Donate books to help fund our work. Learn more→

The Rudolf Steiner Archive

a project of Steiner Online Library, a public charity

The Foundations of Esotericism
GA 93a

8 October 1905, Berlin

Lecture XIII

The present lecture is inserted into this course to shed light on many things spoken of in the other lectures. It will deal with the activity and the nature of the Devas.

At the present time it is very difficult to speak about the Gods or Devas because even those people who still have a positive attitude towards religion and still believe in the Gods, no longer have any living relationship to divine spiritual beings. This living relationship to the Gods, to beings, that is to say, who are exalted far above human beings, has disappeared in the course of the age of materialism. Especially during the materialistic age, which developed from the turning point of the 15th and 16th centuries on into our own time, this living connection with the Gods has been lost. It makes little difference whether a person takes his stand on Darwinian materialism or whether he speaks about the Gods in a more or less religious sense. It is much more to the point to become livingly aware that we ourselves have ascended from lower stages of existence and have yet to ascend to higher stages. We must realise that we have a relationship both with what is below and what is above.

Instruction about the Gods was first systematised by Dionysius the Areopagite,42In the Acts of the Apostles Chapter 17 v.34 he is mentioned as a pupil of St. Paul. At the end of the 5th century there appeared in Syria under his name the following writings: The Celestial Hierarchies and On the Hierarchy of the Church which in the 9th century were translated from the Greek into Latin by Scotus Erigena. the pupil of the apostle Paul. It was however not written down until the 6th century. This is why scholars deny the existence of Dionysius the Areopagite and speak about the writings of the Pseudo-Dionysius, as though it was in the 6th century that old traditions were first put together. The truth of the matter can only be substantiated by reading in the Akashic Chronicle. The Akashic Chronicle does however teach that Dionysius actually lived in Athens, that he was initiated by Paul and was commissioned by him to lay the foundation of the teaching about the higher spiritual beings and to impart this knowledge to special initiates. At that time certain lofty teachings were never written down but only communicated as tradition by word of mouth. The teaching about the Gods was also given in this way by Dionysius to his pupils, who then passed it on further. These pupils in direct succession were intentionally called Dionysius, so that the last of these, who wrote down this teaching was one of those who was given this name.

This teaching about the Gods, as given by Dionysius, encompasses three times three ranks of divine beings. The three highest are: Seraphim, Cherubim, Thrones. The next degree: Dominions, Mights, Powers. The third degree: Primal Beginnings, Archangels and Angels.

In the Bible the words ‘In the Beginning’ often occur. They refer to the Primal Beginnings or Archai. ‘In the Beginning God created the heavens and the earth.’ This means: The God of the Beginnings, who stands at this stage, created heaven and earth. It was one of the Archai belonging to the Third Rank of the Hierarchies.

Above the Seraphim stand divine Beings whose nature is so exalted that the human power of understanding is not able to comprehend them. After the Third Rank follows the Fourth Hierarchy: Man, as the tenth in the entire sequence.

The names of the Hierarchies do not refer to individuals but to certain stages of consciousness of the great universe, and the Beings move from one stage to another. Eliphas Levi perceived this clearly and laid stress on the fact that with these names one has to do with stages of development, with Hierarchies.

The basis of the Organisation of the Church goes back also to the same Dionysius who formulated the teaching about the Gods. The Church Hierarchy was to be an outer image of the inner Hierarchy of the World. This grandiose thought could only have been carried through if the time had been ripe for an understanding of all this in its true form. Dionysius had bequeathed to his pupils such a teaching in regard to the Church, so that, could it have been realised, a powerful and magnificent Organisation would have come into being. At that time the attempt was made to promulgate the teachings in such a way that the thread was never broken from one teacher to the next, who then also carried on the name. It is therefore not so astonishing that as late as the 6th century a Dionysius committed the teachings to writing. These teachings however could not find general understanding because for this humanity was not yet ripe. They therefore remain as a kind of testament.43For detailed descriptions of the spiritual hierarchies see Rudolf Steiner: The Spiritual Hierarchies and their Reflection in the Physical World, Zodiac, Planets, Cosmos, and The Spiritual Beings in the Heavenly Bodies and in the Kingdoms of Nature

The further we go back the more living are the concepts man had about Beings standing above humanity.

