The Fall of the Spirits of Darkness
GA 177
27 October 1917, Dornach
13. The Fallen Spirits' Influence in the World
We are going to continue on the same theme, as this will provide a background for the evaluation of the significant events which now present themselves to the human mind, events in which humanity is now caught up and which are more significant than is often realized today. I have sought to show that momentous occurrences in the spiritual world form the background to these events. I have also spoken of the profoundly significant battle which took place in the spiritual regions of the world between the early 1840s and the autumn of 1879. This was one of the battles which occur repeatedly in world and human evolution and are customarily represented by the image of Michael or St George fighting the dragon. Michael won one such victory over the dragon on behalf of the spiritual worlds in 1879. At that time the spirits of darkness who worked against the Michaelic impulses were cast down from the spiritual realm into the human realms. As I said, from that time onwards they have been active in the feeling, will and mind impulses of human beings. Present-day events can therefore only be understood if one turns the inner eye to the spiritual powers which are now moving among us.
Inevitably the question must arise as to the actual nature of the battle which raged in the spiritual regions between the 1840s and the 1870s, and of the activity of the spirits of darkness since November 1879.
The story of what was behind this significant battle, or we might say behind the scenes of world history, can only unfold slowly and gradually. Today we shall first of all consider some ways in which a reflection of the battle was cast on human regions. I have often drawn attention to the great turning-point in the evolution of modern cultural spheres which came in the early 1840s. This was the turning-point which brought the full impulse for the development of materialism. Materialism could only develop in consequence of major occurrences in the spiritual world which then continued in a downward direction and gradually caused materialistic impulses to be instilled into humanity. If we consider how events in spiritual regions were reflected here on earth, two things are particularly evident.
The first is that the purely physical intellect and a culture based on this showed a tremendous upsurge in the 1840s, 50s, 60s and 70s, much more so than people imagine today—future observers will see this more clearly. It is reasonable to say that anyone who studies the evolution of humanity and has an eye for more subtle elements in human life will note that there has never been such an upsurge in subtlety of conception, acumen and critical faculties for the adherents of materialism as during those decades. All the thinking I have characterized, thinking that leads to technical inventions, to criticism and to brilliant definitions, is physical thinking and is bound to the brain. A materialist who wanted to describe human evolution would have reason to say: ‘Humanity has never been as clever as during those decades.’ It really was clever. If you study the literature—here I mean not only fine literature—you will find that at no other time were ideas so well defined and critical thinking so well developed as in those years, and this was in all kinds of areas. We see a mirror-reflection develop in human souls of the aims certain spirits of darkness were seeking to achieve in the 40s, 50s, 60s and 70s of the last century, always hoping for victory.
They sought to get possession of an ancient inheritance of humanity. This was something we referred to yesterday: Through millennia, the progressive spirits of light guided humanity by means of blood bonds. They brought people together in families, tribes, nations and races, uniting those who belonged together on the basis of truly ancient human and world karma. With their feeling for those blood bonds people then also had a feeling for missions which went a very long way back in the world, missions designed to make the blood bonds—which, of course, came from the earth—part of the general human karma. If one turns one's attention to the spiritual world during the 1820s and 1830s, when the souls which were later to enter into human bodies were still in that world, one finds that the souls which were about to descend had certain impulses which, among other things, were due to the fact that for millennia they had been bound to particular families, tribes, nations and races each time they were on earth. From the 1840s onwards these souls were meant to make the decision to enter into particular bodies. For the spirits of light who sent their impulses into human souls were, of course, guiding human evolution according to the old blood bonds. And so the human souls in the spiritual worlds had certain impulses to follow the ancient human karma on entering into bodies which were to be the population in the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. The spirits of light were using the old measures of controlling and guiding those souls.
The spirits of darkness wanted to gain control over this. They wanted to drive the impulses of the spirits of light from those human souls and bring in their own impulses. If the spirits of darkness had won the battle in 1879, the relationship between human bodies and souls would have been utterly different from what it actually has become in people born after 1879. Different souls would have been in different bodies, and the plan according to which human affairs on earth were ordered would have been according to the ideal of the spirits of darkness. But it is not. Thanks to the victory that Michael won over the dragon in the autumn of 1879, this could not happen.
During the 1840s, 50s, 60s and 70s, the battle was reflected on earth in the particular acumen, critical faculty and so on, which I have described. As I have said before, mere speculation does not get us anywhere; it needs genuine spiritual observation. Speculation could never show that the very qualities of the physical intellect which I have mentioned are a reflection here on earth of the battle over reproduction, over the way in which generation follows generation. These things have to be observed. Anyone who thinks that the right connections between the physical and the spiritual worlds can be found by using the physical intellect is very much in error. This approach will normally give the wrong result, because the rules of logic used are those of the physical sciences. These apply only to the physical world, however; they do not apply to the relationship between the physical and the spiritual worlds. This, then, was one way in which the battle for the blood was reflected.
The other way—this again is something I have mentioned before—was the emergence of spiritualism in the 1840s and later. Certain groups, and they were far from small, sought to explore the connections with the spiritual world by using mediums, that is essentially by physical means. If this had succeeded, if the spirits of darkness had been strong enough to gain the victory over Michael's adherents in 1879, spiritualism would have spread enormously. For spiritualism gets its impulses not only from the earth, but is also governed by influences coming from the other world. It is important to be very clear that this is not a matter of choice; it is not possible to be easygoing and say: ‘Either we accept such things or we refuse to accept them.’ It certainly is not like this. The things that happened in spiritualistic circles partly represented a significant intrusion of the spiritual world; they certainly arose from impulses which came from the spiritual world and were often closely bound up with human destinies. They were nevertheless a mirror-reflection of the battle which had been lost in the spiritual region. This is also why spiritualism lost momentum and became so strangely corrupted after that point in time. It would have been the means by which people's attention would have been drawn to the spiritual world, and it would have been the only means if the spirits of darkness had gained the victory in 1879. If they had won, we would live in a world of indescribable acumen which would apply to all kinds of different spheres in life. Speculations on the Stock Exchange, which are sometimes quite dimwitted nowadays, would have been made with incredible acumen. This is one aspect. On the other hand, people far and wide would have sought to satisfy their spiritual needs by using mediums. So there you have what the spirits of darkness intended: physical acumen on the one hand, and a way of seeking connection with the spiritual world based on reduced consciousness on the other. Above all else, the spirits of darkness wanted to prevent spiritual experiences, living experience of the spirit, from coming down into human souls; this was bound to come about gradually after their fall in 1879.
The kind of spiritual experience which is utilized in the spiritual science of anthroposophy would have been impossible if the spirits of darkness had been victorious, for they would then have kept this life and activity in the spiritual regions. It is only because of their fall that instead of merely critical, physical intelligence and the mediumistic approach, it has been and will increasingly be possible to gain direct experiences in the spiritual world. It is not for nothing that I recently told you how the present age is dependent on spiritual influences to a far greater extent than people believe. Our age may be materialistic and want to become even more materialistic, but the spiritual worlds reveal themselves to human beings in many more places than one would think. Spiritual influences can be felt everywhere, though at the present time they are not always good ones.
People often find it embarrassing to admit to others their knowledge of spiritual influences, but many things they do, or initiate, are done because something appeared to them in a dream which was a genuine spiritual influence. Ask poets why they have become poets. Speaking of the time when they first began to be poets they will tell you that they had spiritual experiences which came as in a dream, and this gave them the impulse to be creative. Ask people who have started journals why they did so—I am giving you facts—and they will speak of what they call dreams, though this was actually the transmission of impulses from the spiritual to the physical world. And there is much more of this, also in other areas, but people will not admit to it, for they think if they tell someone: ‘I've done something or other because some spirit or other appeared to me in a dream,’ the other person will call them idiots. This, of course, is not a nice thing to hear. It is the reason why we know so little about what really goes on among people today. The things which now happen sporadically in one place or another are merely the vanguard of what will happen more and more: spirituality will come to human beings because Michael won his victory in 1879. The fact that we have a science of the spirit is also entirely due to this. Otherwise the truths concerned would have remained in the spiritual worlds; they could not have come to dwell in human brains and would not exist for the physical world.
You have been given images which may serve to demonstrate the intentions of the spirits of darkness in the 1840s, 50s, 60s and 70s when they fought the followers of Michael. These spirits have been down here among human beings from the autumn of 1879. They have failed to achieve their aims: spiritualism will not become the general human persuasion; people will not grow so clever from the materialistic point of view that they fall over themselves with their cleverness. The spiritual truths will take root among human beings.
On the other hand, the spirits of darkness are now among us. We have to be on guard so that we may realize what is happening when we encounter them and gain a real idea of where they are to be found. The most dangerous thing you can do in the immediate future will be to give yourself up unconsciously to the influences which are definitely present. For it makes no difference to their reality whether they are recognized or unrecognized.
It will be the main concern of these spirits of darkness to bring confusion into the rightful elements which are now spreading on earth, and need to spread in such a way that the spirits of light can continue to be active in them. They will seek to push these in the wrong direction. I have already spoken of one such wrong direction, which is about as paradoxical as is possible.1See fourth to last paragraph of lecture 5. I have pointed out that while human bodies will develop in such a way that certain spiritualities can find room in them, the materialistic bent, which will spread more and more under the guidance of the spirits of darkness, will work against this and combat it by physical means. I have told you that the spirits of darkness are going to inspire their human hosts, in whom they will be dwelling, to find a vaccine that will drive all inclination towards spirituality out of people's souls when they are still very young, and this will happen in a roundabout way through the living body. Today, bodies are vaccinated against one thing and another; in future, children will be vaccinated with a substance which it will certainly be possible to produce, and this will make them immune, so that they do not develop foolish inclinations connected with spiritual life—‘foolish’ here, of course, in the eyes of materialists.
A beginning has already been made, though only in the literary field where it is less harmful. As I have mentioned,2See lecture 5. learned medical experts have published books on the abnormalities of certain men of genius. As you know, attempts have been made to understand the genius of Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Viktor Scheffel, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer and Goethe, by showing them to suffer from certain abnormalities. And the most astounding thing in this field is that people have also sought to understand Jesus Christ and the Gospels from this point of view. Two publications are now in existence in which the origins of Christianity are said to be due to the fact that at the beginning of our era there lived an individual who was mentally and psychologically abnormal; this individual went about in Palestine as Jesus Christ and infected people with Christianity.
These, as I said, are the beginnings in the field of literature. The whole trend goes in a direction where a way will finally be found to vaccinate bodies so that these bodies will not allow the inclination towards spiritual ideas to develop and all their lives people will believe only in the physical world they perceive with the senses. Out of impulses which the medical profession gained from presumption—oh, I beg your pardon, from the consumption they themselves suffered—people are now vaccinated against consumption, and in the same way they will be vaccinated against any inclination towards spirituality. This is merely to give you a particularly striking example of many things which will come in the near and more distant future in this field—the aim being to bring confusion into the impulses which want to stream down to earth after the victory of the spirits of light.
The first step must be to throw people's views into confusion, turning their concepts and ideas inside out. This is a serious thing and must be watched with care, for it is part of some highly important elements which will be the background to events now in preparation.
I am choosing my words with great care. I am saying ‘in preparation’ because I am fully aware that to say ‘in preparation’, after the events which have taken place in the last three years, is something significant. Anyone who is able to see more deeply into these matters knows them to be preparations. Only superficial people can believe that this war, which is not a war of the old kind, will tomorrow or the day after be followed by a peace of the old kind. You have to be very superficial to believe this. Many will believe it, of course, if outer events appear to be in accord with the notions some people have; they will fail to realize what actually lies dormant beneath the surface.
