The Festivals and their Meaning II:
Easter
10 April 1909, Cologne
VII. Spiritual Bells of Easter, part I
Goethe, one of the most inspired spirits of the modern age, has indicated in moving words the power of the Easter bells. In the figure of Faust he places before us the representative of aspiring humanity, who has reached the bourn of earthly existence; and he shows us how the Easter tidings, the light kindled by the Easter Festival, are able, in the heart even of one who is seeking death, to vanquish the thoughts and the power of death.
As Goethe portrays it, the inner impulse given by the Easter tidings has streamed through the whole evolution of mankind. And when in a none too distant future men understand through deepened spiritual insight how the festivals are meant to link the soul with all that lives and weaves in the great universe, they will feel that the soul, expanding in a new way during these days at the beginning of spring, comes to realise that the wellsprings of spiritual life can deliver us from material life, from the constriction of an existence fettered to matter.
It is precisely at the time of Easter that man's soul can become imbued with the unshakable conviction that in the innermost core of man's being lies a fount of eternal, divine existence, a fount of strength which enables us to break free from bondage to matter and, without losing our identity, to become one with the fountain-head of cosmic existence. To this inner fount we can penetrate at all times through higher knowledge. The Easter Festival is an outer sign of this deep experience within the reach of man, an outer sign of the deepest Christian Mystery. And so at Easter to-day the outer festival and its tokens are like a symbol of what at the beginning of their earthly evolution men could discover and know only in the secrecy of the Mysteries. Wherever the peoples of the earth celebrated the festival now called Easter—and it was celebrated far and wide among ancient peoples—it was proclaimed from the Mysteries, awakening everywhere the feeling—indeed the conviction—that life in the spirit can be victorious over death in matter. But whatever was thus instilled into the human soul in olden times had to be proclaimed from the depths of the Mysteries.
The progress of human evolution, however, has brought it about that more and more of the secrets guarded in the sanctuaries are now coming to light, that the wisdom of the Mysteries is now emerging to become the common possession of all mankind. Let us devote our studies to-day and tomorrow to an endeavour to show how this feeling, this inner conviction, forces its way outwards from the depths of primeval knowledge into ever-widening circles. To-day we will look back into the past in order to be able to describe tomorrow what is felt about this festival at the present time. As Easter is the festival of the resurrection of the spirit of man and of mankind, we must come together with inner earnestness before we can hope to advance to a wisdom that in a certain sense leads to the very peak of spiritual-scientific understanding.
Our Christian festival of Easter is only one of the forms of the Easter festival of humanity in general. What the wise men of old were able to say out of their strongest, deepest convictions, out of the very ground of wisdom, about life overcoming death—this was woven into the symbolism of the Easter festival. In the utterances of these wise men we shall everywhere find the foundation for an understanding of the Easter festival, the festival of the resurrection of the Spirit.
A beautiful and profound Eastern legend runs as follows: The great Teacher of the East, Shakyamuni, the Buddha, has endowed the regions of the East with his profound wisdom, which, drawn from the fountain-head of spiritual existence, glowed with infinite blessing through the hearts of men. Primal wisdom flowing from divine-spiritual worlds brought blessing to human hearts in times when men were still able to gaze into the spiritual world. This has been saved by Shakyamuni for a later humanity. Shakyamuni had a great pupil, and whereas the other pupils grasped to a greater or lesser extent the all-embracing wisdom taught by the Buddha, Kashiapa—such was the name of the pupil—grasped it fully. He was one of those most deeply initiated into these teachings, one of the most significant followers of the Buddha. The legend tells that when Kashiapa came to the point of death and on account of his mature wisdom was ready to pass into Nirvana, he made his way to a steep mountain and hid himself in a cave. After his death his body did not decay but remained intact. Only the Initiates know of this secret and of the hidden place where the incorruptible body of the great Initiate rests. But the Buddha foretold that one day in the future his great successor, the Maitreya Buddha, the new great Teacher and Leader of mankind, would come, and reaching the supreme height of existence to be attained during earthly life, would seek out the cave of Kashiapa and touch with his right hand the incorruptible body of the Enlightened One. Whereupon a miraculous fire would stream down from heaven and in this fire the incorruptible body of Kashiapa, the Enlightened One, would be lifted from earthly into spiritual existence.
Such is the great Eastern legend—unintelligible, perhaps, in some respects, to the West. This legend speaks, too, of a resurrection, of a transportation from earthly existence, an overcoming of death, achieved in such a way that the earth's forces of corruption have no effect upon the purified body of Kashiapa. Thus when the great Initiate comes and touches this body with his hand, it will be carried up by the miraculous fire into the heavenly spheres.
It is just where this legend deviates from the content of the Western, Christian account of Easter, that there lies the possibility of reaching a deeper understanding of the Easter festival. Such a legend enshrines an ancient wisdom that can only gradually be approached. We may ask: Why does not Kashiapa, like the Redeemer in the Christian account of Easter, achieve victory over death after three days? Why does the incorruptible body of the Eastern Initiate wait for long ages before being transported by the miraculous fire into the heavenly heights?
We hear to-day no more than echoes of the depths here contained. Only by degrees can we gain some inkling of the wisdom expressed in legends as profound as this one. We must remain in reverent awe at a distance and learn through these solemn festivals gradually to look upwards to the heights of wisdom. Nor should we aspire immediately to apprehend with our prosaic intellect what such legends contain. True understanding will be attained only if we approach these truths with adequate, sufficiently mature perceptions and feelings, in order, ultimately, to grasp them with inner fire and warmth.
For present-day humanity, two truths stand like mighty beacons on the horizon of the Spirit, two inwardly allied tokens of reality. They are two focal points for men who seek the spiritual at the present stage of evolution. The first beacon is the burning thorn-bush, and the second the fire which amid lighting and thunder appeared to Moses on Sinai and through which the proclamation is made to him: I am the I am.
Who is the spiritual Being Who then announced Himself to Moses in the two manifestations?
Those who understand the tidings of Christianity in the spiritual sense also understand the words which make known the identity of the Being Who appeared to Moses in the burning thorn-bush, and afterwards on Sinai amid lighting and thunder when the Ten Commandments were given. The writer of the Gospel of St. John himself indicates that Christ Jesus had been foretold by Moses,1St. John V, 45, 46. by pointing to the passages telling of how the Power, which was later called Christ, made Himself known in the burning thorn-bush and then in fire on Sinai. It was Christ and none other Who says of Himself to Moses: I am the I am.
The God Who appeared later on in a human body and Who fulfilled the Mystery of Golgotha, wielded earlier an invisible sway, announcing Himself in the element of fire in nature. The message of the Old Testament and of the New Testament is understood only when it is realised that the God heralded by Moses is the Christ Who was one day to come among men. Thus the God Who is to bring redemption to mankind announces Himself, not in a human form, but in the fire-element of nature, in which He is manifest. The same Being Who appeared visibly in the events in Palestine held sway through all the ages of antiquity, and His divine Being is revealed in many diverse forms.
We look back to the Old Testament and we ask ourselves: “Who was it, in reality, whom the ancient Hebrews worshipped? Who was their God?” Those who belonged to the Hebrew Mysteries knew that it was Christ Whom they worshipped; they recognised Christ as the One Who spoke the words: “Say to my people: I am the I am.” But even if this were not known, the fact that during our cycle of evolution God announced Himself in fire, would be sufficiently indicative to enable one who gazes into the deep secrets of nature to realise that the God Who proclaimed Himself in the burning thorn-bush and on Sinai is the same God Who came down from spiritual heights into a human body in order to fulfil the Mystery of Golgotha. For there is a mysterious connection between the fire kindled in the external world by the elements of nature and the warmth pervading our blood. Spiritual science constantly emphasises that man is a microcosm of the great world, the macrocosm. Truly understood, therefore, processes which take place within the human being must correspond with processes in the universe outside. We must be able to find the outer process corresponding to every inner process. To understand what this means we shall have to penetrate into deep regions of spiritual science, for we come here to the fringe of a profound secret, of a momentous truth which gives the answer to the question: What is it in the great universe that corresponds to the mysterious origin of human thought?
