Pastoral Medicine
GA 318
10 September 1924, Dornach
Lecture III
Dear friends,
We will obtain a deeper view of the total human being if we go a little further into the matters we have been considering. In particular, we should see from such symptoms how important the transition is from health to illness. I therefore would like to speak further about something that lies between certain pathological trends that are developing in human evolution and a kind of natural initiation that constitutes another stream in human evolution. This phenomenon lies midway between the pathological tendencies of human nature and the stream of initiation; it relates as much to one as to the other.
Typical of such a path of development are such personalities as St. Teresa. One can observe much more than I described if one makes a study of some of these individuals. With them there is a kind of appearance of the spiritual world at the threshold of perception. Naturally this is difficult to describe, because the words one has to use to characterize these abnormal conditions do not have such meanings in our everyday speech. What appears at the threshold of perception is the first stage for such people and is called by them “entrance into the first dwelling place of God.” In the first stage this is perceived only as “a presence.” These people experience the presence of some spiritual being, but they have no precise vision of the being. If the experience comes to a definite conclusion, they have a clear feeling that the being was there with them. That is the first experience: an indefinite experience of a presence, of being together with some spiritual being. As long as they are in this stage of development, these people are even annoyed when someone else tells them of a vision, because these people think their own experience is much more inward, much more intimate, more genuine. This has been such a moving experience for them that they have the feeling: human beings are not allowed to see the super-sensible world, but I have been given this vague experience of its reality.
Then these people reach a second stage. They tell of actual, shaped perceptions of the spiritual beings that were present. First they tell of the feeling of being touched, of having spiritual hands laid upon them, even of their forehead being touched or something similar, without yet having any visual experience. Then the condition is raised to vision that is like optical perception. It can be so enhanced that they see Jesus, for instance, standing before them as a real person. That is the usual second stage. It is a peculiar fact that those advancing from the first to the second stage have only the vaguest feeling that earlier they had become angry when others told them of their own experiences in this second stage. Memory does not clearly connect the two stages. These people live very intensely in the respective single stages.
The third stage they experience is remarkable. Their description of it is highly colored in every detail. They tell how when it comes upon them they are seized by tremendous pain. And indeed it is obviously intense, for at these moments they can be heard groaning; other reactions can be observed such as occur with pain originating in the physical and etheric bodies. But the strange thing is that they want this pain. They want it because they regard it as natural that they should have it; they feel that they will only reach the subsequent experience properly if first they suffer this pain.
Then they reach the stage where they transform the pain within themselves. This is extraordinarily interesting, for actually the pain remains exactly the same, but now it is enhanced into a feeling of joy, of bliss. The pain comes, its objective condition is still there, but now the spiritual awareness goes further. If one were suddenly to pull such people out of their spiritual state, they would feel the pain as sick people feel pain—and indeed do so when they return from this highest stage of the experience. At this highest stage they no longer have the feeling that spiritual beings come to them, but that they themselves have risen into the spiritual world. At this stage the pain is transformed—one might say subjectively, but the expression is not quite exact—into a feeling of bliss. Then begins a symbolic objectifying of the pain. When they come out of this experience and have a memory of it (and in most cases there is a very clear memory of it afterward), then they describe how a seraph or a cherub stood beside them, and the seraph or cherub had a sword that he plunged into the their intestines, which caused excruciating pain. When the spiritual being pulled out the sword he pulled the intestines out too, and then there came immediately an experience of profound bliss in the presence of God.
As a rule these three stages follow in succession. We can understand them clearly through our anthroposophical knowledge. After the preparatory condition I have described, the first stage consists of the ego organization drawing the astral body to itself, so that they are united without penetrating the physical and etheric bodies as deeply as they normally would. Something, therefore, is happening for such persons that can never happen in ordinary consciousness: in half-waking or quarter-waking or three-quarters waking condition they have conscious experience in their ego organization and astral body, while at the same time experience in their etheric and physical bodies continues with a certain independence. Thus parallel experiences are there: a spiritual experience in the ego organization and astral body, and at the same time a separate experience of the etheric and physical bodies. This is never the case in normal consciousness: there, all four members of the human being are bound closely together. In normal consciousness there is no such thing as experiences of consciousness running parallel. In this experience I am describing, such people feel themselves, know themselves in the most eminent sense to be entirely united with what they are experiencing. They know this first of all, the inherent being-one-with the happening. When the astral body is drawn to the ego organization and experiences spiritual beings, these people experience them as simply a presence, as something that is there. They experience this as one experiences one's own body. One does not differentiate in the latter experience. One does not feel one's body as something outside: one feels it as part of oneself. That is the first stage: the experience of “a presence.”
Now let us go to the second stage. First, these people have all kinds of feelings of being touched. Naturally these can be confused very easily by ordinary pathology with familiar psychiatric symptoms, but they are not the same. Then they advance to actual visions. This is the stage where the ego organization and astral organization draw the etheric body out to be united with them. So again there is a parallel experience: the ego organization, astral organization, and etheric body are all raised somewhat out of the physical body; at the same time the physical body carries on its processes separately. Something special comes about through this situation. In ordinary life, when we see, we are stimulated by light from without and we receive the stimulus into ourselves. It goes as far as the etheric body, and the etheric body creates the conscious experience. That is how it is, for example, with the eyes. When you see, the external stimulation occurs first in the ego; then it penetrates the astral body and penetrates the etheric body. It is then the etheric body that communicates the whole conscious experience to you by pushing in every direction, in a certain sense, against the physical organization. The conscious experience lies in this pushing. That is the exact process. If presented in a diagram, it would look like the drawing below.
A stimulus is exerted. First it affects the ego, then it goes to the astral body, then to the etheric body; in the etheric body it pushes into the physical body in every direction, to all sides. The physical body pushes back, and the pushing back, the repulsion by the physical body, is your actual eye experience. It is a constant play between the etheric body and the choroid and retina. What the etheric body does in the choroid and in the retina is what appears to ordinary consciousness as optical experience. This happens similarly with every other sense perception. To anyone who understands these things, the entire explanation in today's psychology textbooks, or even in epistemology, is terribly childish.
But now, with such people as I am describing, the etheric body is seized directly in this experience. The experience sits in the ego, astral body, etheric body, and does not push out to the senses, but pushes from within to what is the nerve-sense system—pushes first, actually, into the glandular system, then into the nervous system, and finally from there streams into the senses. So the senses are taken hold of in a way that is just the opposite of the way it happens in ordinary life. Instead of the experience of consciousness being stimulated through the senses, it is colored, intensified, made vivid by the fact that it streams from within to the senses. That is how the feeling of being touched comes about in a sensation of the nerves: by the streaming from within outward. This is then raised to vision. Now you know the whole inner process.
If there is a further development, it proceeds in the following way: the ego organization, astral body, and etheric body take hold of the physical body from quite another direction than would normally be the case. The physical body is accustomed to being taken hold of from without, but now it is taken hold of from within. Now it is taken hold of in the midst of life—the very process that otherwise only happens when the human soul-spiritual entity comes down out of the soul-spiritual world into the physical body, three weeks after conception. This event cannot otherwise happen in ordinary life, because normally the etheric body is connected with the physical body. But in this case the etheric body has been raised out by the ego organization and taken hold of by the astral body. It is like birth, when the human being takes possession of a physical body, but now the procedure is more complicated, possessing this physical body from quite another direction. And that causes pain. For as a matter of fact, all pain—in cases of illness, too—consists of the fact that the body is grasped hold of from some other direction than the usual one. That is what happens at the moment when the third stage is reached.
Now you need not be surprised that this third stage is objectified. It penetrates the physical body and the physical body repels it. A physical body cannot be so seized except in regular initiation; in any other situation the physical body exerts opposition, and this causes pain. It pushes away in pain what it is experiencing. That is the first part of the experience of the third stage. The physical body exerts resistance and the resistance is experienced as pain. And what enters through the pain? The real spiritual world. It comes through the pain. The spiritual world comes from the other direction. Ordinary sense perception and ordinary thinking grasp hold of the physical world. The spiritual world is grasped in the opposite way. The way to it is through pain. The moment the physical body exerts resistance, intense pain is there. But the moment the pain is taken hold of by the spiritual world, the moment the spiritual world enters, the pain is transformed into ecstasy. It is really so. First there is pain in the organism; then the spiritual world penetrates the pain, streams through the pain: a cherub or seraph appears (this is what the imagination presents), the cherub plunges his sword in, draws it out, and draws the intestines out with it. This means that the person becomes independent of the physical body, of the ordinary connection to it. The person has no experience in the lower organs and is led beyond it to an experience of the spiritual world. The physical pain is transformed to bliss. Such people speak of the presence of God, or if they make distinctions, of the presence of the spiritual world.
