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Turning Points Spiritual History
GA 61

25 January 1912, Berlin

VI. Christ and the 20th Century

It cannot be denied, even by those who have made only a slight study of spiritual life, that the subject chosen for our consideration to-day has aroused an interest in the widest circles, and we might add, that this desire for knowledge is of a scientific character. On the other hand, there seems to be an ever increasing tendency toward the formation of a world-philosophy, in which such questions as are associated with the name of Christ find no true and proper place.

A previous lecture that I gave some few weeks ago in this building under the title, The Origin of Man, and a continuation of the same, upon The Origin of the Animal World (delivered in the Architektenhaus) will doubtless have made clear to you a point to which I shall now again draw your attention. In every age, including the present period, the general conceptions and sentiments concerning such fundamental questions as The Origin of Man and others of a similar nature, including those relative to that Being to Whom the name of Christ has been given, are directly rooted in, and dependent upon the accepted concepts of some prior age.

We have already seen while considering various matters connected with man’s origin, that as a matter of fact, those theoretical ideas and conceptions which have sprung from the general mode of thought prevailing in our time are fundamentally at variance with the actual results of scientific research. On the other hand, it is just in this relation that we find the conclusions arrived at through the medium of Spiritual Science, which traces man’s origin back to spiritual forms, and not merely to that which is external and physically perceptible, are in full harmony with the results obtained in the field of Natural Science. Perhaps nowhere do we find this want of accord so marked between that current cosmic concept, which is so general in the thoughts and hearts of the people of our day, and that which science has been constrained to adopt, as in the case of the Christ-conception. This divergence may well be due to the fact that the questions involved belong to the greatest of all those concerning the cosmos. However, since the coming of the Christ-Movement into the world’s history, man’s power of conception concerning the Christ-Being and the form which it has taken, has ever been such as was best adapted to a particular period, or as one might say, was best suited to that section of humanity which was occupied with such thoughts.

During the first centuries which followed the advent of Christianity into the world’s history, we realize in connection with a certain trend of ideas and spiritual tendency which has been called Gnosis [a term denoting a higher spiritual wisdom claimed by the Gnostics], that grand and mighty concepts were formed with regard to that Being whom we term The Christ. We find, however that the universal acceptance of these exalted gnostic conceptions continued for only a relatively short period as compared with that idea of The Christ which was, as one might say, generally approved and spread among the people, and later became the essence of the Church movement. It will be enlightening to consider briefly those lofty Christ-concepts which were evolved in the form of gnostic conceptions during the first centuries of the Christian era—not, be it understood, because Spiritual Science would seek to cloak those ideas which it has to put forward with regard to The Christ beneath a mantle of gnostic notions; such an assertion could only be made by those who because of the immaturity of their development in the field of Spiritual Science, are wholly incapable of truly differentiating between the nature of the various events and conditions which are met with in spiritual life.

In many ways the concepts of the Spiritual Science of to-day, which will be recapitulated in this lecture, extend far beyond the ancient gnosis of those early Christian times; but this very fact makes it the more interesting that we should at least touch upon these old spiritual conceptions. There are many different points of view in connection with this by-gone higher wisdom, and various degrees of light and shade in that olden spiritual trend of thought, and we will draw attention to one of its most important aspects and which harmonizes best with the teachings of Spiritual Science in our time. During the first few centuries of the Christian era, this ancient gnosis put forward the most profound ideas concerning the Christ-Being—momentous indeed in relation to that enlightenment which came with the dawn of Christianity. This higher spiritual wisdom maintained that the Christ-Being was eternal, and not alone associated and concerned with the evolution and development of humanity, but with the surrounding world of the cosmos taken in its entirety.

When considering the question of the Origin of Man we found that we were taken back to a form of humanity which floated or hovered, as it were, entirely in spiritual heights and which was not yet familiar with, nor embodied in, an outer material covering. We have seen that during the process of the earth’s evolution, mankind, starting from a purely spiritual state, gradually changed into that of a lower and denser form which we now call man; and that owing to the materialistic outlook of the present theory of evolution, which merely follows man’s earthly history backwards, his beginning has been traced to external animal forms. Spiritual Science, on the other hand, leads us directly to previous states which approach ever nearer and nearer to the immaterial soul, and finally points definitely to a spiritual origin.

The old gnosis sought the Christ-Being in that region in which mankind hovered before he had assumed his material existence, and where he felt himself surrounded alone by spiritual life and spiritual reality. If we understand this ancient gnosis rightly, then must we look upon it from the gnostic point of view, that when man had so far developed as to have reached a point when his Etheric Body should be enclosed within a material covering in order that he might take part in the general course of physical evolution, there remained behind in the purely spiritual realms what might be termed a by-gone companion of man or ‘alter ego’, in the form of an element of the Christ-Being, which did not descend with him into the physical world. Further, according to this conception, mankind was destined to undergo a process of continued development in the material plane, and it was his mission to show evidence of achievement and progress. Hence, according to the gnosis, this Christ-Element continues to dwell in the spiritual realms while mankind undergoes his period of material evolution, so that during the whole time of man’s earthly history, the Christ-Being is not to be sought in that region to which man is related as a physical perceptual entity, but alone in the realms of pure spirit.

That particular period which we call The Birth of Christianity, the ancient gnosis considered of especial import in the evolution of mankind upon Earth. It was regarded as that glorious moment when the Christ-Being entered the physical perceptual world in order to give an impulse to spiritual activity, for man had of himself retarded the soul’s development after he had descended upon the material plane. The gnosis looked upon primeval man during the very beginning of his evolution as a spiritual being bound to a world in which The Christ was then active, and it considered that He again descended upon our earth, where already for a long space humanity had been undergoing material evolution, at that particular period from which we now reckon our time.

The question now arises—How did the ancient wisdom actually look upon this descent of a purely spiritual being into the evolution of humanity? It was regarded in the following manner:—According to the gnosis, an especially highly developed human individuality to Whom historical research has given the name of Jesus of Nazareth, had achieved such exceptional spiritual maturity that at a particular period definite soul conditions had come about, in virtue of which this singular personality had the power to absorb certain Divine qualities and wisdom from the Spirit-World, which up to then no man could acquire. From this time on, so the gnosis states, the soul of this especially selected personality felt itself sufficiently advanced to surrender to the indwelling of that Divine Being, Who up to that moment had had no part in the actual progress and development of humanity—namely, The Christ. That event which took place on the banks of the Jordan when Jesus of Nazareth was baptized by John, and which is recorded in the Bible (Mark i, 9 to 11), was regarded by this ancient gnosis as a manifestation of the entering of the Christ-Being into the course of human evolution. The gnosis further declared that some very singular spiritual condition had been engendered with regard to Jesus through this sacred baptism, which event we may consider as wholly symbolical or otherwise.

We can obtain an idea of what underlies this gnostic concept if we pursue a line of thought somewhat as follows:—We begin with a realization of the fact that if we carefully observe the lives of other people, using those methods of thought which lead us to the very depth of the soul, and not the superficial mode so general in our time, we shall often find in the experience of such persons moments fraught with epoch-making events, when they feel that they stand at a turning-point in their lives. A situation of this nature may arise through some deep-lying sorrow or other trial of earthly origin. Then indeed they may say:—‘That which has now befallen me differs from all my previous experiences, for it causes me to look upon myself as a man transformed.’ Certain it is that in the case of many people there occurs at times something in the nature of a crisis, such as might be described as an awakening and renewing of special and distinctive forces of soul-life.

If we imagine an experience of the above kind as representing in very imperfect and elementary manner an inner event similar to that which the gnosis regarded as having taken place at the time of the baptism of Jesus in Jordan (St. Mark i, 9), we can then readily conceive an entirely different form of happening hitherto unknown in connection with human existence, and quite unlike any which may break in upon men’s souls and is born merely of earthly trials and vicissitudes. That Divine power and supreme spiritual quality which flamed up in the soul of Jesus of Nazareth manifested in wholly new indwelling attributes, and therefrom arose a Godlike inner life shedding fresh light upon all forms of human culture quickened by its example. It was that Divine Essence which entered into the innermost being of Jesus of Nazareth—that glorious and most Holy Spirit creating in Him a new-born life, that the ancient gnosis termed THE CHRIST.

The gnosis clearly realized that through The Christ there had come to mankind something in the nature of a new impulse, an impulse differing utterly from any that had been before. For all that Godlike stimulating power which was brought forth and unfolded in Jesus during the three years subsequent to His baptism by John was such as had never up to that time found place in the evolution of humanity. The gnosis states quite definitely that we must not consider a particular man [Jesus of Nazareth] as The Christ [as is oft-times done], but that we must realize and look for The Christ in the Divine Spirit which manifested IN Jesus, through those sublime and singular qualities that were latent within his innermost being.

We have characterized this ancient spiritual wisdom concerning The Christ in the above manner, in order that it may be easy of comprehension. In the example previously cited of a special turning-point occurring in the life of a human soul, we have an instance at least in some ways analogous to the Christ-Event expressed in its most elementary form. It is especially difficult for mankind in these modern times to realize that circumstances of fundamental historic significance are directly connected with this outstanding incident, and which are of such momentous import as to form what might be termed the true centre of human evolution. When we compare this gnostical concept with various statements of Spiritual Science brought to your notice during these lectures, we find that it has in truth, no matter how we regard the facts, not only a grand and glorious conception of the Christ-Being, but it also evinces an exalted idea of man’s being, for it regards him as involved in an impulse, coming directly from the spiritual realms, and brought to bear upon the actual course of his historic growth and development. It is therefore not to be wondered at that this ancient gnostical conception was unpopular. Anyone who has obtained even a slight insight into the circumstances connected with the progress of mankind during the early centuries of the Christian era and onwards, the existing state of the human soul and the various conditions of social life at different periods, must at once admit that such concepts imply a loftiness of sentiment that was certainly not destined to find favour among the people. In order to appreciate this point we have only to consider the spiritual life of the present day.

Whenever conversation turns upon any idea similar in character to this ancient higher spiritual wisdom, the majority of people at once say:—‘That is all an abstraction, a purely visionary notion—what we want is reality, something which directly affects our actual material life.’ Thus it is that even in our time mankind for the most part regards the old gnostical conception, as outlined, merely in the light of a wholly abstract impression. Humanity is still far from experiencing the feeling of greater satisfaction which comes of spiritual thought, and of realizing how much more true is the substantiality of all that underlies those spiritual concepts to which we may raise ourselves, than is that of things which most men regard as perceptual, concrete, and as having absolute reality. If it were otherwise we would not find, as is the case in the arts and professions, that man is ever urged toward what may be touched and seen, while all that is of the spirit, and calls for inner upliftment of the soul for its apprehension, is pushed aside and regarded as abstract and visionary.

It is not possible in a few words to explain just how the popular conception of the Christ-Being evolved in the minds of the people. But it may be said that an echo of the true Christ-Concept, which pictures a Divine Being incarnate and abiding in the man Jesus of Nazareth, has lived on through the centuries side by side with that simple idea of Jesus, which looks upon Him as born in marvellous manner and as ever approaching mankind with divine tenderness and love; a theme which is developed even in the story of his childhood. In this concept we find Jesus of Nazareth hailed by humanity as its loving Saviour. And it is in that holy sense and feeling evoked by the deeds of this beloved Redeemer that we find a dim echo of the ancient gnostic Christ-Concept. During the whole course of what we might call the external history of Jesus, there is found an upturned vision which realized the presence of some great secret truth, some awe-inspiring mystery, which even as Jesus walked the earth endowed His personality with superhuman attributes. And this superhuman quality has been termed The Christ. Further, we find that as time went on humanity became ever less and less capable of understanding that bold concept, The gnostic Christ, and this ever-increasing inability of comprehension has continued even up to the present day.

Already in the Middle Ages we note, that Science only dared to reason concerning that which is external and directly apparent to the senses, or about those things which it conceived as lying beyond our sense-perception in a kind of world governed by natural laws. It did not feel itself called upon to probe into those factors and influences which have entered into and played their respective parts in man’s evolution, in the form of noble and uplifting spiritual impulses. Thus it was that in the Middle Ages, questions concerning the origin and evolution of man in which the Christ-Impulse made itself felt, became solely objects of belief. This spiritual faith, however, continued on among the people from that time, side by side with all that was regarded as Science and absolute knowledge, but which took heed only of the lower order of cosmic matters and events.

At this point it is of interest to note, that from the sixteenth century onward, this twofold method of thought has ever more and more tended toward a crisis, and for the reason that mankind was always prone to direct and confine his powers of cognition to the perceptual world alone, and to assign all matters of spiritual origin and dependent upon spiritual progress and evolution to the category of mere dogma.

We cannot, however, enter upon this subject at the present time, for it is more essential that I now draw your attention to the fact that in the nineteenth century the course of development led mankind to a point where, as one might say, all true conception of The Christ was wholly lost, at least to a very large proportion of the people. But, nevertheless, we must admit that among a small section of the community the ancient gnostic concepts still lived on, and were yet further developed after a manner which we might regard as bringing about a deeper insight into the Christ-Impulse. In the case of the majority, even among the scientific theological circles, there was a general renunciation of the true Christ-Concept. An attempt was made to centre all in the personality of Jesus of Nazareth, and to look upon Him as One possessed of singular attributes, and especially chosen because of His profound and all-embracing comprehension of the laws and conditions of human evolution, and the Divine inner nature of mankind—but even so, to be considered as a man—although a man transcendent in all things. Thus it came about that in those days in place of the old Christology, there grew up what might be called a mere Jesus-life-research. The results of this mode of thought and study became ever more and more incredible, when considered in the light of all those Divine qualities which dwelt within the being of The Chosen One, Jesus of Nazareth. For according to these investigations Jesus was to be regarded as One specifically selected as endowed with supreme and unique spiritual attributes, but nevertheless possessed of human individuality.

The crowning point in this class of conception is reached in such works as that entitled The Nature of Christianity, by Adolf Harnack, and other similar attempts in the direction of what we have termed Jesus-life-research, and which have appeared in many and varied forms. For the present, however, it is only necessary to merely draw attention to the results obtained from deep and earnest study along these lines, and since this subject is the most modern of any with which we are concerned we can do so very briefly. We would say that the methods employed during the nineteenth century in order to authenticate historically those events which occurred at the beginning of the Christian era, have led to no actual positive conclusions.

It would take us much too far to enter into any kind of detail respecting this particular trend of thought; but anyone who will make a careful investigation into the results achieved in modern times in this connection, will know that an endeavour has been made to apply the ordinary methods of external research, to prove that the personality of Jesus of Nazareth actually lived at the beginning of our Christian spiritual life. Now this attempt to demonstrate the existence of Jesus by such historical means as may be applied in other cases has merely led to the following admission:—‘It is impossible to confirm the personality of Jesus of Nazareth by external material methods.’ But it by no means follows that the negative assumption, which claims that Jesus never lived, is thereby proved. These material investigations have simply shown that we cannot employ the same historical means in order to verify the life of Jesus of Nazareth, as may be used to demonstrate the existence of Aristotle, Socrates or Alexander the Great. But that is not all, for of late this field of inquiry has led to serious difficulties being experienced in quite another direction.

It is only necessary to refer to such works as those by William Benjamin Smith, published by Diederich of Leipzig, to realize that the result of painstaking and exact research into Biblical and other documentary records relating to Christianity has again revealed the fact that [in many instances] these venerable documents cannot be referring to those matters to which, during the greater part of the nineteenth century, it was generally supposed they had reference. A special attempt was made to reconstruct the life of Jesus of Nazareth from the results of philological investigations into these ancient chronicles; but in the end it was found that in the very writings themselves there was evidence of an underlying significance of quite a different nature from that which appeared upon the surface. It became apparent that in spite of every effort to picture the life of Jesus by employing the most carefully chosen and exact methods, the Biblical records, those Christian documents wherein mankind feels itself upon a firm and truly Christian foundation, hardly mention Jesus of Nazareth as a human being. External science is thus driven to the following statement:—‘The ancient records scarcely ever allude to Jesus of Nazareth as a man, they refer to Him as a God ‘; and again to this remarkable anomalous assertion: ‘It is an error to believe that any proof may be found in the original Christian documents of the existence of Jesus of Nazareth as an actual human personality. Rather do we come to the conviction that what the evangelical and other olden sacred writings state is, that in the very beginning of the Christian era was a Deity, and only when we recognize this fact, does all that is written in these aged chronicles become of true significance and import.’

Now is not this all very extraordinary? According to the investigations of our period, when we allude to Jesus of Nazareth, we must speak of a Deity; but this same period and same line of research admits of no reality in this God or purely Spiritual Being. How, then, does present-day science regard The Christ? He is looked upon as a visionary creation, a mere ideal concept which insinuated itself into the history of mankind, and was called into being by a folk fantasy born of mental impulse. According to the latest investigations in this field, The Christ is to be regarded not as a reality, but as a kind of imaginary god. To put it plainly, we would say:—Modern scientific research is brought face to face with something for which it has absolutely no use; for what can it do with a God in Whom it has no faith? External science has merely proved that the Bible records speak of a Deity, but it knows of naught else to do with this Deity, than to ascribe to Him a place in the category of visionary concepts.