It is interesting to consider the decades from the 1840s onwards, both in general and in detail. We have had a general characterization of them in these last weeks, and I have to some extent gone over this again today. A study of representative figures—the spiritual impulses which power evolution come to expression in such figures—will show that the general insights gained also prove true in individual instances. Let me give you an example which may seem to be a minor one. It is something I also mentioned last year.3Geisteswissenschaftliche Erlaeuterungen zu Goethes “Faust”. Band I. GA 272. Not available in English.
Numerous commentaries have been written on Goethe's Faust. Oswald Marbach's4Oswald Marbach (1810–1890), Professor of Technology in Leipzig, poet and writer; head of ‘Balduin zur Linde’ Freemasons' Lodge. Goethes Faust, Teil I and II erklaert, 1881. commentaries do not lack depth; they are in some respect profound. It is fair to say that the people who have been least profound are the literary historians, for it is their academic duty to understand such matters, which, of course, tends to be an obstacle to real understanding. Oswald Marbach wrote well about Faust because he was not really a literary historian. He lectured on Goethe's Faust, mathematics, mechanics and technology at Leipzig University, and at the present time the mysteries of the cosmos are easier to penetrate by studying Marbach's mechanics and technology than by applying the ‘modern science’ of historians and literary historians. However, we do find something quite peculiar in the case of Oswald Marbach. He spoke on Goethe's Faust during the 1840s but had ceased to do so by the end of the 1840s, nor did he speak about it in the 50s, 60s and 70s. He only started to lecture on Goethe's Faust again in the late 70s. In between he spoke only on mathematics, mechanics and technology, that is he devoted himself to the sciences which offered the best opportunity, especially at the time, to foster one's acumen and critical faculties. It is most interesting to see how he refers to this in his preface: “Thirty or forty years ago, I used to lecture on Goethe's Faust at Leipzig University—the book was published in 1881—but I have only taken the subject up again in recent years (1875). Why such a long interval? Many factors were involved, outer and inner ones, both subjective and objective. I grew older and finally old and so did my students: semester by semester they grew more and more morose. (People were getting more clever, but for anyone who looked more deeply also more morose!) Open interest of the spirit in the spirit was getting less and less and we lived in an age when usefulness counted more than beauty. For thirty years I yielded to necessity rather than to my own inclination and put philosophy and poetry aside, teaching the exact sciences of mathematics, physics and mechanics instead.”
This was the time of materialistic acumen. One sentence in the preface is tremendously interesting, for it points directly to what mattered at this time. Marbach states that in his conscious mind he always thought he was doing exactly what he wanted to do in the past, whether interpreting Faust or lecturing on technology. However, when he took up Faust again to interpret the work, he had to confess he had been under an illusion, for he had merely obeyed the spirit of the time. It would be good if many people could realize the extent to which they are under illusions. For it was the ideal of the spirits of darkness before 1879, and has been even more so since they walk among us in the human realms since 1879, to spin a web of illusion over human beings and into human brains and let illusions stream through human hearts.
Something else is of interest when one considers such an individual who is representative, as it were, of the influences which heaven brought to bear on earth. He says—and this is in accord with history—that in the 1840s he would mostly speak about Faust, Part 1 at the university, for there was no interest in Part 2. When he started to lecture on Faust again—and we can now say this was after Michael's victory over the dragon—his exposition would mostly be on Part 2. The age of acumen and critical faculties was indeed a time when access to Part 2 of Goethe's Faust was difficult. Even today this work, which is one of the greatest affirmations of Goetheanism, is relatively little understood. Efforts at understanding are, of course, liable to make us feel ill at ease, for nowhere else is the atmosphere in which people live today treated with such humour, such irony, as in Part 2 of Goethe's Faust. People live in a social atmosphere today which has been gradually evolving since the sixteenth century. They hail everything which has been achieved from the sixteenth century onwards as great and glorious achievements of our time and positively wallow in those achievements. Goethe was not only a man of his time; he was inwardly able to look ahead to the twentieth century and wrote Part 2 of Faust for the twentieth, twenty-first and later centuries. This will be only understood in the future. Hidden below the surface is a humorous and ironical look at developments since the sixteenth century, written in grand style. Consider the way Goethe lets the much admired advances on which civilizations live today be presented to Faust as a contrivance of Mephistopheles. Thus not only the paper spectre of the golden florin,5Faust 2, Act 1, Scene 2: in the imperial palace, Mephistopheles tells the emperor and his advisers that paper money will solve the financial crisis. Scene 4 describes the rapid spread of paper money. but all the glorious developments from the sixteenth century onwards were the creation of Mephistopheles. In time to come, humanity will see the magnificent irony with which the creations of that time are treated in Part 2 of Faust. On the one hand, we have Faust in his quest for the spirit, and on the other, Mephistopheles, representative of the spirits of darkness, who invents everything humanity has come to depend on and will depend on more and more, especially in the twentieth century.
Much which will help us to be on our guard may be found hidden in Part 2 of Faust. It is a profoundly significant symptom that someone who had used physics, mechanics, mathematics and technology to learn the secrets of the age felt drawn to speak about Part 2 exactly when the victory had been won over the dragon. For decades before this he would speak only of Part 1, which alone could be understood at the time.
We have seen, especially also in the course of last year, that anthroposophy is gradually helping us to bring life into things which Goethe was only able to present in images, and to discover their deeper meaning in Part 2 of Faust.6During 1916, the work on stage productions with eurythmy of scenes from Part 2 of Goethe's Faust which had started in 1915, culminated in a number of performances. See the lecture of 4 November 1916 (GA 172) in The Karma of Vocation, tr. by 0. D. Wannamaker, rev. by G. Church. Anthroposophic Press, Hudson NY, 1984. Anthroposophy clearly cannot be derived from a study of Faust, but it is certainly true that anthroposophy throws a new and much clearer light on the impressive images Goethe has given in Part 2, and in his magnificent discourses in Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years.
Here we touch on a trend which will have to gain ground under the influence of the progressive spirits of light as time goes on, to counter the efforts of the spirits of darkness; and it will gain ground if human beings are on their guard against the spirits of darkness. These last three years have been a challenge to be watchful and on our guard, though the numbers of souls able to perceive the call are as yet far from adequate. We have been able to see the opposite trend at work here, there and everywhere. It is particularly when spiritual life is beginning to be possible that the spirits of hindrance are very much to the fore. We have seen characteristic things and we shall see more of them. Even just to hint at such things is liable to create continuous misunderstanding. The spiritual atmosphere in which people live today is impregnated with the will to misunderstand to such an extent that one's words are immediately interpreted as something different from what they actually mean to convey. One has to use human words, and these have all kinds of associations.
Today, so many people base their judgement on national passions that if one has in some way to characterize someone who belongs to a particular nation, simply as a human individual who is here on earth, this is taken amiss by people who also belong to that nation, despite the fact that something said about individuals who are involved in current events, for example, has nothing to do with one's views of some nation or other. The belief that the tempest now raging is caused by the things that everybody is talking about today is especially harmful because it is especially senseless. The causes are much more deeply hidden and initially have really nothing to do with national aspirations in some respects—please note I am saying in some respects. National aspirations are merely made use of by certain powers, but the majority of people are so superficial that they do not want to know about this. It will be some time before an objective view is taken in this area.
Large sections of humanity find it easiest to ascribe greatness and far-sightedness to ideas which have arisen in a brain as limited as that of someone just out of teacher training college who is let loose not just on a class of school children, but in this case on the whole of humanity. As I said on a number of occasions, it did not need this terrible time which has come upon us to form an objective opinion on Woodrow Wilson from the point of view of spiritual science. I spoke of this in the lectures I gave in Helsingfors in 1913; you can read it up in The Occult Significance of the Bhagavad Gita.7Steiner, R. The Occult Significance of the Bhagavad Gita. Tr. by G. M. Adams, rev. by D. M. Bugbey. Anthroposophic Press, Hudson NY, 1984. There I spoke of the world schoolmastery of Woodrow Wilson and the shallow superficiality of the man. In those days, however, you were outside the Spirit of the time when you spoke about Woodrow Wilson like this, for his grammar-schoolboy essays on independence, culture and literature were then still being translated into European languages. It will be a long time yet before people will feel embarrassed at taking seriously the grammar school level policies of Woodrow Wilson.
Spirits of darkness are at work everywhere to befog human minds. One day people will waken from the mists and vapours in which they are now asleep and they will find it hard to understand how people could have allowed themselves to be kept on leading-reins by Woodrow Wilson and his wisdom in the early twentieth century without feeling embarrassed. A moment of waking will only come when people begin to feel embarrassed at policies which are possible today.
It is difficult to say truth-inspired things today because they sound too much in opposition to the ideas which have been inculcated into people's heads. And it is difficult to form an independent judgement in the atmosphere which has been produced not only during the last three years, but also through everything I have called a social carcinoma in the lectures I gave in Vienna.8See Note 2 of lecture 1. It is necessary to take these things with profound seriousness and not apply to them the concepts and ideas which people have been in the habit of using as their criteria. It will be necessary to realize that the present time demonstrates the inadequacy and indeed the utter uselessness of the ideas humanity has come to accept, and that in terms of world history it is indecent for people to base their judgement on the very ideas which have led to present events when those events clearly show them to have been wrong. Do people think they can cure the ills of the present time by applying the same principles which have brought them about? If so, they are utterly deceiving themselves.
Humanity has a certain sum total of cultural achievements which come from older times. These are now being used up. Every day brings evidence of their being used up without anything new taking their place. People are so little prepared today to understand and see through such things in their full seriousness. Many are still thinking exactly the as they did in 1913, in the belief that the understanding they had in 1913 will also be adequate for 1917; they do not have enough sense of reality to see that this kind of thinking has a great deal to do with the events of the year 1917, having brought them about, and that it cannot cure the ills we experience now, in 1917.
The need of the present time is that we go deeply into the events which have occurred since the fall of the spirits of darkness; we must gain as much insight as possible into the events of the 1880s, 1890s, and the first two decades of the twentieth century. People are utterly confused in their judgement with regard to them.
Neither do they have a real idea of the radical difference in the way people felt and reacted after 1879 compared to the way they did before 1879. Going into something like Part 2 of Goethe's Faust will also help us to progress; this work could not be understood in Goethe's time because it is a critique of what Goethe perceived to be the content of the twentieth century. Characteristically, someone like Oswald Marbach only found access to Part 2 after the fall of the spirits of darkness.
These are the insights and impulses which will help us to grow inwardly so that we may meet the needs of our time. Many of the needs sown before 1879 have not come to fruition, and in connection with this there is a significant question which should really cast its shadow on every human soul. Today I want to put it merely as a question.
The events in which we are caught up today indicate where humanity stands now. What matters now is not merely to understand them, but to find a way out of them. Yet while there is so little will to penetrate the deeper, real impulses which have led to the present age, practical minds will not be able to understand these matters. It is wrong to think that no one has sufficient insight into the current situation. People simply do not want to listen to them, just as they do not want to know about such a thing as Goetheanism, which is also like the voice of the twentieth century. Yet this voice will only be rightly understood if people seek to understand, seriously and in all dignity, the profound significance of the fall of the spirits of darkness in the autumn of 1879. To understand the present time, it will be necessary to understand the spiritual evolution of humanity. That is why I spoke of Oswald Marbach, whose poem I gave you last year to let you see how he looks at the past and ahead to the future. He wrote the poem to mark the anniversary when Goethe found entry into communities then called Masonic or the like, though in the eighteenth century this meant something different from what it means today. Goethe's viewpoint allowed him insight into many of the mysterious impulses which go through the world, things that people are too superficial to want to see. Oswald Marbach wrote these verses to mark the anniversary of Goethe finding his way to the world of the spirit:
With you, my brother, father, sublime master,
We now join hands across a hundred years
To mark the steadfast love which does unite
And closely bind all independent minds;
Greatest of spirits, mind most independent,
All our endeavour is to reach your heights;
We dedicate ourselves to you! We dedicate our sons,
So that one day achievement be the crown.