This last stage is experienced by individuals who are strong enough in their etheric body to endure the entire happening. They have the foundation for it in their karma. For instance, think of St. Teresa. She had an earlier incarnation in which her soul became especially strong. She incarnates as St. Teresa. But before she incarnates in the physical body, she takes possession of her etheric body very forcefully, and this etheric body becomes inwardly stronger than is the case with the usual human being. She has brought it with her into this life, this etheric body that is inwardly strong. Then this strong etheric body leaves the physical body and unites itself firmly with the astral body and ego, which are also especially strong from an earlier incarnation. And that is why illnesses then appear, at least a certain variety of illness: because the etheric body is not staying in the physical organs and providing them with its nourishing, vitalizing forces. With the individuals I am describing, the moment they enter the third stage they become really ill. At the same time their strong etheric body enables them to overcome the illness as it is developing. The illness begins to develop and immediately an automatic therapy arises within them from the strong etheric body. The entire process is a latent illness and healing. This is one of the most interesting phenomena in the realm of human evolution.
Precisely in the case of St. Teresa you see in the final stage of her development a continual status nascendi of illness and the continual cure. This alternation, this wonderful swing of a pendulum between the beginning of illness and the caring of it, is not a natural happening in the physical world, for it is not brought about in the physical world: it takes place in the spiritual world. We know that the etheric body is formed before the earthly incarnation. And it is into that pre-earthly moment that such a person as St. Teresa returns. When the pathological condition starts, when it is in statu nascendi, she “swings” into the world where she was before birth, into the spiritual world. The pendulum swings between the physical body and the spiritual world. Spiritual world—physical world—spiritual world—physical world, but experiencing the physical world as an exact opposite—such as normally human beings only experience when they are just incarnating into it. This inner process of healing, this therapy coming from the cosmos, is so intense that its effect can spread to sick people who are in the neighborhood of such people, if their illness lies somewhat in the same direction. In fact, the most wonderful cures can take place around such a person.
Indeed the influence can extend much further. In the former, better days of the church, these things were used in a careful, esoteric way. Later this degenerated to a superstitious worship of relics and belief in magic. But it is a fact that in better times of religious evolution, vivid biographies of such individuals, including their own imaginative descriptions, were given to the faithful, so that they could live through the experiences of such people in their own imagination. And it could then happen that when thoughtful pastors had the opportunity, they would simply put such a biography into the hands of someone in ordinary life whose illness was going in a certain direction. Perhaps also they strengthened the effect by their own words, and this was able to start curative processes. Directing the sick individual's mind to the life of such a saint could have a therapeutic effect.
You can see that studies that go so deeply into the human being will always lead from health to illness, but also to states of super-sensible experience. If therefore you advise someone in some connection or other to do exercises to gain entrance into the super-sensible world, the exercises must be so oriented that they strengthen the ego organization, astral body, and etheric body. Such a path as I described, given to individuals simply through their karma, will in fact take its course properly. What takes place in initiation itself can be learned by studying these processes, which border so closely on the pathological. Therefore it is not unimportant for physicians to take the time to study the lives of such people. Physicians will find in them what can only be called a paradox: the healthy counterpart of a complex of pathological symptoms that they are accustomed to meet here and there in everyday life. And for physicians, that is the most beneficial thing possible: to see the healthy counterpart of a pathological condition. That, more than anything else, will help physicians to make thoughtful, conscientious decisions about their therapy. Moreover if physicians have some knowledge of the substance that can be used as a remedy because of its affinity to certain etheric forces—forces that automatically become active in the self-healing of these abnormal individuals—they will know how St. Teresa's etheric body developed its forces when her illnesses appeared in statu nascendi. And if physicians learn to know the healing power to be found in the piercing activity of antimony, then they will have learned the right therapy from Nature herself.
I would like to point out that in examining such experiences as these, one encounters a remarkable paradox: one sees illness from another side. One sees illness being treated not by human beings but by spiritual beings. One kind of treatment is the kind human beings evolve: that is, treatment from the aspect of the earth. It consists of restoring the previous condition through some therapy that breaks up the illness. The spiritual beings that have to do with humanity treat illness differently. They weave an illness into the fabric of karma. That is their task—a task that doesn't pile things together as they are piled together here on earth by pathology. Here a seventeen-year-old who is ill is not always cured by forty-five. But with the way karma is formed, an illness in some incarnation, whether it is cured or not, may be woven into the human being's karma three thousand years later. Time is measured quite differently in the spiritual world. But one learns very much from those developments in which, from a spiritual point of view, something can happen in the spiritual world and then can also stream down into the physical world.
Take, for example, such a form of karma as I have been describing. Perhaps it is completely in the ordinary course of evolution in three thousand years. Let me show by this line (see drawing above) that something that happens to a person today is so shaped by spiritual beings that the other part belonging to it, the balance, the compensation, appears in three thousand years' time. That is the normal course. You see, in ordinary life people don't have a true knowledge of time. How do they think of it ordinarily? As a line running from past infinity through the present into the future. That is approximately how time is imagined—and indeed, the line has to be thick—perhaps not even a line, but a thick rope, because it contains everything that is perceived at any given moment in the whole world. That's the way people think of it if they think of it at all—and most people don't think of it at all. From a spiritual point of view time is not like that. And one finds little understanding for spiritual development—which, after all, is present in all physical evolution—when time is thought of in that conventional way. In reality, time is different. The line I drew on the board can be tangled up into a ball (see drawing). The entire line of time is in that ball. Three thousand years are in that ball. Time can be all tangled up; and if it is tangled up for some development or other in evolution, then the tangle can be found in the life of some individual. In the case of St. Teresa, a tangled ball of time was present in her earthly life. We come upon a true mystery—that things that in someone's karma would seem to be widely separate for some reason become entangled.
You see from such an example how a study of the inner spiritual, karmic development must link up with the external pathological and therapeutic inquiry. You can see how the pastoral care of some person by priests, who are basing their view of the person on the karmic connections, the spiritual aspects, can relate to what is seen from a medical view alone. For a comprehension of these things requires not only theoretical knowledge but really living into the things. Physicians must live into them on the pathological, physiological side that opens up for them. Priests must live into them in the theological and karmic views that open up for them. And the harmony will come from their working together out of these two different fields, not from interfering in each other's field in a dilettantish fashion. This must be stressed again and again.
You must still see something else that is connected with these things, particularly in our epoch. You know how distasteful it is to some people to accept the idea of free will even though it is perfectly obvious to an unbiased person. The philosophers deny its reality because their intellect can't make a connection with it. I said just now in regard to sense perceptions that the explanations in physiology and psychology textbooks are absolutely childish to someone who understands these things. But the chatter over free will is far worse. For you must remember: a decision of free will is at every moment an act of the whole human being—the whole human being—no matter how they appear in this impulse: healthy or ill or half ill or abnormally healthy. The whole human being is involved in an impulse of free will—and, all that can be known of the whole human being, all the complications. One only learns to know human nature when one learns to know it with all its complications. And please notice, something that in an abnormal person shows too strong a color in one or another direction is neutralized, harmonized in the ordinary human being. There's a trivial expression, but it's true: A cherub can make friends with you, but the devil can too. And those processes where the devil can squeeze in—we're going to study them too! This is all to be found in the ordinary human being, but opposing forces are neutralized, because they develop equally strongly in every direction. If there's an angel in every human, there's also a devil. But when the angel and the devil are equally strong, they neutralize each other.
Now take a look at these scales (see drawing). There is one spot, one point right here. You can lay weights there or there and then you have put the scales into movement. But this spot always remains still. It has a name: the hypomochlion. It is not affected by what you lay on the scale at the left, or what you lay on the scale at the right. Of course, the scales must be built so that this spot will not need to be disturbed. Now in the human being a similar spiritual hypomochlion is created by the opposing forces. Therefore you can study human nature and you will never be able to call human beings free, for by their very nature they are causally conditioned in all respects.
If you study the nature of human beings from the viewpoint of materialism, you do not come to the idea of freedom. You come to causal conditioning. If you study human beings from a spiritual viewpoint, you come to the determination of the will by God or by spiritual beings; you do not come to free will. You can be a blockhead of a materialist and deny freedom and do research on the natural causality of the will. Or you can be a sophisticated person like Leibnitz and gaze out at a spiritual universe—and you come to determinism. Naturally, as long as you are considering the scale at this left end of the beam, you have to reckon with movement; so long as you are considering the scale at this right end of the beam, again you have to reckon with movement. And it is the same with human beings: whether you consider them from the point of view of nature or from the point of view of spirit, you do not come to freedom. Freedom lies in the middle at the point of balance between them.
That's theory, of course! In practice you have to decide when people come to you with difficult life situations whether you can make them responsible for their actions. Now this becomes a practical question: whether they can or cannot exercise free will. How are you going to decide this? You decide by judging whether their spiritual and physical constitutions are in balance. And in this the physicians and the priests are equally involved. Therefore both physicians and priests must be trained to understand the conditions under which a person is either in balance or not in balance between spirit and nature.
