human organization that could produce thoughts. It simply does not exist. Just as milk must be poured into the milk jug in order for it to be there, so thoughts must enter into human beings in order for them to be there.

And where do they come from in the life that is initially considered between birth and death? Where are they? Just as the emergence of milk can be researched, so you would have to find where thoughts are. Where are these thoughts? Now you see, we are surrounded by the physical world. But also by the etheric world, from which the human etheric body is taken immediately before we descend to our physical incarnation. The human etheric body is taken from the general world ether, which is present everywhere. Now, this world ether, my dear friends, is in reality the carrier of thoughts. This world ether, which everyone has in common, is the carrier of thoughts; the thoughts are in it, those living thoughts are in it, which I have always spoken to you about, also in anthroposophical lectures, that human beings participate in them in their pre-earthly life before they descend to earth. Everything that exists in such thoughts is in a living state in the world ether and is never taken out of the world ether in the life between birth and death, never, but everything that human beings contain within themselves in terms of living thoughts, they receive at the moment when they descend from the spiritual world, that is, when they leave their own living thought element behind as they descend and form their etheric body. The living thoughts are still there, in what forms and organizes human beings.

So if I repeat yesterday's diagram (see plate 2, center), if you see the human being here, if we have here the symptomatic soul life, thinking, feeling, willing, if we have behind it the soul life, the real soul life, then we have a part of the real soul life in our thoughts. — And these thoughts, which we take from the general world ether, form our brain and, in a broader sense, our nervous and sensory system. This is living thinking, which forms our brain into a decomposing organ, into the organ that, in a sense, treats matter in the following way.

When we look out at our surroundings, we see the substance of the earthly world around us, in its various processes and modes of action. These processes, which live in nature, are gradually broken down by the activity of living thinking, so that there is a continuous breakdown here (see plate 2), that is, the processes that are the processes of nature are stopped. So in the brain, the beginning is made by stopping the natural processes and continuously separating out the matter. The separated matter, the matter that has been excreted and has become useless, is the nerves. And these nerves, by being processed in this way by living thinking, by being continuously killed, acquire an ability similar to the ability to reflect. This gives them the ability to reflect the thoughts of the surrounding ether, and this gives rise to subjective thinking, superficial thinking, which consists only of mirror images, which we carry within us between birth and death. So, by carrying living thinking within us, we are enabled to confront the world with our sensory and nervous systems, to create mirror images of the impressions that live in the surrounding ether and to throw them into our consciousness. So this thinking and imagining of the superficial life of the soul is nothing other than the reflection of the thoughts living in the world ether.

Now, if you compare yourself with your mirror image, you will realize that you are something other than the mirror image. In the same way, you can compare thoughts with their mirror images and thereby obtain dead thinking, just as the mirror image is dead to you, who stand before the mirror image as a living being. A distorted, illogical, crazy thought can never exist in the world ether. But the thoughts contained in ordinary, superficial soul life are only reflections of the thoughts in the world ether. So where can a crazy, stubborn thought come from? From the fact that the mirror, everything that has arisen in the structure of the brain, is not in order. So it is a matter of finding the right way back from distorted thoughts to what actually works in the human brain or sensory nervous system, what human beings have built up from real, living thought life. From this you can see that it will actually be tremendously important for us to start from consciousness: we cannot access the content of thoughts themselves, the actual thoughts, because they exist in the world ether in their absolute correctness.

We must now do everything we can to ensure that the pupil who concerns us, who has been entrusted to us, can approach this world ether in the right way. We will never do this unless we, as educators, are truly imbued with the feeling that the all-correct, ruling vitality of thought is contained in the world ether. Without this cosmic religious attitude, it will be impossible for us to develop the right attitude toward the child. And this attitude is what matters. And I want to prove to you why this attitude matters.

What is it that affects the child, what lives in the child when distorted thoughts arise, and what is it that the educator can do to influence the child in such a case? You see, from what I have said, you can conclude that the etheric body has not been formed in the right way if something like this is the underlying cause. Even when the human being descends from pre-earthly existence, of course only right thoughts are present in the world ether, but these right thoughts must be taken up by the one who clothes himself in his etheric body.

Now let us return to our milk jug. We cannot say that the milk is somehow incorrectly formed: it simply takes on the form that can be given to it by its container. If we have a sensible container, we have stored the milk sensibly. Let us suppose that a stubborn person, who is quite stubborn, decides to shape a milk container in this way (see plate 2, right), and now he pours the milk into it, but it cannot come out. Now he calculates, and when he calculates the cubic capacity, he adds the lower part. That is the most extreme case. You can make the milk container clumsy in all directions. For example, you can make it so that it falls over and, because you have made the bottom clumsy, the milk flows out on twenty-seven days out of thirty. So the point is that the milk will be in the container as the container is. The etheric body with all its vitality is in the human being as the human being arrives from pre-earthly existence with his karma and can take up the etheric body within himself. We must be aware of this.