Now let us develop certain concepts as to how man—the ordinary person in the average cultural environment of our time—meets the Gods. After death the human being first goes through Kamaloka, the condition in which he gradually gets rid of the habits of earthly life and frees himself from his desires. It is actually only in its first stages that the sojourn in Kamaloka is often frightening and terrible. Later man goes through that period of Kamaloka when he has to purify himself from the more delicate connections with the earthly world. This sojourn in Kamaloka is not only important for the person in question; as we shall see, the activity of human beings in the higher conditions of Kamaloka can also be made use of in the world outside them. After Kamaloka man enters into the Devachan condition, where, using the faculties he has won for himself, he works over everything which is necessary in order to build up a new etheric body. On the Arupa Plane of Devachan he has to lay aside everything that he gained by his experiences on the Physical Plane. This is why in esotericism the Greek priests called the soul a bee, the Arupa Plane a beehive and the Physical Plane the flowering meadow.

There is however no need for man to be inactive in the higher regions. During the time he is passing through Kamaloka and the lower Devachanic Planes it might appear that he has nothing else to do than to allow what he began earlier to come to fruition. But man is not inactive there; what he experiences in these conditions is significant for the whole world.

The new incarnation of the human being only has a purpose if he meets conditions which are totally different from the earlier ones. In normal circumstances he returns when the whole situation is so different that what he finds around him is entirely new, so that what he adds to his previous achievement is entirely new. This happens in that period of cosmic time when the sun has progressed from one constellation of the Zodiac to the next. For instance, about 800 BC the sun in spring entered the constellation of the Ram or Lamb and this continued until 1800 AD. Now, at the beginning of spring, it stands in the constellation of the Fishes. Two thousand, six hundred years elapse before the sun passes from one constellation of the zodiac to the next. During this time conditions undergo a fundamental change.

Reincarnation is connected with these epochs, during which the human being is usually incarnated once as a masculine and once as a feminine individuality. In any particular incarnation one is in fact only half a human being. A masculine and a feminine incarnation belong together. Owing to the entirely different physical conditions on the earth a new incarnation is not without purpose. If for example someone was incarnated at the time of Homer (in the sign of the Ram or Lamb, Jason, the Golden Fleece) he would have experienced something quite different from what he would experience now.

These incarnations taken by themselves might appear to be part of a completely mechanical process. There is however nothing outward that is not brought about from within. One must accustom oneself to speak everywhere of a real spirit, to seek for it, and to perceive what is actually happening.

When one looks at the flora and fauna of Europe in our epoch one has to differentiate three zones: a western, a central and an eastern zone. The eastern zone coincides with the Slavonic peoples, the central with the Germanic and the western with the Latin peoples. The materialist believes that human beings have adapted themselves to their circumstances, but this is not so. The different peoples have themselves created their physical conditions. The Folk Spirit works first on the earth, on the plants and the animals into which he enters. The Western European territory has been prepared by the Latin peoples, the Central European by the Germanic, the Eastern European by the Slavonic peoples. Thus human beings first build themselves the house in which they later reside. Now let us ask: When does man work upon the external configuration of the earth? As with everything else in the earthly world, destiny too is prepared by man for himself, and this is partially the case here.

In Kamaloka man is actually engaged in collaborating with work on the animal kingdom, in the transformation of species. The force which brings this about is called by natural scientists ‘adaptability’. Everything however that is called adaptability conceals human activity on the other side of existence. Everything which appears as metamorphosis in the animal kingdom, influencing and altering animal instincts so that animals undergo transformation, takes place through human beings in Kamaloka who are preparing for their next incarnation. There man works on his own house in preparation for his next life. In Kamaloka man works on the fauna and in Devachan on the flora. The transformation of the plant world is the result of Devachanic forces. And the physical world which also changes, the outer conditions of Nature, are influenced from the Arupa Plane, (Higher Devachan). There, man is a co-worker on the rocks, on the mineral kingdom of the earth. It is certainly necessary to have some measure of occult powers in order to make such observations in the appropriate place. It is not by chance that miners [Steiner refers to miners of metals and minerals, not coal] in particular make such observations underground. Novalis's44See The Christian Mystery, Novalis the Seer lecture 22.12.1908 in the Anthroposophical Quarterly 1967. famous occult faculties are connected with the fact that he was a mining engineer.