You strove as we now strive; yet the soul of your endeavour
To gain self-knowledge that will lead to wisdom
Was always life itself with vigour lived,
Was power creative, actively progressing
To works which rise into the light,
In glorious beauty for eternity:
Like Israel you struggled against God
Until you won the victory o'er yourself!
The mystery which now for ever binds us
Will not be told to unenlightened souls;
Yet make it known to all the world
In deeds of purest love that never tire,
In the clear light which spirit gives to spirit,
In life eternal which shall never fade.
Lead on then, Master! Where you went before
We're drawn to follow in most ardent longing.
Such is the mood that must unlock the ‘gates of fulfilment’.
Dreizehnter Vortrag
Meine lieben Freunde! Ich möchte noch einmal, damit kein Mißverständnis entsteht, darauf hinweisen, daß die Vorträge, die für Zürich beabsichtigt sind, nunmehr festgesetzt sind: die öffentlichen Vorträge Montag und Mittwoch, den 5. und 7. November, und an den beiden gleichlautenden Wochentagen der nächsten Woche darauf, das ist also am 12. und 14. November; an den dazwischenliegenden Tagen immer ein Zweigvortrag. Die Themen sind diesmal so gewählt, daß noch einmal der Versuch gemacht wird, die Fäden hinüberzuziehen zu den verschiedenen Wissenschaften:
Montag, den 5. November 1917
Anthroposophie und Seelenwissenschaft (Psychologie).
Geisteswissenschaftliche Ergebnisse über die menschlichen Seelenfragen.
Mittwoch, den 7. November
Anthroposophie und Geschichtswissenschaft.
Geisteswissenschaftliche Ergebnisse über die Menschheit und ihreKulturformen.
Montag, den 12. November
Anthroposophie und Naturwissenschaft.
Geisteswissenschaftliche Ergebnisse über die Natur und den Menschen als Naturwesen.
Mittwoch, den 14. November
Anthroposophie und Sozialwissenschaft.
Geisteswissenschaftliche Ergebnisse über Recht, Moral und soziale Lebensform.
Die Betrachtungen, die wir in dieser Zeit angestellt haben, wollen wir nunmehr in diesen Tagen fortsetzen und dadurch gewissermaßen einen Hintergrund liefern zur Beurteilung der bedeutungsvollen Ereignisse, die jetzt vor dem Menschengemüte vorbeiziehen, in die der Mensch hineingestellt ist und die bedeutungsvoller sind, als heute noch mancher ahnt. Ich habe versucht, begreiflich zu machen, wie der Hintergrund dieser Ereignisse zusammenhängt mit tief einschneidenden Vorgängen der geistigen Welt. Und ich habe darauf hingewiesen, daß vom Beginne der vierziger Jahre bis in den Herbst 1879 ein bedeutungsvoller, tief einschneidender Kampf stattgefunden hat in den geistigen Regionen der Welt, einer jener Kämpfe, die sich in der Evolution der Welt und der Menschheit wiederholt ereignen und die man gewohnt worden ist darzustellen unter dem Bilde des gegen den Drachen kämpfenden Michael oder Sankt Georg. Ein solcher Sieg Michaels über den Drachen für die geistigen Welten ist 1879 ausgefochten gewesen. Die den Impulsen des Michael entgegenstrebenden Geister der Finsternis sind dazumal aus dem geistigen Reiche in die Reiche der Menschen herabgestürzt worden und walten seit jener Zeit, wie ich gesagt habe, in den Empfindungs-, Willens-, Gemütsimpulsen der Menschen, so daß man die Ereignisse der Gegenwart nur versteht, wenn man auf diese gewissermaßen unter uns wandelnden geistigen Mächte den Seelenblick lenken kann.
Für uns muß naturgemäß die Frage entstehen: Worin bestand in erster Linie jener Kampf, der in den geistigen Regionen von den vierziger Jahren bis in die siebziger Jahre stattgefunden hat, und worin besteht dann der andere Kampf beziehungsweise worin besteht die Tätigkeit der herabgestoßenen Geisteswesen der Finsternis unter der Menschheit seit dem November 1879?
Nun kann man nur in langsamer und allmählicher Schilderung zusammenfassen, was diesem bedeutungsvollen Kampfe, man könnte sagen, hinter den Kulissen der Weltgeschichte von den vierziger Jahren bis in die siebziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts zugrundelag. Heute wollen wir zunächst auf einiges aufmerksam machen, was diesen Kampf gewissermaßen aus den geistigen Regionen in die irdischen, in die menschlichen Regionen herunterspiegelt. Ich habe ja oftmals darauf hingewiesen, wie im Beginne der vierziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts ein entscheidender Wendepunkt in der Entwickelung der modernen Kulturgebiete war, wie dazumal gewissermaßen der entscheidende Wendepunkt war, der die volle, impulsive materialistische Entwickelung gebracht hat. Daß diese materialistische Entwickelung hat kommen können, dazu waren zunächst einschneidende Vorgänge in der geistigen Welt notwendig, die sich dann herunter fortsetzten und das allmähliche Einträufeln der materialistischen Impulse in die Menschheit bewirkten. Wir können, wenn wir hier auf dem Erdengebiete verfolgen, was sich aus den geistigen Regionen spiegelte, vor allen Dingen auf zweierlei hinweisen: Zuerst darauf, wie viel mehr, als die gegenwärtige Menschheit es noch ahnt — denn erst zukünftige Betrachter werden einen klaren Blick dafür haben -, in den vierziger, fünfziger, sechziger und siebziger Jahren ein ungeheurer Aufschwung des rein materiellen Verstandes, der rein materiellen Verstandeskultur, Platz griff. Man kann schon sagen: Wer die Entwickelung der Menschheit verfolgt und einen Blick hat für die intimeren Vorgänge im Menschenleben, der kann bemerken, daß in bezug auf Feinheit der Begriffsbildung, in bezug auf Scharfsinn, auf Kritik zum Beispiel, in keiner Zeit ein solcher Aufschwung in der Menschheit vorhanden war wie in diesen Jahrzehnten, wo man ein Anhänger des Materialismus ist. -— Denn all dieses Denken, das ich charakterisiert habe, das sich auslebt in den technischen Erfindungen, das sich auslebt in der Kritik, in der Bildung scharfsinniger Begriffe, all das ist materielles Denken, ist an das Gehirn gebundenes Denken. Wenn man als Materialist die Entwikkelung der Menschheit schildern will, so kann man mit gutem Gewissen sagen: Die Menschheit war niemals so gescheit wie in diesen Jahrzehnten. Gescheit war sie wirklich. Wer die Literatur verfolgt ich meine jetzt nicht bloß die sogenannte schönwissenschaftliche Literatur -, der wird schon finden, daß so fein abgezirkelte Begriffe, so kritisches Denken in der ganzen Menschheitsentwickelung nicht zutagegetreten ist wie in jener Zeit, und zwar auf allen möglichen Gebieten. Das aber, was sich entwickelt hat in den Menschenseelen, das ist nur das Spiegelbild desjenigen, was immer mit der Hoffnung auf Sieg gewisse Geister der Finsternis, auf die wir hingedeutet haben, in den geistigen Regionen in den vierziger, fünfziger, sechziger und siebziger Jahren angestrebt haben.
Sie haben angestrebt, ein uraltes Erbgut der Menschheit in ihre Hände zu bekommen, wenn ich den Ausdruck gebrauchen darf. Worin bestand nun dieses uralte Erbgut? Wir haben gestern darauf hingewiesen: Durch Jahrtausende hindurch haben die fortschreitenden Geister des Lichtes die Menschheit so geleitet, daß sie zum Mittel ihrer Leitung die Blutsbande benützt haben, daß sie die Menschen zusammengeführt haben in Familien, Stämmen, Nationen, Rassen, so daß sich diejenigen zusammengefunden haben, die aus ururaltem Menschheits- und Weltenkarma zusammengehörten. So daß die Menschen auch, indem sie die Blutsbande fühlten, in diesem Gefühl alte, ururalte Aufgaben der Welt hatten, die zugleich so gefaßt waren, daß dasjenige, was die Erde geben konnte - und von der Erde kommen ja die Blutsbande -, in das allgemeine Menschheitskarma eingefügt war. Richtet man den Blick in den dreißiger, zwanziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts, wo die Seelen, die dann heruntergekommen sind in Menschenleiber, noch in der geistigen Welt waren, richtet man den Blick auf die geistige Welt in dieser Zeit, die dem materialistischen Zeitalter voranging, so findet man, daß diese Seelen, die da herunterkommen wollten, in sich gewisse Impulse hatten, die unter anderem auch davon herrührten, daß sie durch Jahrtausende, so oft sie auf der Erde waren, durch Blutsbande an diese Familien, an diese Stämme, an diese Nationen, an diese Rassen gebunden waren. Nach diesen Bindungen sollten sich diese Seelen dazu entschließen, in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts und von den vierziger Jahren an in diese oder jene Leiber einzuziehen. Denn die entsprechenden Geister des Lichtes lenken natürlich, indem sie ihre Impulse in die Seelen der Menschen hineinsenden, das Fortschreiten der Menschheitsentwickelung so, wie sie es nach den alten Blutsbanden veranlagt haben. Es waren also in den Menschenseelen, die in den geistigen Welten waren, gewisse Impulse, so oder so nach dem alten Menschheitskarma unterzutauchen in die Leiber derjenigen Menschen, die also die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, den Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts bevölkern sollten. Es hatten also gewissermaßen die Geister des Lichtes in der Hand, diese Seelen nach ihren alten Maßnahmen zu leiten und zu lenken.
Das wollten die Geister der Finsternis, von denen ich gesprochen habe, in die Hand bekommen. Sie wollten die Impulse der Geister des Lichtes aus den Seelen vertreiben, sie wollten ihre Impulse in die Menschenseelen hineinbringen. Wäre der Sieg der Geister der Finsternis 1879 geglückt, dann wäre ein ganz anderer Zusammenhang herausgekommen zwischen den Menschenleibern und den Menschenseelen, als er bei den nach 1879 Geborenen nunmehr herausgekommen ist. Die Seelen wären in andern Leibern geboren worden, und der Plan der irdischen Menschheitsordnung wäre nach dem Ideal der Geister der Finsternis ausgeführt worden. Das ist er nicht. Daß er das nicht konnte, das ist verdankt dem Sieg des Michael über den Drachen im Herbste 1879.
Dieses Kämpfen, das spiegelte sich in den vierziger, fünfziger, sechziger und siebziger Jahren auf der Erde in dem, was ich geschildert habe als besonders ausgeprägter Scharfsinn, Kritik und so weiter. Ich habe öfter darauf hingewiesen: Durch bloße Spekulation kommt man nicht hinter die Dinge, sondern nur durch wirkliche spirituelle Beobachtung. Durch Spekulation könnte niemand darauf kommen, daß just diejenigen Eigenschaften, die ich von dem materiellen Verstande erwähnt habe, hier auf der Erde das Spiegelbild sind eines Kampfes in den geistigen Welten um die Fortpflanzung, um die Generationenfolge. Diese Dinge müssen eben beobachtet werden, denn wenn man glaubt, man könne mit dem materiellen Verstande selber die richtigen Zusammenhänge zwischen physischer Welt und geistiger Welt finden, so irrt man sich sehr. Da trifft man in der Regel ganz Falsches, weil man schematisch vorgeht nach äußeren logischen Regeln, die nach dem Muster der Naturwissenschaft gewonnen sind. Die gelten aber nur für die physische Welt, die gelten nicht für den Zusammenhang der physischen mit der geistigen Welt. Das war also die eine Spiegelung dieses Kampfes um das Blut.