We will now compare the attitude of external Science as characterized above, with what Spiritual Science has to say upon the matter. At this point I should like to mention a book entitled Christianity as Mystical Fact, of which I am the author. The fundamental idea underlying this work has been but little understood. I have therefore endeavoured to set forth its object more clearly in a preface to the second edition. My intention was to show that the history of mankind—World History—is not complete in that picture which we can generally obtain from external history and external documents, and for this reason:—Throughout all human evolution spiritual impulses are at work, spiritual factors are present, and these we must attribute to the agency of spiritual beings. If with this concept we compare the whole nature and method of the historic world-conception put forward by Leopold von Ranke and others, we can only say:—The highest point to which the Science of History has as yet reached is, that it actually speaks of historical ideas as if they were subject to the intrusion of abstract impressions coming, as one might say, from without during the course of human evolution and the development of Nations and of Peoples. That is the utmost extent of general belief in this direction. But ‘ideas’ are not what historians consider them to be, and do not develop force and exhibit power. The whole process of human evolution would be lifeless and spiritless if it proceeded merely historically, and if it were not that those ideas which enter into the souls of mankind are the expression of invisible and supersensible impulses, which rule and govern the whole field of human growth and development. Behind all that is revealed in this external progression, there still remains something which can only be unveiled by those supersensible means at the disposal of Spiritual Science, where the methods are applicable to things which are beyond the powers of our sense-perception. Attention has already been drawn to this subject in a previous lecture, and we shall again refer to it at some future date.

I could demonstrate to you how the Christ-Impulse entered historically into the evolution of humanity in such manner that it proved itself to be an actual continuation of that self-same influence which played its part in the spiritual development of mankind in the by-gone days of the ancient mysteries; the actual nature of which is even yet but little understood. A true comprehension of all that was accomplished in pre-Christian times by the olden mysteries in connection with the laying down of spiritual foundations for the development of nations and of peoples can only come, when, through the methods of modern Spiritual Science, man has gained an understanding of that particular form of development through which the soul is transformed into an instrument capable of apprehending that Spirit-World which lies behind all things material and perceptual. In these lectures I have many times referred to transformations of this character.

We now know that mankind, who in these days is in a sense confined and only interested in the immediate experiences of his intimate soul-life, may verily raise himself above his present state and assume a more perfect form of soul-being which can live in the Spirit-World, even as the human counterpart lives in the physical world. Through the study of history in the light of Spiritual Science, we learn that the possibility of thus raising the soul-being to spiritual heights through a process of purely intimate individual soul development, has come about gradually during the evolution of mankind, and was not known in primeval times. Whereas the soul may now through its own effort and measures rise freely, and while still possessed of its individual quality acquire the power of spiritual discernment, in pre-Christian times such was not the case; for the soul was then dependent upon an impulse born of certain modes and procedures, which were a part of the rites performed in the Sanctuaries of the Mysteries.

In my book entitled Christianity as Mystical Fact, I have presented a somewhat detailed account of those ancient rites which were conducted by the priests in connection with the soul. These ceremonies took place in the various Temples of the Mysteries, as they were then considered to be, but which in this lecture we will regard more as Temples assigned to spiritual instruction. What actually took place in these sanctuaries may be briefly outlined as follows:—By means of certain methods and observances the soul was freed from its bodily covering, and it was made possible for it to remain for a time in a condition similar to, though in many ways differing from, the ordinary sleep-state.

When we consider the sleep-state in the light of present-day Spiritual Science, we look upon it that while the human frame remains quiescent and sleeping, the actual centre of man’s Etheric Being is situated outside the recumbent figure, and that during such state the power of the true inner essence of this etheric nucleus is so low that unconsciousness supervenes, and the nucleus becomes, as it were, enveloped in darkness. The methods employed during these ancient mystic rites in order to affect the human soul were as follows:—Through the influence of certain advanced personalities, who had themselves passed through similar mystical initiation, a species of sleep-state was first induced. This was of such nature that the inner forces of the soul were thereby strengthened and intensified. When a certain stage was reached the soul left the body, which was then in a condition of deathlike sleep, and for a time entered upon a psychic existence, a kind of sleep-life, during which it could look upon the Spirit-World with full consciousness. While this sleep-life continued, the soul was able to realize its true position as an inhabitant of the spiritual realms. When, in due course, the soul was brought back once again to ordinary mundane conditions, there came to it recollections of all those things which it had observed and experienced while freed from the body. It was then that it could [while active within the human form] come before the people and stand forth as a prophet, bringing to them proofs of the existence of a Spirit-World and of an eternal life to come. In those olden days it was in the manner above indicated that the soul was enabled to take part in the life of the spiritual realms; and in the mysteries were found the canons to which it must submit, and for a long period, in order that the supreme spiritual leaders in the ancient Mystery Sanctuaries might bring about the final consummation of the soul’s desire.

We will now ask this question:—Whence came those ancient standards of human conduct which have been passed on by peoples spread throughout the world during the course of man’s evolution; and those flashes of spiritual enlightenment proclaiming his Godlike origin and the eternity of the soul? The answer comes through Spiritual Science; from it we learn that this olden wisdom originated with those who had themselves undergone initiation after the manner we have outlined. There is a reflection of these primeval moral precedents, manifested in strange and curious fashion, in connection with Myths and Legends and various graphic portrayals of the past; for in these very fables we find depicted many of the same experiences which came, as if in a living dream, to the initiates in the Mystery-Sanctuaries. Indeed, we first begin to understand Mythology rightly, when we regard the forms and figures there presented, as pictorial representations of things which appeared to the spiritual vision of the Initiates during the time of their participation in the secret rites. If we would establish a relation between the mythological conceptions of olden times and the religious teachings of an earlier age, we must hark back to the ancient mysteries and ponder upon all that lay concealed therein, deep hidden from a profane external world. Mysteries revealed to those alone, who, through severe trials and unswerving observance of that secrecy and restraint imposed upon all, had truly fitted themselves to take part in the dark ceremonies of initiation. We cannot, however, at this point enter into the actual circumstances which led to the close veiling of the mystic rites performed in that now remote grey past. But when we turn our gaze backward and follow the course of spiritual development in pre-Christian times, we realize that it was ever in the dim obscurity enshrouding the inscrutable observances of that by-gone age, that man’s soul unfolded and was strengthened.

The souls of men were not so fully developed in the past that they could of themselves and of their own efforts rise upward and enter the realms of the spirit, while merely dependent upon their immediate powers and unaided by the ministrations of the temple priests. In my book, Christianity as Mystical Fact, I have pointed out that even while external history ran its course a change was taking place; and it has there been my object to show how the whole plan and design underlying human evolution was such, that when the turning-point was reached which marked the birth of Christianity mankind was already prepared to enter upon a new era. This change had come about because of all that man had experienced and absorbed through repeated reincarnations, and through knowledge gained from initiates concerning the Spirit-World. From then on he would have the power of upliftment to spiritual heights within his own innermost soul, which could henceforth rise of its own effort, free from all external influence and unaided by those means which it was the custom to employ in the by-gone days of the mysteries.

According to the views which we now hold, the most outstanding event that came to pass in Palestine, in connection with the spiritual progress of mankind was the final perfecting of the soul, so that it should be fitted for what we might call Self-Initiation. This ultimate consummation had been approached gradually and the necessary preparation had extended over possibly hundreds of years; yet the end came just about the very time when that special turning-point was reached which marked the beginning of the Christian era. The soul was then so far perfected that it was ready for self-initiation, during which act it would be merely guided by those having knowledge of the true path and of the trials that must be endured; henceforth self-initiation might be achieved without external aid rendered by Temple priests, or by leaders having understanding of the mysteries. And further, through the founding of Christianity all those other rites and observances which were performed time and time again in the innermost sanctuaries of the Temples, memories of which are still preserved in Legends, Myths and Mythologies connected with folklore, are found to have a place in that Grand Plan which underlies the world’s history.

If we would indeed understand the Gospels, we should ask ourselves the following question:—‘What experiences were essential to a candidate for initiation in the days of the ancient Persians or Egyptians, who desired so to uplift his soul that it might gaze directly upon the Spirit-World?’ Injunctions concerning such matters were clearly set forth and formed the basis of what we might term a Ritual of Initiation. These commands and instructions covered a time extending from a certain event designated by some as The Baptism, and by others as The Temptation, up to that moment when the soul was led forth and blessed with a true discernment of the spiritual realms. When we compare such Initiation Rituals with the most important statements contained in the Gospels, then (as I have shown in the book to which I have just referred) we find that in the Gospels there appear once again detailed narratives concerning ancient initiation ceremonies, but here the descriptions have reference to that great outstanding historical character, Jesus of Nazareth. It further becomes clear that whereas in previous times an Initiation Candidate was raised to spiritual heights in the seclusion of the Temples of the Mysteries, Jesus of Nazareth, because of the course which history had taken, was already so far advanced that He not only remembered His experiences in the Spirit-World and thus brought enlightenment to humanity, but He became unified in spirit with One, to Whom no earthly being had as yet become united, namely, The Christ-Being. Thus we find a great similarity between the narrative of the spiritual development of Jesus of Nazareth up to that moment when The Christ entered into His soul and during the following three years when He drew inspiration and wisdom from this Divine source, and the descriptions of the wonted course of the ancient forms of initiation.

In the accounts which tell us of all the trials and experiences which Jesus of Nazareth underwent in those olden days, we find the events connected with His initiation clearly marked by the magnitude and Godlike nature of the spiritual facts which underlie the historical descriptions. This is especially noticeable in the Gospel of St. John. While in previous times countless aspirants had taken part in the sacred rites, they had only advanced to that point when they could testify as follows:—‘The spiritual world is a reality, and to such a world does the human soul belong.’ But when it came to pass that Jesus was Himself initiated, He became actually unified and at one with the most significant and outstanding of all spiritual beings ever remembered by former initiates; and it was toward this supreme initiation that the ordered plan underlying all ancient forms and ceremonies had its trend.

Thus do we behold The Mystery of Golgotha emerging from those secrets which were hidden in the dark mysteries of the past, to take its place in that grand design so fundamental to the world’s history. As long as man refuses to believe that in a certain locality and at a definite time Jesus of Nazareth was blessed with Divine initiation, and imbued with the spirit of The Christ in such manner that this Almighty influence could stream forth and act as an impulse upon all future generations—just so long will he remain unable to realize the true import and meaning of the Christ-Impulse in its relation to the evolution of mankind. When through the study of the basic principles of Spiritual Science the reality of great spiritual events such as we have portrayed is admitted, then will first dawn a true comprehension of all that has come to human evolution through the advent of the Christ-Impulse; and we shall no longer degrade the Gospels by discovering in them four separate rituals of initiation in which matters and circumstances concerning Jesus of Nazareth are hidden away and mysteriously concealed. When we come to understand these things rightly we shall realize that everything which followed as a result of the event in Palestine, held a deep significance for all later periods in human evolution.

Now, although what we may term man’s deepest life-centre has always been, so to speak, near at hand, nevertheless this very life-centre was something the awareness of which had not up to the time of that great happening really penetrated into the consciousness of mankind. It was ordained that through The Mystery of Golgotha men’s eyes should be opened and a new era entered upon, in which it would be realized that in the life-centre, the Ego, there manifests an element which is common to both individual man and the entire cosmos.

If we would know in what manner that great and vital change which was wrought in the world’s history by the coming of the Christ-Impulse, is regarded when viewed in the light of Spiritual Science, then we must first realize that:—Man, in respect of his being, consists of a Physical Body, an Etheric or Life Body, an Astral Body, and deep within and underlying all is the veritable Ego 1See lecture on Moses — that true I, which continues on from incarnation to incarnation. Now, an awareness of the presence of this ultimate centre of life broke in upon man’s consciousness last of all. So that in pre-Christian times he had no thought of its existence. Even as the Physical Body is directly united and in contact with the Physical World, and the Astral Body with the Astral World, so is man’s deepest life-centre, the Ego, born of that Spirit-World which passeth man’s uttermost understanding. Hence, that great message which Christianity and the Christ-Impulse brought to mankind may be thus expressed:—Seek not the Deity and the Godlike primordial principle in the Astral Body, but in man’s innermost being, for there abideth the true Ego.

Previous to the advent of Christianity man would exclaim:—‘My soul is indeed rooted in the Divine. It is the Divine quality alone which can extend the vision and bring unto me true enlightenment [through the powers of those who have a deeper knowledge of spiritual matters].’ But now he is learning to say:—‘If thou would’st truly know where thou canst unveil the profoundest depths of all that is Divine and active throughout the world; then look of thyself within thine Ego, for therein lieth the channel through which cometh unto thee the Word of God. His voice will break in upon thy conscious state if thou but rightly understandest that because of the Mystery of Golgatha, the powers which are of God have entered into mankind; and if thou wilt but realize that then indeed was a glorious initiation truly consummated—to stand forth as a grand historical event. But especially does God speak unto thee, if thou but exaltest thyself and makest thy soul to be as an instrument, able and fitted, to apprehend that which is of the spiritual realms.’

Before that supreme act came to pass at Golgatha, the way of those who would enter upon the life of the spirit, lay through the deep mysteries of the Temple Sanctuaries. The actual awakening of the Divine consciousness which speaks through the Ego is the very essence of the Christ-Impulse; and the growth and development of the ancient Initiation-Principle paved the way and made it possible that this great impulse should come to humanity. During the whole future course of evolution, because of the Mystery of Golgatha, there will enter into men’s souls an ever-increasing clarity of understanding and discernment of the Divine Spirit to which man is so truly united. That same Holy Spirit which even now speaks through the Ego, when man has indeed freed himself from all earthly conditions and circumstances.

He who can understand the Gospels from this point of view will realize the wonderful evidence of racial development and preparation for those coming events which were brought about in the past by the powers of the Spirit-World. It will be apparent that throughout the ancient Hebrew evolution, mankind was ever being made ready to hear the voice which would later speak through the deep centre of man’s being, the Ego-centre; even as the spirit of the old Hebrew race spoke to Judaism. But the people of other nations had heard no such voice, for they were only conscious of the Divine Spirit as it held converse with the soul in the case of those who were truly initiated.

It had become clear to Judaism that the evolution of mankind is a continuous process of development and progress, and that deep within man’s Ego there dwell those mystic forces which appertain to his innermost being. Hence the Jew became conscious of this thought:—‘When as an isolated personality, a part of the ancient Hebrew race, I look back upon the course of man’s evolution from the time of Abraham, and realize that Supreme Deity who has ruled over all things from generation to generation, there comes over me a vague undefinable feeling that everything which is Divine and of that Holy spiritual power which has fashioned the individual qualities of mankind, lives in me.’ It was in this way that the separate members of the old Hebrew race felt that they were united and at one with Abraham—their father. But Christianity definitely states that all such thoughts and conceptions concerning the Godlike qualities in man are lacking in completeness and fail to picture him in his most perfect form; even though he believe within himself that – ‘I AM THAT AM’. A true realization of those Divine attributes and forces which are active deep within mankind can only come when there is a clear apprehension of those things which are of the spirit and lie beyond all human generations.

Therefore if we would give the above words their fuller and truer meaning we should say:—Before Abraham, was the I AM. This implies that man’s Ego is eternal; and that in the beginning was the same Godlike element which has continued on throughout all generations and will be for evermore. To this the Hebrew would add:—‘Look not upon that which fadeth away and is of man’s material being, but regard only the Divine Essence which has lived and flowed in the blood of all descendants of Abraham, who was indeed our father. See to it that ye shall know and discern this Holy Spirit in each one of God’s children. But seek it not in the bond which uniteth brother and sister, but in that which abideth in each one of you and cometh to the light when man, in very solitude, shall know himself in his innermost soul, and cry out, I AM.’

Christ Jesus uttered words of similar intent and which we must interpret in like manner; with one modification they are as follows:—‘If any man come to me, and forsaketh [‘Hate’, see Luke xiv, 26] not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple: We must not regard the significance of the above passage as in any way conflicting with the just claims of relationship and child love, but rather as indicating that The Christ had brought into the world that Principle of Divine Spirit which each individual man, because he is man, may find if he but seek steadfastly in the very centre of his being.2What is here implied is that the longing to be at one with the Christ Spirit which came into the world through Jesus of Nazareth, should be so intense that each of His disciples must be ready to sacrifice all ties of human love so that he may devote his life and being to the absolute service of THE CHRIST Who manifests within. Judging from the context the word ‘Hate’ which is in Luke xiv, 26, would appear to be of doubtful origin. [Ed.] It was because of this transcendent deed that, henceforth, mankind would enter into ever closer contact with the very heart of Christianity. Then would this most sacred principle rise up supreme, and while overcoming all diversity and error, bring about the realization of that universal quality which all may discern who but look deep within.

The Gods of old were national gods—gods of the peoples—and had relation to certain racial peculiarities. We still find something of this nature in the East among the Buddhists. But the God who stands revealed through Christianity is One who will raise mankind above all human discord and divergence, and lead him on to that which he truly is, because he is indeed MAN. He who would gain knowledge of the fundamental character of the Christian Doctrine must necessarily regard those spiritual powers and impulses which have guided supreme events in world history as realities [he cannot aver that all was begotten of mere chance actions and purely human mental activity]. He must break away from previous concepts of what is basic and of primary historic import; for happenings which have long been so regarded are in reality but upon the surface of the world’s actual growth. Underlying and controlling all human progress and development are beings far above man’s normal powers of sense-perception who are just as real as is the animal and the man in our material world. Supreme and preeminent among those spirit mentors who govern and direct the growth and development of mankind is THE CHRIST—that Christ, who, according to the ancient gnosis, was active in the body of Jesus of Nazareth during a period of three years.