Now, it is not at all impossible that the human being arrives through his karma with something that is not unlike this milk vessel. If, for example, they arrive in such a way that, according to their karma, they cannot properly penetrate the metabolic-limb system, then this system is supplied to the etheric body in a meager way, and the human being then has their etheric body properly developed in the head region, but poorly developed in the abdominal region and limb region. He is empty of the formative thoughts in these areas. So we must be clear above all that we are dealing with a poorly developed etheric body in numerous children with inferior souls. And we must ask ourselves: What affects an etheric body that is present during the developmental years of children? What affects an etheric body?

Here we encounter a pedagogical law that appears in all pedagogy. It is this: whatever comes from the next higher member of the human being, wherever it comes from, is effective in the world, and only in this way does it effectively contribute to development. Something living in the etheric body, something living in an etheric body, can be effective for the development of the physical body. Only something living in an astral body can be effective for the development of an etheric body. Only something living in an ego can be effective for the development of an astral body. And only something living in a spirit self can be effective for the development of an ego. I could continue beyond the spirit self, but then we would be entering the realm of esoteric teaching.

What does this mean? If you become aware that a child's etheric body is stunted in some way, you must shape your own astral body so that it can have a corrective effect on the child's etheric body. With regard to the educational scheme, we can say that the following can be written here:

Child: physical body; Educator: etheric body
Etheric body; astral body
Astral body; I
I; Spirit self

The educator's own etheric body must — and this must be achieved through his or her seminar training — be able to act on the child's physical body. The educator's own astral body must be able to act on the child's etheric body. The educator's own I must be able to act on the child's astral body. And now you will be inwardly shocked, because here stands the educator's spirit self, which you will believe to be undeveloped. This must act on the child's I. But that is the law. And I will show you how, not only in the ideal educator, but often in the very worst educator, the educator's spiritual self, of which he himself is completely unaware, acts upon the child's ego. Education is indeed shrouded in a series of mysteries.

But now we realize that the educator's healing astral body must have an effect on the child's stunted etheric body. And you see, how can the educator's astral body be educated, self-educated, as it still must be today, with regard to these very things? For anthroposophy today can only provide inspiration, not establish seminars for everything. The educator's own astral body must be such that he or she has an instinctive understanding of the stunted growth in the child's etheric body.

Let us assume that the etheric body is stunted in the child's liver area. This causes the child to appear to be full of intentions, always wanting to do something, but this wanting always stops him before he acts. If the educator can empathize with this situation, understanding that one must push through with one's will in order to act, if one can empathize with this stopping and at the same time develop a deep compassion for this inner experience from one's own energy, then one develops an understanding for the child's situation in one's own astral body, and one will gradually come to erase every trace of sympathy or antipathy with this phenomenon in the child. By erasing sympathy and antipathy within themselves, educators have an educational effect on their own astral body. As long as one deals with such a characteristic of the child, for example, that it wants to walk and cannot walk — this can develop into pathological conditions, it can develop into conspicuous conditions; it always leads to pathological conditions, to, I would say, very conspicuous pathological conditions, which are described as the child being unable to learn to walk — as long as one has sympathy or antipathy for this, when it occurs to a mild degree, as long as one can become agitated by it, then one cannot actually educate effectively. Only when one has reached the point where such a phenomenon becomes an objective picture, where one takes it with a certain composure as an objective picture and feels nothing but compassion for it, only then is the soul state in the astral body present that correctly places the educator beside the child. And then he will take care of everything else more or less correctly. For, my dear friends, you cannot imagine how indifferent it is, in the final analysis, what an educator says or does not say superficially, and how important it is what kind of person the educator is.