Die andere Spiegelung - ich habe auch schon öfter auf sie hingewiesen — bestand in dem Aufkommen des Spiritismus in den vierziger Jahren und dann weiter. Gewisse Kreise, und gar nicht so enge Kreise, versuchten in dieser Zeit die Zusammenhänge mit der geistigen Welt auf medialem Wege zu erforschen, also im Grunde genommen auf materielle Art. Wäre dies geglückt, wäre die Schar der Geister der Finsternis genügend stark gewesen, um 1879 den Sieg über die Anhänger des Michael zu gewinnen, dann hätte der Spiritismus eine ungeheure Ausbreitung gewonnen. Denn der Spiritismus kann nicht bloß von der Erde aus impulsiert werden, sondern er hat seine Einflüsse von der andern Welt; er wird von der andern Welt dirigiert. Man muß sich durchaus klar darüber sein, daß hier auch nicht bloß ein Entweder-Oder Geltung haben darf, das heute den Menschen so bequem ist, die sich immer sagen: Entweder erkennen wir so etwas an, oder weisen wir so etwas ab. So ist die Sache nicht, so liegt sie ganz und gar nicht. Was sich auf spiritistischem Boden abgespielt hat, das war zum Teil ein bedeutungsvolles Hereinragen der geistigen Welt, war durchaus herausfließend aus Impulsen der geistigen Welt, hatte oftmals das Intensivste mit den Schicksalen der Menschen zu tun, aber ein Spiegelbild war es jenes Kampfes, der eben in der geistigen Region verloren worden ist. Daher auch das eigentümliche Zurückgehen und Korrumpiertwerden des Spiritismus nach dem genannten Zeitpunkte. Er wäre das Mittel geworden, die Menschen auf die geistige Welt hinzuweisen, und zwar das einzige Mittel, wenn die Geister der Finsternis 1879 den Sieg erlangt hätten. Wäre dieser Sieg dazumal zustandegekommen, so lebten wir heute in einer Welt eines ganz unsagbaren Scharfsinnes, eines Scharfsinnes, der sich auf die verschiedensten Gebiete des menschlichen Lebens erstreckt hätte. Börsenspekulationen und ähnliche Dinge, die manchmal heute recht dumm gemacht werden, würden mit ungeheurem Scharfsinn gemacht werden. Das auf der einen Seite. Aber auf der andern Seite würde man in den weitesten Kreisen sein spirituelles Bedürfnis auf medialem Wege zu befriedigen suchen. Materieller Verstand also auf der einen Seite, jene auf herabgestimmtem Bewußtsein beruhende Art, sich zur geistigen Welt in ein Verhältnis zu setzen, auf der andern Seite: das war die Absicht der Geister der Finsternis. Diese Geister der Finsternis wollten vor allen Dingen eines verhindern, was bei ihrem Sturz nach dem Jahre 1879 allmählich eintreten mußte: das wirkliche Herabkommen von geistigen Erfahrungen, von geistigen Erlebnissen in die Menschenseelen hinein. Solche geistigen Erlebnisse, wie sie verwertet werden von anthroposophisch orientierter Geisteswissenschaft, die wären unmöglich geworden, wenn die genannten Geister der Finsternis ihren Sieg errungen hätten. Dieses Geistesleben und Geistesweben würde oben behalten worden sein von den Geistern der Finsternis in den geistigen Regionen. Nur durch den Sturz der charakterisierten Geister ist es gekommen, daß anstelle des bloß kritischen, materiellen Verstandes und des medialen Weges die unmittelbare geistige Erfahrung hat treten können und immer mehr und mehr treten wird. Nicht umsonst habe ich in den letzten Zeiten hier erwähnt: Viel mehr, als man denkt, ist die heutige Zeit von spirituellen Einflüssen abhängig. So materialistisch unsere Zeit ist und eigentlich mehr noch sein will, als sie es ist: an viel mehr Stellen, als man denkt, offenbaren sich die geistigen Welten den Menschen. Wenn auch heute noch oftmals nicht in gutem Sinne, aber geistige Einflüsse sind überall zu spüren. Und manches, was von Menschen, die heute gegenüber spirituellen Einflüssen ein gewisses Schamgefühl haben - sie schämen sich, spirituelle Einflüsse andern gegenüber zu gestehen -, manches, was von Menschen gemacht wird, diese oder jene Gründung, sie wird deshalb gemacht, weil den Menschen im Traum dies oder jenes erschienen ist, was ein wirklicher spiritueller Einfluß ist. Sie können heute Dichter fragen, warum sie Dichter geworden sind. Das ursprüngliche Erlebnis, das sie Ihnen erzählen werden, wird sein: Dieses oder jenes Spirituelle haben sie wie traumhaft erlebt, und dieses traumhafte Erlebnis hat eigentlich den Impuls zu ihrem Schaffen in sie gelegt. - Leute, die Journale gegründet haben, Sie können sie fragen, warum sie sie gegründet haben - ich erzähle Ihnen Tatsachen -, sie führen Ihnen diese Journalgründungen auf Träume zurück, auf sogenannte Träume, was aber nichts anderes ist als die Übertragung gewisser spiritueller Impulse aus den geistigen Welten in die sinnliche Welt hinein. Und vieles andere auf andern Gebieten ist vorhanden, viel mehr, als man denkt, nur sagen es die Leute heute nicht, weil jeder glaubt, wenn er dem andern sagte: Ich habe dies oder jenes getan, weil mir der oder jener Geist erschienen ist im Traume -, der andere nenne ihn dann einen Trottel. Das ist ja natürlich eine unangenehme Sache. Deshalb weil man so wenig von dem, was eigentlich heute unter Menschen geschieht. Das, was so sporadisch da oder dort geschieht, das ist aber nur, ich möchte sagen, der Vortrab zu dem, was immer mehr und mehr geschehen wird: Das Spirituelle wird die Menschheit ergreifen, weil eben jener Sieg Michaels über den Drachen 1879 sich zugetragen hat. Und daß eine Geisteswissenschaft möglich ist, das ist auch nur auf diesen Umstand zurückzuführen, sonst wären die entsprechenden Wahrheiten in den geistigen Welten verblieben, könnten nicht Wohnung nehmen in menschlichen Gehirnen, wären für die physische Welt nicht vorhanden.
Da haben Sie solche Bilder, die Ihnen klarmachen können, welches die Absichten waren der Geister der Finsternis in den vierziger, fünfziger, sechziger und siebziger Jahren in den geistigen Regionen bei ihrem Kampf, den sie gegen die Anhänger des Michael geführt haben. Nun sind sie seit dem Herbste 1879 hier unten, unter den Menschen. Das alles haben sie nicht erreicht, was sie angestrebt haben: Der Spiritismus wird nicht allgemeine Menschheitsüberzeugung werden; die Menschen werden nicht, vom materialistischen Standpunkte aus gesprochen, so gescheit werden, daß sie vor lauter Gescheitheit selber sich überschlagen. Die spirituellen Wahrheiten werden unter den Menschen Wurzel fassen.
Aber die Geister der Finsternis sind dafür unter uns, sie sind da. Wir müssen Wache halten, damit wir merken, wo sie uns begegnen, damit wir Anschauungen darüber gewinnen, wo sie vorhanden sind. Denn das Gefährlichste in der nächsten Zukunft wird sein, sich unbewußt den Einflüssen auszuliefern, die ja doch da sind. Denn ob sie der Mensch kennt oder nicht kennt, das macht keinen Unterschied für ihre Realität.
Vor allen Dingen aber wird es sich für diese Geister der Finsternis darum handeln, dasjenige, was nun auf der Erde sich verbreitet und in dem die Geister des Lichtes in ihrer richtigen Richtung fortwirken können, das in Verwirrung zu bringen, das in falsche Richtungen zu bringen. Ich habe auf eine solche falsche Richtung, die zu den paradoxesten gehört, schon hingewiesen. Ich habe Sie darauf hingewiesen, daß ja freilich die Menschenleiber sich so entwickeln werden, daß in ihnen eine gewisse Spiritualität Platz finden kann, daß aber der materialistische Sinn, der sich immer mehr ausbreiten wird durch die Anweisungen der Geister der Finsternis, dagegen arbeiten und mit materiellen Mitteln dagegen kämpfen wird. Ich habe Ihnen gesagt, daß die Geister der Finsternis ihre Kostgeber, die Menschen, in denen sie wohnen werden, dazu inspirieren werden, sogar ein Impfmittel zu finden, um den Seelen schon in frühester Jugend auf dem Umwege durch die Leiblichkeit die Hinneigung zur Spiritualität auszutreiben. Wie man heute die Leiber impft gegen dies und jenes, so wird man zukünftig die Kinder mit einem Stoff impfen, der durchaus hergestellt werden kann, so daß durch diese Impfung die Menschen gefeit sein werden, die «Narrheiten» des spirituellen Lebens nicht aus sich heraus zu entwickeln, Narrheiten selbstverständlich im materialistischen Sinne gesprochen.
Begonnen — mehr auf literarischem Gebiete, wo es aber unschädlicher ist — hat ja die Sache schon. Ich habe Sie darauf hingewiesen, daß Schriften sehr gelehrter Mediziner erschienen sind über die Pathologie verschiedener Genies. Sie wissen: Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Viktor Scheffel, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Goethe, alle hat man dadurch als Genies zu begreifen versucht, daß man dieses oder jenes Pathologische in ihnen nachgewiesen hat. Und was das Aufregendste, möchte ich sagen, auf diesem Gebiete ist, das ist, daß man auch den Christus Jesus vom pathologischen Standpunkte aus, die Evangelien vom pathologischen Standpunkte aus zu begreifen versucht hat. Es gibt zwei Schriften heute schon, welche die Entstehung des Christentums zurückführen darauf, daß einmal im Beginn der neuzeitlichen Zeitrechnung ein seelisch und geistig unnormaler Mensch gelebt hat, der in Palästina als Jesus herumgegangen ist und aus seinen Seelenkrankheitserscheinungen die Menschen mit dem Christentum angesteckt hat. Zwei Schriften gibt es auch über die Pathologie des Christus Jesus.
Das, wie gesagt, sind die unschuldigen, literarischen Anfänge. Das alles tendiert aber dahin, zuletzt das Mittel zu finden, durch das man die Leiber impfen kann, damit sie nicht Neigungen zu spirituellen Ideen aufkommen lassen, sondern ihr ganzes Leben hindurch nur an die sinnenfällige Materie glauben. So, wie man aus den Impulsen, welche die Medizin aus der Schwindelsucht - pardon, verzeihen Sie —, aus der eigenen Schwindsucht heraus gewonnen hat, gegen die Schwindsucht heute impft, so wird man impfen gegen die Anlage zur Spiritualität. Das soll nur hinweisen auf ein besonders paradox Hervorragendes unter vielem andern, was auf diesem Gebiet im Laufe der nächsten und ferneren Zukunft auftreten wird, damit das, was durch den Sieg der Geister des Lichtes aus den geistigen Welten auf die Erde herniederströmen will, in Verwirrung komme.
Dazu müssen natürlich zuerst die Weltanschauungen, die Auffassungen der Menschen verworren gemacht werden, die Begriffe, die Vorstellungen müssen zunächst verkehrt werden. Und hier ist ein ernstes Gebiet, auf das man sehr wachsam hinschauen soll, denn dieses Gebiet gehört zu den wichtigsten Hintergründen der Ereignisse, die sich gegenwärtig vorbereiten.
Ich wähle meine Ausdrücke vorsätzlich exakt. Ich sage «vorbereiten» und bin mir wohl bewußt, daß, wenn jemand von vorbereiten spricht, nachdem dasjenige stattgefunden hat, was in den letzten drei Jahren stattgefunden hat, er schon Bedeutungsvolles sagt, denn wer tiefer in die Dinge hineinsieht, weiß, daß es sich um Vorbereitungen handelt. Nur der Oberflächliche kann glauben, daß morgen oder übermorgen dasjenige, was nicht im alten Sinne ein Krieg ist, durch einen Frieden im alten Sinne abgeschlossen werden kann. Nur wer die Ereignisse recht oberflächlich beurteilt, kann solches glauben. Wohl werden es viele glauben, wenn äußerlich dies oder jenes eintritt, was solchen Vorstellungen ähnlich sieht, wie mancher sie sich macht; dann wird man aber nicht bedenken, was unter der Oberfläche schlummern wird.