In a very real sense, man is the only thinking being on the earth. Thoughts are kindled in him in a way that applies to no other being belonging to the earth, and through his thoughts he experiences a world which leads him beyond and above the earth. What is it that kindles thoughts in us, what process is taking place when the simplest or the most sublime thought flashes through us?—When thoughts flow through our soul, two forces are working together in us—our astral body and our Ego. The physical expression of the Ego, the ‘I,’ is the blood; the physical expression of the astral body is the life of the nervous system. Thoughts would never flash through the soul if there were no interplay between Ego and astral body, coming to expression in the interplay between the blood and the nerves. It will seem strange to science in time to come that the science of our day should look for the origin of thought in the nervous system alone. For thought does not originate only in the nerves. It is in the living interplay between the blood and the nerves, and only there, that we have to look for the process which gives rise to thoughts. When our blood (our inner fire) and our nervous system (our inner air) are in this interplay, thought flashes through the soul.
Now the genesis of thought within the soul corresponds, in the cosmos, to the rolling thunder. When the fiery lightning is generated in the air, when fire and air interact to produce thunder, this is the macrocosmic event corresponding to the process by which the fire of the blood and the play of the nervous system discharge themselves in the inner thunder which, gently, peacefully, outwardly imperceptible, it is true, rings out in the thought. Lightning in the clouds corresponds, within us, to the warmth of our blood, and the air in the universe, together with the elements it contains, corresponds to the life pervading our nervous system. And just as lightning in the action and reaction of the elements gives rise to thunder, so the action and reaction of blood and nerves produces the thought that flashes through the soul. Looking out into the world around us, we see the dashing Lightning in the formations of the air, and we hear the rolling thunder ... and then, looking within the soul, we feel the inner warmth pulsating in our blood and the life pervading our nervous system; then we become aware of the thought flashing through us, and we say: “The two are one.”
It is really and truly so. The thunder rolling in the heavens is not a physical-material phenomenon only. Materialistic mythology alone regards it as such. To one who sees the spiritual weaving and surging through material existence it is truth and reality when, looking upwards, men see the lightning, hear the thunder, and say to themselves: Now the Godhead is thinking in the fire, announcing Himself to us.—This is the invisible God Who weaves and surges through the universe, Whose warmth is in the lightning, Whose nerves are in the air, Whose thoughts are in the rolling thunder. This is the God Who spoke to Moses in the burning thorn-bush and on Sinai in the fiery lightning.
Fire and air in the macrocosm are, in man the microcosm, blood and nerves. As you have lightning and thunder in the macrocosm, so you have thoughts arising within the human being. And the God seen and heard by Moses in the burning thorn-bush, Who spoke to him in the fiery lightning on Sinai, was present as the Christ in the blood of Jesus of Nazareth. Christ, descending into a human form, was manifest in the body of Jesus of Nazareth. In that He thought as a man in a human body, He became the great Prototype of the future evolution of humanity.
Thus the two poles of human evolution meet: the macrocosmic God announces Himself on Sinai in the thunder and fiery lightning; and the same God, incarnate in the Man of Palestine, appears in microcosmic form. The sublime mysteries of the life of mankind are derived from the deepest wisdom. They are truth in all profundity, not invented legends. But so profound is their truth that we need all the means open to spiritual science to unveil the secrets bound up with that truth.
Let us now consider what the impulse was that was received by mankind through its great Prototype, through the Being Who descended and united Himself with the microcosmic images of the elements in a human body—through the Christ Being?
Let us look back once again to the knowledge proclaimed by ancient peoples. Right back into the remote past of the Post-Atlantean epoch, all the ancient peoples knew how human evolution takes its course. All the Mystery Schools proclaimed, as spiritual science proclaims again to-day, that man consists of four members—physical body, etheric body, astral body and the Ego, the ‘I,’—and that he can rise to higher stages of existence when, through the activity of his ‘I’, he himself transforms the astral body into Spirit-Self (Manas), the etheric body into Life-Spirit (Budhi) and spiritualises the physical body into Spirit-Man (Atman). Little by little this physical body, in all its members, must be permeated so deeply with spirit during our earthly life that that which gives man his true being as man—the instreaming of the Divine Breath—is itself spiritualised. It is because the spiritualisation of the physical body begins with the spiritualisation of the breath, that the transformed, spiritualised physical body is called Atma or Atman (Atem (breath)=Atman). The Old Testament says that at the beginning of his earthly existence man received the Breath of Life, and all ancient wisdom sees in the Breath of Life that which man must gradually spiritualise, All ancient views of the world saw the great Ideal to be striven for in Atman, that the breath should become divine to such a degree, that man is permeated by the very breath of the Spirit.
But still more must be spiritualised in man. When his whole physical body is spiritualised, not only the breath but also that which is constantly renewed through the breath, the blood, the expression of the ‘I’ must be spiritualised. The blood must be laid hold of by a force that impels it to the spiritual. Christianity has added to the Mysteries of antiquity the Mysteries of the blood, the fire that is enclosed within man. The ancient Mysteries said: Man on the earth, living in an earthly frame, has descended from spiritual heights into physical, material corporeality. He has lost what constitutes his spiritual nature and has clothed himself in physical corporeality. But he must return again to spirituality, he must cast aside the physical sheaths and rise into a spiritual existence.
As long as the ‘I’ of man, with its physical expression in the blood, was not seized by an impulse to be found on the earth, the religions could not teach of the force of self-redemption in the human ‘I’. So they describe how the great spiritual Beings, the Avatars, descend and incarnate in human bodies from time to time when men are in need of help. They are Beings who for the purpose of their own development need not come down into a human body, for their own human stage of evolution had been completed in an earlier world-cycle. They descend in order to help mankind. Thus when help was needed, the great God Vishnu descended into earthly existence. One of the embodiments of Vishnu—namely, Krishna—speaks of Himself, saying unambiguously what the nature of an Avatar is. He Himself declares who He is, in the Divine Song, the Bhagavad Gita. There we find the sublime words spoken by Krishna in Whom Vishnu lives as an Avatar: “I am the
“Spirit of creation, its beginning, its middle and its end;
“among the stars I am the sun, among the elements—fire;
“among the seas—the cosmic ocean; among the serpents—
“the eternal serpent. I am the ground of the worlds.”
The all-powerful Divinity can be proclaimed in no more beautiful or more sublime words than these. The Godhead seen by Moses in the element of fire, Who not only weaves and surges through the world as a macrocosmic Divinity, is to be found, too, within man. Therefore in all beings who bear the human countenance, Krishna lives as the great Ideal to which the innermost essence of man develops from within. And when, as was the goal of ancient wisdom, man's breath can be spiritualised through the impulse given by the Mystery of Golgotha—this is the redemption that is achieved by what now lives within ourselves. All the Avatars have brought redemption to mankind through power from above, through what has streamed down through them from spiritual heights to the earth. But the Avatar Christ has redeemed mankind through what He gathered out of the forces of mankind itself, and He has shown us how the forces of redemption, the forces whereby the Spirit becomes victor over matter can be found in ourselves.
Thus, although through the spiritualisation of his breath he had made his body incorruptible, even Kashiapa with his supreme enlightenment could not yet find complete redemption. The incorruptible body must wait in the secret cave until it is drawn forth by the Maitreya Buddha. Only when the ‘I’ has spiritualised the physical body to such a degree that the Christ Impulse streams into the physical body, is the miraculous cosmic fire no longer needed for redemption; for redemption is now brought about by the fire quickened in man's own inner being, in the blood. Thus the radiance streaming from the Mystery of Golgotha is also able to shed light on a legend as wonderful and profound as that of Kashiapa.