But how does one arrive at such an understanding? One arrives at such an understanding precisely by developing a greater and ever-greater interest in the mystery of the human organization as a whole. This mystery, this interest in the human organization as a whole, is completely lacking in today's civilization. Therefore, today's civilization does not know one thing. Today's civilization looks at, let's say, a severely mentally ill person [gap in the text]. Of course, things cannot be otherwise; things can only take place within civilization, so the things we are supposed to understand cannot be carried out by ourselves in every single case in the way we present them in our understanding. That is why it is of great importance that there are no fanatics among you, no people who are fanatical from the outset and who do not understand the significance of a truth in relation to things that are supposed to intervene esoterically in practical life. Therefore, today, the circles in which things are communicated cannot be narrow enough, because people in today's civilization cannot understand why it is necessary in many cases not to follow the guidelines. But one must know this and then strive for reasonableness, applying it where it can be applied, and — as will be the case in education, with inferior children — applying it within the appropriate limits. You cannot apply it to adult mental patients, because something irrelevant interferes there: the police. The moment you are dealing with impulses in such a matter that are different from those that follow from the matter itself, when you are dealing with legislation, the matter is not feasible. For legislation is general and cannot be applied to the individual; it can only be general. In all cases, jurisprudence is a real poison when it comes to dealing with abnormal people. But you are faced with it. You cannot apply things fanatically; you have to let them flow into life in whatever way is possible, in whatever way is feasible.

Suppose you have a person who is said to be severely mentally ill, and you can describe him psychographically, that is, in terms of his symptoms, as is customary today: he does the craziest things — according to the view that must prevail. Yes, people in today's civilization don't even think about what is going on, they don't think about it. You see, what is at hand here is this: this person, who today behaves as if they were completely insane, may have been a very significant incarnation in earlier times, may have lived out their genius in earlier times at some point. But let's say that this genius lived out his life in a second past incarnation (see plate 3, below). Then another incarnation would have followed, in which the person in question was imprisoned at a relatively early age, so that he did not come into contact with the world at all. Then he went through death and lived on. Then they reappeared as a mad person. Precisely because what they had absorbed in their incarnation remained completely outside the realm of experience of the physical and etheric bodies, they have had no opportunity to process it, and therefore they come to incarnation in complete ignorance of the inner workings of the human body. They cannot enter the physical and etheric bodies, but remain outside, and because they cannot make use of the physical body, they are insane. He lives in such a way that we only see what he is when we completely disregard his physical and etheric bodies and look at his astral body and his ego.

Imagine we have such a person as a child in front of us. We have this constant striving in the childlike human being to enter the physical body and the etheric body, and then again this pushing back. Now, we may well have a case where, let's say — schematically, here would be the physical body and etheric body (see plate 3, right) — there are certain organs that are not in order due to preconditions; the astral body and the ego want to enter. They enter everywhere, but there (see plate 3) they do not enter properly, they have to make an effort every time. Let's say that the astral body and the ego have to make an effort every time they want to penetrate the liver and stomach. This effort now has a strange effect: something like an abnormal rhythm arises, the effort leads to the ego strengthening itself at a corresponding moment and then weakening again. And we have alternately a strong liver-stomach feeling in the child, and before that has even come to consciousness, then a weakened liver-stomach feeling. And the child always oscillates back and forth between this strong liver-stomach feeling and the weakened liver-stomach feeling. As a result, the child is unable to use its body in the so-called normal way. For it can only be used when this rhythm does not occur, when it ceases, and the astral body and the ego calmly take possession of the individual organs.

Yes, but how does one come to understand such a thing? One comes to understand such a thing when one looks at the whole process in this way.

Let us suppose we have a very, very intelligent person in front of us, who is not a watchmaker. But he is forced to repair his watch, which has stopped, himself. It happens that instead of repairing the watch, he completely ruins it. That does not prevent him from being very intelligent. It is simply that his intelligence has failed him in one particular instance due to a lack of control over the possibilities, not due to a lack of intelligence. In the same way, when descending from pre-earthly existence into earthly existence, genius in general may fail, except that the failure does not take place in such a short time, but throughout the whole of earthly life.