Whether an individual has this sense of responsibility can only be decided out of a deep knowledge of human nature. The problem of freedom in connection with responsibility is one of the deepest problems imaginable.
Let us continue tomorrow. We will see what from one side leads to health and from the other side leads to pathological conditions.
Dritter Vortrag
Meine lieben Freunde! Man sieht in die ganze Wesenheit des Menschen dann tief hinein, wenn man solche Betrachtungen, wie wir sie gestern angestellt haben, noch ein wenig fortsetzt. Insbesondere sieht man das Bedeutungsvolle des Überganges von Gesundheit zur Krankheit gerade an solchen Erscheinungen. Deshalb möchte ich Ihnen die Erscheinung, die da steht zwischen gewissen pathologischen Wegen, die in der menschlichen Entwickelung eingeschlagen werden, und zwischen einer Art naturgemäßer Einweihung als Entwickelungsströmung, die zwischen pathologischen Strömungen der menschlichen Natur und zwischen der Einweihungsströmung mitten drinnen liegt, und sowohl mit dem einen wie mit dem anderen verwandt ist, solche Entwickelung der menschlichen Wesenheit möchte ich Ihnen noch etwas auseinandersetzen.
Typisch für solche Entwickelungen sind solche Persönlichkeiten, wie eben gerade die gestern erwähnte heilige Theresia. Man kann noch anderes beobachten, als ich gestern erwähnt habe, wenn man den Entwickelungsweg solcher Persönlichkeiten beobachtet. Bei ihnen findet statt eine Art Hereintreten der geistigen Welt in den Wahrnehmungshorizont des Menschen. Natürlich wäre die Schilderung schwierig, weil man die Worte, die man gebraucht, nicht eigentlich so hat in der gewöhnlichen Sprache, daß sie diese abnormen Zustände ganz genau charakterisieren. Aber es wird ja verständlich sein dasjenige, was ich Ihnen zu sagen habe. Das, was hereintritt in den Gesichtskreis, wird in dem ersten Stadium von solchen Persönlichkeiten genannt: der Eintritt in die erste Wohnung Gottes. In dem ersten Stadium wirkt das wie eine bloße «Anwesenheit». Solche Personen finden, daß sie keine genauen Gesichte etwa haben von demjenigen, was sie als Anwesenheit irgendeiner geistigen Wesenheit erleben, sondern sie haben, namentlich wenn das Erlebnis zu Ende geht, ein deutliches Empfinden davon, daß die betreffende Wesenheit da war, mit ihnen zusammen war. Das Zusammensein ganz im Allgemeinen gehalten, das ist das erste, und solange die betreffenden Persönlichkeiten in diesem Stadium ihrer Entwickelung sind, werden sie sogar unwillig, wenn ihnen ein anderer von Visionen und Gesichten erzählt, weil sie die Meinung haben: ihr Erlebnis ist ein viel innigeres, ein viel intimeres und wahreres. Sie sind in diesem Erlebnis so darinnen, daß sie die Empfindung haben: Das Übersinnliche darf nicht bis zum Gesicht kommen, sondern es muß bloß wie ein allgemeines Erlebnis der Anwesenheit dastehen. Das ist das erste.
Dann aber treten diese Persönlichkeiten in das zweite Stadium ein. Da erzählen sie nun schon von wirklich bildhaften Wahrnehmungen der anwesenden geistigen Wesenheiten. Namentlich erzählen sie zunächst von Berührungsempfindungen, von geistiger Handauflegung oder selbst Stirnberührung und dergleichen, ohne daß zunächst eine an die Augenwahrnehmung erinnernde Vision da ist. Aber die Zustände steigern sich dann bis zu dieser an Augenwahrnehmung erinnernden Vision. Sie können sich so steigern, daß eine solche Persönlichkeit zum Beispiel Jesus wie in wirklicher Person vor sich sieht. Das ist in der Regel das zweite Stadium. Es ist das Eigentümliche, daß solche Persönlichkeiten, wenn sie aus dem ersten in das zweite Stadium eintreten, keine starke Empfindung davon haben, daß, wenn ihnen ein anderer von diesem zweiten Stadium erzählt hat, sie früher unwillig geworden sind. Diese scharfe erinnerungsgemäße Verbindung der zwei Stadien ist nicht da. Die Persönlichkeiten leben ganz intensiv in den jeweiligen einzelnen Stadien.
Bemerkenswert ist das dritte Stadium, das dann solche Persönlichkeiten erleben. Dieses dritte Stadium erfährt tatsächlich in der Schilderung solcher Personen etwas nach allen Richtungen hin scharf Koloriertes. Diese Persönlichkeiten erzählen davon, wie sie, wenn das Erlebnis kommt, ungeheuer Schmerzvolles durchmachen. So Schmerzvolles, daß ja in der Tat, wenn diese Persönlichkeiten beobachtet werden können während dieses Erlebnisses, das Schmerzerlebnis sich in derselben Weise auslebt als Stöhnen und so weiter, wie sich Schmerzen, die im physischen Leib und ätherischen Leib ihre Ursachen haben, eben im Leben aussprechen. Aber das Eigentümliche ist, daß diese Persönlichkeiten, sagen wir, dazu kommen, sich diesen Schmerz zu wünschen und ihn als etwas betrachten, das sie haben wollen, weil sie als naturgemäß ansehen, das Erlebnis in der richtigen Weise zu erlangen im Durchgang durch den Schmerz.
Dann steigern sie sich dazu, daß sie den Schmerz innerlich verwandeln. Das ist das ganz besonders interessante Stadium: es wird der Schmerz, indem er genau in der Tatsache so bleibt, wie er ist, zum Lustgefühl, bis zum Wonnegefühl gesteigert. Das Erlebnis geht also so, daß der Schmerz eintritt, der objektive Bestand derselbe bleibt, aber jetzt geht es im Geistigen weiter. Würde man die Person gleich wieder herausversetzen aus dem Geistigen, würde sie den Schmerz so spüren wie ein Kranker das tut; sie tut das auch, wenn sie wieder zurückkommt aus dem Höchststadium des Erlebnisses. Aber in dem Höchststadium des Erlebnisses, wo sie nicht mehr das Gefühl hat: die geistige Wesenheit kommt zu ihr, sondern sie hat sich erhoben in die geistige Welt, in diesem Stadium verwandelt sich - man würde sagen: subjektiv, aber die Ausdrücke stimmen nicht ganz — der Schmerz bis ins Wonnegefühl hinein. Und dann tritt die Verobjektivierung, die symbolische Verobjektivierung des Schmerzes ein. So daß eine solche Persönlichkeit dann, wenn sie wieder zurückkommt aus dem Erlebnis und die Erinnerung hat — und gerade bei diesem Höchsterlebnis ist zumeist eine deutliche Erinnerung vorhanden; es ist nicht eine Erinnerungslosigkeit, sondern zumeist eine sehr deutliche Erinnerung vorhanden -, so daß eine solche Persönlichkeit schildert: Ein Seraphim oder ein Cherubim stand an der Seite von ihr, hatte ein Schwert, das stieß er ihr in die Eingeweide, das verursachte einen furchtbaren Schmerz; und indem er es herauszog, zog er die Eingeweide mit heraus, und gerade nachdem das eingetreten wäre, dieses Herausziehen der Eingeweide, wäre das höchst wonnevolle Erleben in der Gegenwart des Gottes erfolgt.
Sehen Sie, so sind in der Regel die aufeinanderfolgenden Stadien. Wir können nun diese aufeinanderfolgenden Stadien recht genau verfolgen mit demjenigen, was anthroposophische Erkenntnis ist. Denn, sehen Sie, das erste Stadium besteht ja darin, daß die Ich-Organisation, nachdem das Vorstadium, das ich gestern beschrieben habe, vorüber ist, in der gestrigen Aufeinanderfolge der Zeichnungen also das zweite Stadium begonnen hat, daß die Ich-Organisation den astralischen Leib an sich zieht und mit ihm zusammen erlebt, ohne daß diese Verbindung von Ich-Organisation und astralischem Leib normal tief eingreift in den physischen Leib und in den Ätherleib. So daß, was im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein nie vorkommen kann, eigentlich bei solchen Personen in einem halbwachen oder viertelswachen oder dreiviertelswachen Zustande ein Erleben da ist, das für sich besteht, und in der Ich-Organisation und im Astralleib verläuft, während nebenhergeht in einer gewissen Selbständigkeit das Erleben des ätherischen und des physischen Leibes. Es gehen also parallel Erlebnisse: ein geistiges Erlebnis, das in der Ich-Organisation und im astralischen Leibe abläuft, und das nur begleitet wird vom Erleben des ätherischen Leibes und des physischen Leibes. Das ist im normalen Bewußtsein nie der Fall, weil im normalen Bewußtsein sehr intensiv alle vier Glieder der menschlichen Wesenheit verbunden sind, so daß es keine solche parallel ablaufenden Erlebnisse gibt. Da steht alles miteinander in Verbindung. In diesem Erleben ist im eminentesten Sinne die Art der Empfindung, die ganze Art des Erlebens so, daß der Mensch mit dem, was er erlebt, sich eins weiß. Er weiß zunächst als hauptsächlichstes Erlebnis das Einssein, denn der astralische Leib, wenn er an die Ich-Organisation herangezogen wird und geistige Entitäten erlebt, dann erlebt er sie als Anwesenheit, es ist da. Ungefähr so erlebt man es, wie man den eigenen Leib erlebt. Man differenziert nicht in der Wahrnehmung, man erlebt ihn nicht als etwas Außenstehendes, man erlebt sich eins, das ist das erste. Das ist das «Erlebnis der Anwesenheit».