To begin with, we find the world obscure and full of riddles; we may compare it with a dark room containing many splendid objects which at first we cannot see. But if we kindle a light the objects in the room are revealed in all their splendour. So it can be for a man who strives after wisdom. To begin with he strives in darkness. As he looks into the world of the past and of the future he gazes into darkness. But when the light that streams from Golgotha is kindled, everything in the most distant past and on into the farthest future is illumined. For everything material is born out of the Spirit and out of matter the Spirit will again be resurrected. The purpose of a festival such as Easter, connected as it is with cosmic happenings, is to give expression to this certainty. If men are clear as to what they can achieve through spiritual science—that the soul, recognising the secrets of existence can find the way to the secrets of the universe through festivals containing symbolism as full of meaning as that of Easter—then the soul will realise something of what it means to live no longer within its own narrow, personal existence, but to live with all that gleams in the stars, shines in the sun and is living reality in the universe. The soul will feel itself expanding into the universe, becoming more and more filled with Spirit.
Resurrection from individual human life to the life of the universe—this is the call that echoes in our hearts from the spiritual bells of Easter. And when we hear these bells, all doubt of the reality of the spiritual world will vanish from us and the certainty will dawn that no material death can harm us at all. For we are caught up again into life in the Spirit when we understand the message of the spiritual bells of Easter.
Das Makrokosmische Und Das Mikrokosmische Feuer Die Vergeistigung Des Atems Und Des Blutes
In ergreifender Weise hat einer der inspiriertesten Geister der neueren Zeit, hat Goethe zu zeichnen gewußt die Macht und die Kraft der Ostertöne, der Osterglocken. Stellt Goethe doch vor uns hin den Repräsentanten der strebenden Menschheit, den Faust, so wie er gekommen ist an den Rand des irdischen Daseins, und zeigt er uns doch, wie es die Ostertöne sind, wie die Helle des Osterfestes es ist, was auch im Herzen dieses Todsuchers den Gedanken an den Tod, den Impuls des Todes zu besiegen vermag.
So wie Goethe diesen innern Impuls der Osterklänge vor uns hinstellt, so ging dieser Impuls durch die gesamte Entwickelung der Menschheit hindurch. Und wenn der Mensch in nicht allzuferner Zukunft durch eine erneute spirituelle Vertiefung verstehen wird, wie die Feste unsere Seele in Zusammenhang bringen sollen mit allem, was im großen Weltenraum lebt und webt, dann wird man auch in einer erneuten Gestalt in diesen Tagen des Frühlingsanfangs die Seele erweitert fühlen, um zu erfassen, wie die Quellen des spirituellen Lebens uns erlösen können aus dem materiellen Leben, aus der Enge des Daseins, das an den Stoff gefesselt ist.
Gerade in der Osterzeit wird die Menschenseele am stärksten empfinden lernen, was in die Seele zu gießen vermag die unerschütterliche Zuversicht, daß im Innersten des Menschen ein Quell des ewigen, göttlichen Daseins wohnt, ein Quell, der uns aus aller Enge heraustreibt und uns eins sein läßt, ohne daß wir uns verlieren, mit dem Quell des universellen Daseins, in dem wir jederzeit auferstehen, wenn wir uns zu seiner Erkenntnis durch Erleuchtung aufzuschwingen vermögen. Nichts anderes und nichts Geringeres ist das, was das eigentliche Wesen des Osterfestes ausmacht, als ein äußeres Zeichen des Tiefsten, was die Menschheit zu erleben vermochte, als ein äußeres Zeichen des tiefsten christlichen Mysteriums. Und so ist es uns am heutigen Osterfeste, als wenn im äußeren Feste und in den äußeren Festeszeichen ein Symbol dastände dessen, was die Menschen am Beginn der menschlichen Erdenentwickelung nur finden konnten und was sie nur gewußt hatten in den Tiefen der heiligen Mysterien. Wo die Völker auf der Erde das gefeiert haben, was wir Osterfest nennen - und in den weitesten Kreisen der Menschheit bei den alten Völkern wurde es gefeiert -, wir sehen es überall emporblühen aus den heiligen Mysterien heraus. Und überall ruft es die Ahnung und die Überzeugung hervor, daß das Leben im Geiste den Tod in der Materie zu besiegen vermag. Was auch immer der Menschenseele diese Überzeugung einflößte, das mußte in alten Zeiten aus den Tiefen der heiligen Mysterien heraus verkündet werden.
Aber darin besteht ja gerade die Fortentwickelung der Menschheit, daß jetzt immer mehr und mehr von dem, was Geheimnis der heiligen Stätten ist, herausdringt, und daß die Weisheit der heiligen Mysterienstätten hinausdringt in die ganze Menschheit, daß sie Allgemeingut der Menschheit wird. Und so sei denn das heutige und morgige Fest in bezug auf seine Betrachtung gewidmet dem Versuch einer Darstellung, wie diese Ahnung, diese Empfindung, diese Überzeugung im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung immer mehr sich Bahn bricht und herausdringt aus uralter Erkenntnis in immer weitere Kreise. Heute wollen wir in die Vergangenheit zurückblicken, damit wir morgen das, was die Gegenwart diesem Feste gegenüber fühlt, zu schildern vermögen.
Wir müssen allerdings, weil das Osterfest das Auferstehungsfest des Menschheitsgeistes ist, uns heute zu ernster Betrachtung im Innern sammeln, um zu solcher Weisheit vordringen zu können, die in gewisser Weise zu den höchsten Höhen geisteswissenschaftlicher Anschauung hinaufzuführen vermag.
Unser christliches Osterfest ist nur eine der Formen des Menschheits-Osterfestes überhaupt, und was die Weisen der Menschheit zu sagen hatten aus stärksten, tiefsten Überzeugungen, aus den tiefsten Gründen der Weisheit heraus, von der Überwindung des Todes durch das Leben, das wurde hineingeheimnißt in die Symbole des Osterfestes. Überall werden wir bei ihnen die Elemente finden, um uns ein Verständnis für das Osterfest, für das Auferstehungsfest des Geistes zu verschaffen. Eine schöne, tiefe, morgenländische Legende erzählt das Folgende:
Der große Lehrer des Morgenlandes, Shakyamuni, der Buddha, er hat die Gegenden des Morgenlandes mit seiner tiefen Weisheit beglückt, die aus den Urquellen des geistigen Daseins geholt war und daher die Herzen der Menschheit mit tiefster Seligkeit durchglühte. Was tief beseligend war für die Herzen der Menschheit, als der Mensch noch hineinzuschauen vermochte in die göttliche Welt - uralte Weisheit von den göttlich-geistigen Welten -, hat bis in die spätere Zeit hinein Shakyamuni für die Menschheit gerettet. Einen großen Schüler hatte er, und während die andern Schüler mehr oder weniger nicht begriffen die umfassende Weisheit, die der Buddha lehrte, hat Kashyapa - so hieß dieser Schüler - sie begriffen. Er war einer der tiefsten Eingeweihten in diese Lehre, einer der bedeutendsten Nachfolger des Buddha. Die Legende erzählt: Als Kashyapa ans Sterben kam und er vermöge seiner Reife ins Nirvana eingehen sollte, da ging er an einen steilen Berg und verbarg sich in einer Höhle. Und in dieser Höhle verblieb sein Leib nach seinem Tode unverweslich und dauerte fort. Nur die Eingeweihten wußten von diesem Geheimnis und wo der Leib ruht. Denn an verborgenem, geheimem Orte ruht dieser unverwesliche Leib des großen Eingeweihten, des Kashyapa. Aber vorhergesagt hatte der Buddha, daß einst kommen würde sein großer Nachfolger, der Maitreya-Buddha, der erneute große Lehrer und Führer der Menschheit, und er würde, wenn er zum Gipfel gelangt sein würde jenes Daseins, das er während des Erdenlebens erreichen sollte, jene Höhle des Kashyapa aufsuchen, mit seiner rechten Hand den unverweslichen Leichnam des Erleuchteten berühren, und vom Himmel würde herabströmen ein wunderbares Feuer, und in diesem Feuer würde sich erheben vom irdischen Dasein in ein geistiges der unverwesliche Leib des großen Erleuchteten, des Kashyapa.