But this challenges us all the more to look at what is descending, to look lovingly at what is being lived out in so-called madness, to look at all the details that are being lived out in madness, and to go beyond the mere symptomatology of the soul life, which can lead to psychography, and to look more at the karmic connections into which this madman enters, to look more at his connection with the outside world, at the situations in which he finds himself – for these situations are incredibly interesting – to look at this more objectively, and then find this madness extraordinarily interesting and take it as a distorted image of the highest wisdom, as a gateway opened by the spiritual world, which can only enter through distorted means, and to live more and more into finding the abnormalities interesting, not in a sensational way, but in a deeply inner way. For once an abnormality actually takes hold of the physical and etheric bodies, what I have indicated to you will happen: a rhythm will arise through the strong unfolding of astral-ego activity, and the physical and etheric bodies will be strongly affected, then overcome, then become weak again, and one will approach this in such a way that one can observe what happens at the moment of intense emotion, at the moment of weak emotion, and one will be able to observe what happens at the moment of intense emotion, at the moment of weak emotion, and one will be able to observe what happens at the moment of intense emotion, at the moment of weak emotion, and one will be able to observe what happens at the moment of intense emotion, at the moment of weak emotion, and one will be able to observe what happens at the moment of intense emotion, at the moment of weak emotion, and one will be able to observe what happens at the moment of intense emotion, at the moment of weak if one approaches it in such a way that one can observe what happens at the moment of intense seizure, at the moment of weak seizure, if one approaches it with full capacity for love, then what can come out of this rhythm is that later, when the rhythm is overcome, precisely in a more intense way than is usually the case, the liver and stomach are affected, then a genius of action, of doing, can still emerge from it, whereas otherwise it is left to be balanced out in the continuation of life between death and new birth. Just think about it: one must be aware that when one educates inferior children, one is interfering in what would normally take place without intervention, or, in the case of wrong intervention, would only take place when the child has passed through the gates of death and is reborn in the next life, thereby deeply interfering with karma. Every time an inferior child is treated, karma is interfered with, and of course it must be interfered with. It is a correct interference with karma; certain things must be overcome.

A few of those who are here and who were in Breslau recently experienced an example of how certain things can be overcome, which I would like to tell you about here so that you can think about such things in the right way. At the agricultural course in Breslau, I gave guidelines on how to treat agriculture in the right way. Now, an elderly farmer who is also a long-standing member of the society was attending this course in Breslau. Throughout the entire course, he could not get past a certain feeling, and this feeling always came up again in the discussions. He kept saying: Yes, but if you do that, you are using occult means to carry out practical things. Doesn't that affect human morality in too intense a sense? Can't that also be exploited in an immoral sense? — He couldn't get past this scruple; he sensed black magic in the application of such things. Of course, this thing becomes black magic if you don't treat it the way it needs to be treated. That's why I once said quite clearly: Yes, morality must be present in all these things. That is why I assume that those who participated in this course did so in full morality to serve humanity and help agriculture. That is why the Agricultural Ring should also be regarded as a moral ring that sets itself the task of ensuring that these things are used correctly. The gods use magic, but the difference between white and black magic is simply that white magic intervenes in a moral, selfless way, while black magic intervenes in an immoral, selfish way. There is no other difference. And so, of course, since all talk about the education of inferior children is mere talk that leads nowhere, this education can only be effective with means that can also be transferred to immoral application. Above all, the strengthening of the sense of responsibility comes into consideration.

Now I must confess to you, my dear friends, that if we could count on a stronger sense of responsibility in our present time, we could do many things. But because conscientiousness is not strongly developed in our time, many things must be kept silent. When people hear that something can be done, they want to do it. For they have the desire to do something. But as soon as it comes to actually doing it, not just continuing the former impulses, as soon as it comes to drawing new impulses from the spiritual world — and they must be drawn out — then it is above all a matter of promoting a sense of responsibility and conscientiousness. This can only be promoted if one knows what is involved. And so one must know that this involves a profound intervention in the karmic activities that would otherwise take place between death and the next birth. In the education of inferior children, what one does here now intervenes in the work of the gods that would then take place later. If one does not imagine this as a theory, but allows it to have a firm effect on one's mind, one will naturally always be faced with either doing what is to be done or refraining from doing it. But it must not be forgotten: every step taken out of the spiritual world leads people to look left and right and to constantly make new decisions through the inner courage of life. Ordinary life between birth and death protects people from the necessity of this inner courage. There, they can continually do what they are used to, what they have become accustomed to. There, they trundle along according to what is within them, always considering their views to be the right ones, with no need to adopt new views. It is good for life, which takes place solely in the physical world, to stand within it in this way. But when one comes to work from the spiritual realm, one must feel confronted with decisions every day, every hour, and with every action feel confronted with the possibility of being able to do it or refrain from doing it, or of being able to behave completely neutrally. And these decisions require courage, inner courage. That is the very first condition if one wants to do something in such a field. And it only awakens when one always keeps the greatness of things in mind: you are doing something that the gods otherwise do in the life between death and the next birth. Knowing this is of great importance. Take this in meditatively. Being able to think this has great significance. If we meditate on this every day, bringing it before our soul, just as we pray every day, bringing it before our soul every day, then this creates in us the constitution of the astral body that we need in order to face the inferior child in the right way. Only when we believe that we ourselves must prepare ourselves in this way can we talk about further things. Therefore, let us consider these things as an introduction and think about them seriously. It depends on the preparation of the mind if one wants to approach tasks such as those we are talking about here.