Es ist im großen und es ist auch im einzelnen interessant, hinzublicken auf die Jahrzehnte seit den vierziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts. Eine Charakteristik im allgemeinen haben wir ja in diesen Wochen hier empfangen, und ich habe sie ja auch heute bis zu einem gewissen Grade wiederum zu geben versucht. Gerade wenn man repräsentative Persönlichkeiten ins Auge faßt - und in Persönlichkeiten repräsentiert sich ja dasjenige, was an geistigen Impulsen in der Entwickelung kraftet -, dann findet man auch im einzelnen, daß sich das bewahrheitet, was als allgemeine Erkenntnisse einem aufleuchtet. Ich möchte ein klein scheinendes Beispiel anführen. Ich habe schon im vorigen Jahre auf diese Sache hingewiesen.
Goethes «Faust» ist von vielen Leuten kommentiert worden. Viele Leute haben Goethes «Faust» erklärt. Einer derjenigen, die ihn nicht untief, sondern in einem gewissen Sinne tief erklärt haben, ist Oswald Marbach. Man kann schon sagen, am wenigsten tief in der «Faust»-Erklärung waren eigentlich die Literaturhistoriker, weil es deren akademischer Beruf ist, die Sache zu verstehen, was ja vielfach ein Hindernis ist, sie wirklich zu verstehen. Oswald Marbach hat deshalb gute Worte über den «Faust» gesprochen in seinem Buche, «Goethes Faust Teil I und II, erklärt von Oswald Marbach», weil er nicht eigentlich Literaturhistoriker war. Er hat an der Universität Leipzig über Goethes «Faust» vorgetragen, über Mathematik, Mechanik, Technologie. Und in der gegenwärtigen Zeit ist eigentlich die Vertiefung in Marbachs Mechanik und Technologie ein besseres Mittel, an die Weltengeheimnisse heranzukommen als das, was die Historiker oder Literaturhistoriker in ihrem Sinne als heutige Wissenschaft verzeichnen. Aber gerade bei Oswald Marbach tritt uns etwas sehr Merkwürdiges entgegen. In den vierziger Jahren hat er über Goethes «Faust» gesprochen, dann nicht mehr, nicht mehr am Ende der vierziger Jahre, nicht in den fünfziger, sechziger, siebziger Jahren. Erst am Ende der siebziger Jahre und in den achtziger Jahren hat er die Vorträge über Goethes «Faust» wieder aufgenommen. In der Zwischenzeit hat er nur über Mathematik, Mechanik und Technologie gesprochen, das heißt sich denjenigen Wissenschaften gewidmet, bei denen man am meisten Gelegenheit gerade in der damaligen Zeit hatte, den menschlichen Scharfsinn, die menschliche Kritik zu pflegen. Sehr interessant ist es, wie er in der Vorrede sich darüber ausspricht:
«Schon vor 30-40 Jahren habe ich an der Universität Leipzig Vorlesungen über Goethes «Faust gehalten» - das Buch ist 1881 erschienen — «und erst in neuester Zeit (1875) habe ich diese Vorlesungen wieder aufgenommen und fortgesetzt. Woher diese lange Pause? Da wirkte vieles zusammen, Äußeres und Inneres, Objektives und Subjektives. Ich wurde älter und alt und die akademische Jugend auch: jedes neue Semester brachte ein grämlicheres Geschlecht;» - gescheiter wurden die Leute, aber für den, der tiefer beobachtete, grämlicher! — «es schwand das freie Interesse des Geistes an ihm selber immer mehr zusammen, es kam über uns eine Zeit, wo das Nützliche mehr galt als das Schöne. Seit 30 Jahren habe ich mehr der «Not gehorchend als dem eignen Triebe in meiner akademischen Tätigkeit Philosophie und Poesie beiseite geschoben und dafür die exakten Wissenschaften doziert: Mathematik, Physik, Technologie.»
Es war in der Zeit des materialistischen Scharfsinns. Sehr interessant ist ein Satz dieser Vorrede, sehr, sehr interessant! Denn dieser Satz deutet klar auf dasjenige hin, worauf es für diese Zeit ankommt. Dieser Satz besagt, daß Oswald Marbach in seinem Bewußtsein der Meinung war, er habe immer, ob er nun den «Faust» in alten Zeiten interpretierte, ob er Technologie vortrug, das gemacht, was er wollte. Jetzt aber, als er wieder zum «Faust» zurückkehrt und ihn neuerdings interpretiert, gesteht er sich, er sei mit dieser Meinung einer Illusion verfallen, er hätte nur dem Geiste der Zeit gehorcht. Wenn nur recht viele Menschen zu der Erkenntnis kommen würden, wie sehr sie in Illusionen leben. Denn Illusionen über die Menschen hinzuweben und durch die menschlichen Gehirne hindurchzuweben, durch die menschlichen Herzen hindurchfließen zu lassen, das war schon das Ideal der Geister der Finsternis vor 1879 und ist es besonders nach 1879 geworden, wo diese Geister im Reiche der Menschen unter uns wandeln.
Aber noch eins ist interessant, wenn man solch einen Menschen betrachtet, der gewissermaßen repräsentiert dasjenige, was da vom Himmel auf die Erde heruntergewirkt hat. Er sagt — und das entspricht auch der Geschichte -, daß er, als er in den vierziger Jahren den «Faust» an der Universität erklärt hat, vorzugsweise über den ersten Teil gesprochen hat, für den zweiten Teil gab es da kein Interesse. Als er dann begonnen hat, wir können sagen, nach dem Siege Michaels über den Drachen, wiederum über den «Faust» Vorlesungen zu halten, da hat er vorzugsweise den zweiten Teil zu erklären versucht. Es war in der Tat die Zeit des Scharfsinns, die Zeit der Kritik nicht geeignet, den zweiten Teil von Goethes «Faust» zu verstehen. Wird doch dieser zweite Teil von Goethes «Faust», der eines der bedeutendsten Testamente des Goetheanismus ist, heute noch immer in vieler Beziehung recht, recht wenig verstanden. Es ist ja auch höchst unbequem, ihn zu verstehen. Denn die Menschen leben heute in einem Milieu drinnen, das eigentlich nirgends so humoristisch, nirgends mit solcher Ironie behandelt wird wie im zweiten Teil von Goethes «Faust». Die Menschen leben heute in einem Milieu, das sich nach und nach heraufentwickelt hat seit dem 16. Jahrhundert, die Menschen preisen das, was sich seit dem 16. Jahrhundert heraufentwickelt hat, als die großen, hervorragenden Errungenschaften unserer Zeit, sind ganz wollüstig in diesen Ergebnissen seit dem 16. Jahrhundert. Goethe, der mit seiner Seele nicht nur in seiner Zeit gelebt hat, sondern der sich auch mit seiner Seele versetzen konnte in das 20. Jahrhundert, hat den zweiten Teil seines «Faust» für das 20. Jahrhundert, für das 21. Jahrhundert, für die folgenden Jahrhunderte geschrieben. Das wird man erst verstehen. Aber er mußte dazu hineingeheimnissen eine ironisch-humoristische Behandlung großen Stiles der Entwickelung seit dem 16. Jahrhundert. Sehen wir doch, wie jene Entwickelung, die so bewundert wird, die sich seit dem 16. Jahrhundert gebildet hat, von der heute die Kulturvölker leben, von Goethe im «Faust» als eine Machination des Mephisto behandelt wird. Denn noch viel mehr als das Papiergespenst der Gulden, das ja auch eine Schöpfung des Mephisto ist, ist all das, was sich als so Glorioses seit dem 16. Jahrhundert entwickelt hat, als Schöpfung des Mephisto von Goethe hingestellt. Die Menschheit wird einmal die Schöpfungen seit dem 16. Jahrhundert großartig ironisch behandelt finden in denjenigen Teilen des zweiten Teiles des «Faust», wo gegen den spirituell strebenden Faust der die Geister der Finsternis repräsentierende Mephisto alles das im Grunde genommen erfindet, woran die Menschheit der neueren Zeit hängt und immer mehr noch hängen wird, besonders im 20. Jahrhundert.
Viel von dem, was einem helfen kann, wachsam zu sein, ist schon in diesen zweiten Teil des «Faust» hineingeheimnißt. Und daß ein Mensch, der an der Hand der Physik, der Mechanik, der Mathematik, der Technologie der Zeit ihr Geheimnis abgelauscht hat, sich gerade nach dem Sieg Michaels über den Drachen hingezogen fühlt, nunmehr vom zweiten Teile zu sprechen, nachdem er vor Jahrzehnten nur vom ersten Teile gesprochen hat, der dazumal allein verstanden werden konnte, das ist schon ein tief bedeutsames Symptom.
Wir haben ja besonders im Laufe des vorigen Jahres gesehen, wie die Geisteswissenschaft Schritt für Schritt einen führt, um dasjenige, was Goethe erst in Bildern ausdrücken konnte, zu beleben, um dessen tieferen Sinn zu finden im zweiten Teile des «Faust». Selbstverständlich kann nicht aus dem «Faust» die Geisteswissenschaft abgeleitet werden, aber wenn man die Geisteswissenschaft hat, so sind die grandiosen Bilder Goethes im zweiten Teil des «Faust» und auch die großartigen Ausführungen in «Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre», erst recht mit Licht zu durchsetzen.
Damit berühren wir die eine Strömung, die unter dem Einfluß der fortschreitenden Geister des Lichtes immer mehr und mehr an Boden gewinnen muß gegenüber den Bestrebungen der Geister der Finsternis und die an Boden gewinnen wird, wenn ihnen die Menschen wachsam gegenübertreten. Diese drei Jahre, sie sind wie eine Aufforderung zum Wachsamwerden, wenn auch noch nicht eine annähernd genügend große Anzahl von Seelen in der Lage ist, den Ruf in der rechten Weise zu vernehmen, denn man hat ja das Walten der entgegengesetzten Strömung allüberall beobachten können. Gerade, ich möchte sagen, am Beginne der Möglichkeit eines spirituellen Lebens sind die Geister der Hindernisse ganz besonders am Platze. Charakteristische Dinge haben wir erlebt, werden wir weiter erleben. Solche Dinge heute auch nur andeutungsweise auszusprechen, ruft immer nur Mißverständnis über Mißverständnis hervor. Heute ist die geistige Atmosphäre, in der die Menschheit lebt, so sehr mit dem Willen zum Mißverständnis imprägniert, daß einem die Worte gleich auf etwas anderes gedeutet werden, als auf das sie gemünzt sind, wenn man sie ausspricht. Man muß sich der Menschenworte bedienen, die nach dem oder jenem anklingen. Heute urteilen so viele aus nationalen Leidenschaften heraus, daß, wenn man einen Angehörigen dieses oder jenes Volkes in der oder jener Weise eben einfach als Mensch charakterisieren muß, der auf der Erde lebt, einem das übelgenommen wird von den Angehörigen des Volkes, dem dieser Mensch angehört, obwohl diese Dinge gar nichts miteinander zu tun haben. Urteile über irgendein Volk und Urteile über die Menschen, die zum Beispiel an den heutigen Ereignissen beteiligt sind, haben nichts miteinander zu tun. Denn der Glaube, daß das Unwetter der gegenwärtigen Zeit auf den Dingen beruht, von denen heute allgemein geredet wird, dieser Glaube ist ein besonders schädlicher, weil er ein besonders unsinniger ist. Die Gründe liegen viel tiefer und haben zunächst eigentlich überhaupt nach gewissen Seiten hin - ich betone das - , nach gewissen Seiten hin mit nationalen Aspirationen nicht viel zu tun. Die nationalen Aspirationen werden nur benützt von gewissen Mächten, von denen aber die Mehrheit der Menschheit nichts wissen will, aus Oberflächlichkeit nichts wissen will. Man wird schon noch eine Zeitlang warten müssen, bis Objektivität auf diesem Gebiete einzieht. Heute ist es der Menschheit zum großen Teil bequem, groß und umfassend diejenigen Ideen zu finden, die geprägt sind in dem Kopfe, der nicht mehr umfaßt als ein Schulmeister, welcher eben das Lehramtsexamen durchgemacht hat und nun losgelassen wird sonst nur auf die Schüler, in diesem Falle aber auf die Menschheit. Ich habe schon öfter darauf hingewiesen, daß es dieser furchtbaren Zeit, dieses Hereingebrochenseins dieser furchtbaren Zeit nicht bedurft hat, um von einem geisteswissenschaftlichen Gesichtspunkte aus ein objektives Urteil über Woodrow Wilson zu gewinnen. Denn ich habe schon 1913 in meinen Helsingforser Vorträgen - Sie können das nachlesen in jenem Vortragszyklus «Die okkulten Grundlagen der Bhagavad Gita» - auf die Weltschulmeisterei des Woodrow Wilson hinlänglich hingewiesen, habe gezeigt, aus welchen seichten Oberflächengebieten heraus stammt, was von diesem Menschen ausgeht. Es war wirklich nicht notwendig für mich, erst durch die letzten Jahre gezwungen zu werden, ein Urteil über Woodrow Wilson zu gewinnen. Aber dazumal war man eben ein unzeitgemäßer Geist, wenn man so über Woodrow Wilson urteilte, denn dazumal war noch die Zeit, wo die Gymnasiastenabhandlungen des Woodrow Wilson über Freiheit und über Kultur und Literatur in die europäischen Sprachen übersetzt worden sind. Und noch lange wird die Zeit nicht gekommen sein, wo man sich schämen wird, die Gymnasiastenlehrerpolitik des Woodrow Wilson als etwas Ernsthaftes hinzunehmen.