When one considers that in the super-sensible regions man is developing certain forces, although while there he has not as yet his full consciousness, one understands that these forces are guided by higher beings, by the Devas. We distinguish different stages of Devas: astral, Rupa-mental and Arupa-mental. Astral Devas have as their lowest member the astral body, just as we have the physical body. Like man, the astral Deva consists of seven members. He possesses therefore, as the seventh, yet another member which is higher than Atma. The Devas are all constituted according to the same principles as man. As development progresses to higher planes a being gains conscious mastery over the corresponding lower planes. On the physical plane today man is only master of the mineral kingdom. There he himself can construct something, but he cannot yet construct a plant or an animal. In the mineral kingdom he has the component parts clearly before him. On the next stage he consciously brings forth the plants (Fifth Round) and then the animals (Sixth Round) and finally he consciously brings forth himself (Seventh Round).

The beings whom we call Devas can do much more than human beings of the Seventh Round. They can make use of regions that lie below their own world. They can, for a particular purpose, form for a short time the body that they need. Thus an astral Deva, if he so wish, can incarnate physically at a definite time.

We can only form definite ideas about the Devas when we take our start from human activity. Up to a certain point, man is free, able to do as he pleases. People however do not work harmoniously together, and therefore the various forces which proceed from human beings must be brought into harmony. What people do must have a general effect, and this must be made to serve a useful purpose in the world. The beings who bring this about are the Devas. They also regulate collective karma. As soon as people unite in a common purpose they have a collective karma which binds them together and leads them on their way, weaving a common karmic thread.

Thus in Russia there existed the sect of the Dukhobors45Knights of the Spirit or Fighters for the Spirit. They also called themselves ‘Christians of the Spirit’ and believed essentially in inner revelation. The sect arose in the middle of the 18th century and was later dispatched to Trans-Caucasia. Towards the end of the 19th century many of them emigrated to Cyprus and Canada. Tolstoi, who had a strong inner link with them, wrote about them in Followers of Christ in Russia in the year 1895. (warriors of the spirit) who were deeply religious. In naive, but in very beautiful, form they possessed the teachings of Theosophy. These people were banished and apparently no longer had any visible influence. Materialists will say: ‘What purpose could this have served?’ The Dukhobors perished. But all those who were united in this sect will in their next incarnation be united by a common tie, in order later to pour into humanity what they have learned. In such a way groups which have come together work on humanity in subsequent incarnations. The idea that was embodied in their lives then flows out again into the world. One finds the same idea in a deeper form in another such group.

Thus there existed for instance in the Middle Ages the sect of the Manicheans.46The Manichaeans. Founded by Mani (215 or 216 – 276 A.D) originating in Asia Minor. ‘A powerful spiritual stream to which belonged the Albigenses, Waldenses, and Cathars of the Middle Ages. More distantly connected were the Templars and, through a remarkable interweaving of connections, the Freemasons. This is where the Freemasons actually belong although they had allied themselves with the Rosicrucians.’ Thus run the notes of a lecture by Rudolf Steiner on the Manichacans given in Berlin 11.11.1904. See also Albert Steffen: Mani. The secret of the Manicheans was that they realised that in the future there would be two groups of human beings, the good and the bad. In the Fifth Round there will no longer be a mineral kingdom, but instead a kingdom of evil. The Manicheans knew this. They therefore made it their task already then so to educate people that later they might become educators of the evil men. Again and again a deeper profundity is seen in the sect of the Manicheans.

We have to distinguish the separate wills of individual human beings from the powers which stand behind them in order to unite these individual wills into a common will. In this way we have a collective Karma.

The Rosicrucians spoke about Beings who are connected with groups of people. The physical body belongs to the single human being; the astral body on the other hand already belongs to a group. In one part of his astral body man is connected with a Group Soul. What he cannot yet do for himself is today done for him by a Deva. They are still working on man's astral body. The Devas co-operate even more strongly in what man achieves today through work on his etheric body. We have seen that in a part of Kamaloka man's forces are used in the service of the animal kingdom, but they are guided by the Devas. Thence man is progressing ever further on his way to Devachan.

A special class of Devas are the Planetary Spirits—the Dhyan-Chohanic beings who earlier reached the stage which human beings will only attain much later. They stand at the stage that will only be reached by man in the Sixth and Seventh Rounds. A Planetary Spirit is engaged with others in creative work on certain aspects of planetary evolution.