Once again do we realize that Spiritual Science has attained to a concept and an understanding that enables it to throw light upon matters which have already claimed the attention of external science. The latter has been forced to admit that [in respect of The Christ] we are not merely concerned with a man, but with a Divine Being who, while He ruled and gave guidance must, nevertheless, in a certain sense, be considered as active within the man, Jesus. Here, however, we come upon a situation with which external science is unable to cope. Spiritual Science, on the other hand, leads us to the direct contemplation of beings thus acted upon and made subservient to divine spiritual powers, in the manner indicated, and regards such states as of actual occurrence; hence it can approach this sphere of modern investigation in a proper and logical manner. An amazing feature of twentieth-century spiritual development will be that external science will recognize and acknowledge that the concepts of the nineteenth century were in error, in so far as an attempt was then made to reduce the life of Christ Jesus to a life of Jesus of Nazareth only. Further it will be found that the final result of all research in this field will prove that in Christ Jesus we are concerned with a God; and when any science proclaims this truth it is a sign that it has begun to follow the true path. Spiritual Science would merely add that if mankind once admits the verity of the above statement, it may go forward ever assured that it is upon a certain and absolute foundation. The concept expressed in the above assertion is certainly in direct opposition to that material monistic cosmic conception, which has been formed in modern times.

In two of my previous lectures to which I have already referred, namely, ‘The Origin of Man’, and ‘The Origin of the Animal Kingdom’, we have seen that Spiritual Science was in complete accord with the actual facts brought to light by external Science. We would here say that in the matter we are now considering, Spiritual Science is again disposed to associate itself with the results of conscientious scientific research; but where there is doubt and divergence, it will be found that external Science will fall short of that goal which may be reached through the methods of Spiritual Science. In these days man regards human life and human understanding, as they appear to him in the physical world, as if they were irreconcilable with a closely associated and actual outer spiritual realm. He further believes that at the uttermost, man’s greatest fault can only lie in forming wrong conceptions of the material world, or in doing something which is looked upon as detrimental or malicious, and which does not conform with outer and apparent progress.

It is the custom at the present time in connection with the existing cosmic concept, to seek the origin of phenomena only in that which is close at hand; and it has become more and more clear the further man penetrates into spiritual life, that a point has now been reached with regard to this method where a complete change in ideas has become necessary. Both natural science and history have come to a stage where there is a definite scepticism concerning all spiritual matters, and these external sciences are now merely employed in collecting and associating outer perceptual facts, wholly regardless of that underlying spiritual reality which may be apprehended in all phenomena capable of sense-perception. One might almost say, that our present period has reached a point where scientific thought must be reversed, and assume a directly opposite attitude. The soul, through its constant inner striving, will in the end lead ultra materialism and ultra materialistic monism to adopt a concept, which as yet has played but a small part in man’s ideas concerning the cosmos. But in future investigations into the origin of things there will enter thoughts and ideas, so far, not generally accepted.

In my two works, Philosophy of Spiritual Activity and Truth and Science, I have explained that man has been compelled to assume that the position in which he finds himself relatively to the world, is not his true position; and that he must first undergo a development of inner-life so that he may recognize reality in natural phenomena, in order to be able to place himself in just and ethical relation to such phenomena. Further, in the mind of man there must dawn a clear understanding of the fundamental idea in redemption in addition to mere apprehension of causative factors in life. It will be a task of the twentieth century to gain general acceptance of the concepts pertaining to Redemption, Deliverance and Reincarnation, among the external sciences. The position which man has himself assumed as expert and judge of the world does not represent reality; for he can only arrive at true concepts after he has freed himself from his present false ideas, risen to a higher standard of thought, and overcome those barriers which cause him to view all things in distorted and unreal form—such a consummation would be Perceptive-Redemption.

Moral-Redemption comes about when man feels that the position which he occupies in his relation to the world is not his veritable standing, and when he realizes that he must seek a path leading over those obstacles which tower above him, blocking the way to all things appertaining to his true place in life. Concepts of the soul’s rebirth upon a higher plane, will yet be evolved from the wonders which come to light through the investigations of natural science, and the results of historical research. Man will then know, if he pictures the world as in a photographic image and conjures forth a vision of the scientific and historic progress of mankind, that this vision does not represent the material world alone, for underlying all human advancement there is clear evidence of a mighty spiritual plan of earnest training and development. He will no longer believe that the world as depicted by science is a mere physical creation, for he will realize that God’s laws are ever operative in such manner as to bring about his gradual unfoldment. If only natural science would extend its sphere of action beyond a mere portrayal of the perceptual world and rightly educate mankind, so that the human soul might break away from a position which is untenable, and rise to a state which would permit of its rebirth into a more exalted life—and if man could but know how glorious would then be the freedom from that restraint which ever hinders his upward progress, he would indeed have developed within himself those things fundamental to a true world concept of the Christ-Impulse. He would realize that he has power to look back into the grey mists of the past, to a period to which we have often referred, when his true being dwelt in a purely spiritual realm, later to descend into the material world that he might there of his own effort further his growth and advancement. Then would mankind understand the reason why it became imperative, that at a certain definite period in earthly progress a complete change of thought, a reversal of ideas, be brought about; he would know that it was in order that all might be empowered to tear themselves away from those false deceptive material concepts, which have entered so deeply into man’s consciousness. It is the Christ-Impulse which has checked man’s fall, and has saved humanity from being utterly immersed in those things which are but of the material world [and have neither value nor reality].

With respect to the evolution of humanity, The Christ is to be regarded objectively as the [Divine Principle] which is the source of our experience of a sacred power and quality entering the soul when reborn, and freed of all those primal transgressive tendencies which seek to find expression when man is associated with external earthly progress. It is this most holy essence, flowing in upon the world, which is indeed that manifestation we know as The Christ.

If the twentieth century would but regard the glorious realities of man’s inner life in a serious light it would understand the Christ-Event, and no more be in conflict with the concept and verity of those happenings which take place during the soul’s rebirth into a higher sphere. Spiritual Science would then prove that the same actual principles underlie all historic progress and development, as obtained in the case of external natural phenomena and occurrences. With regard to man’s ideas concerning the cosmos, he has fallen into that very error which finds expression in the words of Schopenhauer:—‘The world is my own conception.’ This statement implies that we are surrounded by a universe of colour, sound, and so forth, dependent entirely upon the action of the eye and other sense organs for its being. But if we seek to comprehend the world in its totality, it is not true to say:—‘All colour has existence only in virtue of the physical constitution of the eye.’ For the organ of sight would not be there, if the light had not first conjured it into being. If, on the one hand, it is true that the sensation of light be determined by the eye’s structure, then, on the other hand, it is equally true that the eye has been created by the light through the sun’s action. Both of these verities must therefore be involved in one incomprehensible reality. Thus do we realize the truth underlying Goethe’s words, when he says:—

‘The eye must thank the light for its being.’

From animal matter the light has brought forth a corresponding instrument suitable to receive its impressions. Thus has the eye formed itself in the light, so that it may be sensible of its touch in order that the illumination which is within may meet and blend with the rays which come from without. Even as the eye has been fashioned through the light’s action, and apprehension of the latter comes through the agency of this organ of vision, so was the fulfilment of man’s inner Christ-Experience and rebirth of soul, brought about by that supreme Christ-Event—The Mystery of Golgatha.

Spiritual Science tells us that before the advent of the Christ-Impulse, such inner experience could occur only under the stimulus of an external influence wrought through the agency of the mysteries, and not as is now the case, through a form of self-initiation induced within man’s very being.

There is a certain similarity between the relation of the colours and the light waves to the eye, and the profound mystery of the inner Christ-Experience; for as the eye apprehends the bright radiance of the light, so in man’s deepest being does he become conscious of the Divine Essence—The Christ. That his soul can rise up, and of its own effort transcend all previous limitations, is now possible because the resplendent sun—that grand Mystery of Golgotha—has shed its glorious rays upon the world’s history. If it were not for that supreme objective event, and the objective Christ, there could be no such mysterious subjective inner experience as will enter into the life of mankind during the twentieth century, to be regarded earnestly and from a truly scientific stand-point.

The twentieth century will see the dawn of those conditions necessary to a veritable understanding of the Christ-Impulse. It will be proved how absolute was its reality as a Divine centre of spiritual radiance, shining forth with a light which awakens an inner realization of that great truth reflected in Goethe’s words:—

‘Who overcomes himself, doth conquer that dread power
Which holds all beings closely bound –‘

Now, because of that spiritual bond between man’s latent capacity to overcome self, The Mystery of Golgotha, and the glorious Christ-Impulse, it follows that only by thus conquering can man know his being as it truly is, and knowing, he will henceforth regard his earthly nature as a quality from which he must be wholly freed. Further, he will realize that the attainment of a true standard of conduct and all genuine cognition and discernment can alone come to one who has sought and found redemption. It will be through an understanding of inner salvation that mankind will at last learn the true meaning of the concept of redemption as related to life’s historic evolution.

Finally, we would say, that during the twentieth century there will spread abroad a great illumination which will bring to humanity a clear comprehension of the Christ-Impulse, and this new knowledge will be in complete accord with the significance of Goethe’s fuller message:—

‘Who overcomes himself, doth conquer that dread power
Which holds all beings closely bound—and he shall rise.
First dawns the glorious truth in that glad hour;
That truth by which, through Christ, mankind shall gain God’s prize.’ 3Von der Gewalt, die alle Wesen bindet,
Befreit der Mensch sich, der sich überwindet,
Und in dieser Uberwindung sich selber erst in Wahrheit findet,
Wie die ganze Menschheit in Christus sich selber in Wahrheit finden kann.’

Christus und das Zwanzigste Jahrhundert

Wer sich gegenwärtig ein wenig in dem geistigen Leben umsieht, der wird nicht leugnen können, daß die Frage, die den Gegenstand der heutigen Betrachtung bilden soll, die allerweitesten Kreise ergriffen hat, und zwar gerade, man könnte sagen vom wissenschaftlichen Standpunkte aus. Auf der anderen Seite allerdings scheint in der Gegenwart immer mehr und mehr eine Weltanschauung Platz zu greifen, innerhalb welcher die Frage, die sich an den Christus-Namen knüpft, eigentlich keinen rechten Platz hat. Der Vortrag, welchen ich vor einigen Wochen von dieser Stelle aus über den «Ursprung des Menschen» halten durfte, und jener, der dann wie eine Fortsetzung an anderem Orte über den «Ursprung der Tierwelt» folgte, werden wohl gezeigt haben, daß ein jedes Zeitalter, also auch unser gegenwärtiges, solcheGrundfragen wie nach dem Ursprunge des Menschen und ähnliche — wir können dadurch voraussetzen auch diejenige nach dem Wesen, das mit dem Christus-Namen bezeichnet wird - in das Licht derDenkgewohnheiten, der ganzen Empfindungs- und Anschauungsweisen rückt, die auch sonst in einem Zeitalter herrschen. Wir haben gesehen, daß schon in der Frage nach dem Ursprunge des Menschen eigentlich die theoretischen Anschauungen, die Weltanschauungen, die sich für unsere Zeitgenossen aus diesen Denkgewohnheiten heraus ergeben haben, im Grunde genommen den wahren, echten Ergebnissen wissenschaftlicher Forschung widersprechen, während sich uns gerade bei der Frage nach dem Ursprunge des Menschen gezeigt hat, daß die geisteswissenschaftlichen Antworten, welche den Ursprung des Menschen nicht auf äußerlich physisch-sinnliche, sondern auf geistige Formen zurückführen, gerade den wirklichen Ergebnissen der Naturwissenschaft entsprechen und mit ihnen in voller Harmonie stehen. Aber vielleicht bei keiner Frage — es könnte dies wohl daher rühren, daß die Frage zu den größten Weltanschauungsfragen gehört —, zeigt sich so sehr die Disharmonie zwischen dem, was sich als eine Weltanschauung herausgebildet hat, was als Denkgewohnbheiten in den weitesten Kreisen bei den Menschen heute herrscht, und demjenigen, was eigentlich die Wissenschaft notwendigerweise hat feststellen müssen, wie bei der Christus-Frage. Allerdings, seit dem Eintritt der Christus-Bewegung in die Weltgeschichte hat das menschliche Vorstellungsvermögen gegenüber der Wesenheit des Christus immer diejenige Gestalt angenommen, welche dem Zeitalter oder, man kann sogar sagen, den Menschen, die sich damit beschäftigen, angemessen war.

Da finden wir in den ersten Jahrhunderten nach dem Eintritt des Christentums in die Weltgeschichte, daß sich in einer gewissen Ideen- und Geistesrichtung, die man als die Gnosis bezeichnet, Ideen herausbilden, grandios und gewaltig über diejenige Wesenheit, die man als den Christus bezeichnet. Da findet man, daß sich diese gnostischen Ideen verhältnismäßig nur kurze Zeit in einer allgemeinen Weise gegenüber den Christus-Vorstellungen haben halten können, welche sich sozusagen als die populären ausbreiten und die dann der Inhalt der kirchlichen Bewegung werden. Es ist lehrreich, mit nur wenigen Worten auf die grandiosen Ideen über den Christus einzugehen, die sich als die gnostischen Ideen in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten entwickelt haben, nicht etwa darum, weil die Begriffe, welche die Geisteswissenschaft wieder über den Christus zu sagen hat, sich in irgendeiner Weise mit den gnostischen Ideen deckten, das behaupten nur die, welche wegen ihrer geisteswissenschaftlichen Unreife völlig unfähig sind, die Dinge wirklich zu unterscheiden, die sich im geistigen Leben darbieten. Die gegenwärtige Geisteswissenschaft, deren Ideen wir am heutigen Abend, wenn auch kurz, besprechen wollen, schreitet in vieler Beziehung über alles hinaus, was die alte Gnosis der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte hervorgebracht hat. Aber um so interessanter ist es vielleicht, mit ein paar Worten auf diese gnostischen Ideen hinzuweisen. Es gibt allerdings viele Standpunkte der Gnosis, mancherlei Schattierungen innerhalb dieser Geistesrichtung, aber auf die eine, die wichtigste, soll wenigstens hingewiesen werden, die am meisten an das anklingt, was die Geisteswissenschaft in der Gegenwart zu sagen hat.

Man kann sagen: Die alte Gnosis der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte hat zuerst gegenüber alledem, was damals im Christentum zutage trat, den tiefsten, bedeutungsvollsten Begriff von der Christus-Wesenheit, denn ihr ist diese Christus-Wesenheit ein Ewiges, das nicht nur mit der ganzen Entwickelung der Menschheit verknüpft ist, sondern auch mit der ganzen Entwickelung der den Menschen umgebenden Welt, des Kosmos überhaupt. — Wir haben bei der Frage nach dem Ursprunge des Menschen zurückgehen müssen zu jener Gestalt des Menschen, die noch völlig in geistigen Höhen schwebt, die sich sozusagen noch nicht eingelebt, einverleibt hat in das äußere materielle Kleid. Wir haben gesehen, wie der Mensch im Laufe der Erdentwickelung, ausgehend von einer rein geistigen Gestalt, nach und nach zu jener verdichteten Wesenheit herabgestiegen ist, die wir als den heutigen Menschen bezeichnen, und wie nur durch die materialistischen Denkgewohnheiten die Entwickelungslehre, indem sie den Menschen nach rückwärts verfolgt, zu äußerlich tierischen Formen kommt, während die Geisteswissenschaft zu Formen kommt, welche immer mehr und mehr den geistig-seelischen gleichen und endlich vollständig den geistigen Ursprung des Menschen zeigen. In jener Region, in welcher der Mensch schwebte, bevor er materielles Dasein angenommen hat, wo sich der Mensch inmitten nur geistiger Wesenheiten und geistiger Tatsachen fühlte, suchte die alte Gnosis auch schon die Christus-Wesenheit. Wenn wir sie recht verstehen wollen, so müssen wir sagen, die Gnosis war der Anschauung: Während der Mensch sich weiter entwikkelte und dazu schritt, sein geistig-seelisches Wesen mit einer körperlichen Hülle zu umschließen, um in die materielle Entwickelungsreihe einzutreten, blieb in rein geistigen Welten wie - man möchte sagen — ein alter Genosse des Menschen, der aber nicht mit in die materielle Welt hinunterstieg, die Christus-Wesenheit vorhanden, - so daß der Mensch für die Anschauung dieser alten Gnosis eine Entwickelung durchmachte innerhalb der materiellen Welt und innerhalb derselben nun seine Fortschritte zu verzeichnen hat. Die Christus-Wesenheit aber bleibt in der Region des rein Geistigen, während der Mensch seine Entwickelungen im Materiellen durchmachte, so daß auch für die Zeit, welche der Mensch schon als Geschichte durchlebte, die Christus-Wesenheit nicht innerhalb jener Region zu suchen ist, welcher der Mensch als physisch-sinnliches Wesen angehört, sondern in dem rein Geistigen. In jener Zeit, welche wir als den Ausgangspunkt des Christentums bezeichnen, sah die Gnosis einen besonders wichtigen Zeitpunkt der Entwickelung der Erdenmenschheit, nämlich jenen Zeitpunkt, da aus geistigen Welten, nachdem sie ihre eigene Entwickelung zurückgehalten hat, während der Mensch schon in die materielle Welt heruntergestiegen war, die Christus-Wesenheit in die physisch-sinnliche Welt hereintrat, um als Impuls in ihr zu wirken. So sah die Gnosis den Menschen, als er noch in urmenschheitlichen Entwickelungsepochen war, als eine geistige Wesenheit mit der Welt verbunden, in welcher der Christus wirksam war, und sah dann im Beginne unserer Zeitrechnung den Christus heruntersteigen in die Welt, in welcher der Mensch schon lange seine materielle Entwickelung durchgemacht hat.