So spricht die große Legende des Morgenlandes, vielleicht etwas unverständlich für das Abendland. Auch sie spricht von einer Auferstehung, einem Entrücktwerden aus dem irdischen Dasein, von einer Überwindung des Todes, die so herbeigeführt wird, daß die Verwesungskräfte der Erde nichts vermögen über den geläuterten, gereinigten Leib des Kashyapa, und daß, wenn der große Eingeweihte kommt und ihn berührt mit der Hand, das wunderbare Feuer ihn hinaufhebt in die himmlischen Sphären. Und gerade in dem, wo diese Legende des Morgenlandes abweicht von dem, was wir als den Inhalt des abendländischen, christlichen Osterberichtes kennen, liegt eine Möglichkeit, zu einem tieferen Verständnis des Osterfestes zu kommen. Es ist in solch einer Legende eine Urweisheit verborgen, der wir uns nur nach und nach nähern können. Und so könnten wir fragen: Warum wird dort nicht Kashyapa, wie der Erlöser - wie uns im christlichen Osterbericht gesagt wird -, nach drei Tagen Sieger über den Tod? Warum wartet der unverwesliche Leib des morgenländischen Eingeweihten durch lange Zeiten hindurch, bis er durch ein wunderbares Feuer in die himmlischen Höhen entrückt wird?
Wir können heute nur anklingen lassen das Tiefe, das in solchen Dingen liegt. Wir werden erst nach und nach eine Ahnung bekommen von der Weisheit, die sich in solch tiefen Legenden ausspricht. Gerade bei solchen Festeszeiten müssen wir mit unseren Empfindungen erst scheu und ehrfurchtsvoll in der Ferne bleiben und erst nach und nach hinaufschauen lernen durch solche Festesfeiern zu den Höhen der Weisheit. Nicht sollen wir gleich mit unserem nüchternen Verstande das erfassen wollen, was in solchen Legenden liegt. Rechtes Verständnis wird nur dann erreicht, wenn wir uns so diesen Wahrheiten nähern, daß wir erst unsere Empfindungen und Gefühle geeignet und reif machen, ehe wir uns annähern an die großen Wahrheiten, um dann in vollem Feuer und mit voller Wärme die großen Wahrheiten mit unseren Empfindungen zu erfassen.
Für die heutige Menschheit stehen zwei Wahrheiten wie mächtige Leuchten am Horizont des Geistes da, Wahrzeichen, die miteinander innig verwandt sind. Zwei wichtige Richtpunkte sind es für die sich entwickelnde, im Geistigen strebende Menschheit der heutigen Entwickelungsstufe.
Als das erste Wahrzeichen erscheint der brennende Dornbusch des Moses und als das zweite das Feuer, das unter Blitz und Donner am Sinai erscheint, durch welches dem Moses die Verkündigung wird: «Ich bin der Ich-bin.»
Jene geistige Wesenheit, die sich damals dem Moses verkündigt hat, die da in beiden Erscheinungen spricht, wer ist sie?
Wer die Botschaft des Christentums versteht im geistigen Sinne, der versteht auch die Worte, die ankündigen, wer die Wesenheit ist, die im Dornbusch und danach auf dem Sinai unter Blitz und Donner dem Moses erscheint und die Zehn Gebote ihm vor die Seele hinstellt. Es sagt uns der Schreiber des Evangeliums Johanni selber, daß Moses vorherverkündet hat den Christus Jesus, und der Evangelist läßt ihn gerade auf jene Stellen hinweisen, wo im brennenden Dornbusch und später im Feuer auf Sinai sich die Machtankündigt, die später der Christus genannt wordenist. Keineandere Gottheit soll vorgestellt werdenalsderChristus in dem, der zu Moses von sich selbst spricht: «Ich bin der Ich-bin.»
Derjenige Gott, der später im menschlichen Leibe erschienen ist und der das Mysterium von Golgatha vor die Menschheit hingestellt hat, er waltet unsichtbar, sich selber vorherverkündend im Feuerelement der Natur, im Feuer des brennenden Dornbusches und im Blitzesfeuer auf Sinai. Und der nur versteht die Verkündigung des Alten Testaments, der nur versteht das Neue Testament, der da weiß, daß der Gott, den Moses verkündet, der Christus ist, der unter den Menschen wandeln soll. So kündigt sich der Gott an, der den Menschen Erlösung bringen soll, in einer Weise, die nicht in menschlicher Gestalt gesehen werden kann. Er kündigt sich an in dem feurigen Element der Natur; denn darin, in diesem Element, lebt der Christus. Das, was seine göttliche Wesenheit ist, kündigt sich in den verschiedensten Gestalten an. Durch das ganze Altertum waltet dieselbe Wesenheit, die dann sichtbar hervortrat durch das Ereignis von Palästina.
So schauen wir zurück auf das Alte Testament und fragen uns: Wen verehrt das althebräische Volk in Wirklichkeit? Wer ist der Gott des alten hebräischen Volkes? - Die Angehörigen der hebräischen Mysterien haben es gewußt: den Christus haben sie verehrt; den Christus haben sie gesehen in dem, der sprach das Wort: «Sage meinem Volke: Ich bin der Ich-bin.» - Aber wenn auch alles das nicht bekannt wäre, die Tatsache, daß sich innerhalb unseres Menschheitszyklus der Gott im Feuer ankündigt, wäre für den, der hineinschaut in die tiefen Geheimnisse der Natur, maßgebend genug, um das zu erkennen, daß die Gottheit des brennenden Dornbusches und die Gottheit, die auf dem Sinai sich ankündigte, dieselbe ist, die aus geistigen Höhen herabkommt, um das Mysterium von Golgatha zu vollziehen durch den Herabstieg in den menschlichen Leib. Denn es besteht ein geheimnisvoller Zusammenhang zwischen dem Feuer, das draußen durch die Elemente der Natur entzündet wird und dem, was als Wärme durch unser Blut pulsiert. Oft wurde schon betont in unserer Geisteswissenschaft, der Mensch sei ein Mikrokosmos, der sich gegenüberstellt der großen Welt, dem Makrokosmos. Es muß daher, wenn wir in richtiger Weise zusehen, das, was im Menschen an innern Vorgängen ist, entsprechen äußeren Vorgängen im Universum. Zu jedem innern Vorgang müssen wir den entsprechenden äußeren Vorgang finden können. Wir müssen tiefe Schächte der Geisteswissenschaft betreten, wenn wir die Bedeutung davon verstehen wollen. Hier berühren wir den Rand eines tiefen Geheimnisses, einer großen Wahrheit, jener Wahrheit, die da Antwort gibt auf die Frage: Was ist es in der großen Außenwelt, was dem Geheimnis der Entstehung des menschlichen Gedankens in uns entspricht?