At present man is active on the physical, astral and devachanic planes. Everything is activity. Now what significance have the Planetary Spirits for man in any particular situation? The activity which is at present being carried out by man, was carried out by the Planetary Spirits during previous stages of evolution, during previous planetary conditions. What they then absorbed they now have within them as wisdom. This enables them to become the teachers of the next planetary epoch. Those Devas who were actively engaged in the formation of the earth were not yet able to recognise the underlying laws; this was only possible for beings at the higher stage of Wisdom. Above the stage of Wisdom is the stage of Will, of manifested activity. The Spirits of Wisdom (Kyriotetes) and the Spirits of Will (Thrones) are the actual leaders of planetary evolution.

At the time when man was still an astral being, before the Lemurian Age, the Devas worked within him and built into him in advance what came forth from him later. Before the Lemurian Age there rose up in the inner being of man a picture of his environment. Feelings of sympathy and antipathy also arose in picture form within him. All this was brought about by the Devas. At that time he was governed by the regency of the Devas. Later he assumed in some measure the regency over himself, becoming a subordinate member in the service of the Devas. Now he is to some extent Godforsaken. Only in the part that is not Godforsaken do the Devas still work within him. The Chela consciously brings to life within him that world which man in the Pre-Lemurian Age had learned to know in pictures. Then desires and passions approached him in the form of auric pictures in which lived the thoughts of the Devas, but it was all in deep twilight consciousness. Now after all this had been lost, man had to struggle to attain conscious seeing of an external world. The further development of Chela-ship consists in gaining this also in complete awareness. He retains throughout full consciousness. The medium, that is to say, mediumship, is a relapse into an earlier age.

What the human being experiences on the physical plane is the skeleton of his creative activity; the foundation for the following periods of evolution. Through his contact with the outer world, faculties are formed within him according to which later planetary activity is ordered, after man himself will have become a planetary spirit.

In our speech we create the foundation for later planetary conditions. What we speak today will actually be present there as foundation, just as the rocks and stones form the foundation of the earth. In one sphere the experiences pass through an involutionary process so that in another sphere they may be able to evolve. An individuality is divine in so far as he is able to breathe out again what he has taken in. The Devas become Devas as soon as they are able to give back again what they have previously absorbed.

It is a primeval wisdom that was absorbed earlier and is now being given back. It is ‘Theosophy’ in as much as the Gods themselves were once the teachers of mankind.

Karma is the law. The Deva is the one who brings the law into application. The angel of the rotation of time brings about the application of the law governing groups of human beings. The single person in a group acts instinctively. The Deva guides the Folk Soul; he is in fact the Folk Soul. The Folk Soul is no abstraction, but a living spirit.

XIII

Dieser Vortrag soll ein zwischen die anderen geschobener sein, der auf manches in den anderen Vorträgen Licht werfen kann. Über das Wirken und die Wesenheit der Devas wollen wir heute sprechen.

Es ist in der Gegenwart sehr schwer, von Göttern oder Devas zu sprechen, aus dem Grunde, weil selbst die Menschen, die noch auf dem positiven religiösen Standpunkt stehen und noch einen Glauben an die Götter haben, doch kein lebendiges Verhältnis mehr zu den göttlich-geistigen Wesenheiten haben. Dieses lebendige Verhältnis zu Göttern, das heißt zu Wesenheiten, die hoch über dem Menschen stehen, ist eben im Laufe der Zeit des Materialismus verschwunden. Insbesondere im Laufe der materialistischen Entwickelung, welche sich in dem Zyklus von der Wende des 15. zum 16. Jahrhundert bis in unsere Zeit hinein abspielte, ist dieser lebendige Zusammenhang mit den Göttern geschwunden. Es macht da wenig Unterschied, ob ein Mensch auf dem darwinistisch-materialistischen Standpunkt steht, oder ob er noch mehr oder weniger religiös von den Göttern spricht. Es kommt viel mehr darauf an, das Bewußtsein in sich lebendig zu machen, daß man selbst von niederen Stufen des Daseins aufgestiegen ist und zu höheren Stufen noch aufsteigen wird. Man muß empfinden, daß man zu allem, zu dem was unter uns ist und zu dem was über uns ist, eine Verwandtschaft hat.