Es muß sich dazu sofort die Frage ergeben: Wie dachte sich die Gnosis dieses Heruntersteigen einer rein geistigen Wesenheit in die menschheitliche Entwickelung?

Die Gnosis stellte sich vor, daß ein besonders entwickeltes Menschheitsindividuum, das von der geschichtlichen Forschung als Jesus von Nazareth bezeichnet wird, eine solche Reife hatte, daß in ihm in einem gewissen Zeitpunkte Bedingungen vorhanden waren, daß seine Seele aus der geistigen Welt unmittelbar aufnehmen konnte, was vorher aus der geistigen Welt Menschen nicht unmittelbar haben aufnehmen können. Von diesem Zeitpunkte also spricht die Gnosis, in dem sich die Seele eines auserlesenen Menschen reif fühlen konnte, eine bisher nicht mit der Menschheitsentwickelung verbundene Wesenheit in sich selber hereinzunehmen, nämlich den Christus. In der Bibel suchte die Gnosis die Darstellung dieses Hereinbrechens der ChristusWesenheit in die Menschheitsentwickelung in jenem Ereignisse — wir mögen es heute ein symbolisches Ereignis oder wie immer nennen -, das als die Johannes-Taufe im Jordan auftrat. Durch diese Johannes-Taufe sei mit dem Jesus von Nazareth etwas ganz Besonderes geschehen. Man kommt zu dem, was in der gnostischen Vorstellung liegt, wenn man etwa folgendes denkt.

Es gibt ja — das ist nicht abzuleugnen, wenn wir das Leben mancher Menschen wirklich beobachten, nicht mit den heutigen Denkgewohnheiten, sondern mit dem, was uns tief in die Seelen hineinführen kann — für zahlreiche Menschen solche Augenblicke, solche epochemachenden Ereignisse, wo sich diese Menschen wie an einem Wendepunkte ihres Lebens fühlen und sich sagen können: Gegenüber dem, was ich bisher erlebt und erfahren habe, erscheint mir dies jetzt wie die Vorstellung eines neuen Lebens. — Es ist vielleicht hereingebrochen durch ein besonders tiefgehendes schmerzliches Ereignis oder durch andere Prüfungen des Lebens. Zu leugnen ist es nicht, daß es für zahlreiche Menschen etwas gibt wie einen Wendepunkt, wie etwas, was man Erneuerung, Erweckung ganz besonderer Kräfte im Seelenleben nennen kann. Wenn man sich ein solches Ereignis wie die elementaren Anfänge zu dem denkt, was sich die Gnosis als das vorstellte, was mit dem Jesus von Nazareth bei der Johannes-Taufe im Jordan vorgegangen ist, so bekommt man eine Vorstellung des Hereinbrechens von etwas ganz Neuem, aber nicht von etwas, wie es sonst in die menschliche Seele durch Prüfungen des Lebens hereinbricht, sondern von etwas, was in aller menschlichen Entwickelung bis dahin nicht mit einem menschlichen Leben verbunden war. Und was da aufgeht in der Seele des Jesus von Nazareth, was als ein völlig Neues auftritt und als ein Inneres in dem Jesus von Nazareth lebt, ein Leben lebt, welches dazu geführt hat, alle Kultur, die davon den Ausgangspunkt genommen hat, in ein neues Licht zu rücken, das, was ein solches Leben in das Innere des Jesus von Nazareth bringt, nannte die Gnosis den Christus. Damit war sich die Gnosis aber auch klar, daß mit diesem Christus, der nicht so ohne weiteres in einem äußeren einzelnen Menschen gesucht werden kann, sondern in dem, was da in einem äußeren Menschen als ein besonderes Innenwesen noch vorhanden war, etwas in die Menschheit als ein neuer Impuls hereingebrochen war, ein Impuls für etwas, was vorher nie da war, weil eben das, was der Jesus von Nazareth durch die drei Jahre von der Johannes-Taufe ab in sich trug, vorher mit der menschlichen Entwickelung nicht verbunden war.

Damit haben wir ungefähr die alte gnostische Vorstellung über den Christus so gegeben, daß wir sie begreifen können, weil sie uns sozusagen in ihren Elementen schon dann vorliegt, wenn ein besonderer Umschwung in einer einzelnen menschlichen Seele vor sich geht. Was nun dem modernen Menschen ganz besonders schwierig zu begreifen sein wird, das ist, daß mit diesem Ereignis, das eben charakterisiert worden ist, etwas verbunden ist, was für die ganze Menschheitsentwickelung eine geschichtliche Bedeutung hat, eine geschichtliche Bedeutung fundamentaler Art, daß damit etwas gegeben ist, was wir den Schwerpunkt der ganzen Menschheitsentwickelung nennen können. Von dieser gnostischen Vorstellung, auch wenn wir sie mit mancherlei vergleichen, was in diesen Vorträgen aus der Geisteswissenschaft hat dargestellt werden können, darf man sagen, daß sie eigentlich — gleichgültig, wie man über die Realität denkt — eine großartige, gewaltige Vorstellung auf der einen Seite von der Christus-Wesenheit, dann aber auch von der Wesenheit des Menschen hat, denn sie stellt den Menschen in eine Entwickelung hinein, in welche ein Impuls aus der geistigen Welt heraus unmittelbar im Laufe des geschichtlichen Werdens eingreift. Es ist daher gar nicht wunderbar, daß diese gnostische Vorstellung nicht irgendwie hat populär werden können. Denn wer sich nur ein wenig die Bedingungen der Menschheitsentwickelung von dem ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte an, die Zustände der menschlichen Seele, die verschiedenen Verhältnisse des sozialen Lebens klar macht, wird ohne weiteres zugeben, daß eine solche Vorstellung von einem Hochsinn getragen war, der ganz gewiß nicht populär wird. Man braucht nur, um sich dies klar zu machen, in das heutige Geistesleben einen Blick zu tun. Wenn von einer solchen Vorstellung, wie sie eben als die gnostische charakterisiert worden ist, die Rede ist,so werden die meisten Menschen sagen: Das ist eine Abstraktion, eine kühne Träumerei. Wir Menschen aber brauchen etwas real Wirkliches, etwas, was uns naheliegt, was unmittelbar in unser reales Leben eingreifen kann. — Wie eine Abstraktion sehen heute die Menschen noch immer das an, was jetzt eben als die gnostische Vorstellung charakterisiert worden ist, denn weit entfernt sind eigentlich heute die Menschen noch davon, die viel größere Gesättigtheit, das wahrhaft Konkrete dessen zu spüren, was in den geistigen Vorstellungen liegt, zu denen wir uns erheben, gegenüber dem, was die meisten Menschen einmal das Anschauliche, das Konkrete und wahrhaft Wirkliche nennen. Wäre das nicht der Fall, so würden die Menschen auch nicht in der Kunst nach dem drängen, was Augen sehen, was Hände greifen können, und als etwas Abstraktes das ablehnen, zu dem man sich im Geiste mit inneren Seelengaben erheben muß.

Es ist natürlich nicht möglich, auch nur mit ein paar Strichen darauf einzugehen, wie sich die Vorstellung von der Christus-Wesenheit in der populären Welt entwickelt hat. Aber das darf gesagt werden, daß neben der unmittelbaren Vorstellung, welche man sich über den Jesus von Nazareth bildete, der auf wunderbare Weise geboren ist, der in seiner liebwerten Art den Menschen auf zahlreiche Arten entgegentrat, schon indem die Geschichte seiner Kindheit entwickelt worden ist, der den Menschen dann als der für die ganze Menschheit liebende Menschenheiland entgegentrat, — es muß gesagt werden, daß neben allen den Empfindungen und Gefühlen, welche die Menschen für diesen Menschenheiland in all seiner liebwerten Art aufbrachten, immer doch durch die Jahrhunderte hindurch auch ein Nachklang der Christus-Vorstellung lebte, von einer Wesenheit, welche in dem Menschen Jesus von Nazareth verkörpert, verleiblicht war. Und neben dem, was man sozusagen als äußere Geschichte über das Leben des Jesus von Nazareth erzählte, stand noch das Hinaufblicken zu einem großen Geheimnis, zu einem ungeheuren Mysterium, zu dem Mysterium, das eben damals, als der Jesus von Nazareth auf der Erde wandelte, ein Übermenschliches in dieser Persönlichkeit zum Ausdruck gebracht hatte. Und dieses Übermenschliche namentlich nannte man den Christus. Daneben aber — könnte man sagen — fühlten sich die Menschen, je mehr sie sich der neueren Zeit näherten, immer unvermögender und unvermögender, den kühnen Gedanken dieses Christus, etwa des gnostischen Christus, zu fassen, so daß wir schon im Mittelalter sehen, wie sich die Wissenschaft sozusagen nur getraut, über die äußere Welt Gründe anzugeben, über das, was sich vor den Sinnen abspielt und was hinter den Sinnen noch als eine Art naturgesetzlicher Welt liegt. Dagegen fühlte sich die Wissenschaft nicht dazu berufen, in jene Faktoren, in jene Impulse einzudringen, welche in die Menschheitsentwickelung als die höchsten geistigen Impulse eingegriffen haben. So wird die Frage nach dem Ursprunge des Menschen, auch die Frage nach jener Entwickelung des Menschen, in die der Christus-Impuls eingreift, für die mittelalterliche Anschauung zu einem Gegenstande des Glaubens, und der Glaube figuriert nun hinfort neben dem, was Wissenschaft, was Erkenntnis sein soll, die nur auf die niederen Gegenstände der Weltenordnung sich beschränken soll. Es wäre nun interessant, darzustellen, wie vom sechzehnten Jahrhundert ab sich immer mehr und mehr diese Art von «doppelter Buchführung» in der Menschheit zugespitzt hat, durch die man die Art der Erkenntnis auf die niederen Ordnungen der Dinge beschränken wollte, und alles, was sich auf die geistigen Ursprünge und auf die Dinge der geistigen Entwickelung bezieht, dem Glauben zuweisen wollte. Das aber kann heute nicht unsere Aufgabe sein. Vielmehr muß darauf hingewiesen werden, wie im neunzehnten Jahrhundert der ganze Gang der Entwickelung dazu geführt hat, sozusagen das neunzehnte Jahrhundert völlig verlieren zu lassen eine jegliche wirkliche Christus-Idee, wenigstens in weiteren Kreisen. In engeren Kreisen hat sich ja wie eine Weiterentwickelung alter gnostischer Ideen das erhalten, was man einen tiefen Einblick in den Christus-Impuls nennen kann. Aber in weiteren Kreisen, auch in wissenschaftlich-theologischen Kreisen, trat im neunzehnten Jahrhundert eine Verzichtleistung ein auf den eigentlichen Christus-Begriff, und der Versuch, sich auf die Persönlichkeit des Jesus von Nazareth zu beschränken, diese zwar als eine einzigartige, auserlesene Persönlichkeit hinzustellen, die gleichsam die Entwickelungsbedingungen der Menschheit, die göttliche Innennatur des Menschen am tiefsten erfaßt hat und in fundamentaler Weise in sich getragen hat, aber doch wie ein «Mensch», allerdings wie ein Mensch, der über alles sonstige hinausging. So wurde im neunzehnten Jahrhundert an die Stelle einer alten Christologie das gesetzt, was man eine bloßeLeben- Jesu-Forschung nennen kann, eine solcheLebenJesu-Forschung, die immer mehr und mehr ungläubig war gegenüber allem, was in der Persönlichkeit des Jesus von Nazareth als ein göttlicher Inhalt gelebt haben soll, und nur glauben wollte, daß man in dem Jesus von Nazareth eine auserlesene einzelne Menschenindividualität vor sich habe. Ihren Höhepunkt erlangte diese Art von Anschauungen in dem, was den Menschen heute in einer solchen Schrift entgegentritt, wie dem «Wesen des Christentums» von Adolf Harnack und ähnlichen Bestrebungen in der Leben- JesuForschung, die sich in der mannigfaltigsten Schattierung heute zeigen. Man braucht nur darauf hinzuweisen, was in der allerneuesten Zeit aus einer ernstesten Vertiefung heraus gerade aus dieser Leben- Jesu-Forschung erreicht worden ist. Und da es den jüngsten Ereignissen angehört, was hier zu sagen ist, so braucht nur mit wenigen Worten darauf hingedeutet zu werden, daß diejenigen Methoden, die im neunzehnten Jahrhundert angewendet worden sind, um sozusagen historisch nachzuweisen, was sich im Beginne der christlichen Zeitrechnung zugetragen haben soll, durchaus zu keinem wirklichen Resultat geführt haben. Es würde viel zu weit gehen, in der einen oder anderen Weise diesen Gedanken durchzuführen. Wer aber tiefer auf das eingeht, was die neuere Zeit geleistet hat, der wird wissen, daß der Versuch gemacht worden ist, mit den gewöhnlichen Mitteln äußerer materialistischer Forschung an den Ausgangspunkt unseres christlichen Geisteslebens die Persönlichkeit des Jesus von Nazareth zu stellen, daß aber dieser Versuch, mit äußeren historischen Mitteln das Dasein jener Persönlichkeit zu beweisen, wie man etwas anderes sonst beweist, dazu geführt hat, daß das Geständnis Platz greifen mußte: Es läßt sich mit den äußeren materialistischen Mitteln diese Persönlichkeit des Jesus von Nazareth nicht rechtfertigen. — Nicht etwa, daß sich das Gegenteil rechtfertigen läßt, daß er nicht gelebt habe, aber sie läßt sich nicht rechtfertigen, wenn man in der Weise, wie man sonst mit den historischen Mitteln das Dasein eines Aristoteles oder Sokrates oder Alexander des Großen beweist, das Leben des Jesus von Nazareth beweisen wollte. Aber nicht nur das, sondern in eine ganz andere Richtung und Linie ist die Forschung auf diesem Gebiete in der neueren Zeit gedrängt worden. Sie brauchen nur solche Bücher wie die bei Diederichs in Leipzig erschienenen von William Benjamin Smith zu nehmen und Sie werden sehen, daß unsere Zeit durch ein genaues Eingehen auf die biblischen und andere Urkunden, die sich auf das Christentum beziehen, wieder darauf gekommen ist, daß diese Urkunden eigentlich gar nicht von dem reden können, wovon man so lange im neunzehnten Jahrhundert geglaubt hat, reden zu müssen. Man hat aus einer philologischen Ergründung der biblischen und anderen Urkunden das Leben des Jesus von Nazareth wieder konstruieren wollen, aber die Urkunden zeigten endlich den Leuten etwas ganz anderes. Es zeigte sich, während man versucht hat, mit aller wissenschaftlichen Gewissenhaftigkeit, mit allen auserlesenen Mitteln ein «Leben Jesu» zu konstruieren, daß diese biblischen Urkunden, die christlichen Dokumente da, wo man auf wirklich christlichem Boden steht, gar nicht von einem «Menschen» Jesus von Nazareth reden. So sehen wir, daß die äußere Forschung sagen mußte: Die Dokumente reden gar nicht von einem Menschen Jesus von Nazareth, sondern sie reden von einem Gotte. — Man hat die merkwürdige Anomalie in unserer Zeit vor sich, daß die materialistische Forschung behauptet: Ihr habt fehl geschlossen, wenn ihr glaubt, aus den christlichen Urkunden einen Hinweis zu haben auf den Menschen Jesus von Nazareth, vielmehr müßt ihr euch überzeugen, daß die Evangelien und die anderen Dokumente von einem Gotte reden, und daß alle die Dinge, die erzählt werden, nur Sinn und Bedeutung haben, wenn man von einem Gotte im Ausgangspunkte des Christentums spricht.

Nun, ist das nicht etwas höchst Sonderbares? Unsere Zeit findet, wenn man von dem Jesus von Nazareth sprechen will, müsse man von einem Gotte sprechen! Aber es ist das dieselbe Zeit und dieselbe Forschungsrichtung, die in einem Gotte, das heißt in einem reinen Geistwesen, überhaupt keine Realität sehen kann. Zu was wird daher der Christus für die gegenwärtige Forschung? Er wird zu einer reinen Dichtung der Menschheit, zu etwas, was nur als Idee, nur als von den Menschen in einer sozialen Phantasie geschaffener Empfindungsimpuls in die Geschichte eingegriffen hat! Nicht zu einer Realität, sondern zu einem gedachten Gotte wird nach der neuesten historischen Forschung der Christus. Ja, wenn man es trocken sagen wollte, so könnte man sagen: Da bringt es die historische Forschung zu etwas, was sie so recht nicht brauchen kann, denn was sollte die gegenwärtige Forschung mit einem Gotte anfangen, an den sie so recht nicht glauben kann? — Sie hat nur den Beweis, daß die biblischen Dokumente von einem Gotte sprechen, kann aber damit nichts anfangen, als ihn in die Reihe der Dichtungen zu setzen.