Der Mensch ist das einzige wirklich denkende Wesen auf unserer Erde. Durch seine Gedanken erlebt der Mensch eine Welt, die ihn über diese Erde hinausführt. In der Form, in welcher sich im Menschen die Gedanken entzünden, erlebt kein anderes irdisches Wesen die Gedanken. Was entzündet in uns den Gedanken, was spielt sich in uns ab, wenn der einfachste oder herrlichste Gedanke uns durchzuckt?-Zweierlei wirkt in uns zusammen, wenn wir Gedanken durch unsere Seele ziehen lassen: unser Astralleib und unser Ich. Der physische Ausdruck für unser Ich ist das Blut; der physische Ausdruck für unseren Astralleib ist unser Nervensystem, das, was wir Leben nennen in unserem Nervensystem. Und niemals würden unsere Gedanken unsere Seele durchzucken, wenn nicht ein Zusammenwirken wäre zwischen Ich und Astralleib, welches seinen Ausdruck findet im Zusammenwirken zwischen Blut und Nervensystem. Sonderbar wird es einmal einer menschlichen Zukunftswissenschaft vorkommen, wenn die heutige Wissenschaft allein im Nervensystem die Entstehung des Gedankens sucht. Nicht in den Nerven allein ist der Ursprung des Gedankens. Nur in dem lebendigen Zusammenspiel zwischen Blut und Nervensystem haben wir den Vorgang zu erblicken, der den Gedanken entstehen läßt.
Wenn unser Blut, unser inneres Feuer, und unser Nervensystem, unsere innere Luft, so zusammenwirken, dann durchzuckt der Gedanke die Seele. Und die Entstehung des Gedankens im Innern der Seele entspricht im Kosmos dem rollenden Donner. Wenn das Blitzesfeuer sich entzündet in den Luftmassen, wenn Feuer und Luft zusammenspielen und den Donner erzeugen, dann ist das in der großen Welt dasselbe makrokosmische Ereignis, dem entspricht der Vorgang, wenn das Feuer des Blutes und das Spiel des Nervensystems sich entladen im innern Donner, der allerdings sanft und ruhig und unvernehmbar für die Außenwelt erklingt im Gedanken. Was der Blitz in den Wolken, das ist für uns die Wärme unseres Blutes, und die Luft draußen mit allem, was sie an Elementen enthält im Universum, entspricht dem, was unser Nervensystem durchzieht. Und wie der Blitz im Widerspiel mit den Elementen den Donner erzeugt, so erzeugt das Widerspiel von Blut und Nerven den Gedanken, der die Seele durchzuckt. Wir schauen hinaus in die Welt, die uns umgibt: Wir sehen den zukkenden Blitz in den Gebilden der Luft und hören den sich entladenden, rollenden Donner. Und dann blicken wir in unsere Seele und spüren die innere Wärme, die in unserem Blute pulsiert und spüren das Leben, das unser Nervensystem durchzieht - dann fühlen wir den Gedanken uns durchzucken und sagen: Beides ist eins.
Wahrhaft und wirklich ist es so! Denn in uns denken wir, und wenn der Donner am Himmel rollt, so ist das nicht nur eine physisch-materielle Erscheinung. Das ist es nur für die materialistische Mythologie. Für den aber, der die geistigen Wesen durchweben und durchwallen sieht das materielle Dasein, für den ist es Wahrheit und Wirklichkeit, wenn der Mensch hinaufschaut und den Blitz sieht und den Donner hört und sich sagt: Jetzt denkt der Gott im Feuer, wie er sich uns verkündigen muß. Das ist der unsichtbare Gott, der das Universum durchwebt und durchwallt, der seine Wärme in dem Blitz und seine Nerven in der Luft und seine Gedanken in dem rollenden Donner hat. Der sprach zu Moses in dem brennenden Dornbusch und auf Sinai in dem Blitzesfeuer.
Dieselben Elemente Feuer und Luft, die im Makrokosmos sind, sind im Menschen, im Mikrokosmos, Blut und Nerven; und wie im Makrokosmos Blitz und Donner, so sind im Menschen die Gedanken. Und der Gott, den Moses gesehen und gehört hatte im brennenden Dornbusch, der zu ihm sprach in dem Blitzesfeuer auf Sinai, der erscheint als Christus im Blute des Jesus von Nazareth. Im menschlichen Leibe des Jesus von Nazareth erscheint der Christus, der herabsteigt in die menschliche Form. Indem er wie ein Mensch denkt im menschlichen Leibe, wirkt er als das große Vorbild der Menschheitsentwickelung in die Zukunft hinein.
So begegnen sich die beiden Pole der Menschheitsentwickelung: der makrokosmische Gott auf dem Sinai, der sich verkündigt im Donner und Blitzesfeuer, und derselbe Gott mikrokosmisch, verkörpert im Menschen von Palästina.
Aus der tiefsten Weisheit herausgeholt sind die erhabenen Mysterien der Menschheit. Sie sind nicht erdichtete Legenden, sondern tiefe Wahrheit. Aber sie sind so tiefe Wahrheit, daß wir alle Mittel der Geisteswissenschaft brauchen, um zu enthüllen die Geheimnisse, die umweben diese Wahrheit. - Und was hat die Menschheit für einen Impuls erhalten durch dieses ihr größtes Vorbild, durch die Wesenheit, die herabgestiegen ist und sich verbunden hat mit den mikrokosmischen Abbildern der Elemente in einem Menschenleibe, durch die Wesenheit des Christus?
Blicken wir auf die Verkündigung alter Völker noch einmal zurück. Alle alten Völker, bis in die graue Vergangenheit der nachatlantischen Zeit, haben wohl gewußt, wie die menschliche Entwickelung verläuft. Überall, in allen Mysterienschulen wurde verkündigt, was heute wieder von der Geisteswissenschaft verkündet wird: daß der Mensch aus vier Gliedern besteht - dem physischen Leib, dem Ätherleib, dem Astralleib und dem Ich -, daß er aber aufsteigen kann zu höheren Stufen seines Daseins, wenn er durch sein Ich selbsttätig umwandelt den Astralleib in das Geistselbst - Manas -, den Ätherleib in den Lebensgeist - Buddhi -, und wenn er den physischen Leib vergeistigt zu Atman oder Geistesmensch. Dieser physische Leib, er muß in allen seinen Gliedern nach und nach durchgeistigt werden, er muß so tief in unserem Erdenleben durchgeistigt werden, daß dasjenige, was den Menschen zum Menschen gemacht hat, das Einströmen des göttlichen Odems, daß das vergeistigt wird. Und weil die Vergeistigung des physischen Leibes mit der Vergeistigung des Atems beginnt, darum nennt man den verwandelten, vergeistigten physischen Körper: Atma oder Atman — Atem: Atman. Es sagt die Verkündigung des Alten Testaments, daß der Mensch zum Beginne seines Erdendaseins erhalten hat den Lebensatem, und alle uralten Weisheiten sehen im Lebensatem dasjenige, was der Mensch nach und nach vergeistigen muß. Alle alten Weltanschauungen sahen das große, zu erstrebende Ideal in ‚Atman, in dem, was den Atem so vergöttlicht, daß der Mensch durchzogen wird von einer spirituellen Atemluft.
Aber noch mehr muß vergeistigt werden am Menschen. Wenn sein ganzer physischer Leib vergeistigt werden soll, muß nicht nur der Atem, sondern auch das, was durch den Atem fortwährend erneuert wird, das Blut, der Ausdruck des Ich vergeistigt werden. Das Blut muß ergriffen werden von einem zum Spirituellen treibenden Impuls. Die Mysterien des Blutes - des Feuers, das im Menschen eingeschlossen ist — hat das Christentum hinzugefügt zu den alten Mysterien. Die alten Mysterien sagen: Der Mensch auf der Erde, wie er in irdischer Gestalt lebt, ist aus geistigen Höhen herabgestiegen in die physischirdische Körperlichkeit. Der Mensch hat verloren, was seine geistige Wesenheit ausmacht. Er hat sich umhüllt mit physischer Körperlichkeit. Aber er muß wieder zurück in die Geistigkeit, muß wieder von sich werfen die physische Hülle, muß hinaufsteigen in ein geistiges Dasein.