Überall sind diejenigen Mächte am Werke, die als Geister der Finsternis die menschliche Seele umnebeln. Und wenn die Menschheit einmal aufwachen wird aus der Dunstsphäre, in der sie gegenwärtig schläft, wird sie nicht begreifen können, wie es möglich war, daß man es nicht als eine Schande empfand für den Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts, sich von einem Woodrow Wilson und seiner Weisheit gängeln zu lassen! Erst wenn man beginnen wird, Schamgefühl zu empfinden über das, was heute möglich ist, wird ein Moment des Aufwachens kommen.
Es ist eben schwer in der heutigen Zeit, das zu sagen, was aus der Wahrheit eingegeben ist, weil es gar zu sehr gegen dasjenige klingt, was sich die Leute heute einimpfen lassen. Und es ist schwer, sich ein freies, unabhängiges Urteil zu bilden in dieser Atmosphäre, die nicht nur durch die drei letzten Jahre, sondern durch alles das gebildet worden ist, was ich in meinen Wiener Vorträgen das soziale Karzinom, die soziale Krebskrankheit genannt habe. Gegenüber diesen Dingen ist es notwendig, mit Ernst sich zu erfüllen und nicht mit denjenigen Begriffen und Ideen sie aufzunehmen, die man bis in das 20. Jahrhundert herein gewohnt war, als Beurteilungskriterien zu gebrauchen. Man wird dahin kommen müssen einzusehen, daß die Gegenwart die Unzulänglichkeit, ja die Unmöglichkeit der Vorstellungen beweist, in die sich die Menschheit eingelebt hat, und daß es eine weltgeschichtliche Ungehörigkeit ist, wenn immer wieder die Menschen aus dem heraus urteilen, was ja die heutige Zeit heraufgeführt hat und was ja widerlegt ist dadurch, daß diese Zeit eben gekommen ist. Glaubt man, daß man diese Zeit korrigieren wird mit denselben Grundsätzen, die sie herbeigeführt haben? Darin wird man wahrhaftig sich täuschen.
Die Menschheit hat eine gewisse Summe von Kulturerrungenschaften heraufgebracht aus den vergangenen Zeiten: Die werden jetzt aufgebraucht werden. Man kann täglich sehen, wie sie aufgebraucht werden, ohne daß nachgeschafft wird. Wie wenig ist heute noch der Sinn dafür verbreitet, derlei Dinge in ihrer ganzen Schwere zu verstehen und zu durchschauen. Viele Menschen denken heute noch in ganz derselben Weise, wie sie im Jahre 1913 gedacht haben. Der Verstand, den sie dazumal angewendet haben, von dem denken sie, daß er ausreichen wird auch für das Jahr 1917, ohne so viel Wirklichkeitssinn zu haben, daß dieser Verstand innig zusammenhängt damit, daß er das Jahr 1917 hervorgebracht hat und daß er das nicht zugleich heilen kann.
Sich recht sehr zu vertiefen in das, was seit dem Sturz der Geister der Finsternis geschehen ist, seit der Zeit, da die Geister der Finsternis unter uns wandeln, möglichst viel zu verstehen von dem, was in den achtziger, neunziger Jahren und in den ersten zwei Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts der Menschheit heraufgezogen ist, das ist gut für die Gegenwart. Denn über diese Dinge haben die Menschen die allerkonfusesten Urteile.
Dann herrscht vor allen Dingen keine rechte Vorstellung über den radikalen Unterschied im ganzen Fühlen und Empfinden der Menschen nach dem Jahre 1879 gegenüber dem vorherigen Fühlen und Empfinden der Menschen. Und auch da kann die Vertiefung in so etwas wie den zweiten Teil von Goethes «Faust» weiterhelfen, der ja zu Goethes Zeit nicht verstanden werden konnte, weil er eine Kritik desjenigen ist, was Goethe eigentlich als Inhalt des 20. Jahrhunderts erlebt hat. Da kann das Verständnis des zweiten Teiles des «Faust» sehr gut weiterhelfen. Es ist ein charakteristisches Symptom, daß ein solcher Mensch, wie Oswald Marbach, zum zweiten Teil des «Faust» erst nach dem Sturze der Geister der Finsternis geführt wird.
An so gearteten Erkenntnissen und Impulsen muß man sich hinaufranken zu dem, was für die Gegenwart notwendig ist. Denn vieles von dem, was veranlagt war vor dem Jahre 1879, ist nicht erreicht worden. Und dies alles hängt zusammen mit einer bedeutungsvollen Frage, die heute eigentlich auf jede Seele ihre Schatten werfen müßte, die ich heute nur als Frage hinstellen möchte:
Zu den Ereignissen, unter denen wir gegenwärtig leben, haben es die Menschen zu bringen vermocht. Aber es handelt sich nicht darum, diese Ereignisse bloß zu verstehen, sondern es handelt sich darum, wie aus ihnen herauszukommen ist. Solange aber so wenig Wille ist, die wirklichen tieferen Impulse, die zum heutigen Zeitalter geführt haben, zu durchschauen, so lange wird das praktische Verständnis nicht so weit kommen können, diese Dinge zu verstehen. Man darf nicht glauben, daß es nicht Menschen geben könnte, die die heutige Zeitlage genügend verstehen könnten. Allein man will auf sie nicht hören, wie man nicht hören will auf so etwas wie den Goetheanismus, der schon wie eine Stimme des 20. Jahrhunderts herübertönt. Aber man wird diese Stimme nur recht verstehen, wenn man sich zum Beispiel ein ernstes und würdiges Verständnis erwirbt für das Bedeutsame, das durch den Sturz der Geister der Finsternis im Herbste 1879 geschehen ist. Man wird eben den spirituellen Gang der Menschheit verstehen müssen, wenn man die Gegenwart verstehen will. Deshalb führte ich Oswald Marbach an, dessen Rückschau und vorschauende Gesinnung ich Ihnen schon im vorigen Jahre hier anführte, indem ich Ihnen ein Gedicht mitteilte, das er der Seele Goethes gewidmet hat am Jahrestage, als diese Seele Goethes sich hineinfand in jenen Zusammenhang, der dazumal noch etwas anderes bedeutete, als er heute bedeutet - am Jahrestag, als Goethe sich hineinfand in den Zusammenhang jener Gemeinschaften, die man als freimaurerische oder dergleichen bezeichnete, die dazumal im 18. Jahrhundert noch etwas anderes bedeuteten als heute. Goethe hat von seinem Gesichtspunkte aus so manches durchschauen können von dem, was als solche geheimnisvolle Impulse durch die Welt geht und die die Menschen in ihrer Oberflächlichkeit nur nicht sehen wollen. Oswald Marbach erinnerte, als sich der gekennzeichnete Jahrestag ergab, mit seinen Versen an Goethes Sich-Finden in die geistige Welt:
Dir, Bruder, Vater, hoch erhabner Meister!
Dem über ein Jahrhundert heut als Zeichen
Der treusten Lieb’ im Bunde freier Geister
Wir unsre fest verschlungnen Hände reichen;
Der Geister größter und der Freien freister!
Zu dem empor wir streben, ihm zu gleichen;
Dir weih’n wir uns! Dir weih’n wir unsre Söhne,
Daß unsern Bau dereinst Vollendung kröne!Du hast gestrebt wie wir; doch dein Bestreben
Nach Selbsterkenntnis, die zur Weisheit leitet,
War stets beseelt von urgesundem Leben,
Von Schöpfer-Stärke, die zu Taten schreitet,
Zu Werken, die zum Licht empor sich heben,
Um die der Schönheit Glanz sich ewig breitet:
Du hast wie Israel mit Gott gerungen,
Bis du als Sieger selber dich bezwungen!Was uns geheimnisvoll mit dir verbündet,
Wird Ungeweihten durch kein Wort verraten;
Doch sei es laut vor allem Volk verkündet
Durch reinster Liebe nimmermüde Taten,
Durch klares Licht, das Geist im Geist entzündet,
Durch ewigen Lebens immergrüne Saaten. —
Voran, o Meister! Wo du hingegangen,
Zieht uns dir nach sehnsüchtigstes Verlangen.
Solche Gesinnung muß «Erfüllungspforten» entriegeln!
Thirteenth Lecture
My dear friends! To avoid any misunderstanding, I would like to point out once again that the lectures intended for Zurich have now been finalized: the public lectures will be held on Monday and Wednesday, November 5 and 7, and on the same days of the following week, that is, on November 12 and 14; on the days in between, there will always be a branch lecture. The topics have been chosen this time in such a way that another attempt will be made to draw connections between the various sciences:
Monday, November 5, 1917
Anthroposophy and Soul Science (Psychology).
Spiritual scientific findings on questions concerning the human soul.
Wednesday, November 7
Anthroposophy and History.
Spiritual scientific findings about humanity and its cultural forms.Monday, November 12
Anthroposophy and natural science.
Spiritual scientific findings about nature and human beings as natural beings.Wednesday, November 14
Anthroposophy and Social Science.
Spiritual scientific findings about law, morality, and social life.We would now like to continue the reflections we have made during this time and thereby provide a background for assessing the significant events that are now passing before the human mind, in which human beings are placed and which are more significant than many people today realize. I have tried to make it clear how the background to these events is connected with profound processes in the spiritual world. And I have pointed out that from the beginning of the 1840s until the fall of 1879, a significant, deeply incisive battle took place in the spiritual regions of the world, one of those battles that occur repeatedly in the evolution of the world and humanity and that we have become accustomed to depicting in the image of Michael or Saint George fighting the dragon. Such a victory of Michael over the dragon for the spiritual worlds was fought in 1879. The spirits of darkness that opposed Michael's impulses were then cast down from the spiritual realm into the realms of human beings and have been ruling since that time, as I have said, in the impulses of human feeling, will, and mind, so that one can only understand the events of the present if one can direct one's soul's gaze to these spiritual powers that are, in a sense, walking among us.