Stellen wir nun gegenüber diesem Tatbestande denjenigen, den die Geisteswissenschaft an diese Stelle zu setzen hat.

Da darf ich auf mein Buch verweisen «Das Christentum als mystische Tatsache». Der Grundnerv dieses Buches ist eigentlich wenig verstanden worden. Ich habe daher versucht, in der Vorrede zur zweiten Auflage noch einmal worauf es ankommt, aufmerksam zu machen. Worauf es ankommt, das ist, daß Menschheitsgeschichte, Weltgeschichte etwas ist, was sich nicht in alledem erschöpft, was uns die äußere Geschichte gewöhnlich schildern kann, was äußere Dokumente geben können, weil in die Menschheitsentwickelung überall eingreifen geistige Impulse, geistige Faktoren, die wir geradezu als geistige Wesenheiten bezeichnen müssen. Stellen wir dagegen die ganze Art und Weise von geschichtlicher Weltauffassung, wie sie zum Beispiel durch Leopold von Ranke und andere in die Welt gekommen ist, so muß man sagen: Das Höchste, wozu sich die Geschichtswissenschaft noch aufschwingt, ist, daß sie von historischen Ideen spricht, als ob in den Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung, wie sie sich über Völker und Staaten hin abspielt, sozusagen äußere abstrakte Ideen eingreifen würden. Das ist das Äußerste, woran man glaubt. Aber Ideen sind nicht etwas — auch nicht wie die Geschichtsschreiber sie verstehen —, was Kraft entwickelt, was Macht entfaltet, Der ganze Entwickelungsgang der Menschheit wäre geistlos, wenn Sie geschichtlich forschten, wenn nicht die Ideen, die sich in die Menschenseelen hineindrängen, der Ausdruck wären von wesenhaften Impulsen, die unsichtbar, übersinnlich das ganze geschichtliche Werden durchwalten, so daß hinter dem, was die äußere Geschichte erzählt, das noch steht, was nur mit den Mitteln der geisteswissenschaftlichen, der übersinnlichen Forschung, wie sie bereits in einem Vortrage dargestellt ist und noch dargestellt werden soll, zu erreichen ist. Und da könnte ich zeigen, wie sich der christliche Impuls in die Menschheitsentwickelung geschichtlich hereinstellt, indem er sich als eine Fortsetzung dessen erweist, was sich für die geistige Menschheitsentwickelung in den alten Mysterien abgespielt hat. Was die Mysterien eigentlich sind, das wird heute noch im Grunde genommen wenig verstanden. Was in den alten vorchristlichen Zeiten für die geistigen Grundlagen aller Völkerentwickelung in den Mysterien geleistet worden ist, das kann nur der verstehen, der durch die moderne Geisteswissenschaft einen Einblick in jene Entwickelung der Seele tut, welche diese Seele zu dem umgestaltet, wovon auch hier schon öfters die Rede war, zu einem Instrumente der Wahrnehmung dessen, was als geistige Welt hinter der sinnlichen steht. Wir wissen, daß der Mensch heute in einer gewissen Weise, rein auf sein Inneres beschränkt, ganz und gar zurückgezogen auf die Intimitäten seines seelischen Erlebens, über sich selber hinaufsteigen kann zu einer gewissen höheren Ausgestaltung seines Seelenwesens, so daß dieses Seelenwesen in einer geistigen Welt ebenso lebt, wie das Menschenwesen, das im Körper verleiblicht ist, in einer physischen Welt lebt.

Die geisteswissenschaftliche Betrachtung der Geschichte zeigt nun, daß diese Möglichkeit, durch rein innere, intime Seelenentwickelung in die geistige Welt emporzusteigen, erst im Laufe der Zeit in die Menschheitsentwickelung eingetreten ist, daß sie keineswegs in alten Zeiten schon vorhanden war. Wenn heute die Seele, indem sie innerhalb ihrer selbst stehenbleibt, völlig frei durch ihre eigenen Maßnahmen sich zu einem Geistesschauen erhebt, so konnte die Seele im wesentlichen in vorchristlichen Zeiten dieses nicht, sondern da war sie angewiesen auf gewisse Maßnahmen, welche in den Mysterien-Heiligtümern mit ihr vorgenommen worden sind. Wenn wir, was genauer in meinem «Christentum als mystische Tatsache» dargestellt ist, kurz skizzieren wollen, was in den Mysterientempeln, die im alten Sinne dies waren, was wir heute als geistige Lehrstätten auffassen würden, von den Leitern dieser Mysterientempel mit der Seele vorgenommen wurde, so kann man es in folgender Weise zusammenfassen. Es wurde die Seele durch äußere Maßnahmen von ihrer Leiblichkeit befreit. Es wurde ihr die Möglichkeit gegeben, durch eine gewisse Zeit hindurch in einem Zustande zu verharren, der dem Schlafzustande ähnlich und doch wieder ganz verschieden von ihm war. Wenn wir heute nach den Ergebnissen der Geisteswissenschaft den Schlafzustand betrachten, so müssen wir uns denken, daß die äußere Leiblichkeit des Menschen im Bette liegen bleibt, während der eigentliche geistig-seelische Wesenskern des Menschen außerhalb dessen verharrt, was im Bette bleibt. Aber die Kräfte, das eigentliche innere Wesen dieses geistig-seelischen Kernes ist im schlafenden Zustande von so geringer Intensität, daß Bewußtlosigkeit eintritt und Finsternis um den geistig-seelischen Kern des Menschen herum ist. Die Maßnahmen, die in den alten Mysterien mit der menschlichen Seele vorgenommen wurden, sind die, daß durch den Einfluß anderer, vorgeschrittener Persönlichkeiten, die für sich schon diese Mysterien-Einweihung durchgemacht hatten, für die Seele eine Art von Schlafzustand herbeigeführt worden ist, aber so, daß dieser Seele gleichzeitig ihre inneren Kräfte geschärft und gestärkt worden sind, so daß sie ihren Leib in einem schlafenden, ja todähnlichen Zustande zurückließ, aber in einem seelischen Dasein durch eine gewisse Zeit hindurch in die geistige Welt hineinschauen konnte, bewußt also ein Schlafleben führte und sich in diesem Schlafleben eine Überzeugung von dem verschaffen konnte, was sie als ein Bürger der geistigen Welt ist. Wenn dann eine solche Seele nach einiger Zeit wieder in den gewöhnlichen Menschenzustand zurückgeführt worden war, so trat in ihr eine Erinnerung an das auf, was sie in der Wahrnehmung außerhalb ihres Leibes erlebt hatte, und eine solche Seele konnte dann wie ein prophetischer Geist vor die Volksgemeinschaft hintreten und davon Zeugnis ablegen, daß es eine geistige Welt und einen ewigen Bestand der Menschheit gibt. Eine solche Seele hatte dadurch teilgenommen an dem Leben im Geistigen, und in den Mysterien wurden die Vorschriften gegeben, denen sich eine solche Seele in einem langen Leben zu unterwerfen hatte, damit dann durch die Leiter der alten Mysterienstätten der letzte Akt hinzugefügt wurde. Werfen wir also die Frage auf: Woher rühren die alten Weistümer, die uns in der Menschenentwickelung von den Völkern des Erdenrundes überbracht sind, von ihrem göttlichen Ursprung und der Ewigkeit der Menschenseele? — Aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus müssen wir uns die Antwort geben: Sie rühren von den auf diese Weise Eingeweihten oder Initiierten, wie man sie auch nennt, her. — In einer eigenartigen Weise treten uns allerdings diese alten Weistümer zutage. In Mythen, Legenden und allerlei bildhaften Darstellungen und Erzählungen ist das gegeben, was wie in einem lebendigen Traume der zu Initiierende in diesen Mysterienstätten erlebte. Ja, man versteht die Mythologien nur, wenn man die in denselben uns entgegentretenden Gestalten als bildliche Ausgestaltungen dessen auffaßt, was die Eingeweihten der Mysterien während ihrer Einweihung schauten. Man muß also, wenn man zu den alten Religionslehren ein Verhältnis gewinnen will, bis zu den Mysterien zurückgehen, muß in den Mysterien das sehen, was sich allerdings für die äußere profane Welt verborgen hat, was nur die erreichen konnten, die sich durch strenge Prüfungen und auch durch Schweigsamkeit, die aus Umständen geboten war, die heute nicht besprochen werden können, für die Einweihung vorbereitet hatten.

So läuft die menschliche Geistesentwickelung, wenn wir sie in vorchristliche Zeiten zurückverfolgen, in das Dunkel der Mysterien hinein. Dazu war die Menschenseele in jenen alten Zeiten noch nicht reif, um in sich selber, nur gestützt auf ihre eigenen intimen Kräfte, ohne die unfreie Zutat der Tempelpriester, in die geistige Welt hinaufzusteigen. Daß aber etwas geschah, während sich die äußeren Taten der Geschichte abspielten, das sollte in meinem Buche «Das Christentum als mystische Tatsache» gezeigt werden. Da sollte gezeigt werden, daß der ganze Sinn der Menschheitsentwikkelung der ist, daß die Menschheit durch alles, was sie während der wiederholten Verkörperungen aufgenommen und erfahren hatte, auch von ihren Initiierten erfahren hatte über die geistige Welt, um jene Zeitenwende, in welcher das Christentum seinen Anfang nimmt, so reif war, daß nun diejenige Zeit eintreten konnte, in welcher sich die Menschen ohne äußeren Einfluß, ohne die Maßnahmen, die in den alten Zeiten in den Mysterien gepflogen worden sind, nur im intimsten Inneren als Seelen in eine geistige Welt erheben konnten. Das ist, wie wir jetzt auch über das Ereignis, das sich in Palästina abgespielt hat, denken wollen, der große Fortschritt, der sich nach und nach, vielleicht im Verlaufe von Jahrhunderten, aber doch um die Zeitenwende, in welche der Beginn des Christentums fällt, vollzogen hat, daß die Menschenseele sozusagen zur «Selbsteinweihung» reif wurde, einfach unter Anleitung derer, die da wußten, was die Menschenseele durchzumachen hat, aber ohne Zutun äußerer Tempelleiter oder Mysterienleiter. Dasjenige aber, was sich sonst im Inneren der Mysterientempel abgespielt hat, hunderte und hunderte Male, und wovon uns in den Legenden und Mythen und Mythologien der Völker Kunde erhalten ist, trat durch die Begründung des Christentums auf den großen Plan der Weltgeschichte. Und man kann, wenn man die Evangelien verstehen will, einfach so verfahren, daß man fragt: Was mußte ein Kandidat der Einweihung durchmachen, der zum Beispiel bei dem alten persischen oder dem ägyptischen Volke seine Seele hinaufbringen sollte zum unmittelbaren Hineinschauen in die geistige Welt? — Die Vorschriften darüber, was er durchmachen mußte von einem gewissen Vorgang, der als «Taufe», und einem anderen, der als «Versuchung» bezeichnet wurde, bis zu dem, wo die Seele hinausgeführt wurde zu einem Wahrnehmen der geistigen Welt, waren beschrieben, bildeten sozusagen das Ritual der Einweihung. Wenn man solche Ritualien nimmt und mit der Hauptsachein deneinzelnenEvangelien vergleicht — das konnte ich in meinem schon erwähnten Buche zeigen -, so sieht man, wie uns in den Evangelien die wiedererstandenen Beschreibungen der alten Einweihungszeremonien entgegentreten, nur angewendet auf das große geschichtliche Individuum des Jesus von Nazareth. Man sieht dann, wie, während früher die Kandidaten der Einweihung in der Abgeschlossenheit der Mysterientempel in die geistige Welt hinaufgeführt wurden, durch das, was sich in der Geschichte selber zutrug, der Jesus von Nazareth bis zu dem Punkte geführt wurde, wo er nun nicht bloß so weit hinaufgeführt wurde, daß er in der Erinnerung von einer geistigen Welt Kunde geben konnte, sondern wo er sich mit einer Wesenheit vereinigen konnte, die sich vorher wirklich noch nicht mit einer menschlichen Wesenheit vereinigt hatte: mit der Christus-Wesenheit. So herrscht eine große Übereinstimmung zwischen den Erzählungen des Werdeganges des Jesus von Nazareth bis dahin, wo der Christus von seiner Seele Besitz nahm, und der dann auch noch durch die nächsten drei Jahre hindurch von dieser Seele Besitz genommen hatte, und den Beschreibungen der alten Einweihungsvorgänge. In der Darstellung dessen, was der Jesus von Nazareth da durchgemacht hat, tritt uns entgegen — am genauesten ist das am Johannes-Evangelium zu sehen — die Einweihung, die unmittelbar durch die großen, der Geschichte zugrunde liegenden geistig-göttlichen Tatsachen selber gegeben war. Unzählige Kandidaten waren vorher eingeweiht worden, aber nur so weit, daß sie Zeugnis ablegen konnten: Es gibt eine geistige Welt, und die Menschenseele gehört einer solchen geistigen Welt an. — Mit dem bedeutsamsten Wesen aber, an welches sie sich erinnern konnten, konnte sich, als sich weltgeschichtlich die Einweihung an ihm zutrug, das innere Wesen des Jesus von Nazareth vereinigen. Das war eine Einweihung, zu der alle alten Einweihungen hintendierten, hingeordnet waren.

So tritt uns das Mysterium von Golgatha entgegen, heraustretend aus dem, was bisher in das Dunkel der Mysterien eingehüllt war, auf den großen Plan der Weltgeschichte. Solange man nicht glaubt, daß an einem Punkte der Erde in einem bestimmten Zeitpunkte so etwas geschieht wie die Durchdringung, die Einweihung des Jesus von Nazareth mit dem Christus, und daß so etwas seine gewaltigen Kraftstrahlen aussendet und einen Impuls bildet für alles spätere Werden der Menschheit, solange begreift man nicht, was eigentlich der Christus-Impuls für die Menschheitsentwickelung zu bedeuten hat. Erst wenn man die Realität eines solchen geistigen Ereignisses, wie es jetzt geschildert worden ist, durch alle übrigen Vorbedingungen der Geisteswissenschaft zuzugeben vermag, kann man verstehen, was durch den Christus-Impuls in die Menschheitsentwickelung hineingekommen ist. Dann aber wird man auch die Evangelien nicht dadurch herabwürdigen, daß man in ihnen vier verschiedene Initiationsritualien findet, in welche nur hineingeheimnißt ist, was sich dann um die geschichtliche Person des Jesus von Nazareth abgespielt hat. Wenn man aber dies versteht, dann wird man auch begreifen, daß das, was durch dieses Ereignis in Palästina geschieht, eine tiefe, ursächliche Bedeutung hat für alle spätere Menschheitsentwickelung. Während bis dahin das, was wir den tiefinnersten Wesenskern nennen können, etwas war, was für die Menschen zwar vorhanden war, aber nicht so recht in das menschliche Bewußtsein hereingetreten war — das sollte gerade diesem Ereignisse unterliegen, das mit dem Mysterium von Golgatha geschildert worden ist -, sollte nun die Zeit beginnen, da die Menschen wissen konnten: In diesem Ich offenbart sich im Menschen das, was der Mensch mit dem gesamten Kosmos gemeinschaftlich hat.

Wollten wir etwa darstellen, wie ein Mensch, der im geisteswissenschaftlichen Sinne spricht, den großen Umschwung ansehen muß, der durch den Christus-Impuls in die Weltgeschichte eingetreten ist, so müssen wir sagen: Der Mensch besteht hinsichtlich seiner Wesenheit aus seinem physischen Leibe, aus seinem Lebensleibe, aus seiner Seelenhülle, und im Innersten trägt er das, was von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation, von Erdenleben zu Erdenleben geht, das eigentliche Ich. Aber dieses eigentliche Ich ist zugleich das, dessen sich die Menschen am allerspätesten bewußt wurden, so daß die Menschen nicht in den vorchristlichen Zeiten davon eine Ahnung hatten, daß ebenso wie ihr physischer Leib mit der ganzen physischen Welt, und wie ihr Seelenwesen mit der Seelenwelt verbunden ist, so ihr tiefinnerster Wesenskern herausgeboren ist aus der umfänglichsten geistigen Welt. Den Gott und die göttliche Urwesenheit nicht in der Seelenhülle, sondern in dem eigentlichen Ich zu suchen, das war es, was das Christentum, der eben geschilderte Christus-Impuls der Menschheitsentwickelung gebracht hat. Früher konnte man sagen: Meine Seele wurzelt in dem Göttlichen, das Göttliche ist das eigentlich Bildhafte, das Bildende. — Jetzt aber lernte man sagen: Willst du erkennen, wo sich dir das tiefste Göttliche, das alle Welt durchlebt, enthüllen kann, so schaue in dein eigenes Ich, denn durch dein Ich spricht der Gott zu dir. Er spricht zu dir für das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein, wenn du richtig verstehst, wie durch das Mysterium von Golgatha göttliche Kräfte in die Menschheit eingetreten sind, wenn du dich bekannt machst damit, wie sich die eine Einweihung als ein großes geschichtliches Ereignis vollzogen hat, während früher der Eingeweihte in den Tiefen der Mysterientempel zum Erleben der geistigen Welt gebracht wurde. Aber der Gott spricht besonders zu dir, wenn du dich hinauferhebst, indem du deine Seele zu einem Instrument der Wahrnehmung in der geistigen Welt machst. — Man kann sagen: Der Eintritt des göttlichen Bewußtseins, das durch das Ich spricht, ist das Wesen des Christus-Impulses. Und daß dieser ChristusImpuls in die Menschheit eintreten konnte, hat eben das Historischwerden des alten Einweihungsprinzipes bewirkt, wie es dargestellt worden ist. Das eine — das Mysterium von Golgatha - ist die Ursache. Was in den Menschenseelen im Laufe der Erdentwickelung noch bis in ihre fernste Zukunft immer mehr und mehr hervortreten wird, das ist, daß ein klares Erkennen des Göttlich-Geistigen, dem der Mensch angehört und durch das er unabhängig wird von allem Erdenwerden, durch das Ich spricht.