Nun gehen wir zum zweiten Stadium. Das wird dadurch interessant, daß die betreffende Persönlichkeit zuerst allerlei Berührungsvorstellungen hat, die sehr leicht natürlich von der gewöhnlichen Pathologie verwechselt werden können mit dem, was man da auch in der Psychiatrie kennt, aber doch nicht dasselbe sind. Dann steigern sie sich zu wirklichen Visionen. Es ist das dasjenige Stadium, wo nun IchOrganisation und astralische Organisation auch noch den Ätherleib nehmen, so daß ein Parallelerlebnis so ist, daß Ich-Organiisation, astralische Organisation und Ätherleib etwas herausgehoben aus dem physischen Leib miteinander erleben, und parallel gehend der physische Leib seine Prozesse abspielen hat. Dadurch tritt etwas Besonderes ein. Wenn wir mit den Augen schauen im gewöhnlichen Leben, ist der Vorgang so, daß wir von außen, vom Licht gereizt werden, daß wir den Reiz weiter aufnehmen nach innen. Er geht dann bis zum ätherischen Leib, der Reiz, und vom ätherischen Leib aus schafft er das Bewußtseinserlebnis. So ist es zum Beispiel beim Auge auch. Wenn Sie sehen, wird der erste Reiz ausgeübt, der äußere Reiz, der zunächst im Ich erregt wird, in den astralischen Leib eindringt, bis zum Ätherleib dringt, und der Ätherleib ist es dann, der das ganze Bewußtseinserlebnis dem Menschen mitteilt, indem er gewissermaßen nach allen Seiten stößt an die physische Organisation. In diesem Stoßen liegt das Bewußtseinserlebnis. Das ist der genaue Vorgang. Der Vorgang beim Auge, schematisch dargestellt, würde etwa dieser sein (siehe Zeichnung): der Reiz wird ausgeübt, wirkt zunächst im Ich, geht über in den astralischen Leib, in den Ätherleib, das, was im Ätherleib wirkt, stößt nach allen Seiten in das Physische hinein, das Physische stößt zurück, und der Rückstoß vom Physischen ist das eigentliche Augenerlebnis. Es ist ein fortwährendes Spiel zwischen dem Ätherleib und der Aderhaut, der Netzhaut. Dasjenige, was der Ätherleib in der Aderhaut und in der Netzhaut tut, ist dasjenige, was im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein als Augenerlebnis eben erscheint. Ähnlich ist es bei jedem Sinneswahrnehmen. Für den, der die Dinge durchschaut, ist jede Schilderung, die in den heutigen Psychologien steht oder gar in den Erkenntnistheorien, eine furchtbare Kinderei.
Nun sehen Sie, bei solchen Persönlichkeiten, wie ich sie Ihnen geschildert habe, wird ja der Ätherleib unmittelbar ergriffen von dem Erlebnis. Das Erlebnis sitzt im Ich, im astralischen Leib, im Ätherleib, stößt jetzt nicht an die Sinne, sondern stößt von innen an dasjenige, was Nerven-Sinnessystem ist, stößt eigentlich zuerst an das Drüsensystem, dann an das Nervensystem und von da aus strahlt es erst in die Sinne ein, so daß die Sinne ganz in polarisch entgegengesetzter Weise ergriffen werden wie sonst im gewöhnlichen Leben. Statt daß durch die Sinne das Bewußtseinserlebnis erregt wird, wird das Bewußtseinserlebnis koloriert, intensiviert, bildhaft gemacht, indem es von innen gegen die Sinne hin zustrahlt. Dadurch entstehen, indem gestrahlt wird, in den Empfindungsnerven Berührungsvorstellungen. Das steigert sich bis zur Vision. Sie sehen jetzt den ganzen inneren Vorgang.
Wenn die Entwickelung weitergeht, dann nimmt sie eben ihre Richtung weiter, dann will von einer ganz anderen Seite, als es sonst der Fall ist, Ich-Organisation, astralischer Leib und Ätherleib den physischen Leib ergreifen, der nicht gewohnt ist, von innen heraus ergriffen zu werden, sondern der gewohnt ist, von außen her ergriffen zu werden. Er soll jetzt von innen ergriffen werden. Es soll derselbe Vorgang sich vollziehen mitten im Leben, der sich eigentlich nur vollzieht, wenn die geistig-seelische Organisation des Menschen aus der geistig-seelischen Welt heruntersteigt in den physischen Leib drei Wochen nach der Empfängnis. Dieser Vorgang, der kann sich ja sonst nicht vollziehen im gewöhnlichen Leben, weil der Ätherleib verbunden ist mit dem physischen Leib. Jetzt ist der Ätherleib herausgehoben von dem Ich-Organismus und vom astralischen Leib ergriffen. Man ist wie bei der Geburt, wo man von dem physischen Leib Besitz ergreift, und nun geht es weiter und man will diesen physischen Leib von einer ganz anderen Seite anfassen. Das tut weh. Denn eigentlich besteht auch in Krankheitsfällen jeder Schmerz darin, daß in einer anderen Richtung angefaßt wird der Körper als in der gewohnten Weise. Das aber geschieht in dem Augenblick, wo das dritte Stadium erreicht wird. Nun braucht es Sie nicht zu überraschen, daß dieses dritte Stadium sich verobjektiviert, daß es in den physischen Leib eindringt, der ihm Widerstand leistet, der ohne die regelrechte Initiation nicht so ergriffen werden kann, der durchaus, wenn nicht eine regelrechte Initiation da ist, eben Widerstand leistet und daher Schmerz verursacht. Er stößt im Schmerz zurück dasjenige, was er erlebt. Das ist das erste Stadium des Erlebens, das da ist wiederum für dieses dritte Stadium. Der physische Leib leistet Widerstand, der Widerstand lebt sich aus im Schmerz. Was dringt durch den Schmerz ein? Durch den Schmerz dringt die wirkliche geistige Welt ein. Die kommt durch den Schmerz. Die geistige Welt kommt eben von der anderen Seite. Auf der Seite der gewöhnlichen Sinneswahrnehmung, des gewöhnlichen Denkens liegt das Ergreifen der physischen Welt. Die geistige Welt wird in der entgegengesetzten Weise ergriffen. Der Weg zu ihr führt durch den Schmerz. Aber in dem Augenblick, wo der physische Leib Widerstand leistet, ist allerdings der intensive Schmerz da, aber in dem Augenblick, wo der Schmerz ergriffen wird von der geistigen Welt, wo die geistige Welt eindringt, da verwandelt sich der Schmerz bis zu dem Wonnegefühl. Es ist schon so. Zunächst ist im Organismus der Schmerz da, aber in den Schmerz dringt die geistige Welt ein, durchströmt den Schmerz: ein Cherubim oder Seraphim erscheint — so ergibt sich die Imagination -, stößt sein Schwert hinein, zieht es heraus — das bedeutet, daß man unabhängig wird vom physischen Leibe, so wie man ihn gewöhnlich hat -, indem er die Gedärme mitzieht. Man erlebt nicht in den Gedärmen, sondern ist übergegangen zum Erleben des Geistigen. Der physische Schmerz verwandelt sich in Wonne. Die Leute sprechen von der Gegenwart Gottes, oder wenn sie differenzieren, von der Gegenwart der geistigen Welt.