For us, the question naturally arises: What was the primary nature of the struggle that took place in the spiritual realms from the 1840s to the 1870s, and what is the nature of the other struggle, or rather, what is the activity of the spirits of darkness who were cast down among humanity since November 1879?
Now, only a slow and gradual description can summarize what lay behind this significant struggle, which took place, so to speak, behind the scenes of world history from the 1840s to the 1870s. Today, we will first draw attention to a few things that reflect this struggle, as it were, from the spiritual realms down into the earthly, human realms. I have often pointed out how the beginning of the 1840s was a decisive turning point in the development of modern culture, how it was, so to speak, the decisive turning point that brought about the full, impulsive materialistic development. For this materialistic development to come about, drastic events were first necessary in the spiritual world, which then continued downwards and brought about the gradual instillation of materialistic impulses into humanity. If we follow here on the earthly realm what was reflected from the spiritual regions, we can point to two things above all: First, how much more than present humanity still suspects — for only future observers will have a clear view of this — an enormous upsurge of the purely material intellect, of purely material intellectual culture, took place in the forties, fifties, sixties, and seventies. One can already say that anyone who follows the development of humanity and has an eye for the more intimate processes in human life can see that, in terms of the subtlety of conceptualization, in terms of acumen and criticism, for example, there has never been such an upsurge in humanity as in these decades, when people are followers of materialism. For all this thinking that I have characterized, which finds expression in technical inventions, in criticism, in the formation of astute concepts, all this is material thinking, thinking bound to the brain. If, as a materialist, one wants to describe the development of humanity, one can say with a clear conscience: Humanity has never been as intelligent as in these decades. It was truly intelligent. Anyone who follows literature—and I don't mean just so-called belles-lettres—will find that such finely honed concepts and such critical thinking have never appeared in the entire history of humanity as they have in that period, and that in every possible field. But what developed in the souls of human beings is only a reflection of what certain spirits of darkness, to which we have referred, always strived for in the spiritual realms in the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, in the hope of victory.
They sought to get their hands on an ancient heritage of humanity, if I may use that expression. What was this ancient heritage? We pointed this out yesterday: throughout thousands of years, the advancing spirits of light have guided humanity in such a way that they have used blood ties as a means of guidance, bringing people together in families, tribes, nations, and races, so that those who belonged together from ancient human and world karma came together. Thus, by feeling these blood ties, people also had ancient, primeval tasks in the world, which were at the same time so conceived that what the earth could give — and blood ties do come from the earth — was incorporated into the general karma of humanity. If we look back to the 1830s and 1820s, when the souls that then descended into human bodies were still in the spiritual world, if we look at the spiritual world at that time, which preceded the materialistic age, we find that these souls that wanted to descend had certain impulses within themselves which stemmed, among other things, from the fact that for thousands of years, whenever they were on earth, they were bound by blood ties to these families, these tribes, these nations, these races. After these ties, these souls decided to move into this or that body in the second half of the 19th century and from the 1840s onwards. For the corresponding spirits of light naturally guide the progress of human evolution by sending their impulses into the souls of human beings, in accordance with the predispositions they have acquired through their ancient blood ties. So there were certain impulses in the human souls that were in the spiritual worlds to dive, in one way or another, according to the old karma of humanity, into the bodies of those human beings who were to populate the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. In a sense, the spirits of light had it in their power to guide and direct these souls according to their old measures.
The spirits of darkness, of whom I have spoken, wanted to get hold of this power. They wanted to drive the impulses of the spirits of light out of the souls; they wanted to bring their own impulses into the souls of human beings. If the spirits of darkness had been victorious in 1879, a completely different relationship would have emerged between human bodies and human souls than has now emerged for those born after 1879. The souls would have been born into different bodies, and the plan for the earthly order of humanity would have been carried out according to the ideal of the spirits of darkness. That is not the case. That it could not happen is thanks to Michael's victory over the dragon in the autumn of 1879.
This struggle was reflected on Earth in the 1840s, 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s in what I have described as particularly pronounced acumen, criticism, and so on. I have often pointed out that mere speculation does not reveal the truth, but only real spiritual observation. Through speculation, no one could ever discover that the very qualities I have mentioned in connection with the material mind are the reflection here on earth of a struggle in the spiritual worlds for procreation, for the succession of generations. These things must be observed, because if one believes that one can find the right connections between the physical world and the spiritual world with the material mind alone, one is very much mistaken. As a rule, one arrives at completely wrong conclusions because one proceeds schematically according to external logical rules that have been derived from the pattern of natural science. But these rules only apply to the physical world; they do not apply to the connection between the physical and the spiritual world. So that was one reflection of this struggle for blood.
The other reflection — I have already referred to it several times — was the emergence of spiritualism in the 1840s and beyond. Certain circles, and not so narrow circles, attempted at that time to explore the connections with the spiritual world through mediums, that is, basically in a material way. If this had succeeded, the host of spirits of darkness would have been strong enough to win the victory over Michael's followers in 1879, and then spiritualism would have spread enormously. For spiritualism cannot be impulsed solely from the earth, but has its influences from the other world; it is directed by the other world. One must be absolutely clear that here, too, it cannot be a matter of either/or, which is so convenient for people today, who always say to themselves: Either we recognize something like this, or we reject it. That is not how it is; that is not how it is at all. What took place on spiritualistic ground was in part a significant intrusion of the spiritual world, was entirely the result of impulses from the spiritual world, and often had the most intense connection with human destinies, but it was a reflection of the struggle that had just been lost in the spiritual realm. Hence the peculiar decline and corruption of spiritualism after the aforementioned date. It would have become the means of pointing people to the spiritual world, and indeed the only means, if the spirits of darkness had won the victory in 1879. Had this victory been achieved at that time, we would now be living in a world of indescribable acumen, an acumen that would have extended to the most diverse areas of human life. Stock market speculation and similar things, which are sometimes done quite stupidly today, would be done with tremendous acumen. That is on the one hand. But on the other hand, people in the widest circles would seek to satisfy their spiritual needs through mediumship. Material intellect on the one hand, that way of relating to the spiritual world based on a lowered consciousness, and on the other hand: that was the intention of the spirits of darkness. These spirits of darkness wanted above all to prevent something that would gradually have to happen after their downfall in 1879: the real descent of spiritual experiences into human souls. Such spiritual experiences, as they are used by anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, would have become impossible if the aforementioned spirits of darkness had won their victory. This spiritual life and spiritual weaving would have been kept aloft by the spirits of darkness in the spiritual regions. It is only through the fall of the spirits described above that immediate spiritual experience has been able to take the place of the merely critical, material intellect and the mediumistic path, and will continue to do so more and more. It is not for nothing that I have mentioned here recently that the present age is much more dependent on spiritual influences than one might think. However materialistic our age is, and wants to be even more than it is, the spiritual worlds reveal themselves to human beings in many more places than one might think. Even if this is often not in a positive sense, spiritual influences can be felt everywhere. And some things that are done by people who today feel a certain sense of shame about spiritual influences—they are ashamed to admit spiritual influences to others—some things that are done by people, this or that foundation, are done because people have seen this or that in their dreams, which is a real spiritual influence. You can ask poets today why they became poets. The original experience they will tell you about will be that they experienced something spiritual, as if in a dream, and that this dreamlike experience actually gave them the impulse to create. You can ask people who have founded journals why they did so—I am telling you facts—and they will attribute the founding of these journals to dreams, to so-called dreams, which are nothing more than the transfer of certain spiritual impulses from the spiritual worlds into the sensory world. And there is much more in other areas, much more than one thinks, but people don't talk about it today because everyone believes that if they told someone else, “I did this or that because this or that spirit appeared to me in a dream,” the other person would call them a fool. That is, of course, an unpleasant thing. This is because so little is known about what is actually happening among people today. What happens sporadically here and there is only, I would say, the vanguard of what will happen more and more: the spiritual will take hold of humanity because of Michael's victory over the dragon in 1879. And the fact that spiritual science is possible is also only due to this circumstance, otherwise the corresponding truths would have remained in the spiritual worlds, could not have taken up residence in human brains, and would not have been available to the physical world.
Here you have images that can make clear to you what the intentions of the spirits of darkness were in the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s in the spiritual realms during their battle against the followers of Michael. Now they have been here below, among humans, since the fall of 1879. They have not achieved anything they set out to do: Spiritism will not become the general conviction of humanity; humans will not, from a materialistic point of view, become so clever that they will trip over themselves out of sheer cleverness. Spiritual truths will take root among humans.
But the spirits of darkness are among us, they are there. We must keep watch so that we notice where we encounter them, so that we gain insight into where they are present. For the most dangerous thing in the near future will be to unconsciously surrender ourselves to influences that are indeed there. For whether man knows them or not makes no difference to their reality.
Above all, however, these spirits of darkness will seek to confuse and misdirect that which is now spreading on earth and in which the spirits of light can continue to work in the right direction. I have already pointed out one such false direction, which is among the most paradoxical. I have pointed out to you that, although human bodies will develop in such a way that a certain spirituality can find a place in them, the materialistic sense, which will spread more and more through the instructions of the spirits of darkness, will work against this and fight against it with material means. I have told you that the spirits of darkness will inspire their hosts, the human beings in whom they will dwell, to find a vaccine to drive out the inclination toward spirituality from souls at an early age through the detour of physicality. Just as today bodies are vaccinated against this and that, so in the future children will be vaccinated with a substance that can be manufactured, so that through this vaccination people will be immune to developing the “follies” of spiritual life, follies spoken of in the materialistic sense, of course.
The process has already begun—more in the literary sphere, where it is less harmful. I have pointed out to you that very learned physicians have published writings on the pathology of various geniuses. You know: Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Viktor Scheffel, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Goethe—all of them have been understood as geniuses by proving that they had this or that pathological trait. And what I would say is most exciting in this field is that attempts have also been made to understand Jesus Christ from a pathological point of view, to understand the Gospels from a pathological point of view. There are already two writings today that trace the origins of Christianity back to the fact that, at the beginning of the modern era, there lived a mentally and spiritually abnormal man who went around Palestine as Jesus and infected people with Christianity through his symptoms of mental illness. There are also two writings on the pathology of Jesus Christ.
That, as I said, are the innocent, literary beginnings. But all of this tends ultimately to find a means by which the bodies can be inoculated so that they do not develop any inclinations toward spiritual ideas, but believe only in the material world throughout their entire lives. Just as medicine now vaccinates against consumption using the impulses it has gained from consumption itself — pardon me, forgive me —, so will people be vaccinated against the predisposition to spirituality. This is only meant to point out one particularly paradoxical feature among many others that will arise in this field in the near and distant future, so that what wants to flow down to earth through the victory of the spirits of light from the spiritual worlds will be thrown into confusion.
To this end, of course, the worldviews and conceptions of human beings must first be confused; concepts and ideas must first be turned upside down. And here is a serious area that must be watched very closely, for this area is one of the most important backgrounds to the events that are currently being prepared.
I choose my words deliberately and precisely. I say “prepare” and am well aware that when someone speaks of preparation after what has taken place in the last three years, they are already saying something significant, because anyone who looks more deeply into things knows that these are preparations. Only the superficial can believe that tomorrow or the day after tomorrow, what is not a war in the old sense can be concluded by peace in the old sense. Only those who judge events very superficially can believe such a thing. Many will believe it when this or that happens on the surface, which resembles the ideas that some people have formed; but then they will not consider what is slumbering beneath the surface.
It is interesting to look back at the decades since the 1840s, both in general and in detail. We have received a general characterization of this in recent weeks, and I have tried to repeat it to a certain extent today. Especially when one considers representative personalities—and personalities represent the spiritual impulses that are at work in development—one finds that what appears as general knowledge is also true in individual cases. I would like to give a seemingly small example. I already pointed this out last year.