Wer von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus gewisse tiefste Worte der Evangelien verstehen kann, wird in die große Erziehung des Menschengeschlechtes durch die geistige Welt eindringen. Er wird sehen, wie durch die althebräische Entwickelung vorbereitet worden ist, was durch den Ich-Kern zu dem Menschen sprechen sollte, wie das, was zu dem Judentum, aber als Volksgeist, gesprochen hat. So war es bei den anderen Völkern nicht, sondern bei diesen war nur das Bewußtsein vorhanden, daß das Geistig-Göttliche — sagen wir zu der Seelenhülle spricht, wenn der Mensch eingeweiht wird. Dem Judentum aber war es klar geworden, daß die Entwickelung der Menschen ein fortlaufender Erziehungsprozeß ist, und daß in dem Ich, welches das ganze Volk umfaßt, die Mächte ruhen, denen der Mensch mit seinem tiefsten Wesen angehört. Daher empfand der Jude: Indem ich als Einzelner des ganzen althebräischen Volkes hinaufschaue in die Entwickelungsreihe bis zu Abraham und das erkenne, was da als der Geist waltet, was durch die Generationen weiterschreitet, darf ich sagen: Er lebt in mir, lebt in allen meinen Vorahnen als das Göttliche, welches das einzelne Physische des Menschen herausgestaltet hat. — So sah sich der einzelne Angehörige des althebräischen Volkes mit dem Stammvater verbunden, fühlte sich mit dem Vater Abraham eins. Scharf nun betont das Christentum: Alles solches Fühlen des Göttlichen, auch wenn es von sich spricht als «Ejeh asher ejeh» — «Ich bin der Ich-bin», ist noch nicht das, was den Menschen in seiner vollsten Gestalt zeigt, sondern erst, wenn man etwas fühlt, was im Geistigen jenseits aller Generationen ist, dann hat man erfaßt, was als Göttliches in den Menschen hereinwirkt. Deshalb muß man in richtiger Übersetzung des Satzes sagen: Ehe denn Abraham war, war das Ich-bin! - Das heißt, in seinem Ich erlebt der Mensch ein Ewiges, das ursprünglicher ist als dasjenige Göttliche, das von Abraham sich durch die Generationen hindurch ausgelebt hat.

«Schauet auf das, was sich nicht in dem eigentlichen physischen Menschen erschöpft, sondern was als ein GöttlichGeistiges durch die Generationen lebt, durch das Blut aller der Generationen, die sich von Abraham herunter entwickelt haben. Aber schauet auf dieses Göttlich-Geistige so, daß Ihr es erkennt in dem einzelnen Menschen, nicht in dem, was zusammenhält Bruder und Schwester, sondern was in dem Einzelnen lebt, was der Einzelne entdeckt, wenn er sich selbst in seinem innersten zentralen Seelenwesen als «Ich bin» erkennt.» — So haben wir einen solchen Ausspruch des Christus Jesus aufzufassen wie den, der etwa lautet: Wenn einer zu mir kommt und verläßt nicht seinen Vater, Mutter, Weib, Kinder, Brüder, Schwestern, ja sein eigenes Leben, so kann er nicht mein Jünger sein. — Nicht als wenn dies eine Auflehnung wäre gegen das Berechtigte der Verwandtschaft und der Kindesliebe, haben wir es aufzufassen, sondern so, daß der Christus Jesus in die Welt das Prinzip des GöttlichGeistigen bringt, das jeder einzelne Mensch, dadurch, daß er Mensch ist, in seinem innersten Wesenskern finden kann. Daher wird das Innerste des Christentums die Menschen immer mehr so berühren, daß das, was als innerstes Geheimnis des Christentums waltet, ein solches ist, das über alle Unterschiede, die unter den Menschen walten, hinweg zu dem Allgemein-Menschlichen führt, zu dem, was jeder Mensch in sich entdecken kann. Die alten Götter waren Volksgötter, Rassengötter, gebunden an diese oder jene Stammeseigentümlichkeiten; so etwas haben wir auch noch dem Indiertum, dem Buddhismus zuzuschreiben. Der Gott dagegen, der in dem Christus den Menschen entgegentrat, ist ein solcher, welcher den Menschen über alle sonstigen Unterschiede hinweg zu dem bringt, was der Mensch nur dadurch ist, daß er «Mensch» ist. Es ist damit die Notwendigkeit gegeben, daß derjenige, welcher das eigentliche Wesen des Christentums erfassen will, die geistig führenden Mächte und Impulse der Weltgeschichte als Realitäten ansehen muß, daß gebrochen werde mit alledem, was bisher «Geschichte» war, und daß dasjenige, was den Menschen bisher als Geschichte gegolten hat, nur das äußere Kleid des geschichtlichen Werdens ist, während in den Tiefen des geschichtlichen Werdens Wesenheiten walten, die, wenn auch übersinnlich, so real sind, wie in der Sinneswelt das einzelne Tier oder der einzelne Mensch ist. Und die vorzüglichste unter den übersinnlichen Wesenheiten, die das geschichtliche Werden der Menschheit regieren, ist der Christus, der durch drei Jahre hindurch, wie auch die Gnosis es annahm, in dem Leibe des Jesus von Nazareth gewirkt hat.

So erhebt sich die Geisteswissenschaft allerdings zu einer Vorstellung, die etwas mit dem, was die äußere Wissenschaft hervorgebracht hat, anfangen kann. Denn während die letztere heute zu dem Bekenntnis genötigt ist: Nicht mit einem «Menschen», sondern mit einem in einem Menschen waltenden Gotteswesen haben wir es zu tun, womit sie aber nichts anfangen kann, führt uns die Geisteswissenschaft wiederum zu solchen Wesenheiten, die für sienun Realitäten sind, so daß die Geisteswissenschaft gerade auf diesem Gebiete auch mit der neuesten Forschung das Richtige anzufangen weiß. Das wird sich als das Wunderbare herausstellen für die Geistesentwickelung des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts, daß dieses erkennen wird, daß das neunzehnte Jahrhundert auf Fehlwegen war, indem es das Leben des Christus Jesus zu einem bloßen Leben des Jesus von Nazareth herunterdrücken wollte, daß aber jene Wissenschaft in das richtige Leben einzulenken beginnt, die da sagt: Alles liefert uns den Beweis, daß man es in dem Christus Jesus mit einem «Gotte» zu tun hat. — Die Geisteswissenschaft wird nur hinzufügen, daß man etwas mit diesem Worte anfangen kann. Das ist allerdings eine Anschauung, die dem, was sich als materialistisch-monistische Weltanschauung in unserer letzten Zeit herausgebildet hat, widerspricht. Aber wir konnten sowohl bei dem Vortrage über den «Ursprung des Menschen» wie auch bei dem anderen über den «Ursprung der Tierwelt» zeigen, wie sich die Geisteswissenschaft in völliger Übereinstimmung mit dem weiß, was die äußere Wissenschaft als tatsächliche Forschungsergebnisse zutage gefördert hat. Und jetzt können wir sagen, daß sich die Geisteswissenschaft unmittelbar mit dem verbinden kann, wozu auch äußere gewissenhafte Forschung kommt. Wo sie aber wie vor einem Fragezeichen steht, da wird diese äußere gewissenhafte Forschung nicht zu dem geführt, wozu die Geisteswissenschaft führen kann.

Während des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts aber wird zu den Denkgewohnheiten noch etwas anderes hinzutreten müssen. Der Mensch steht jetzt auf dem Standpunkte, daß menschliches Leben und Erkennen, wie es in der physischen Welt dasteht, der äußeren Welt als der unmittelbaren Wahrheit gegenüberstünde, und daß höchstens dadurch ein Irrtum entstehen könne, daß sich der Mensch unzutreffende Bilder von der Welt mache oder etwas tue, was man als ein Böses bezeichnet, was nicht mit dem äußeren Gange der Welt übereinstimmt. Heute ist die Weltanschauung noch durchaus darauf aus, überall die Ursachen in dem zu suchen, was sich unmittelbar darbietet. Durch diese Denkweise sind die Weltanschauungsfragen zu einem Punkte gedrängt, von dem aus — das muß allen klar sein, die tiefer in das Geistesleben der Menschheit hineinschauen können — eine Umkehr sich notwendig macht. Zu einem unmittelbaren Unglauben an alles Geistige und zu einem bloßen Zusammenfassen der äußeren sinnlichen Wirklichkeit ist sowohl auf naturwissenschaftlichem wie auf historischem Gebiete die äußere Wissenschaft gekommen, zu einem Nichtgeltenlassen des Geistigen, das sich hinter den Sinneserscheinungen zeigen soll. In einer gewissen Beziehung, kann man sagen, ist unser Zeitalter bis zu einem Punkte gekommen, der unmittelbar in sein Gegenteil umschlagen muß. Außerster Materialismus, äußerster materialistischer Monismus muß die Seele dazu führen, daß sie sich durch ihr eigenes inneres Widerstreben zu jenem Begriffe gegenüber der Weltanschauung hinbequemen werde, der bisher eigentlich in den Weltanschauungen sehr wenig eine Rolle gespielt hat. Zu allem Suchen nach den Ursprüngen der Dinge muß ein Begriff hinzutreten, der bis heute noch nicht Bürgerrecht gefunden hat. In meinen Schriften «Die Philosophie der Freiheit» wie in «Wahrheit und Wissenschaft» ist gezeigt worden, daß der Mensch nötig hat, die Voraussetzung zu machen, daß der Stand, in dem er sich gegenüber der Welt befindet, nicht der wahre ist, daß er erst eine Entwickelung seines Innenlebens durchmachen muß, um die Wahrheit über die Welterscheinungen erkennen zu können und sich in ein wahres und auch sittliches Verhältnis zu den Welterscheinungen setzen zu können. Hinzutreten muß zu dem bloß ursächlichen Erkennen der Begriff der Erlösung.

Das wird die große Aufgabe des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts sein, daß der Begriff der Erlösung, der Wiedergeburt Bürgerrecht bekommen wird zu den anderen wissenschaftlichen Begriffen. Wie der Mensch als Erkennender der Welt gegenübersteht, so ist es nicht der Wahrheit entsprechend. Alle wahren Begriffe bekommt man erst, wenn man, erlöst von dem gegenwärtigen Standpunkte, sich zu einem Höheren hinaufentwickelt hat, wenn man erlöst ist von den Hindernissen, welche bewirken, daß man nicht die wahre Gestalt der Welt sieht. Das ist Erkenntnis-Erlösung. Moralische Erlösung ist, wenn der Mensch erkennt, daß es, wie er zu der Welt steht, so nicht das Wahre ist, sondern daß er erst einen Weg gehen muß, der über die Hindernisse hinweggeht, die sich auftürmen zwischen ihm und dem, welchem er eigentlich angehört. Der Begriff des Wiedergeborenwerdens der Seele auf einer höheren Stufe wird sich herausentwikkeln aus dem, was uns als wunderbare naturwissenschaftliche Forschungsergebnisse entgegengetreten ist, was uns auch als wunderbare Ergebnisse der historischen Forschung entgegentritt. Der Mensch wird erkennen, wenn er so wie photographisch die Welt abgebildet hat und den großen naturwissenschaftlichen und geschichtlichen Werdegang der Menschheit sich vorgezaubert hat, daß er daran nicht etwas hat, was ihm die Welt nur abbildet, sondern was ein mächtiges Erziehungsmittel ist. Der Mensch wird nicht mehr bloß glauben, daß die Naturwissenschaft ihm eine Welt abbildet, sondern die Gesetzmäßigkeit wird etwas sein, was ihn erziehen wird. Und wenn die Naturwissenschaft nicht bloß da sein wird, um die Welt abzubilden, sondern um die Menschen zu erziehen, daß die Menschenseele sich von einem Standpunkte erlöst, der ein unmittelbarer ist, und sich zu einem Standpunkte hinaufarbeitet, wo sie auf höherer Stufe wiedergeboren wird, wenn der Mensch also erkennen wird, daß er erlöst werde von den Hemmungen, in denen er steckt, so hat er sich selbst die Vorbedingungen des Begriffes des Christus-Impulses in der Welt ausgebildet. Denn dann wird er einsehen, daß er nach demjenigen Zeitpunkte hinblicken darf, den wir vom geisteswissenschaftlichen Gesichtspunkte aus kennen gelernt haben, wo der Mensch einmal in einer rein geistigen Welt war und in die Welt des materiellen Daseins herabgestiegen ist, daß er durch diese materielle Welt hindurchgehen muß, um seinen Fortgang zu machen, daß aber an einem bestimmten Punkte seine Umkehr eingeleitet werden mußte, damit er sich wieder befreien kann von dem, was er hier aufgenommen hat. Von dem Versinken in das rein Materielle hat der Christus-Impuls die Menschheit befreit. Objektiv ist der Christus in der Weltentwickelung dasjenige, was in uns jenes Erlebnis darstellt, das wir haben, wenn wir sagen: Das Verhältnis zur Welt, das sich ergibt, wenn die Seele wiedergeboren und erlöst ist von dem, was sie als ihr Ursprüngliches bekommen hat, was so als ihr Erlebnis auftreten kann, es ist, draußen im großen Weltenprozeß der Menschheit gesehen, das, was als der Christus in die Welt hereintrat.

Wenn so das zwanzigste Jahrhundert einmal das große Erlebnis im Inneren des Menschen wirklich ernst wird nehmen können, so wird es auch das Christus-Ereignis begreifen können und nicht mehr daran Anstoß nehmen, was als die Wiedergeburt der Seele auf einer höheren Stufe sich im Menschen abspielt. Und dann wird die Geisteswissenschaft zeigen, daß für das geschichtliche Werden dasselbe gilt, was für das äußere natürliche Geschehen gilt. Da hat man sich in der äußeren Weltanschauung auch dem Irrtume des Schopenhauerischen Satzes hingegeben: Die Welt ist meine Vorstellung. — Das heißt, daß um mich herum eine Welt von Farben, von Tönen und so weiter ist, das hängt ab von meinem Auge und meinen anderen Sinnesorganen. Aber es ist nicht richtig, wenn man die Welt in ihrer Ganzheit erfassen will, daß man sagt: Die Welt der Farben ist nur da durch die Konstitution meines Auges. - Denn mein Auge wäre nicht da, wenn nicht das Licht zuerstmein Auge herausgezauberthätte. Wenn es auf der einen Seite wahr ist, daß die Empfindungen des Lichtes durch die Konstitution des Auges bestimmt ist, so ist es auf der anderen Seite nicht weniger wahr, daß das Auge nur durch das Licht, durch die Sonne da ist. Beide Wahrheiten müssen sich zu einer umfänglichen Wahrheit verbinden. So ist es richtig, was schon Goethe gesagt hat: «Das Auge hat sein Dasein dem Licht zu danken. Aus gleichgültigen tierischen Hilfsorganen ruft sich das Licht ein Organ hervor, das seinesgleichen werde, und so bildet sich das Auge am Lichte fürs Licht, damit das innere Licht dem äußeren entgegentrete.» — Wie das Auge durch das Licht gebildet ist, wie die Wahrnehmung des Lichtes durch das Auge geschieht, so kommt das innere Christus-Erlebnis, die innere Wiedergeburt der Seele durch das Christus-Erlebnis der Menschheit, durch das Mysterium von Golgatha zustande. Die Geisteswissenschaft zeigt, daß, bevor der Christus-Impuls in die Menschheit eingetreten ist, dieses innere Erlebnis nur durch äußeren Anstoß in den Mysterien durchgemacht werden konnte und nicht intim, wie jetzt durch eine Art von Selbsteinweihung in dem Menschen selber. So ist es mit dem inneren mystischen Erleben des Christus ebenso, wie es für die Farben- und Lichtwelt mit dem Auge ist: Durch das Innere erlebt der Mensch den Christus. Daß er aber die Seele intim über sich selbst hinaussteigern kann, rührt davon her, daß die geistige Sonne, das Mysterium von Golgatha, in die Weltgeschichte eingetreten ist. — Ohne das objektive Mysterium von Golgatha und ohne den objektiven Christus kein subjektives inneres Erlebnis mystischer Art, wie es der Mensch im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert erleben wird und wie er es vollständig wissenschaftlich ernst nehmen wird.

So können wir sagen: Das zwanzigste Jahrhundert wird den Menschen die Vorbedingungen liefern zu einem wirklichen Verständnis des Christus-Impulses, indem es zeigen wird, wie tief wahr der Christus-Impuls als geistige Sonne wird und in der Menschenseele das innere Erlebnis wachruft, das Goethe mit den Worten andeutete:

Von der Gewalt, die alle Wesen bindet,
Befreit der Mensch sich, der sich überwindet.