Die Lehre von den Göttern ist zuerst in ein System gebracht worden von dem Schüler des Apostels Paulus, Dionysius dem Areopagiten. Sie ist aber erst im 6. Jahrhundert aufgeschrieben worden. Die Gelehtten leugnen deshalb die Existenz des Dionysius Areopagita und sprechen von den Schriften des Pseudo-Dionysius, als ob man erst im 6. Jahrhundert alte Überlieferungen zusammengestellt habe. Der wahre Sachverhalt ist nur zu konstatieren durch das Lesen in der Akasha-Chronik. Die Akasha-Chronik aber lehrt, daß Dionysius wirklich in Athen gelebt hat, daß er von Paulus eingeweiht worden ist und von ihm den Auftrag erhalten hat, die Lehre von den höheren Geistwesen zu begründen und besonderen Eingeweihten zu erteilen. Gewisse hohe Lehren wurden damals niemals aufgeschrieben, sondern nur durch mündliche Tradition fortgepflanzt. Auch die Lehre von den Göttern wurde so von Dionysius seinen Schülern gegeben und von diesen wiederum weitergegeben. Der direkte Schüler wurde dann mit Absicht wieder Dionysius genannt, so daß der letzte, der die Lehre von den Göttern aufschrieb, einer in dieser Reihe war, die alle Dionysius genannt wurden.

Diese Lehre von den Göttern, wie sie Dionysius gegeben hat, umfaßt dreimal drei Glieder der göttlichen Wesenheiten. Die höchsten drei sind:

Seraphim, Cherubim, Throne.

Die nächste Stufe umfaßt die:

Herrschaften, Mächte, Gewalten. Die dritte Stufe umfaßt die:

Urkräfte oder Anfänge, Erzengel und Engel.

Sooft in der Bibel steht «am Anfang», bezieht sich das auf die Urkräfte oder Anfänge. «Am Anfang schuf Gott Himmel und Erde», das heißt: Der Gott des Anfangs, der auf dieser Stufe steht, schuf Himmel und Erde. - Es war eine von den Urkräften der dritten Abteilung der Hierarchien.

Über den Seraphim stehen dann göttliche Wesenheiten von solcher Erhabenheit, daß das menschliche Fassungsvermögen nicht ausreicht, um sie zu begreifen. Nach der dritten Stufe folgt die vierte Hierarchie:

Der Mensch, als der zehnte in der ganzen Reihe.

Die Namen der Hierarchien sind keine Eigennamen, sondern Namen für gewisse Bewußtseinsstufen des großen Universums, und die Wesen rücken von einer Stufe zur anderen. Eliphas Levi hat das klar gesehen und betont, daß man es bei diesen Namen mit Rangstufen zu tun hat, mit Hierarchien.

Auf denselben Dionysius, der die Lehre von den Göttern zusammengestellt hat, geht auch das Prinzip der Kirchenorganisation zurück. Die kirchliche Hierarchie sollte nur ein äußeres Abbild sein für die innere Hierarchie der Welt. Dieser grandiose Gedanke wäre nur dann durchzuführen gewesen, wenn die Zeit dafür reif gewesen wäre, dies alles in seiner richtigen Gestalt zu verstehen. Dionysius hatte seinen Schülern eine solche Lehre über die Kirche hinterlassen, daß diese, wenn sie hätte veröffentlicht werden können, eine gewaltige, großartige Organisation dargestellt haben würde. Man hat damals versucht, die Lehren so fortzupflanzen, daß der Faden nie abriß von einem Lehrer zum anderen, der dann auch den Namen weiterführte. Darum ist es gar nicht so wunderbar, daß noch im 6. Jahrhundert ein Dionysius die Lehren niederschrieb. Ein allgemeines Verständnis konnten diese Lehren aber nicht finden, weil die Menschheit dazu noch nicht reif war. So sind sie wie eine Art Testament.

Je weiter wir zurückgehen, desto lebendigere Begriffe haben die Menschen gehabt von Wesenheiten, die über den Menschen stehen.