Goethe's Faust has been commented on by many people. Many people have explained Goethe's Faust. One of those who explained it not superficially, but in a certain sense deeply, is Oswald Marbach. It can be said that the least profound explanations of Faust were actually those given by literary historians, because it is their academic profession to understand things, which is often an obstacle to really understanding them. Oswald Marbach therefore spoke well of Faust in his book, Goethe's Faust Parts I and II, explained by Oswald Marbach, because he was not actually a literary historian. He lectured on Goethe's Faust at the University of Leipzig, on mathematics, mechanics, and technology. And in the present day, delving into Marbach's mechanics and technology is actually a better way of approaching the secrets of the world than what historians or literary historians consider to be modern science. But it is precisely with Oswald Marbach that we encounter something very strange. In the 1940s, he spoke about Goethe's Faust, but then no more, not at the end of the 1940s, not in the 1950s, 1960s, or 1970s. It was not until the end of the 1970s and in the 1980s that he resumed his lectures on Goethe's Faust. In the meantime, he spoke only about mathematics, mechanics, and technology, that is, he devoted himself to those sciences in which, especially at that time, there was the greatest opportunity to cultivate human acumen and criticism. It is very interesting how he expresses this in the preface:
“Thirty to forty years ago, I gave lectures on Goethe's Faust at the University of Leipzig—the book was published in 1881—and only recently (in 1875) did I resume and continue these lectures. Why the long break? Many factors came together, external and internal, objective and subjective. I grew older and old, and so did the academic youth: each new semester brought a more morose generation;” — people became smarter, but for those who observed more deeply, they became more morose! — ”the free interest of the mind in itself dwindled more and more, and a time came when the useful was valued more than the beautiful. For 30 years, I have obeyed necessity rather than my own instincts in my academic work, setting aside philosophy and poetry and lecturing instead on the exact sciences: mathematics, physics, technology."
It was a time of materialistic acumen. One sentence in this preface is very interesting, very, very interesting! For this sentence clearly points to what is important for this period. This sentence says that Oswald Marbach was conscious of the opinion that he had always done what he wanted, whether he was interpreting “Faust” in the old days or lecturing on technology. But now, when he returns to Faust and interprets it anew, he admits that he had fallen prey to an illusion with this opinion, that he had only obeyed the spirit of the times. If only many people would come to realize how much they live in illusions. For weaving illusions about people and weaving them through human brains, letting them flow through human hearts, that was already the ideal of the spirits of darkness before 1879, and it became especially so after 1879, when these spirits began to walk among us in the realm of humans.
But there is something else that is interesting when you look at such a person, who in a sense represents what has been brought down from heaven to earth. He says—and this also corresponds to history—that when he explained Faust at the university in the 1840s, he preferred to talk about the first part; there was no interest in the second part. When he then began to give lectures on Faust again, after Michael's victory over the dragon, he preferred to explain the second part. It was indeed a time of sharp minds, a time of criticism, not suitable for understanding the second part of Goethe's Faust. Yet this second part of Goethe's Faust, which is one of the most important testaments of Goetheanism, is still very little understood in many respects today. It is also extremely uncomfortable to understand it. For people today live in an environment that is nowhere treated with such humor, nowhere with such irony as in the second part of Goethe's Faust. People today live in an environment that has gradually developed since the 16th century. They praise what has developed since the 16th century as the great, outstanding achievements of our time and are completely intoxicated by these results since the 16th century. Goethe, who not only lived with his soul in his own time, but who was also able to transport himself with his soul into the 20th century, wrote the second part of his Faust for the 20th century, for the 21st century, for the centuries to come. This will only be understood later. But to do so, he had to conceal an ironic and humorous treatment of the grand style of development since the 16th century. Let us see how Goethe, in Faust, treats the development that is so admired, that has taken shape since the 16th century, and on which the civilized nations of today depend, as a machination of Mephisto. For even more than the paper specter of the guilder, which is also a creation of Mephisto, everything that has developed as so glorious since the 16th century is presented by Goethe as a creation of Mephisto. Humanity will one day find the creations since the 16th century treated with great irony in those parts of the second part of Faust where Mephisto, representing the spirits of darkness, invents everything that humanity of the modern age clings to and will cling to even more, especially in the 20th century, in opposition to the spiritually striving Faust.
Much of what can help us to be vigilant is already hidden in this second part of Faust. And the fact that a person who has learned the secrets of physics, mechanics, mathematics, and the technology of the time feels drawn to speak about the second part now, after decades of speaking only about the first part, which at that time was the only part that could be understood, is already a deeply significant symptom.
We have seen, especially in the course of the past year, how spiritual science leads us step by step to enliven what Goethe could only express in images, to find its deeper meaning in the second part of Faust. Of course, spiritual science cannot be derived from Faust, but if one has spiritual science, then Goethe's magnificent images in the second part of Faust and also the great explanations in Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years can be illuminated even more.This brings us to a current that, under the influence of the advancing spirits of light, must gain more and more ground against the efforts of the spirits of darkness, and which will gain ground if people face them with vigilance. These three years are like a call to wake up, even if not nearly enough souls are able to hear the call in the right way, because the opposite current has been observed everywhere. I would say that the spirits of obstacles are especially present at the beginning of the possibility of a spiritual life. We have experienced characteristic things and will continue to experience them. To even hint at such things today always leads to misunderstanding upon misunderstanding. Today, the spiritual atmosphere in which humanity lives is so permeated with the will to misunderstand that when words are spoken, they are immediately interpreted as something other than what they are meant to be. One must use human words that sound like this or that. Today, so many people judge out of national passions that if one simply has to characterize a member of this or that people in this or that way as a human being living on earth, one is resented by the members of the people to whom this person belongs, even though these things have nothing to do with each other. Judgments about any people and judgments about the people who are involved in today's events, for example, have nothing to do with each other. For the belief that the storm of the present time is based on the things that are generally talked about today is a particularly harmful belief because it is a particularly nonsensical one. The reasons lie much deeper and, at first glance, actually have little to do with national aspirations in certain respects—I emphasize this. National aspirations are only used by certain powers, but the majority of humanity wants nothing to do with them, out of superficiality. We will have to wait a while longer until objectivity prevails in this area. Today, it is largely convenient for humanity to find grand and comprehensive ideas that have been shaped in the mind of someone who is no more knowledgeable than a schoolmaster who has just passed his teaching exam and is now being let loose, not only on his students, but in this case on humanity. I have often pointed out that it did not take this terrible time, this sudden onset of terrible times, to arrive at an objective judgment of Woodrow Wilson from a spiritual scientific point of view. For I already pointed out in my Helsinki lectures in 1913 — you can read about this in the lecture cycle “The Occult Foundations of the Bhagavad Gita” — that Woodrow Wilson was a world schoolmaster, and I showed the shallow superficial areas from which this man's ideas originated. It was really not necessary for me to be forced by the events of recent years to form an opinion about Woodrow Wilson. But at that time, it was considered an anachronistic spirit to judge Woodrow Wilson in this way, because at that time, Woodrow Wilson's high school essays on freedom, culture, and literature were still being translated into European languages. And the time will not come for a long time when people will be ashamed to take Woodrow Wilson's high school teacher politics seriously.
Everywhere, forces are at work that cloud the human soul like spirits of darkness. And when humanity finally awakens from the haze in which it currently sleeps, it will not be able to understand how it was possible that, at the beginning of the 20th century, people did not consider it a disgrace to allow themselves to be led by a Woodrow Wilson and his wisdom! Only when people begin to feel shame about what is possible today will a moment of awakening come.
It is difficult in this day and age to say what is true, because it sounds too much like what people today have been brainwashed to believe. And it is difficult to form a free, independent judgment in this atmosphere, which has been created not only by the last three years, but by everything I have called the social carcinoma, the social cancer, in my lectures in Vienna. In the face of these things, it is necessary to take them seriously and not to accept them using the concepts and ideas that were used as criteria of judgment until well into the 20th century. We will have to come to realize that the present proves the inadequacy, indeed the impossibility, of the ideas to which humanity has become accustomed, and that it is a historical absurdity for people to judge again and again on the basis of what the present age has brought about and what has been refuted by the very fact that this age has come into being. Do we believe that we can correct this time with the same principles that brought it about? We will truly be deceiving ourselves if we do.
Humanity has brought forth a certain sum of cultural achievements from past times: these are now being used up. We can see every day how they are being used up without being replaced. How little sense there is today of understanding and seeing through such things in all their gravity. Many people today still think in exactly the same way as they did in 1913. They think that the intellect they used back then will also suffice for the year 1917, without having enough sense of reality to realize that this intellect is intimately connected with the fact that it brought about the year 1917 and that it cannot heal it at the same time.
It is good for the present to delve deeply into what has happened since the fall of the spirits of darkness, since the time when the spirits of darkness began to walk among us, and to understand as much as possible of what has come upon humanity in the 1880s, 1890s, and the first two decades of the 20th century. For people have the most confused judgments about these things.
Above all, there is no correct understanding of the radical difference in the whole feeling and perception of people after 1879 compared to the previous feeling and perception of people. Here, too, a deeper study of something like the second part of Goethe's Faust can help, which could not be understood in Goethe's time because it is a critique of what Goethe actually experienced as the content of the 20th century. An understanding of the second part of Faust can be very helpful here. It is a characteristic symptom that a person like Oswald Marbach is only led to the second part of Faust after the fall of the spirits of darkness.
We must climb up from such insights and impulses to what is necessary for the present. For much of what was planned before 1879 has not been achieved. And all this is connected with a significant question that should actually cast its shadow on every soul today, which I would like to pose today only as a question:
Human beings have brought about the events we are currently living through. But it is not a matter of merely understanding these events; it is a matter of how to get out of them. However, as long as there is so little will to see through the real, deeper impulses that have led to the present age, practical understanding will not be able to come far enough to understand these things. One must not believe that there could not be people who could understand the present situation sufficiently. But people do not want to listen to them, just as they do not want to listen to something like Goetheanism, which already sounds like a voice of the 20th century. But one will only understand this voice properly if one acquires, for example, a serious and dignified understanding of the significance of what happened with the fall of the spirits of darkness in the autumn of 1879. One will have to understand the spiritual course of humanity if one wants to understand the present. That is why I quoted Oswald Marbach, whose retrospective and forward-looking attitude I already mentioned to you here last year when I shared with you a poem he dedicated to Goethe's soul on the anniversary when Goethe's soul found itself in that context, which at that time meant something different than it does today—on the anniversary of the day when Goethe found himself in the context of those communities that were called Masonic or similar, which at that time in the 18th century meant something different than they do today. From his point of view, Goethe was able to see through much of what passes through the world as mysterious impulses, which people in their superficiality simply do not want to see. Oswald Marbach recalled Goethe's discovery of the spiritual world with his verses on the anniversary of his death:
To you, brother, father, exalted master!
To you, who for over a century now
As a sign of the most faithful love in a union of free spirits
We extend our firmly clasped hands;
The greatest of spirits and the freest of the free!
To whom we strive to be like;
To you we dedicate ourselves! To you we dedicate our sons,
That our building may one day be crowned with completion!You strove as we did; but your striving
For self-knowledge, which leads to wisdom,
Was always inspired by a primal healthy life,
By creative strength that leads to action,
To works that rise up to the light,
Around which the splendor of beauty spreads eternally:
You have wrestled with God like Israel,
Until you yourself conquered as the victor!What mysteriously unites us with you,
Will never be revealed to the uninitiated by any word;
But let it be proclaimed loudly before all people
Through tireless deeds of purest love,
Through clear light that ignites spirit in spirit,
Through evergreen seeds of eternal life. —
Go forth, O Master! Where you have gone,
We follow you with the most ardent desire.
Such a mindset must unlock the “gates of fulfillment”!