Solange des Menschen Ich, das seinen physischen Ausdruck im Blute hat, nicht ergriffen war von einem auf der Erde befindlichen Impuls, so lange konnten die Religionen nicht lehren das, was man die Kraft der Selbsterlösung des menschlichen Ichs nennt. So wird uns geschildert, wie die großen geistigen Wesen, die großen Avatare, heruntersteigen und sich von Zeit zu Zeit verkörpern in menschlichen Leibern, wenn die Menschen Hilfe brauchen. Es sind Wesen, die nicht zu ihrer eigenen Entwickelung in einen Menschenkörper hinunterzusteigen brauchen, denn sie hatten ihre Menschheitsentwickelung in einem früheren Weltenzyklus vollendet. Sie steigen herunter, weil sie den Menschen helfen wollen. So steigt von Zeit zu Zeit, wenn die Menschheit Hilfe braucht, der große Gott Vishnu herab ins irdische Dasein. Eine der Verkörperungen des Vishnu, Krishna, spricht von sich selber, deutlich sagend, was eines Avatares Wesenheit ist. Er spricht selbst aus, was er ist, in dem göttlichen Liede, in der Bhagavad Gita. In ihr haben wir die herrlichen Worte, die der Krishna, in dem Vishnu als Avatar lebt, von sich selber ausspricht: «Ich bin der Schöpfung Geist, ihr Anfang, ihre Mitte, ihr Ende; ich bin unter den Sternen die Sonne, unter den Elementen das Feuer, unter den Wassern das Weltenmeer, unter den Schlangen die ewige Schlange. Ich bin der Weltengrund.»
Man kann nicht schöner, herrlicher die allwaltende Göttlichkeit verkünden, als es geschehen ist in diesen Worten. Die Gottheit, die Moses sieht im Elemente des Feuers, die nicht nur als makrokosmische Gottheit die Welt durchwebt und durchwallt, ist auch im Innern des Menschen zu finden. Darum lebt die Krishna-Wesenheit in allem, was Menschenantlitz trägt, als großes Ideal, zu dem sich der Menschenkeim von innen heraus entwickelt. Und wenn, wie es die Weisheit des Altertums anstrebte, des Menschen Atem spiritualisiert werden kann durch den Impuls, den wir in uns aufnehmen aus dem Mysterium von Golgatha, haben wir das Prinzip der Erlösung durch das, was in uns selber lebt. Alle Avatare haben die Menschheit erlöst durch Kraft von oben, durch das, was sie aus geistigen Höhen auf die Erde herunterstrahlen ließen. Der Avatar Christus aber hat die Menschheit erlöst durch dasjenige, was er aus den Kräften der Menschheit selber genommen hat, und er hat uns gezeigt, wie die Kräfte der Erlösung, die Kräfte zur Besiegung der Materie durch den Geist in uns selber gefunden werden können.
So konnte selbst ein solcher Erleuchteter wie der Kashyapa, trotzdem er durch die Spiritualisierung seines Atems seinen Leib unverweslich gemacht hatte, die volle Erlösung noch nicht finden. Der unverwesliche Leib muß warten in der geheimnisvollen Höhle, bis ihn abholt der Maitreya-Buddha. Denn erst dann, wenn der physische Leib vom Ich aus so vergeistigt ist, daß der Christus-Impuls in den physischen Leib einströmt, erst dann bedarf es nicht mehr des wunderbaren kosmischen Feuers, um die Erlösung herbeizuführen, sondern des im eigenen Innern des Menschen, in unserem Blute wallenden Feuers, das die Erlösung herbeiführt. Daher können wir auch von dem Lichte, das ausstrahlt von dem Mysterium von Golgatha, eine so wunderbar tiefe Legende beleuchten, wie diese über den Kashyapa erzählte.
Zunächst ist die Welt für uns finster und voller Rätsel; aber wir können sie vergleichen mit einem dunkeln Zimmer, in dem viele prächtige Gegenstände sind, die wir erst nicht sehen können. Wenn wir aber ein Licht anzünden, so erscheint dadurch die ganze Pracht der Gegenstände in dem Zimmer und alles, was diese Gegenstände sind. So kann es für den nach Weisheit strebenden Menschen sein. Der Mensch strebt zunächst in Dunkelheit. Er blickt in die Welt nach der Vergangenheit und nach der Zukunft und kann zunächst nur Dunkelheit erblicken. Wenn dann aber das Licht, das von Golgatha kommt, entzündet wird, dann wird alles erleuchtet, bis in die fernste Vergangenheit, bis in die fernste Zukunft hinein. Denn alles Materielle ist aus dem Geist geboren, und aus der Materie wird der Geist wiederum auferstehen. Und diese Gewißheit in einem an die Ereignisse der Welt anknüpfenden Feste wie dem Osterfest auszudrücken, ist der Sinn dieses Festes, das wir in diesen Tagen feiern. Und wenn die Menschheit sich vergegenwärtigt, wohin sie durch die Geisteswissenschaft dringen kann - daß die Seele, indem sie erkennt die Geheimnisse des Daseins, sich einleben kann in solchen wichtigen symbolischen Festzeiten wie der Zeit des Osterfestes in die Geheimnisse des Universums -, dann wird die Seele etwas fühlen von dem, was es heißt: nicht mehr bloß mit seinem engen persönlichen Dasein zu leben, sondern mit alldem, was in den Sternen scheint, was in der Sonne leuchtet, was da lebt im Universum. Sie wird sich erweitert fühlen zum Universum. Sie wird immer geistiger werden in diesem Hineinleben in das Universum.
Vom Menschenleben durch die Auferstehung zum universellen Leben zu kommen, das sind die Töne, die wir in unser Herz hineinklingen lassen durch die geistigen Osterglocken. Und wenn wir sie hören, diese geistigen Osterglocken, dann wird uns schwinden aller Zweifel gegenüber der geistigen Welt. Dann wird uns die Gewißheit aufgehen, daß kein Tod in der Materie uns etwas anhaben kann. Dann hat das Leben im Geiste uns wieder, wenn wir sie verstehen, diese geistigen Osterglocken.
The Macrocosmic and the Microcosmic Fire The Spiritualization of Breath and Blood
In a moving way, one of the most inspired minds of modern times, Goethe, knew how to depict the power and strength of Easter tones, of Easter bells. Goethe presents us with Faust, the representative of striving humanity, as he has come to the edge of earthly existence, and shows us how it is the sounds of Easter, the light of Easter, that can overcome the thought of death, the impulse of death, even in the heart of this death-seeker.
Just as Goethe presents this inner impulse of the Easter sounds to us, so this impulse has run through the entire development of humanity. And when, in the not too distant future, human beings will understand through a renewed spiritual deepening how the festivals are meant to connect our souls with everything that lives and weaves in the great world space, then in a renewed form during these days of early spring, we will also feel our souls expanded to grasp how the sources of spiritual life can redeem us from material life, from the narrowness of existence that is bound to matter.
It is precisely during the Easter season that the human soul will learn to feel most strongly what can pour into the soul: the unshakeable confidence that in the innermost depths of the human being there dwells a source of eternal, divine existence, a source that drives us out of all narrowness and allows us to be one, without losing ourselves, with the source of universal existence, in which we rise again at any time when we are able to rise to its knowledge through enlightenment. Nothing else and nothing less is what constitutes the true essence of Easter than an outward sign of the deepest thing that humanity has been able to experience, an outward sign of the deepest Christian mystery. And so it is for us today at Easter, as if in the external festival and in the external signs of the festival there were a symbol of what human beings could only find at the beginning of human evolution on earth and what they had only known in the depths of the sacred mysteries. Wherever the peoples of the earth celebrated what we call Easter—and it was celebrated in the widest circles of humanity among the ancient peoples—we see it blossoming everywhere out of the sacred mysteries. And everywhere it evokes the intuition and conviction that life in the spirit is capable of conquering death in matter. Whatever it was that instilled this conviction in the human soul had to be proclaimed in ancient times from the depths of the sacred mysteries.