Nun wollen wir einen Begriff davon entwickeln, wie der Mensch — der gewöhnliche Mensch unserer heutigen Durchschnittskultur - den Göttern begegnet. Nach dem Tode macht der Mensch zunächst das Kamaloka durch, den Zustand, in dem er sich allmählich von den Gewohnheiten des Erdenlebens loslöst und von den Begierden frei wird. Der Aufenthalt im Kamaloka ist im wesentlichen nur in den ersten Zeiten manchmal furchtbar und gräßlich. Darauf macht der Mensch diejenige Kamalokazeit durch, wo er sich von den feineren Zusammenhängen mit der irdischen Welt zu läutern hat. Dieser Aufenthalt im Kamaloka ist nicht nur für den Menschen wichtig, sondern die Tätigkeit des Menschen in den höheren Kamalokazuständen kann, wie wir sehen werden, auch in der übrigen Welt gebraucht werden. Nach dem Kamaloka geht er in den Devachanzustand über, in dem er sich all das erarbeitet, was notwendig ist, um mit den Fähigkeiten, die er sich erworben hat, einen neuen Ätherkörper aufzubauen. Auf dem Arupaplan des Devachans hat er alles dasjenige niederzulegen, was er sich auf dem physischen Plan erarbeitet hat. Darum nannten die griechischen Priester in der Esoterik die Seele eine Biene, den Arupaplan einen Bienenkorb und den physischen Plan das Blumenfeld.

Der Mensch braucht aber nicht etwa untätig zu sein auf den höheren Gebieten. Während er durch das Kamaloka und den niederen Devachanplan hindurchgeht, könnte es scheinen, daß er da nichts anderes zu tun hat als ausreifen zu lassen, was er früher begonnen hat. Aber der Mensch ist da auch nicht untätig; so daß es für die ganze Welt von Bedeutung ist, daß er diese Zustände durchmacht.

Die neue Inkarnation des Menschen hat nur dann einen Zweck, wenn der Mensch bei einer neuen Inkarnation Zustände antrifft, die wesentlich verschieden sind von den früheren. Normalerweise kommt der Mensch zurück, wenn die Verhältnisse so verschieden sind, daß er völlig neue vorfindet, so daß er völlig Neues hinzubaut. Das geschieht in dem Weltenzeitraum, nachdem die Sonne von einem Sternbild zum nächsten vorgerückt ist. Zum Beispiel gegen 800 vor Christus stand die Sonne im Frühling zuerst im Sternbild des Lammes bis ungefähr 1800 nach Christus. Jetzt steht sie bei Frühlingsanfang im Sternbild der Fische. Zweitausendsechshundert Jahre vergehen, bis sie von einem Sternbild zum anderen vorrückt. In dieser Zeit ändern sich die Verhältnisse ganz gründlich. Mit diesen Zeiten hängt die Wiederverkörperung zusammen. In der Zeit wird der Mensch gewöhnlich einmal als männliches und einmal als weibliches Individuum verkörpert. Man ist in einer Inkarnation eigentlich nur ein halber Mensch. Eine männliche und eine weibliche Inkarnation gehören zusammen. Durch die ganz andersgearteten physischen Verhältnisse auf der Erde ist nun eine neue Inkarnation nicht zwecklos. Wenn zum Beispiel eine Inkarnation eines Menschen zur Zeit Homers war (Sternbild des Widders oder Lammes, Jason, das Goldene Vlies), so hat er damals etwas ganz anderes durchgemacht, als er jetzt durchmachen würde.

Diese Inkarnationen wären an sich scheinbar ein ganz mechanischer Prozeß. Es gibt aber nichts Äußeres, was nicht im Inneren bewirkt wird. Man muß sich angewöhnen, überall von dem konkreten Geist zu reden, ihn aufzusuchen und zu sehen, was wirklich geschieht.

Wenn man sich die Flora und die Fauna Europas ansieht, so hat man in unserer Weltperiode drei Gürtel zu unterscheiden: einen westlichen, einen mittleren und einen östlichen. Der östliche Gürtel fällt zusammen mit dem slawischen Volke, der mittlere mit dem germanischen und der westliche mit dem romanischen Volke. Der Materialist glaubt, die Menschen hätten sich den Verhältnissen angepaßt, aber das ist nicht so. Die Völker haben sich die physischen Zustände selbst geschaffen. Der Volksgeist arbeitet zuerst an dem Boden, an den Pflanzen und Tieren mit, in die er sich hineinversetzt. Der westeuropäische Boden ist vorbereitet durch die romanischen Völker, der mitteleuropäische durch die germanischen Völker, der osteuropäische durch die slawischen Völker. So bauen sich die Menschen erst das Haus, in das sie sich nachher hineinsetzen. Nun fragen wir: Wann arbeitet der Mensch an der äußeren Konfiguration der Erde? - Wie alles übrige auf der Erde vom Menschen selbst zubereitetes Schicksal ist, ist das hier auch teilweise der Fall.