Dieses letzte Stadium wird erlebt von solchen Persönlichkeiten, welche in ihrem Ätherleib stark genug sind, um den ganzen Vorgang ertragen zu können. Es kommt bei diesen Persönlichkeiten die Sache eben deshalb, weil sie in ihrem Karma begründet ist. Nehmen Sie zum Beispiel eine solche Persönlichkeit wie die heilige Theresia. Sie kommt aus einer früheren Inkarnation, in der ihre Seele ganz besonders stark geworden ist, sehr stark geworden ist. Sie verkörpert sich als heilige Theresia. Sie ergreift, bevor sie den physischen Leib ergreift bei der Inkarnation, in intensiver Weise den ätherischen Leib. Der wird stärker, innerlich qualitativ intensiver als bei gewöhnlichen Menschen. Diesen innerlich verstärkten, innerlich qualitativ verstärkten ätherischen Leib trägt sie an sich. Dieser qualitativ verstärkte ätherische Leib, der tritt entsprechend aus dem physischen Leib heraus, er bindet sich stark an den astralischen Leib und an das Ich, weil die an sich auch wieder stark sind aus einer früheren Inkarnation her. Und das ist ja der Grund, warum Krankheiten, wenigstens eine gewisse Sorte von Krankheiten entstehen, daß der ätherische Leib sich nicht hält an den Organen, wenn da die vitalisierenden Ernährungskräfte drinnen sind in dem ätherischen Leib, Es geschieht aber solchen Leuten in dem Augenblick, wo sie solche Erlebnisse haben vom Aspekt der physischen Menschenbeobachtung aus, wenn das Erleben in das dritte Stadium eintritt, daß sie richtig krank werden, Aber der ätherische Leib ist zur gleichen Zeit stark und bringt es noch zuwege, im Stadium nascendi des Krankwerdens die Krankheit wieder zu überwinden, so daß der Prozeß, der sich da abspielt, ein Prozeß ist, wo im Status nascendi die Krankheit auftritt, aber zu gleicher Zeit die selbstwirkende Therapie innerlich von dem starken ätherischen Leibe ausgeht. Der ganze Prozeß ist ein latentes Krankwerden und Heilen. Das ist etwas, was zum Interessantesten im Bereiche der Menschheitsentwickelung gehört.
Gerade bei einer solchen Persönlichkeit wie der heiligen Theresia sehen Sie im Endstadium ihrer Entwickelung ein fortwährendes im Status nascendi eintretendes Kranksein und ein fortwährendes Ausheilen. Diese Wechselwirkung, dieser Pendelschlag, dieser wunderbare Pendelschlag zwischen Krankwerden und Ausheilen, der spielt sich natürlich nicht in der physischen Welt ab, denn für die ist er nicht geschaffen, sondern er spielt sich in der geistigen Welt ab. Nicht wahr, wenn der Ätherleib geformt wird vor der Erdeninkarnation, dann bekommt er seine Gestalt. In diesen Moment zurückversetzt wird eine solche Persönlichkeit wie die heilige Theresia. Aber indem sie hervorruft im Status nascendi den pathologischen Zustand, schwingt sie hinauf in die Welt, in der sie vor der Geburt war, also in die geistige Welt hinein. Der Pendelschlag ist das Untertauchen in den physischen Leib, das Hinaufschlagen in die geistige Welt. Geistige Welt — physische Welt, geistige Welt - physische Welt, aber die physische Welt im polarischen Gegensatz erlebend, wie man sie sonst erlebt, so wie man sie sonst nur erlebt beim Eintreten in die Inkarnation. Dieser innerliche Gesundungsprozeß, dieser vom Weltenall heraus sich vollziehende therapeutische Prozeß, der ist so etwas Intensives, daß er in der Tat ansteckend wirken kann auf Kranke in der Nähe von solchen Persönlichkeiten, wenn ihre Krankheit einigermaßen in der Richtung liegt, in der sich die ganze Sache abspielt, so daß in der Tat die wunderbarsten Heilungen in der Nähe solcher Persönlichkeiten geschehen können.
Ja, die Sache kann viel weitergehen, und in den älteren, besseren Zeiten der Kirche wurden diese Dinge, die später ausgeartet sind in einen abergläubischen Reliquiendienst, Zauberdienst, in einer feinsinnigen esoterischen Weise benützt. Denn es ist schon so, daß in den besseren Zeiten der religiösen Entwickelung anschauliche, bis in das imaginative Schildern hinein anschauliche Biographien von solchen Persönlichkeiten gegeben worden sind, an die Gläubigen herangebracht worden sind, so daß sie sich erfüllen konnten mit dem ganzen Bildhaften solcher Persönlichkeiten. Und da konnte es schon geschehen, ich will nicht sagen, daß es immer geschehen ist, aber es konnte geschehen, daß, wenn ein verständiger Führer in einer solchen Angelegenheit da war, er einfach einer Persönlichkeit des gewöhnlichen Lebens, deren Krankheit sich nach einer gewissen Richtung hin entwikkelte, diese intensiv imaginativ geschriebene Biographie in die Hand gab, vielleicht verstärkt durch sein eigenes Wort. Und dadurch konnten auch Heilungsprozesse sich vollziehen, so daß schon die Hinlenkung von der Mentalität solcher Persönlichkeiten zum Leben eines solchen Heiligen therapeutische Bedeutung hat.
Sehen Sie, es führen eben die Betrachtungen, die so tief in die menschliche Wesenheit hineingehen, immer aus dem gesunden Zustand in den kranken Zustand hinüber, aber in den Zustand des übersinnlichen Erlebens. Deshalb ist es ja so, daß wenn Sie irgendwie jemandem raten, Übungen zu machen, um irgendwie in die übersinnliche Welt hineinzukommen, so müssen diese Übungen in der Richtung orientiert sein, daß sie die Ich-Organisation, den astralischen Leib und den ätherischen Leib verstärken, erkräftigen, damit in der Tat solch ein Prozeß, wie ich ihn geschildert habe als einen einfach durch das Karma der betreffenden Persönlichkeit gegebenen, damit ein solcher Prozeß in der richtigen Weise sich vollziehen kann. Dasjenige, was eigentlich in der Initiation sich vollzieht, man kann es schon studieren, indem man solche hart an das Pathologische heranstreifende Prozesse studiert. Daher ist es für den Arzt nicht von geringer Bedeutung, wenn er sich dazu herbeiläßt, das Leben solcher Persönlichkeiten zu studieren, denn er findet gerade in dem Leben solcher Persönlichkeiten dasjenige, was man eigentlich nur durch ein Paradoxon ausdrücken kann. Er findet in dem Leben solcher Persönlichkeiten das gesunde Gegenbild eines da oder dort auftretenden pathologischen Symptomkomplexes, und das ist für den Arzt das Allerfruchtbarste, zu schauen das gesunde Gegenbild eines pathologischen Prozesses. Das ist dasjenige, was innerlich esoterisch am allermeisten hineinführt in die Handhabung des Therapeutischen. Kommt dann noch dazu die Erkenntnis etwa des MateriellSubstantiellen, das als Heilmittel auftreten kann in seiner Verwandtschaft, in seiner Affinität mit irgendwelchen Kräften des Ätherleibes, die bei solchen abnormen Persönlichkeiten in Selbstregulation tätig werden, lernt man also kennen, in welcher Weise der Ätherleib der heiligen Theresia Kräfte entwickelte, wenn im Status nascendi die Krankheit auftritt, und lernt man die gesundenden Kräfte mit den spießigen im Antimon wirkenden Kräften kennen, dann hat man von der Natur selber abgelesen den therapeutischen Prozeß.
Man möchte sagen, in der Betrachtung solcher Erlebnisse liegt das Merkwürdige, das Paradoxe, daß man lernt die Krankheit anschauen von der anderen Seite, von der Seite, von der aus die Krankheiten die geistigen Wesenheiten handhaben, nicht der Mensch. Denn eine Handhabung ist diejenige, welche die Menschen der Krankheit gegenüber entwickeln; das ist die eine Handhabung. Das ist die von dem Aspekt der Erde aus. Sie besteht darin, daß wir wieder jenes Verhältnis herbeiführen durch die Therapie, welche die Krankheit aufhebt. Die geistigen Wesenheiten, die es mit dem Menschen zu tun haben, handhaben die Krankheiten anders. Sie arbeiten die Krankheit in das Netz des Karma hinein. Das ist ihr Geschäft. Allerdings ein Geschäft, welches nicht so nahe die Dinge aneinander fügt, wie sie durch Pathologie hier auf Erden verbunden sind. Hier kann man nicht einen Menschen, der mit siebzehn Jahren krank wird, mit fünfundvierzig Jahren heilen. Aber mit Bezug auf die Karmagestaltung ist es allerdings so, daß das, was in irgendeiner Inkarnation als Krankheitsprozeß verläuft — ob er geheilt wird oder nicht -, ins Karma verwoben wird, aber vielleicht in dreitausend Jahren, denn die Zeit hat ganz andere Maßstäbe innerhalb der geistigen Welt. Aber man lernt sehr viel an denjenigen Prozessen, wo das eintritt, was vom geistigen Gesichtspunkt aus gesehen in der geistigen Welt schon eintreten kann, dann aber auch herunterstrahlen kann in die physische Welt.