But this is precisely the further development of humanity, that now more and more of what is the secret of the sacred places is coming forth, and that the wisdom of the sacred mystery places is spreading throughout humanity, becoming the common property of humanity. And so let today's and tomorrow's celebration be dedicated to an attempt to describe how this intuition, this feeling, this conviction has increasingly gained ground in the course of human development and has emerged from ancient knowledge into ever wider circles. Today we want to look back into the past so that tomorrow we will be able to describe what the present feels about this celebration.
However, because Easter is the festival of the resurrection of the human spirit, we must gather ourselves today in serious contemplation in order to attain the wisdom that can, in a certain sense, lead us to the highest heights of spiritual scientific insight.
Our Christian Easter is only one of the forms of the human Easter in general, and what the sages of humanity had to say out of their strongest, deepest convictions, out of the deepest reasons of wisdom, about the overcoming of death through life, was hidden in the symbols of Easter. Everywhere we will find elements that help us understand Easter, the festival of the resurrection of the spirit. A beautiful, profound, Eastern legend tells the following story:
The great teacher of the East, Shakyamuni, the Buddha, blessed the lands of the East with his profound wisdom, which was drawn from the primordial sources of spiritual existence and therefore filled the hearts of humanity with the deepest bliss. What was deeply blissful for the hearts of humanity when man was still able to look into the divine world—ancient wisdom from the divine-spiritual worlds—was preserved for humanity by Shakyamuni until later times. He had one great disciple, and while the other disciples more or less failed to understand the comprehensive wisdom taught by the Buddha, Kashyapa – for that was the name of this disciple – did understand it. He was one of the most deeply initiated into this teaching, one of the most important followers of the Buddha. The legend tells that when Kashyapa was dying and, thanks to his maturity, was about to enter Nirvana, he went to a steep mountain and hid himself in a cave. And in this cave his body remained incorrupt after his death and continued to exist. Only the initiates knew of this secret and where the body rested. For in a hidden, secret place rests the incorruptible body of the great initiate, Kashyapa. But the Buddha had predicted that one day his great successor, the Maitreya Buddha, the renewed great teacher and leader of humanity, would come, and when he had reached the summit of that existence which he was to attain during his earthly life, he would seek out the cave of Kashyapa, touch the incorruptible body of the Enlightened One with his right hand, and a wonderful fire would descend from heaven, and in this fire the incorruptible body of the great Enlightened One, Kashyapa, would rise from earthly existence into a spiritual one.
So says the great legend of the Orient, perhaps somewhat incomprehensible to the West. It also speaks of a resurrection, a rapture from earthly existence, of an overcoming of death, which is brought about in such a way that the forces of decay on earth have no power over the purified body of Kashyapa, and that when the great initiate comes and touches him with his hand, the miraculous fire lifts him up into the heavenly spheres. And it is precisely in this deviation of the Eastern legend from what we know as the content of the Western Christian Easter story that we find a possibility of arriving at a deeper understanding of Easter. Hidden in such a legend is a primordial wisdom that we can only approach little by little. And so we might ask: Why does Kashyapa not become the victor over death after three days, as the savior does in the Christian Easter story? Why does the incorruptible body of the Eastern initiate wait for such a long time before being carried up to the heavenly heights by a miraculous fire?
Today, we can only hint at the depth that lies in such things. Only gradually will we gain an inkling of the wisdom expressed in such profound legends. Especially at such festive times, we must first remain shy and reverent in the distance with our feelings, and only gradually learn to look up through such festive celebrations to the heights of wisdom. We should not try to grasp what lies in such legends with our sober intellect. True understanding can only be achieved if we approach these truths in such a way that we first make our feelings and emotions suitable and mature before we approach the great truths, so that we can then grasp the great truths with our feelings in full fire and with full warmth.
For humanity today, two truths stand like powerful lights on the horizon of the spirit, symbols that are intimately related to each other. They are two important points of reference for humanity at its present stage of development, striving toward the spiritual.
The first landmark is the burning bush of Moses, and the second is the fire that appears amid thunder and lightning on Mount Sinai, through which Moses receives the proclamation: “I am who I am.”
Who is this spiritual being who revealed himself to Moses at that time, who speaks in both appearances?
Those who understand the message of Christianity in a spiritual sense also understand the words that announce who is the being who appears to Moses in the thorn bush and then on Mount Sinai amid thunder and lightning, and who presents the Ten Commandments to him. The writer of the Gospel of John himself tells us that Moses foretold Christ Jesus, and the evangelist has him point precisely to those passages where, in the burning bush and later in the fire on Sinai, the power is announced that was later called Christ. No other deity is to be imagined than Christ in the one who speaks to Moses of himself: “I am who I am.”
The one God who later appeared in human form and presented the mystery of Golgotha to humanity reigns invisibly, foretelling himself in the fire element of nature, in the fire of the burning bush and in the lightning fire on Mount Sinai. And only he understands the proclamation of the Old Testament who understands the New Testament, who knows that the God proclaimed by Moses is the Christ who is to walk among men. Thus the God who is to bring salvation to mankind announces himself in a way that cannot be seen in human form. He announces himself in the fiery element of nature, for it is in this element that Christ lives. His divine essence announces itself in a wide variety of forms. Throughout antiquity, the same essence prevailed, which then became visible through the events in Palestine.
So we look back at the Old Testament and ask ourselves: Who did the ancient Hebrew people really worship? Who is the God of the ancient Hebrew people? The members of the Hebrew mysteries knew: they worshipped Christ; they saw Christ in the one who spoke the words: “Say to my people: I am who I am.” But even if all this were not known, the fact that within our human cycle God announces himself in fire would be decisive enough for those who look into the deep mysteries of nature to recognize that the deity of the burning bush and the deity who announced himself on Sinai are the same, who comes down from spiritual heights in order to accomplish the mystery of Golgotha through the descent into the human body. For there is a mysterious connection between the fire that is kindled outside by the elements of nature and that which pulsates as warmth through our blood. It has often been emphasized in our spiritual science that the human being is a microcosm that stands opposite the great world, the macrocosm. Therefore, if we look at it correctly, what happens in the inner processes of the human being must correspond to outer processes in the universe. For every inner process, we must be able to find the corresponding outer process. We must enter the deep shafts of spiritual science if we want to understand the meaning of this. Here we touch the edge of a deep mystery, a great truth, the truth that answers the question: What is it in the great outer world that corresponds to the mystery of the origin of human thought within us?
Human beings are the only truly thinking beings on our earth. Through their thoughts, human beings experience a world that leads them beyond this earth. No other earthly being experiences thoughts in the form in which they are kindled in human beings. What ignites thoughts within us, what happens within us when the simplest or most wonderful thought flashes through our minds? Two things work together within us when we allow thoughts to pass through our souls: our astral body and our ego. The physical expression of our ego is blood; the physical expression of our astral body is our nervous system, what we call life in our nervous system. And our thoughts would never flash through our soul if there were not a cooperation between the ego and the astral body, which finds its expression in the cooperation between the blood and the nervous system. It will seem strange to a future science of man when today's science seeks the origin of thought solely in the nervous system. The origin of thought is not in the nerves alone. Only in the living interaction between blood and nervous system can we see the process that gives rise to thought.