Im Kamaloka ist der Mensch tatsächlich damit beschäftigt, im Tierreiche mitzuwirken. Dort arbeiten die Menschen an dem, was man Umformung der Arten nennt. Die Kraft, die das bewirkt, nennt der Naturforscher Anpassungsvermögen. In alledem aber, was man Anpassung nennt, ist die Tätigkeit des Menschen auf der anderen Seite des Daseins verborgen. Alles was an Transformation im Tierreich erscheint, was an tierischen Instinkten beeinflußt und verändert wird, damit die Tiere sich umgestalten, geschieht durch die Menschen im Kamaloka, die sich für ihre nächste Inkarnation vorbereiten. Es arbeitet der Mensch dort an dem eigenen Haus für die folgende Inkarnation. Im Kamaloka arbeitet der Mensch an der Fauna und im Devachan an der Flora. Die Umgestaltung der Pflanzenwelt ist die Auswirkung der devachanischen Kräfte. Und die physische Welt, die sich auch ändert, die äußeren Naturverhältnisse, die werden vom Arupaplan [oberes Devachan] beeinflußt. Da ist der Mensch ein Mitarbeiter an dem Gesteinsreich, am Mineralreich der Erde. Man muß schon etwas okkulte Kräfte haben, um an geeigneter Stelle solche Beobachtungen machen zu können. Es ist kein Zufall, daß namentlich Bergleute unter der Erde solche Beobachtungen machen. Daß Novalis ein mit dem Okkulten so bekannter Mensch war, hängt damit zusammen, daß er Bergingenieur war.

Wenn man bedenkt, daß der Mensch in den übersinnlichen Gebieten Kräfte entwickelt, aber dort noch nicht sein volles Bewußtsein hat, dann versteht man, daß diese Kräfte von höheren Wesenheiten gelenkt werden, von den Devas. Man unterscheidet verschiedene Stufen von Devas: astrale, rupamentale und arupamentale. Astrale Devas haben als ihr unterstes Glied den Astralkörper, so wie wir den physischen Körper haben. Der astrale Deva besteht ebenso wie der Mensch aus sieben Gliedern. Er besitzt also als siebentes noch ein Glied, welches höher ist als Atma. Die Devas sind alle nach denselben Prinzipien aufgebaut wie der Mensch. Mit der Entwickelung auf die höheren Plane hinauf gewinnt ein Wesen auch an bewußter Macht über die entsprechenden niederen Plane. Der Mensch beherrscht auf dem physischen Plan heute nur das Mineralreich. Dort kann er selbst etwas aufbauen. Aber er kann noch nicht eine Pflanze oder ein Tier aufbauen. Bei dem Mineralreich hat er die Zusammensetzung klar vor sich. Auf der nächsten Stufe bringt er bewußt die Pflanze hervor (fünfte Runde), und dann die Tiere (sechste Runde), und zuletzt bringt er sich selbst bewußt hervor (siebente Runde).

Die Wesen, die wir Devas nennen, können noch viel mehr als die Menschen der siebenten Runde. Sie können die Gebiete, die unter ihrer eigenen Welt liegen, gebrauchen. Sie können zu einem bestimmten Zweck sich auf kurze Zeit den Körper bilden, den sie brauchen. So kann ein astraler Deva, wenn er will, sich auf eine bestimmte Zeit physisch verkörpern.

Über das Wirken der Devas können wir uns nur bestimmte Vorstellungen machen, wenn wir von dem Wirken der Menschen ausgehen. Der Mensch ist bis zu einem gewissen Grade frei, willkürlich in seinem Wirken. Die Menschen wirken aber nicht harmonisch zusammen, darum müssen die verschiedenen Kräfte, die von den Menschen ausgehen, harmonisch geordnet werden. Es muß sich ein Gesamteffekt ergeben aus dem, was die Menschen tun. Dieser Gesamteffekt muß zum Nutzen der Welt verwendet werden. Die Wesenheiten, die diesen Gesamteffekt herbeiführen, sind die Devas. Sie regeln auch das Kollektivkarma. In dem Augenblick, wo sich Menschen zu irgendeinem gemeinsamen Zweck verbinden, haben sie ein gemeinschaftliches Karma, das sie bindet und zusammenführt, einen gemeinschaftlichen Karmafaden herbeiführt.