Sehen Sie, nehmen Sie einen solchen Prozeß, wie ich ihn Ihnen eben angedeutet habe, der sich vielleicht in dem gewöhnlichen Verlauf der Evolution in dreitausend Jahren vollzieht. Ich will durch diesen Strich andeuten, daß irgend etwas, was heute mit dem Menschen geschieht, von den geistigen Wesen so ausgestaltet wird, daß das andere, was als Ausgleichendes dazugehört, in dreitausend Jahren eintritt. Das ist der normale Prozeß. Aber sehen Sie, im gewöhnlichen Leben kennt man ja die Zeit nur sehr ungenau. Wie stellt man sich im gewöhnlichen Leben die Zeit vor? Wie eine von der vergangenen Unendlichkeit durch die Gegenwart in die Zukunft hineinlaufende Linie. So ungefähr stellt man sich die Zeit vor, allerdings eine dicke Linie, nicht eine Linie, sondern ein dickes Seil, denn sie enthält alles, was man überhaupt wahrnimmt in der Welt, zugleich in jedem einzelnen Augenblick der Gegenwart. Man stellt sie sich so vor, wenn man überhaupt sich etwas vorstellt. Die meisten Menschen stellen sich das überhaupt gar. nicht vor. Geistig angesehen, ist die Sache nicht so. Und man lernt schwer Verständnis finden für geistige Verläufe, die ja in allen physischen Verläufen drinnen sind, wenn man sich die Zeit nur so vorstellen kann.
Aber die Zeit ist in der Realität nicht so, sondern der ganze Faden, den ich da an die Tafel gezeichnet habe, der kann verwickelt zu einem Knäuel werden. In diesem Knäuel ist die ganze Zeitlinie drinnen, die dreitausend Jahre sind in einem Knäuel. Die Zeit kann sich verknäueln, und wenn sie sich für irgendeine Evolution verknäuelt, diese Zeit, dann kann der Knäuel eben in einem Menschen leben. Bei der heiligen Theresia lebte eine verknäuelte Zeit in dem irdischen Leben. Das ist eigentlich das Mysterium, daß Dinge, die sonst in dem Karma weit auseinanderrücken, zusammengeschoben werden. (Siehe Zeichnung.)
Hier also sehen Sie, wenn man an eine solche Erscheinung herantritt, wie die innere geistige karmische Betrachtung an die äußere pathologisch-therapeutische Betrachtung sich anschließt. Da aber sehen Sie, wie nun die priesterliche Behandlung des Menschen, der ja seinen Ausblick halten muß nach den karmischen Zusammenhängen, nach dem Geistigen, wie die sich berühren kann mit demjenigen, was nur vom medizinischen Standpunkt aus über-diese Dinge allein durchschaut werden kann. Denn es gehört ja zum Durchschauen von solchen Dingen nicht nur theoretisches Wissen, sondern Darinnenleben in den Dingen. Darinnenleben von der Seite, die sich eröffnet von dem Pathologisch-Physiologischen aus, soll der Arzt. Darinnenleben in den Dingen von der Seite, die sich vom theologisch-karmischen Standpunkt aus ergibt, soll der Priester. Und im Zusammenwirken wird sich dann Harmonie ergeben — das muß immer wieder beachtet werden -, nicht im dilettantischen Ineinandermischen.
Sehen Sie, nun hängt mit diesen Dingen noch etwas anderes zusammen, namentlich für unsere Zeit. Sie wissen ja, meine lieben Freunde, wie sauer es wird einem Menschen, eine Idee zu begreifen, die eigentlich für den unbefangenen Menschen selbstverständlich ist und welche geleugnet wird, weil der Inteliekt von den Philosophen nicht heran kann: die Idee des freien Willens. Ich sagte über die Sinnesempfindungen: die Dinge, die in den Physiologien und in den Psychologien stehen, nehmen sich dem gegenüber, der die Dinge durchschaut, kindisch aus. Aber was über die Idee des freien Willens geschwätzt wird, erst recht. Denn Sie müssen bedenken, daß der freie Willensentschluß in jedem Augenblick ein Effekt der ganzen menschlichen Wesenheit ist; derganzen menschlichen Wesenheit, wie sie sich gesund oder krank oder halbkrank oder übergesund darlebt, in dem freien Willensimpetus. Im freien Willensimpetus liegt der ganze Mensch darinnen, aber mit alledem, was man am ganzen Menschen durchschauen kann, mit allen Komplikationen liegt er darinnen. Die menschliche Natur lernt man erst kennen, wenn man sie in dieser Komplikation erkennen lernt. Und sehen Sie, das, was bei abnormen Persönlichkeiten nach der einen oder anderen Seite hin eine abnorme Schattierung annimmt, ist aufgehoben, zur Harmonie vereinigt in jedem Menschen. Es ist ein trivialer Ausspruch, aber er ist wahr: so wie der Mensch zugänglich ist für den Cherubim, so ist er auch zugänglich für den Teufel. Und auch diese Prozesse, wo der Mensch zugänglich ist für den Teufel - wir werden sie noch studieren. Aber das alles ist auch im gewöhnlichen Menschen, nur daß die entgegengesetzten Tätigkeiten sich aufheben, weil sie sich nach den verschiedensten Richtungen gleich stark entwickeln. Wenn in jedem ein Engel ist, so ist auch in jedem ein Teufel. Aber wenn der Engel und Teufel gleich stark sind für irgend etwas, dann heben sie sich auf.
Nun betrachten Sie diese Waage (siehe Zeichnung). Es gibt einen Punkt, es ist dieser. Sie können hier Gewichte auflegen, das kann alles in Bewegung geraten. Das bleibt immer in Ruhe, das Hypomochlion, es wird nicht berührt von dem, was Sie links, von dem, was Sie rechts auflegen. Aber es muß die Einrichtung getroffen werden, daß es nicht berührt zu werden braucht. Ein ähnliches geistiges Hypomochlion wird im Menschen bewirkt von den entgegengesetzten Kräften. Sie können daher studieren des Menschen Natur. Sie werden nirgends eine Veranlassung haben, den Menschen als freies Wesen zu statuieren, denn in der Natur des Menschen ist alles kausal bedingt. Studieren Sie mit materialistischer Gesinnung die Natur des Menschen: Sie kommen nicht zur Freiheitsidee, Sie kommen zur kausalen Bedingung. Sie können aber auch den Menschen geistig studieren. Sie kommen zur Determination des Willens durch die Gottheit oder die geistigen Wesenheiten, aber Sie kommen nicht zur Freiheit des Willens. Sie können ein grobklotziger Materialist sein und die Freiheit leugnen und die Naturkausalität des Willens studieren, Sie können ein feinsinniger Kopf sein wie Leibniz und auf das Geistige sehen: Sie kommen zum Determinismus. Natürlich, solange Sie die Waagschale mit dem Waagbalken hier studieren, kommen Sie nur zur Bewegung; solange Sie die Waagschale mit dem Waagbalken hier studieren, kommen Sie auch nur zur Bewegung. So ist es, wenn Sie den Menschen studieren nach der Natur, so ist es, wenn Sie den Menschen studieren nach dem Geist. Sie kommen nicht zur Freiheit. Sie liegt mitten drinnen im Gleichgewichtspunkt zwischen beiden.
Das ist die Theorie. Aber die Praxis ist so, daß Sie zu entscheiden haben bei einem Menschen, der vor Ihnen steht in einer schwierigen Lebenslage, ob Sie ihn verantwortlich machen können für seine Tat. Da wird die Frage praktisch, ob er seinen freien Willen handhaben kann oder nicht. Woran können Sie das entscheiden? Dadurch, daß Sie zu beurteilen vermögen, ob seine geistige und physische Konstitution sich das Gleichgewicht halten. In beide Fälle kann sowohl der Arzt wie der Priester kommen. Daher muß zur Schulung des Arztes wie des Priesters gehören ein Durchschauen jenes Zustandes, in dem der Mensch entweder im Gleichgewicht zwischen Geist und Natur ist, oder in dem dieses Gleichgewicht verschoben ist.
Niemals kann über das Verantwortungsgefühl einer menschlichen Persönlichkeit anders entschieden werden als nach einer tiefen Erkenntnis der menschlichen Wesenheit. Die Freiheitsfrage in Verbindung mit der Verantwortungsfrage ist eben eine denkbar tiefste.
Daran wollen wir morgen anknüpfen und weiter fortsetzen. Wir werden sehen, was von der einen Seite ins Gesunde und von der anderen Seite ins Pathologische hineinführt.
Third Lecture
My dear friends! One can see deeply into the whole being of the human being when one continues a little further with the kind of reflections we engaged in yesterday. In particular, one can see the significance of the transition from health to illness precisely in such phenomena. Therefore, I would like to explain to you a little more about the phenomenon that lies between certain pathological paths taken in human development and a kind of natural initiation as a developmental current that lies between the pathological currents of human nature and the initiation current in the middle, and is related to both.