When our blood, our inner fire, and our nervous system, our inner air, interact in this way, thought flashes through the soul. And the emergence of thought within the soul corresponds in the cosmos to rolling thunder. When lightning flashes in the air, when fire and air interact and produce thunder, this is the same macrocosmic event in the greater world as the process whereby the fire of the blood and the activity of the nervous system discharge themselves in the inner thunder, which, however, sounds gentle and calm and inaudible to the outside world in the form of thoughts. What lightning is in the clouds is the warmth of our blood, and the air outside, with all the elements it contains in the universe, corresponds to what runs through our nervous system. And just as lightning produces thunder in its interplay with the elements, so the interplay of blood and nerves produces the thought that flashes through the soul. We look out into the world around us: we see the flashing lightning in the formations of the air and hear the rolling thunder as it discharges. And then we look into our soul and feel the inner warmth pulsating in our blood and feel the life that runs through our nervous system—then we feel the thought flash through us and say: Both are one.
This is truly and really so! For we think within ourselves, and when thunder rolls in the sky, it is not merely a physical, material phenomenon. That is only true for materialistic mythology. But for those who see spiritual beings weaving and surging through material existence, it is truth and reality when a person looks up and sees the lightning and hears the thunder and says to himself: Now God is thinking in the fire, how he must reveal himself to us. That is the invisible God who weaves and surges through the universe, who has his warmth in the lightning, his nerves in the air, and his thoughts in the rolling thunder. He spoke to Moses in the burning bush and on Sinai in the lightning fire.
The same elements of fire and air that are in the macrocosm are in man, in the microcosm, as blood and nerves; and as lightning and thunder are in the macrocosm, so are thoughts in man. And the God whom Moses saw and heard in the burning bush, who spoke to him in the lightning fire on Mount Sinai, appears as Christ in the blood of Jesus of Nazareth. In the human body of Jesus of Nazareth, Christ appears, descending into human form. Thinking like a human being in a human body, he acts as the great model for the future development of humanity.
Thus the two poles of human development meet: the macrocosmic God on Mount Sinai, who proclaims himself in thunder and lightning, and the same God in microcosm, embodied in the man from Palestine.
The sublime mysteries of humanity have been drawn from the deepest wisdom. They are not invented legends, but profound truths. But they are such profound truths that we need all the means of spiritual science to reveal the secrets that surround them. And what impulse has humanity received through its greatest example, through the being who descended and connected himself with the microcosmic images of the elements in a human body, through the being of Christ?
Let us look back once more at the teachings of ancient peoples. All ancient peoples, back into the gray past of the post-Atlantean era, knew well how human evolution proceeds. Everywhere, in all mystery schools, it was proclaimed what is being proclaimed again today by spiritual science: that the human being consists of four members — the physical body, the etheric body, the astral body, and the I — but that he can ascend to higher stages of his existence if, through his I, he transforms the astral body into the spiritual self — manas — the etheric body into the life spirit (Buddhi), and when they spiritualize the physical body into Atman or the spiritual human being. This physical body must gradually be spiritualized in all its members; it must be spiritualized so deeply in our earthly life that what has made human beings human, the inflow of the divine breath, becomes spiritualized. And because the spiritualization of the physical body begins with the spiritualization of the breath, the transformed, spiritualized physical body is called Atma or Atman — breath: Atman. The Old Testament proclaims that at the beginning of his earthly existence, man received the breath of life, and all ancient wisdom sees in the breath of life that which man must gradually spiritualize. All ancient worldviews saw the great ideal to strive for in Atman, in that which deifies the breath so much that man is permeated by a spiritual breath.
But even more must be spiritualized in man. If his entire physical body is to be spiritualized, not only the breath, but also that which is continually renewed by the breath, the blood, the expression of the I, must be spiritualized. The blood must be seized by an impulse driving it toward the spiritual. Christianity has added to the ancient mysteries the mysteries of the blood—the fire enclosed within man. The ancient mysteries say: Man on earth, as he lives in his earthly form, has descended from spiritual heights into physical-earthly corporeality. Human beings have lost what constitutes their spiritual essence. They have enveloped themselves in physical corporeality. But they must return to spirituality, must throw off their physical shell, must ascend to a spiritual existence.
As long as the human ego, which has its physical expression in the blood, was not seized by an impulse originating on earth, religions could not teach what is called the power of self-redemption of the human ego. Thus we are told how the great spiritual beings, the great avatars, descend and incarnate themselves from time to time in human bodies when human beings need help. These are beings who do not need to descend into a human body for their own development, because they completed their human development in an earlier world cycle. They descend because they want to help human beings. Thus, from time to time, when humanity needs help, the great god Vishnu descends into earthly existence. One of Vishnu's incarnations, Krishna, speaks of himself, clearly stating what the nature of an avatar is. He himself reveals what he is in the divine song, the Bhagavad Gita. In it we have the glorious words that Krishna, in whom Vishnu lives as an avatar, speaks of himself: “I am the spirit of creation, its beginning, its middle, its end; I am the sun among the stars, the fire among the elements, the ocean of the world among the waters, the eternal serpent among the serpents. I am the foundation of the world.”
There is no more beautiful or glorious way to proclaim the omnipresent divinity than in these words. The deity that Moses sees in the element of fire, which not only permeates and pervades the world as a macrocosmic deity, can also be found within human beings. That is why the Krishna essence lives in everything that bears the human face as a great ideal toward which the human germ develops from within. And if, as the wisdom of antiquity aspired, the human breath can be spiritualized through the impulse we receive from the mystery of Golgotha, we have the principle of redemption through what lives within ourselves. All avatars have redeemed humanity through power from above, through what they allowed to shine down upon the earth from spiritual heights. But the avatar Christ redeemed humanity through what he took from the forces of humanity itself, and he showed us how the forces of redemption, the forces for the victory of spirit over matter, can be found within ourselves.
Thus, even an enlightened being such as Kashyapa, despite having made his body imperishable through the spiritualization of his breath, could not yet find complete redemption. The imperishable body must wait in the mysterious cave until the Maitreya Buddha comes to fetch it. For only then, when the physical body has been so spiritualized by the I that the Christ impulse flows into the physical body, only then is the wonderful cosmic fire no longer needed to bring about salvation, but rather the fire surging within our own inner being, in our blood, which brings about salvation. That is why we can also illuminate with the light that radiates from the mystery of Golgotha such a wonderfully profound legend as the one told about Kashyapa.
At first, the world is dark and full of mysteries for us; but we can compare it to a dark room in which there are many magnificent objects that we cannot see at first. But when we light a lamp, the whole splendor of the objects in the room appears, and everything that these objects are. So it can be for the person striving for wisdom. Man initially strives in darkness. He looks at the world in terms of the past and the future and can initially see only darkness. But when the light that comes from Golgotha is kindled, everything is illuminated, right back to the most distant past and into the most distant future. For everything material is born of the spirit, and from matter the spirit will rise again. And to express this certainty in a festival linked to world events such as Easter is the meaning of this festival that we celebrate during these days. And when humanity realizes where it can penetrate through spiritual science—that the soul, by recognizing the mysteries of existence, can settle into such important symbolic festive seasons as Easter and the mysteries of the universe—then the soul will feel something of what it means no longer to live merely with its narrow personal existence, but with everything that shines in the stars, that glows in the sun, that lives in the universe. It will feel expanded to the universe. It will become increasingly spiritual in this living into the universe.
To come from human life to universal life through resurrection—these are the tones that we allow to ring in our hearts through the spiritual Easter bells. And when we hear them, these spiritual Easter bells, then all our doubts about the spiritual world will vanish. Then we will realize with certainty that no death in matter can harm us. Then life in the spirit will have us again, if we understand these spiritual Easter bells.