Und man kann sagen, indem man an diesesSich-Überwinden, an das Mysterium von Golgatha, an das Christus-Ereignis anknüpft, daß der Mensch in dem Sich-Überwinden eigentlich erst so recht sich findet, daß er die Gestalt, die er von seinem Erdenursprunge hat, als etwas betrachten muß, von dem er erlöst zu werden hat, und daß alles moralische Wirken, alle Erkenntnis erst durch die Erlösung eintreten kann. Durch den Begriff der inneren Erlösung wird der Mensch den Begriff der Erlösung in der geschichtlichen Entwickelung erkennen lernen und, so durchdringend, im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert das Christus-Ereignis unter dem Lichte auffassen, das voll geben kann der etwas erweiterte Goethesche Ausspruch:

Von der Gewalt, die alle Wesen bindet,
Befreit der Mensch sich, der sich überwindet,
Und der in dieser Überwindung
Sich selber erst in Wahrheit findet,
So wie die ganze Menschheit sich in Christus
In Wahrheit selber finden kann.

Christ and the Twentieth Century

Anyone who takes a brief look at intellectual life today will not be able to deny that the question that is to be the subject of today's consideration has captured the attention of the widest possible circles, particularly, one might say, from a scientific point of view. On the other hand, however, a worldview seems to be gaining ground more and more at present, within which the question associated with the name of Christ does not really have a proper place. The lecture I had the privilege of giving here a few weeks ago on the “origin of man,” and the one that followed as a continuation elsewhere on the “origin of the animal world,” will have shown that every age, including our own, brings such fundamental questions as the origin of man and similar ones — we can assume this also includes the question of the nature of the being designated by the name Christ — into the light of the habits of thought, the whole range of feelings and views that otherwise prevail in an age. We have seen that even in the question of the origin of man, the theoretical views, the worldviews that have resulted for our contemporaries from these habits of thinking, fundamentally contradict the true, genuine results of scientific research, while the question of the origin of man has shown us that the answers provided by spiritual science, which trace the origin of man not to external physical-sensory forms but to spiritual forms, correspond precisely to the real results of natural science and are in complete harmony with them. But perhaps in no other question — and this may well be because it is one of the greatest questions of worldview — is the disharmony between what has developed as a worldview, what prevails as habits of thinking in the widest circles of people today, and what science has necessarily had to establish, as evident as in the question of Christ. However, since the advent of the Christ movement in world history, the human imagination has always taken on a form in relation to the essence of Christ that was appropriate to the age or, one might even say, to the people who were concerned with it.

In the first centuries after Christianity entered world history, we find that ideas developed in a certain direction of thought and spirit, known as Gnosticism, which were grandiose and powerful about the being known as Christ. We find that these Gnostic ideas were able to hold their own for only a relatively short time in a general way against the ideas about Christ, which spread as the popular ideas, so to speak, and then became the content of the ecclesiastical movement. It is instructive to touch briefly on the grandiose ideas about Christ that developed as Gnostic ideas in the first Christian centuries, not because the concepts that spiritual science has to say about Christ coincide in any way with Gnostic ideas; only those who, due to their spiritual immaturity, are completely incapable of really distinguishing between the things that present themselves in spiritual life claim this. Contemporary spiritual science, whose ideas we want to discuss this evening, albeit briefly, goes beyond in many respects everything that the ancient Gnosis of the first Christian centuries produced. But this perhaps makes it all the more interesting to say a few words about these Gnostic ideas. There are, of course, many points of view within Gnosticism, many shades within this spiritual movement, but at least the most important one should be mentioned, the one that most closely resembles what spiritual science has to say today.

One can say: The ancient Gnosis of the first Christian centuries had the deepest and most meaningful concept of the Christ being in contrast to everything that was apparent in Christianity at that time, for to Gnosis, the Christ being is an eternal entity that is connected not only with the entire development of humanity, but also with the entire development of the world surrounding human beings, of the cosmos as a whole. — When considering the question of the origin of man, we had to go back to that form of man who still floats completely in spiritual heights, who, so to speak, has not yet settled down, has not yet incorporated himself into the outer material garment. We have seen how, in the course of Earth's development, human beings have gradually descended from a purely spiritual form to that condensed entity we call modern human beings, and how, only through materialistic habits of thinking, the doctrine of evolution, by tracing human beings backwards, arrives at outwardly animal forms, while spiritual science arrives at forms that increasingly resemble spiritual-soul forms and finally reveal the spiritual origin of human beings. In that region where human beings floated before they took on material existence, where they felt themselves to be surrounded only by spiritual beings and spiritual realities, ancient Gnosticism also sought the Christ being. If we want to understand it correctly, we must say that Gnosticism was the view that As human beings continued to develop and proceeded to enclose their spiritual-soul being in a physical shell in order to enter the material series of development, the Christ being remained in purely spiritual worlds as, one might say, an old comrade of human beings who did not descend into the material world, so that, according to the view of this ancient Gnosis, human beings underwent a development within the material world and now have to make their progress within it. The Christ being, however, remains in the region of the purely spiritual, while man underwent his development in the material world, so that even for the time that man has already lived through as history, the Christ being is not to be sought within the region to which man belongs as a physical-sensory being, but in the purely spiritual. In the period we call the beginning of Christianity, Gnosticism saw a particularly important moment in the development of humanity on Earth, namely the moment when, after holding back its own development while human beings had already descended into the material world, the Christ Being entered the physical-sensory world from the spiritual worlds in order to work as an impulse within it. Thus, Gnosticism saw human beings, when they were still in the early stages of human development, as spiritual beings connected to the world in which Christ was active, and then saw Christ descend at the beginning of our era into the world in which human beings had long since undergone their material development.

This immediately raises the question: How did Gnosticism conceive of this descent of a purely spiritual being into human development?

Gnosticism imagined that a particularly developed human individual, referred to by historical research as Jesus of Nazareth, had reached such a level of maturity that, at a certain point in time, conditions were present in him that allowed his soul to directly receive from the spiritual world what humans had previously been unable to receive directly from the spiritual world. Gnosticism speaks of this point in time when the soul of a chosen human being felt mature enough to take in a being that had not previously been connected with human development, namely Christ. In the Bible, Gnosticism sought the representation of this irruption of the Christ being into human development in that event — we may call it today a symbolic event or whatever — which occurred as the baptism of John in the Jordan. Through this baptism of John, something very special happened to Jesus of Nazareth. One arrives at the Gnostic conception when one thinks something like the following.

There are — this cannot be denied if we really observe the lives of some people, not with today's habits of thinking, but with what can lead us deep into the soul — such moments for many people, such epoch-making events, where these people feel as if they are at a turning point in their lives and can say to themselves: Compared to what I have experienced and learned so far, this now seems to me like the idea of a new life. — It may have been brought about by a particularly profound painful event or by other trials of life. It cannot be denied that for many people there is something like a turning point, something that can be called a renewal, an awakening of very special powers in the soul life. If one thinks of such an event as the elementary beginnings of what Gnosticism imagined happened to Jesus of Nazareth at the baptism of John in the Jordan, one gets an idea of the advent of something completely new, but not something that otherwise enters the human soul through the trials of life, but something that had not been connected with human life in all human development up to that point. And what arises in the soul of Jesus of Nazareth, what appears as something completely new and lives as an inner being in Jesus of Nazareth, lives a life that has led to all culture that has taken its starting point from it being seen in a new light, what such a life brings into the inner being of Jesus of Nazareth, Gnosticism called the Christ. With this, Gnosticism was also clear that with this Christ, who cannot easily be sought in an individual human being, but rather in what was still present in an individual human being as a special inner being, something had broken into humanity as a new impulse, an impulse for something that had never been there before, because what Jesus of Nazareth carried within himself during the three years from John's baptism onwards was not previously connected with human development.

We have thus presented the ancient Gnostic conception of Christ in such a way that we can understand it, because its elements are already present, so to speak, when a special transformation takes place in an individual human soul. What will be particularly difficult for modern people to understand is that this event, which has just been described, is connected with something that has historical significance for the whole of human development, a historical significance of a fundamental nature, that it provides something that we can call the center of gravity of the whole of human development. Even if we compare this Gnostic idea with many things that have been presented in these lectures from spiritual science, we can say that, regardless of what one thinks about its reality, it actually has a magnificent, powerful idea of the Christ being on the one hand, but also of the human being on the other, because it places the human being in a development in which an impulse from the spiritual world intervenes directly in the course of historical becoming. It is therefore not at all surprising that this Gnostic idea has not been able to become popular in any way. For anyone who is even slightly aware of the conditions of human development from the first Christian centuries onwards, the state of the human soul, the various circumstances of social life, will readily admit that such an idea was inspired by a high sense that was certainly not going to become popular. To understand this, one need only take a look at today's intellectual life. When such a concept as the Gnostic one has just been described is mentioned, most people will say: That is an abstraction, a bold fantasy. But we humans need something real, something that is close to us, something that can directly intervene in our real lives. People today still regard what has just been characterized as the Gnostic idea as an abstraction, because people today are still far removed from feeling the much greater richness, the truly concrete nature of what lies in the spiritual ideas to which we rise, as opposed to what most people once called the vivid, the concrete, and the truly real. If this were not the case, people would not seek in art what the eyes can see and the hands can grasp, and reject as abstract that which must be reached in the spirit with inner soul gifts.

Of course, it is not possible to go into detail here about how the idea of the Christ being has developed in the popular world. But it can be said that, alongside the immediate idea that people formed of Jesus of Nazareth, who was born in a miraculous way, who approached people in numerous ways with his lovable manner, already in the story of his childhood, who then approached people as the loving savior of all humanity, — it must be said that alongside all the feelings and emotions that people had for this savior of mankind in all his lovable ways, there has always been, throughout the centuries, an echo of the idea of Christ, of a being that was embodied and incarnated in the man Jesus of Nazareth. And alongside what was told, so to speak, as the external history of the life of Jesus of Nazareth, there was still the looking up to a great secret, to an immense mystery, to the mystery that, at that very time when Jesus of Nazareth walked on earth, had expressed something superhuman in this personality. And this superhuman being was called Christ. But at the same time, one might say, the closer people came to modern times, the more they felt themselves increasingly unable to grasp the bold idea of this Christ, for example the Gnostic Christ, so that already in the Middle Ages we see how science, so to speak, only dares to give reasons for the outer world, for what takes place before the senses and what lies behind the senses as a kind of natural world. On the other hand, science did not feel called upon to penetrate those factors, those impulses, which have intervened in human development as the highest spiritual impulses. Thus, the question of the origin of man, as well as the question of that development of man in which the Christ impulse intervenes, became an object of faith for the medieval view, and faith now figures alongside what science, what knowledge, should be, which should be limited only to the lower objects of the world order. It would now be interesting to show how, from the sixteenth century onwards, this kind of “double accounting” became more and more acute in humanity, whereby the nature of knowledge was to be limited to the lower orders of things, and everything relating to spiritual origins and matters of spiritual development was to be assigned to faith. But that cannot be our task today. Rather, it must be pointed out how, in the nineteenth century, the whole course of development led to the nineteenth century completely losing any real idea of Christ, at least in wider circles. In narrower circles, what can be called a deep insight into the Christ impulse has been preserved as a further development of old Gnostic ideas. But in wider circles, including scientific-theological circles, the nineteenth century saw a renunciation of the actual concept of Christ and an attempt was made to limit oneself to the personality of Jesus of Nazareth, to present him as a unique, exquisite personality who, as it were, had grasped most deeply the conditions of human development, the divine inner nature of man, and carried it within himself in a fundamental way, but still as a “human being,” albeit a human being who transcended everything else. Thus, in the nineteenth century, what can be called a mere study of the life of Jesus replaced the old Christology, a study of the life of Jesus that was increasingly skeptical of everything in the personality of Jesus of Nazareth that could be called divine content. research, a kind of research into the life of Jesus that was increasingly skeptical of everything that was supposed to have been lived as divine content in the personality of Jesus of Nazareth, and only wanted to believe that Jesus of Nazareth was an exceptional individual human being. This kind of view reached its peak in what confronts people today in writings such as Adolf Harnack's “The Essence of Christianity” and similar endeavors in research into the life of Jesus, which today appear in the most diverse shades. One need only point out what has been achieved in the most recent times from a most serious deepening of this research into the life of Jesus. And since what is to be said here belongs to the most recent events, it suffices to point out in a few words that the methods used in the nineteenth century to prove, so to speak, historically what is said to have happened at the beginning of the Christian era have not led to any real results. It would be going too far to elaborate on this idea in one way or another. But anyone who delves deeper into what modern times have achieved will know that an attempt has been made to use the usual means of external materialistic research to place the personality of Jesus of Nazareth at the starting point of our Christian spiritual life, but that this attempt to prove the existence of that personality by external historical means, as one proves other things, has led to the confession that must be made: this personality of Jesus of Nazareth cannot be justified by external materialistic means. — Not that the opposite can be justified, that he did not live, but it cannot be justified if one wanted to prove the life of Jesus of Nazareth in the same way that one otherwise proves the existence of Aristotle or Socrates or Alexander the Great with historical means. But not only that, research in this field has been pushed in a completely different direction and line in recent times. You need only take books such as those published by William Benjamin Smith at Diederichs in Leipzig, and you will see that our time, through a careful examination of the biblical and other documents relating to Christianity, has come to realize that these documents cannot actually speak of what people believed for so long in the nineteenth century that they had to speak of. People have tried to reconstruct the life of Jesus of Nazareth from a philological study of biblical and other documents, but the documents ultimately showed people something completely different. While attempting to reconstruct the “life of Jesus” with all scientific conscientiousness and all the most sophisticated means, it became apparent that these biblical documents, these Christian documents, where one stands on truly Christian ground, do not speak at all of a “human being” named Jesus of Nazareth. So we see that external research had to say: The documents do not speak of a man named Jesus of Nazareth at all, but rather of a god. — We are faced with the strange anomaly in our time that materialistic research claims: You have concluded incorrectly if you believe that the Christian documents provide evidence of the man Jesus of Nazareth; rather, you must convince yourselves that the Gospels and the other documents speak of a god, and that all the things that are recounted only have meaning and significance if one speaks of a god as the starting point of Christianity.

Well, isn't that something highly peculiar? Our time finds that if one wants to speak of Jesus of Nazareth, one must speak of a God! But it is the same time and the same line of research that cannot see any reality at all in a God, that is, in a pure spirit being. What, then, does Christ become for contemporary research? He becomes a pure fiction of humanity, something that has only entered history as an idea, as an impulse of feeling created by people in a social fantasy! According to the latest historical research, Christ becomes not a reality, but an imagined God. Yes, to put it bluntly, one could say: historical research has produced something that it does not really need, for what use is a God to current research if it cannot really believe in him? It only has proof that the biblical documents speak of a God, but it cannot do anything with this except place him in the ranks of fiction.

Let us now contrast this fact with what spiritual science has to offer in this regard.

I would like to refer to my book “Christianity as Mystical Fact.” The basic thrust of this book has actually been little understood. I have therefore attempted to draw attention once again to what is important in the preface to the second edition. What is important is that human history, world history, is something that is not exhausted by what external history can usually describe to us, by what external documents can provide, because spiritual impulses, spiritual factors, which we must describe as spiritual entities, intervene everywhere in human development. If we contrast this with the whole way of looking at world history, as brought into the world by Leopold von Ranke and others, for example, we must say: The highest to which historical science can aspire is to speak of historical ideas as if external abstract ideas were intervening in the course of human development as it unfolds across peoples and states. That is the utmost that can be believed. But ideas are not something — not even as historians understand them — that develops power, that unfolds power. The entire course of human development would be spiritless if you researched history, if the ideas that penetrate human souls were not were the expression of essential impulses that invisibly, supersensibly permeate the whole of historical becoming, so that behind what external history tells us there still stands what can only be attained by means of spiritual scientific, supersensible research, as has already been presented in a lecture and will be presented further. And there I could show how the Christian impulse has historically entered into human development, proving itself to be a continuation of what took place in the ancient mysteries for the spiritual development of humanity. What the mysteries actually are is still little understood today. What was accomplished in the mysteries in ancient pre-Christian times for the spiritual foundations of all human development can only be understood by those who, through modern spiritual science, gain insight into that development of the soul which transforms this soul into what has already been mentioned here several times, into an instrument for perceiving what lies behind the sensory world as the spiritual world. We know that today, in a certain way, purely limited to his inner self, completely withdrawn into the intimacies of his soul experience, man can rise above himself to a certain higher form of his soul being, so that this soul being lives in a spiritual world just as the human being, embodied in the body, lives in a physical world.