Typical of such developments are personalities such as Saint Theresa, whom I mentioned yesterday. When observing the developmental path of such personalities, one can observe other things besides what I mentioned yesterday. In their case, a kind of entry of the spiritual world into the horizon of human perception takes place. Of course, it would be difficult to describe this, because the words we use in everyday language do not really exist to characterize these abnormal states precisely. But what I have to say to you will be understandable. What enters the field of vision is called, in the first stage of such personalities, the entry into the first dwelling place of God. In the first stage, this seems like a mere “presence.” Such individuals find that they do not have precise visions of what they experience as the presence of some spiritual being, but rather, especially when the experience comes to an end, they have a clear sense that the being in question was there, together with them. This feeling of togetherness, kept very general, is the first thing, and as long as the personalities concerned are at this stage of their development, they even become unwilling when others tell them about visions and images, because they believe that their experience is much more heartfelt, much more intimate, and much more real. They are so immersed in this experience that they feel that the supernatural must not come to the fore, but must remain merely a general experience of presence. That is the first stage.
But then these personalities enter the second stage. Now they begin to tell of truly pictorial perceptions of the spiritual beings present. Specifically, they first tell of sensations of touch, of spiritual laying on of hands or even forehead contact and the like, without there initially being a vision reminiscent of visual perception. But the states then intensify to this vision reminiscent of visual perception. They can intensify to such an extent that such a personality sees, for example, Jesus as a real person in front of them. That is usually the second stage. It is peculiar that such personalities, when they enter the second stage from the first, do not have a strong feeling that they were previously unwilling when someone else told them about this second stage. There is no sharp connection between the two stages in their memory. The personalities live very intensely in the respective individual stages.
The third stage that such personalities then experience is remarkable. In the descriptions of such persons, this third stage actually takes on a sharply colored character in all directions. These personalities tell of how, when the experience comes, they go through something tremendously painful. So painful that, in fact, when these personalities can be observed during this experience, the experience of pain is expressed in the same way as groaning and so on, as pain that has its causes in the physical body and etheric body is expressed in life. But the peculiar thing is that these personalities, let us say, come to desire this pain and regard it as something they want to have, because they consider it natural to attain the experience in the right way by passing through the pain.
Then they intensify to the point where they transform the pain internally. This is the particularly interesting stage: by remaining exactly as it is, the pain is intensified to a feeling of pleasure, even to a feeling of bliss. The experience is thus such that the pain occurs, the objective content remains the same, but now it continues in the spiritual realm. If the person were to be immediately removed from the spiritual realm, they would feel the pain as a sick person does; they also do this when they return from the highest stage of the experience. But at the highest stage of the experience, where they no longer feel that the spiritual being is coming to them, but rather that they have risen into the spiritual world, at this stage the pain is transformed — one would say subjectively, but the terms are not entirely accurate — into a feeling of bliss. And then the objectification, the symbolic objectification of the pain, occurs. So that when such a personality returns from the experience and has the memory — and especially with this highest experience, there is usually a clear memory; it is not a lack of memory, but usually a very clear memory — so that such a personality describes: A seraphim or a cherubim stood at her side, had a sword, which he thrust into her entrails, causing terrible pain; and as he pulled it out, he pulled out her entrails, and just after that happened, this pulling out of the entrails, the most blissful experience in the presence of God would have taken place.
You see, these are usually the successive stages. We can now follow these successive stages quite precisely with what anthroposophical knowledge is. For, you see, the first stage consists in the ego organization, after the preliminary stage I described yesterday has passed, the second stage has begun in yesterday's sequence of drawings, that the ego organization draws the astral body to itself and experiences together with it, without this connection between the ego organization and the astral body normally deeply affecting the physical body and the etheric body. So that what can never occur in ordinary consciousness actually takes place in such persons in a half-awake or quarter-awake or three-quarters-awake state, an experience that exists in itself and takes place in the ego organization and the astral body, while the experience of the etheric and physical bodies proceeds alongside it with a certain independence. So there are parallel experiences: a spiritual experience that takes place in the ego organization and in the astral body, accompanied only by the experience of the etheric body and the physical body. This is never the case in normal consciousness, because in normal consciousness all four members of the human being are very intensely connected, so that there are no such parallel experiences. Everything is connected. In this experience, in the most eminent sense, the nature of the sensation, the whole nature of the experience, is such that the human being knows himself to be one with what he experiences. He knows first and foremost the experience of oneness, because when the astral body is drawn to the ego organization and experiences spiritual entities, it experiences them as a presence; they are there. It is experienced in much the same way as one experiences one's own body. One does not differentiate in one's perception, one does not experience it as something external, one experiences oneself as one with it; that is the first thing. That is the “experience of presence.”
Now we move on to the second stage. This is interesting because the personality in question first has all kinds of contact ideas, which can very easily be confused with what is known in psychiatry, but which are not the same thing. Then they intensify into real visions. This is the stage where the ego organization and astral organization also take on the etheric body, so that a parallel experience is such that the ego organization, astral organization, and etheric body experience something together, somewhat removed from the physical body, while the physical body carries out its processes in parallel. This results in something special. When we see with our eyes in ordinary life, the process is such that we are stimulated from outside, by light, and we take in the stimulus further inward. The stimulus then goes to the etheric body, and from the etheric body it creates the experience of consciousness. This is also the case with the eye, for example. When you see, the first stimulus is exerted, the external stimulus, which is first aroused in the ego, penetrates the astral body, reaches the etheric body, and it is then the etheric body that communicates the whole experience of consciousness to the human being by, as it were, pushing in all directions against the physical organization. This pushing is the conscious experience. That is the exact process. The process in the eye, schematically represented, would be something like this (see drawing): the stimulus is exerted, initially acts in the ego, passes into the astral body, into the etheric body, what acts in the etheric body pushes in all directions into the physical, the physical pushes back, and the recoil from the physical is the actual eye experience. It is a continuous interplay between the etheric body and the choroid, the retina. What the etheric body does in the choroid and retina is what appears in ordinary consciousness as the experience of seeing. It is similar with every sensory perception. For those who see through things, every description found in today's psychology or even in epistemology is a terrible childishness.
Now you see, with personalities such as I have described to you, the etheric body is directly affected by the experience. The experience resides in the ego, in the astral body, in the etheric body, and does not now affect the senses, but rather affects from within what is the nerve-sense system, affecting first the glandular system, then the nervous system, and from there it radiates into the senses, so that the senses are affected in a completely opposite polar manner than in ordinary life. Instead of the experience of consciousness being stimulated through the senses, it is colored, intensified, and made pictorial by radiating from within toward the senses. As a result of this radiation, tactile images arise in the sensory nerves. This intensifies to the point of vision. You now see the entire inner process.
As development continues, it takes its course, and then, from a completely different side than is usually the case, the ego organization, the astral body, and the etheric body want to take hold of the physical body, which is not accustomed to being grasped from within, but is accustomed to being grasped from without. Now it is to be grasped from within. The same process that normally only takes place when the spiritual-soul organization of the human being descends from the spiritual-soul world into the physical body three weeks after conception is to take place in the middle of life. This process cannot otherwise take place in ordinary life because the etheric body is connected to the physical body. Now the etheric body is lifted out of the ego organism and grasped by the astral body. It is like birth, when one takes possession of the physical body, and now it goes further and one wants to grasp this physical body from a completely different side. That hurts. For in fact, even in cases of illness, all pain consists in the body being grasped in a different direction than in the usual way. But this happens at the moment when the third stage is reached. Now it should come as no surprise to you that this third stage becomes objectified, that it penetrates the physical body, which resists it, which cannot be grasped in this way without proper initiation, which, if there is no proper initiation, resists and therefore causes pain. In pain, it rejects what it experiences. This is the first stage of experience, which is again present in this third stage. The physical body resists, and this resistance manifests itself in pain. What penetrates through the pain? The real spiritual world penetrates through the pain. It comes through the pain. The spiritual world comes from the other side. On the side of ordinary sensory perception, of ordinary thinking, lies the grasping of the physical world. The spiritual world is grasped in the opposite way. The path to it leads through pain. But at the moment when the physical body resists, there is indeed intense pain, but at the moment when the pain is grasped by the spiritual world, when the spiritual world penetrates, the pain is transformed into a feeling of bliss. It is indeed so. At first, the pain is present in the organism, but the spiritual world penetrates the pain, flows through it: a cherubim or seraphim appears — this is how the imagination arises — thrusts its sword into it, pulls it out — this means that one becomes independent of the physical body, as one usually has it — by pulling the intestines along with it. One does not experience this in the intestines, but has moved on to experiencing the spiritual. Physical pain is transformed into bliss. People speak of the presence of God, or, if they differentiate, of the presence of the spiritual world.
This last stage is experienced by personalities who are strong enough in their etheric body to be able to endure the whole process. It happens to these personalities precisely because it is rooted in their karma. Take, for example, a personality such as Saint Teresa. She comes from a previous incarnation in which her soul became particularly strong, very strong. She incarnates as Saint Teresa. Before she takes on the physical body at incarnation, she intensely takes on the etheric body. This becomes stronger, more intense in quality than in ordinary people. She carries this internally strengthened, qualitatively enhanced etheric body within her. This qualitatively enhanced etheric body emerges from the physical body accordingly and binds itself strongly to the astral body and the ego, because these are also strong again from a previous incarnation. And that is the reason why illnesses, at least a certain kind of illness, arise, because the etheric body does not hold on to the organs when the vitalizing nourishing forces are inside the etheric body. But what happens to such people at the moment when they have such experiences from the aspect of physical human observation, when the experience enters the third stage, is that they become really ill. But at the same time, the etheric body is strong and still manages to overcome the illness in the nascent stage of becoming ill, so that the process that takes place there is one in which the illness occurs in the nascent stage, but at the same time the self-acting therapy emanates internally from the strong etheric body. The whole process is a latent falling ill and healing. This is one of the most interesting things in the field of human development.