The spiritual-scientific view of history now shows that this possibility of rising to the spiritual world through purely inner, intimate soul development only entered into human development in the course of time, that it was by no means already present in ancient times. Whereas today the soul, remaining within itself, rises completely freely to spiritual vision through its own actions, in pre-Christian times the soul was essentially unable to do this, but was dependent on certain measures that were taken with it in the mystery sanctuaries. If we want to briefly outline what is described in more detail in my book Christianity as Mystical Fact, what was done to the soul by the leaders of these mystery temples, which in the ancient sense were what we would today consider spiritual teaching centers, can be summarized as follows. The soul was freed from its physical body through external measures. It was given the opportunity to remain for a certain period of time in a state that was similar to sleep and yet completely different from it. When we consider the state of sleep today, based on the findings of spiritual science, we must imagine that the outer physical body of the human being remains in bed, while the actual spiritual-soul core of the human being remains outside of what remains in bed. But the forces, the actual inner being of this spiritual-soul core, are of such low intensity in the sleeping state that unconsciousness sets in and darkness surrounds the spiritual-soul core of the human being. The measures taken with the human soul in the ancient mysteries were that, through the influence of other, more advanced personalities who had already undergone this mystery initiation themselves, a kind of sleep state was brought about for the soul, but in such a way that the soul's inner powers were simultaneously sharpened and strengthened, so that it left its body in a sleeping, even death-like state, but was able to look into the spiritual world for a certain period of time through its soul existence, thus consciously leading a life of sleep and gaining a conviction in this life of sleep of what it is as a citizen of the spiritual world. When such a soul was then returned to its ordinary human state after some time, a memory arose in it of what it had experienced in its perception outside its body, and such a soul could then appear before the community like a prophetic spirit and bear witness to the existence of a spiritual world and the eternal existence of humanity. Such a soul had thereby participated in life in the spiritual world, and in the mysteries the rules were given to which such a soul had to submit in a long life, so that the final act could then be added by the leaders of the ancient mystery centers. So let us ask the question: Where do the ancient mysteries, which have been handed down to us in the development of humanity by the peoples of the earth, their divine origin and the eternity of the human soul come from? — From spiritual science we must give ourselves the answer: They come from those who were initiated or initiated in this way, as they are also called. — However, these ancient mysteries reveal themselves to us in a peculiar way. Myths, legends, and all kinds of pictorial representations and narratives convey what the initiate experienced in these mystery centers as if in a living dream. Indeed, one can only understand the mythologies if one regards the figures we encounter in them as pictorial representations of what the initiates of the mysteries saw during their initiation. So if one wants to gain an understanding of the ancient religious teachings, one must go back to the mysteries, one must see in the mysteries what was hidden from the outer profane world, what could only be attained by those who had prepared themselves for initiation through rigorous trials and also through silence, which was required by circumstances that cannot be discussed today.

Thus, when we trace human spiritual development back to pre-Christian times, it leads into the darkness of the mysteries. In those ancient times, the human soul was not yet mature enough to ascend into the spiritual world on its own, relying only on its own intimate powers, without the unfree input of the temple priests. But that something happened while the external events of history were taking place is shown in my book Christianity as Mystical Fact. It should be shown that the whole meaning of human development is that humanity, through everything it had absorbed and experienced during its repeated incarnations, including what it had learned from its initiates about the spiritual world, was so mature at the turn of the era in which Christianity began that the time could now come when human beings, without external influence, without the measures that had been practiced in ancient times in the mysteries, could ascend into a spiritual world as souls in their innermost being. This is how we now want to think about the event that took place in Palestine: the great progress that gradually, perhaps over the course of centuries, but certainly around the turn of the era in which Christianity began, that the human soul became ripe, so to speak, for “self-initiation,” simply under the guidance of those who knew what the human soul had to go through, but without the intervention of external temple leaders or mystery leaders. But what otherwise took place inside the mystery temples, hundreds and hundreds of times, and of which we have knowledge through the legends and myths and mythologies of the peoples, entered the great plan of world history with the founding of Christianity. And if one wants to understand the Gospels, one can simply proceed by asking: What did a candidate for initiation have to go through, for example, among the ancient Persian or Egyptian peoples, in order to raise his soul to the point of directly looking into the spiritual world? The rules about what he had to go through, from a certain process called “baptism” and another called “temptation” to the point where the soul was led out to perceive the spiritual world, were described and formed, so to speak, the ritual of initiation. If one takes such rituals and compares them with the main content of the individual Gospels — as I was able to show in my book already mentioned — one sees how the Gospels present us with resurrected descriptions of the ancient initiation ceremonies, only applied to the great historical individual of Jesus of Nazareth. One then sees how, whereas earlier the candidates for initiation were led up into the spiritual world in the seclusion of the mystery temples, through what happened in history itself, Jesus of Nazareth was led to the point where he was not only led up so far that he could give testimony of a spiritual world in his memory, but where he could unite with a being that had not really united with a human being before: with the Christ being. Thus, there is a great deal of agreement between the accounts of the career of Jesus of Nazareth up to the point where Christ took possession of his soul, and then also possessed this soul for the next three years, and the descriptions of the ancient initiation processes. In the account of what Jesus of Nazareth went through, we encounter — most clearly in the Gospel of John — the initiation that was given directly by the great spiritual-divine facts underlying history itself. Countless candidates had been initiated before, but only to the extent that they could bear witness: there is a spiritual world, and the human soul belongs to such a spiritual world. But when the initiation took place on him in world history, the inner being of Jesus of Nazareth was able to unite with the most significant being they could remember. This was an initiation to which all the old initiations had been directed and subordinated.

Thus the mystery of Golgotha comes before us, emerging from what was previously shrouded in the darkness of mysteries, onto the great stage of world history. As long as one does not believe that at a certain point in time and place on earth something like the penetration, the initiation of Jesus of Nazareth with the Christ, took place, and that something like this sends out its powerful rays of energy and forms an impulse for all later human development, one cannot understand what the Christ impulse actually means for human evolution. Only when one is able to admit the reality of such a spiritual event as has now been described, through all the other preconditions of spiritual science, can one understand what has entered into human development through the Christ impulse. But then one will also not disparage the Gospels because they contain four different initiation rituals, which only hint at what then took place around the historical person of Jesus of Nazareth. But if one understands this, then one will also understand that what happened through this event in Palestine has a profound, causal significance for all subsequent human development. Whereas until then, what we might call the deepest core of our being was something that existed for human beings but had not really entered human consciousness — this was to be subject to the event described in the Mystery of Golgotha — now the time was to begin when human beings could know: In this I, that which human beings have in common with the entire cosmos is revealed in human beings.

If we wanted to describe how a person who speaks in a spiritual-scientific sense must view the great upheaval that entered world history through the Christ impulse, we would have to say: In terms of their essence, human beings consist of their physical body, their life body, their soul shell, and at their core they carry that which passes from incarnation to incarnation, from earthly life to earthly life: the actual I. But this actual I is also that of which human beings became aware last of all, so that in pre-Christian times they had no idea that just as their physical body is connected with the whole physical world, and their soul being with the soul world, so their innermost core of being is born out of the most comprehensive spiritual world. To seek God and the divine primordial being not in the soul shell, but in the true self, that was what Christianity, the Christ impulse in human development just described, brought. In the past, one could say: My soul is rooted in the divine; the divine is the true image, the formative force. But now we have learned to say: If you want to recognize where the deepest divine, which permeates the whole world, can reveal itself to you, look into your own I, for God speaks to you through your I. He speaks to you for the ordinary consciousness when you understand correctly how divine powers entered humanity through the mystery of Golgotha, when you familiarize yourself with how the one initiation took place as a great historical event, whereas earlier the initiate was brought into the depths of the mystery temples to experience the spiritual world. But God speaks to you especially when you lift yourself up by making your soul an instrument of perception in the spiritual world. — One can say: The entry of divine consciousness, which speaks through the I, is the essence of the Christ impulse. And the fact that this Christ impulse was able to enter into humanity was brought about precisely by the historicization of the ancient principle of initiation, as it has been described. The one — the mystery of Golgotha — is the cause. What will become increasingly apparent in human souls in the course of Earth's development, even into their distant future, is that a clear recognition of the divine-spiritual, to which human beings belong and through which they become independent of all earthly becoming, speaks through the I.

Those who can understand certain profound words of the Gospels from this point of view will penetrate into the great education of the human race by the spiritual world. They will see how ancient Hebrew development prepared what was to speak to human beings through the core of the I, as what spoke to Judaism, but as a national spirit. This was not the case with other peoples, but with them there was only the consciousness that the spiritual-divine speaks to the soul shell when the human being is initiated. But it had become clear to Judaism that the development of human beings is a continuous process of education, and that in the I, which encompasses the whole people, rest the powers to which human beings belong with their deepest being. Therefore, the Jew felt: As an individual of the entire ancient Hebrew people, when I look up the line of development to Abraham and recognize what reigns there as the spirit, what continues through the generations, I can say: He lives in me, lives in all my ancestors as the divine that has shaped the individual physical nature of human beings. — Thus, the individual member of the ancient Hebrew people saw himself connected to the progenitor, felt himself one with Father Abraham. Christianity now sharply emphasizes: All such feeling of the divine, even when it speaks of itself as “Ejeh asher ejeh” — “I am that I am,” is not yet what shows man in his fullest form, but only when one feels something that is spiritual beyond all generations does one grasp what works as the divine in man. Therefore, in a correct translation of the sentence, one must say: Before Abraham was, the I am was! - This means that in his I, man experiences an eternity that is more original than the divine that has been lived out by Abraham through the generations.

"Look at what is not exhausted in the actual physical human being, but what lives on as a divine-spiritual through the generations, through the blood of all the generations that have developed from Abraham. But look at this divine-spiritual in such a way that you recognize it in the individual human being, not in what holds brother and sister together, but what lives in the individual, what the individual discovers when he recognizes himself in his innermost central soul being as ‘I am.’" — Thus we are to understand such a saying of Christ Jesus as the one that goes something like this: If anyone comes to me and does not leave his father, mother, wife, children, brothers, sisters, yes, his own life, he cannot be my disciple. — We should not understand this as a rebellion against the legitimacy of kinship and love for children, but rather as Christ Jesus bringing into the world the principle of the divine spirit, which every individual human being, by virtue of being human, can find in their innermost core. Therefore, the innermost essence of Christianity will increasingly touch people in such a way that what reigns as the innermost mystery of Christianity is one that transcends all differences among people and leads to the universal human, to what every human being can discover within themselves. The ancient gods were folk gods, race gods, bound to this or that tribal characteristic; we can still attribute something like this to Hinduism and Buddhism. The God, on the other hand, who came to meet people in Christ, is one who leads people beyond all other differences to what makes a person a person, simply by virtue of being a person. This makes it necessary for anyone who wants to grasp the true essence of Christianity to regard the spiritual guiding forces and impulses of world history as realities, to break with everything that has been “history” up to now, and that what has hitherto been regarded as history is only the outer garment of historical becoming, while in the depths of historical becoming there are beings who, though supersensible, are as real as the individual animal or the individual human being in the sensory world. And the most excellent among the supersensible beings who govern the historical development of humanity is Christ, who, as Gnosticism also assumed, worked in the body of Jesus of Nazareth for three years.

Thus spiritual science rises to a conception that can do something with what outer science has produced. For while the latter is today compelled to confess that we are dealing not with a “human being” but with a divine being ruling in a human being, with which it cannot do anything, spiritual science leads us to such beings that are realities for it, so that spiritual science knows how to do the right thing in this field as well, even with the latest research. It will prove to be a marvelous thing for the spiritual development of the twentieth century that it will recognize that the nineteenth century was on the wrong track in wanting to reduce the life of Christ Jesus to the mere life of Jesus of Nazareth, but that the science which says: Everything provides us with proof that in Christ Jesus we are dealing with a “God.” Spiritual science will only add that something can be done with this word. This is, of course, a view that contradicts what has developed in our recent times as a materialistic-monistic worldview. But we were able to show, both in the lecture on the “Origin of Man” and in the other on the “Origin of the Animal World,” how spiritual science is in complete agreement with what external science has brought to light as actual research results. And now we can say that spiritual science can be directly connected with what external, conscientious research has also arrived at. But where it still stands before a question mark, this external, conscientious research is not led to what spiritual science can lead to.

During the twentieth century, however, something else will have to be added to the habits of thinking. Human beings now take the view that human life and cognition, as they exist in the physical world, stand in opposition to the external world as the immediate truth, and that errors can arise at most when human beings form inaccurate images of the world or do something that is considered evil, something that does not correspond to the external course of the world. Today, the worldview is still entirely focused on seeking causes everywhere in what is immediately apparent. This way of thinking has pushed questions of worldview to a point from which — as must be clear to all who can look more deeply into the spiritual life of humanity — a reversal is necessary. In both the natural sciences and the historical sciences, external science has come to an immediate disbelief in everything spiritual and to a mere summary of external sensory reality, to a rejection of the spiritual that is supposed to lie behind sensory phenomena. In a certain sense, one can say that our age has reached a point where it must immediately turn into its opposite. Extreme materialism, extreme materialistic monism, must lead the soul, through its own inner resistance, to accept a concept of the world that has hitherto played very little role in worldviews. All searches for the origins of things must be accompanied by a concept that has not yet found acceptance. In my writings “The Philosophy of Freedom” and “Truth and Science,” it has been shown that human beings need to assume that the state in which they find themselves in relation to the world is not the true one, that they must first undergo a development of their inner life in order to be able to recognize the truth about world phenomena and to be able to establish a true and also moral relationship to world phenomena. The concept of redemption must be added to the merely causal knowledge.

It will be the great task of the twentieth century to give the concept of redemption, of rebirth, equal status with other scientific concepts. The way human beings face the world as cognizers is not in accordance with the truth. All true concepts can only be obtained when, freed from the present standpoint, one has developed to a higher level, when one is freed from the obstacles that prevent one from seeing the true form of the world. This is knowledge-redemption. Moral redemption is when humans recognize that their relationship to the world is not true, but that they must first follow a path that overcomes the obstacles that stand between them and that to which they actually belong. The concept of the rebirth of the soul on a higher level will develop from what we have encountered as wonderful scientific research results, which we also encounter as wonderful results of historical research. When humans have photographed the world and conjured up the great scientific and historical development of humanity, they will realize that this is not just something that depicts the world to them, but that it is a powerful educational tool. Humans will no longer merely believe that science depicts a world to them, but that the laws of nature will be something that educates them. And when natural science is no longer there merely to depict the world, but to educate people, so that the human soul is redeemed from a standpoint that is immediate and works its way up to a standpoint where it is reborn at a higher level, when human beings thus recognize that they are being redeemed from the inhibitions in which they are stuck, then they will have developed within themselves the preconditions for the concept of the Christ impulse in the world. For then they will realize that they may look forward to the point in time that we have come to know from the spiritual-scientific point of view, when human beings were once in a purely spiritual world and descended into the world of material existence, that they must pass through this material world in order to make their progress, but that at a certain point their return had to be initiated so that he could free himself again from what he had taken on here. The Christ impulse freed humanity from sinking into the purely material. Objectively, Christ in world evolution is that which represents in us the experience we have when we say: The relationship to the world that arises when the soul is reborn and redeemed from what it originally received, what can thus appear as its experience, is, seen outside in the great world process of humanity, that which entered the world as Christ.

If the twentieth century can take the great experience within the human being seriously, it will also be able to understand the Christ event and no longer take offense at what takes place in the human being as the rebirth of the soul on a higher level. And then spiritual science will show that what applies to external natural events also applies to historical development. In the external worldview, people have also succumbed to the error of Schopenhauer's statement: The world is my idea. — That is to say, that around me there is a world of colors, sounds, and so on, which depends on my eyes and my other sense organs. But if one wants to grasp the world in its entirety, it is not correct to say: The world of colors exists only through the constitution of my eye. For my eye would not be there if light had not first conjured it out of my eye. If, on the one hand, it is true that the sensations of light are determined by the constitution of the eye, then, on the other hand, it is no less true that the eye exists only through light, through the sun. Both truths must be combined into one comprehensive truth. Thus, what Goethe said is correct: “The eye owes its existence to light. From indifferent animal auxiliary organs, light calls forth an organ that is its equal, and thus the eye is formed by light for light, so that the inner light may meet the outer light.” Just as the eye is formed by light, just as the perception of light occurs through the eye, so the inner Christ experience, the inner rebirth of the soul, comes about through the Christ experience of humanity, through the mystery of Golgotha. Spiritual science shows that before the Christ impulse entered humanity, this inner experience could only be undergone through external impetus in the mysteries and not intimately, as now through a kind of self-initiation in the human being himself. So it is with the inner mystical experience of Christ, just as it is with the world of colors and light with the eye: through the inner being, the human being experiences Christ. But the fact that he can intimately transcend himself stems from the fact that the spiritual sun, the mystery of Golgotha, has entered world history. Without the objective mystery of Golgotha and without the objective Christ, there would be no subjective inner experience of a mystical nature, as human beings will experience in the twentieth century and take completely seriously from a scientific point of view.

So we can say: The twentieth century will provide human beings with the preconditions for a real understanding of the Christ impulse by showing how deeply true the Christ impulse is as a spiritual sun and by awakening in the human soul the inner experience that Goethe hinted at with the words:

From the power that binds all beings,
The human being who overcomes himself is freed.

And one can say, by referring to this overcoming of oneself, to the mystery of Golgotha, to the Christ event, that it is only in overcoming oneself that human beings truly find themselves, that they must regard the form they have from their earthly origin as something from which they must be redeemed, and that all moral action, all knowledge, can only come about through redemption. Through the concept of inner redemption, human beings will learn to recognize the concept of redemption in historical development and, in the twentieth century, will understand the Christ event in a way that is so penetrating that it can be fully expressed by Goethe's somewhat expanded saying:

From the power that binds all beings,
Man frees himself who overcomes himself,
And who in this overcoming
Finds himself in truth,
Just as all humanity can find itself in Christ
In truth.