Especially in a personality such as Saint Theresa, you see in the final stage of her development a continuous falling ill in the status nascendi and a continuous healing. This interaction, this pendulum swing, this wonderful pendulum swing between falling ill and healing, does not take place in the physical world, of course, because it is not created for that world, but takes place in the spiritual world. Isn't it true that when the etheric body is formed before incarnation on earth, it takes on its shape? A personality such as Saint Teresa is transported back to this moment. But by evoking the pathological state in the status nascendi, she vibrates up into the world where she was before birth, that is, into the spiritual world. The pendulum swing is the descent into the physical body, the ascent into the spiritual world. Spiritual world — physical world, spiritual world — physical world, but experiencing the physical world in polar opposition, as one otherwise experiences it, as one otherwise only experiences it when entering incarnation. This inner healing process, this therapeutic process taking place from the universe, is so intense that it can indeed have a contagious effect on sick people in the vicinity of such personalities, if their illness is somewhat in the direction in which the whole thing is taking place, so that indeed the most wonderful healings can take place in the vicinity of such personalities.
Yes, the matter can go much further, and in the older, better times of the Church, these things, which later degenerated into a superstitious cult of relics and magic, were used in a subtle esoteric way. For it is true that in the better times of religious development, vivid biographies of such personalities, vivid even to the point of imaginative description, were given to the faithful, so that they could fill themselves with the whole image of such personalities. And it could happen, I don't want to say that it always happened, but it could happen that if there was an understanding leader in such a matter, he would simply give this intensely imaginatively written biography to a personality of ordinary life whose illness was developing in a certain direction, perhaps reinforced by his own words. And through this, healing processes could also take place, so that even the turning of the mentality of such personalities to the life of such a saint has therapeutic significance.
You see, it is precisely those contemplations that penetrate so deeply into the human being that always lead from the healthy state to the sick state, but to the state of supersensible experience. That is why, if you somehow advise someone to do exercises in order to somehow enter the supersensible world, these exercises must be oriented in such a way that they strengthen and fortify the ego organization, the astral body, and the etheric body, so that a process such as the one I have described as simply given by the karma of the personality in question can indeed take place in the right way. What actually takes place in initiation can already be studied by studying such processes that border on the pathological. It is therefore of no small importance for the physician to take the trouble to study the lives of such personalities, for it is precisely in the lives of such personalities that he finds what can really only be expressed as a paradox. In the lives of such personalities, they find the healthy counterpart to a pathological complex of symptoms that occurs here and there, and it is most fruitful for physicians to observe the healthy counterpart to a pathological process. This is what most profoundly leads to an esoteric understanding of the therapeutic approach. If we then add to this the knowledge of the material-substantial, which can act as a remedy in its relationship, in its affinity with certain forces of the etheric body that become active in self-regulation in such abnormal personalities, we learn how the etheric body of Saint Teresa developed forces when the disease appeared in the status nascendi, and when one learns about the healing forces with the forces acting in antimony, then one has learned the therapeutic process from nature itself.
One might say that in observing such experiences lies the strange, paradoxical fact that one learns to look at the disease from the other side, from the side from which spiritual beings handle diseases, not human beings. For one way of handling disease is that which human beings develop in relation to it; that is one way of handling it. That is the approach from the perspective of the earth. It consists in restoring, through therapy, the relationship that eliminates the illness. The spiritual beings that deal with human beings handle illnesses differently. They work the illness into the web of karma. That is their business. However, it is a business that does not bring things as closely together as they are connected through pathology here on earth. Here, you cannot heal a person who becomes ill at the age of seventeen at the age of forty-five. But with regard to karmic formation, it is true that whatever occurs as a disease process in any incarnation — whether it is healed or not — is woven into karma, but perhaps in three thousand years, because time has completely different standards within the spiritual world. But one learns a great deal from those processes where what can already occur in the spiritual world from a spiritual point of view can then also radiate down into the physical world.Take, for example, a process such as the one I have just described, which may take place in the normal course of evolution in three thousand years. I want to indicate with this line that something that happens to human beings today is being shaped by spiritual beings in such a way that the other thing, which belongs to it as a balancing factor, will occur in three thousand years. That is the normal process. But you see, in ordinary life we only have a very vague idea of time. How do we imagine time in ordinary life? As a line running from the past infinity through the present into the future. That is roughly how we imagine time, albeit as a thick line, not a line but a thick rope, because it contains everything we perceive in the world, simultaneously in every single moment of the present. That is how we imagine it, if we imagine anything at all. Most people do not imagine it at all. Intellectually speaking, this is not the case. And it is difficult to understand intellectual processes, which are contained in all physical processes, if one can only imagine time in this way.
But time is not like that in reality. The whole thread that I have drawn on the board can become tangled into a ball. This ball contains the entire timeline; three thousand years are contained in one ball. Time can become tangled, and when it becomes tangled for some kind of evolution, this time can live in a human being. In the case of Saint Teresa, a tangled time lived in her earthly life. This is actually the mystery that things that are otherwise far apart in karma are pushed together. (See drawing.)
Here, then, you see how, when one approaches such a phenomenon, inner spiritual karmic observation connects with outer pathological-therapeutic observation. But here you can see how the priestly treatment of the human being, who must keep his eye on the karmic connections, on the spiritual, can touch upon what can only be understood from a medical point of view. For understanding such things requires not only theoretical knowledge, but also living within the things themselves. The physician should live within them from the perspective that opens up from the pathological-physiological point of view. The priest should live within them from the perspective that arises from the theological-karmic point of view. And in their interaction, harmony will then arise — this must always be kept in mind — not in a dilettantish mixing together.
You see, there is something else connected with these things, especially for our time. You know, my dear friends, how difficult it is for a person to grasp an idea that is actually self-evident to the unbiased person and which is denied because the intellect of philosophers cannot grasp it: the idea of free will. I said about sensory perceptions: the things that are written in physiology and psychology seem childish to those who see through them. But what is said about the idea of free will is even more so. For you must remember that free will is at every moment an effect of the whole human being; the whole human being, whether healthy or sick or half-sick or super-healthy, in the impulse of free will. The whole human being is contained in the impulse of free will, but with everything that can be seen in the whole human being, with all its complications. One only gets to know human nature when one learns to recognize it in this complexity. And you see, what takes on an abnormal shade in one direction or another in abnormal personalities is suspended, united in harmony in every human being. It is a trivial saying, but it is true: just as human beings are accessible to the cherubim, so they are also accessible to the devil. And we will also study these processes, where human beings are accessible to the devil. But all of this is also present in ordinary human beings, only that the opposing activities cancel each other out because they develop equally strongly in different directions. If there is an angel in everyone, there is also a devil in everyone. But when the angel and the devil are equally strong for something, they cancel each other out.
Now look at this scale (see drawing). There is a point, it is this one. You can place weights here, and everything can start moving. This always remains at rest, the hypomochlion; it is not affected by what you place on the left or on the right. But the arrangement must be such that it does not need to be touched. A similar spiritual hypomochlion is brought about in human beings by opposing forces. You can therefore study human nature. Nowhere will you find any reason to consider human beings as free beings, for in human nature everything is causally determined. Study human nature with a materialistic attitude: you will not arrive at the idea of freedom, you will arrive at causal determination. But you can also study human beings spiritually. You will arrive at the determination of the will by the deity or spiritual beings, but you will not arrive at the freedom of the will. You can be a crude materialist and deny freedom and study the natural causality of the will, or you can be a subtle mind like Leibniz and look at the spiritual: you will arrive at determinism. Of course, as long as you study the scales with the balance beam here, you only arrive at movement; as long as you study the scales with the balance beam here, you also only arrive at movement. This is how it is when you study human beings according to nature, and this is how it is when you study human beings according to the spirit. You do not arrive at freedom. It lies in the middle, at the point of equilibrium between the two.
That is the theory. But in practice, when you are faced with a person who is in a difficult situation in life, you have to decide whether you can hold them responsible for their actions. The practical question then becomes whether they can exercise their free will or not. How can you decide that? By being able to judge whether their mental and physical constitution are in balance.
The sense of responsibility of a human personality can never be determined other than through a deep understanding of human nature. The question of freedom in connection with the question of responsibility is indeed a profound one.
We will pick up on this tomorrow and continue. We will see what leads to health on the one hand and to pathology on the other.