So war in Rußland die Sekte der Duchoborzen (Geistkämpfer), die eine tiefe Religiosität besaßen. In naiver, aber sehr schöner Form hatten sie die theosophischen Lehren. Diese Leute sind vertrieben worden und haben nun äußerlich keinen sichtbaren Einfluß mehr. Die Materialisten werden sagen: Was hat dies nun für einen Zweck gehabt? Die Duchoborzen sind ja untergegangen! — Aber alle, die in der Duchoborzen-Sekte vereinigt waren, werden in ihrer Wiederverkörperung durch ein gemeinsames Band zusammengehalten werden, um das, was sie gelernt haben, später in die Menschheit auszugießen. So wirken die Gruppen, die zusammenkommen, in den folgenden Inkarnationen auf die Menschheit. Die Idee, der sie gelebt haben, fließt dann wieder in die Welt hinaus. Dieselbe Idee findet man dann in einer solchen Gruppe wieder in einer tieferen Form. So existierte zum Beispiel im Mittelalter die Sekte der Manichäer. Das Geheimnis der Manichäer bestand darin, daß sie erkannt hatten, daß es in der Zukunft zwei Gruppen Menschen geben wird, die Bösen und die Guten. In der fünften Runde wird es kein Mineralreich mehr geben, aber dafür ein Reich der Bösen. Die Manichäer haben das gewußt. Sie haben es sich darum zur Aufgabe gemacht, jetzt schon Menschen dazu zu erziehen, daß sie später Erzieher der bösen Menschen werden können. In der Sekte der Manichäer haben von Zeit zu Zeit immer wieder große Vertiefungen stattgefunden.

Wir haben zu unterscheiden die einzelnen Willen der einzelnen Menschen und die Mächte, die dahinterstehen, um diese einzelnen Willen zu einem Gesamtwillen zu vereinigen. So hat man ein Kollektivkarma.

Bei den Rosenkreuzern hat man von Wesenheiten gesprochen, die zu Gruppen von Menschen gehören. Der physische Leib gehört einem jeden Menschen allein; der Astralleib gehört aber schon zu einer Gruppe. In einem Teil des Astralleibes hängt man mit einer Gruppenseele zusammen. Was der Mensch noch nicht kann, das tut heute der Deva. An seinem Astralleibe arbeiten auch noch die Devas. Bei dem, was der Mensch heute an Arbeit im Ätherkörper vollbringt, arbeiten die Devas noch stärker mit. Wir haben gesehen, daß die Kräfte des Menschen in einem Teil des Kamaloka für das Tierreich verwendet werden. Aber sie werden gelenkt durch die Devas. Dann ist der Mensch immer mehr und mehr auf dem Wege, Devachan zu erlangen.

Eine besondere Art von Devas sind die planetarischen Geister, die Dhyan-Chohanischen Wesenheiten, die schon früher die Stufe erreicht haben, die die Menschen erst viel später erreichen werden. Sie stehen auf der Stufe, auf der die Menschen in der sechsten und siebenten Runde angelangt sein werden. Ein Planetengeist ist mittätig am Schaffen der einzelnen Teile der planetarischen Entwickelung.

Der Mensch ist jetzt auf dem physischen, dem astralen und dem Devachanplan tätig. Alles ist Tätigkeit. Was ist nun zunächst die Bedeutung der Planetengeister für den Menschen in einem bestimmten Zustand? Die Planetengeister haben die Tätigkeit, wie sie der Mensch jetzt ausübt, auf vorhergehenden Stufen, auf vorhergehenden Planeten ausgeübt. Was sie damals aufgenommen haben, das haben sie jetzt als Weisheit in sich. Dadurch können sie die Lehrer der nächsten planetarischen Stufe werden. Diejenigen Devas, die bei der Gestaltung der Erde tätig waren, konnten noch nicht die Gesetze erkennen; das konnte nur die höhere Stufe der Weisheit. Über der Stufe der Weisheit steht noch die Stufe des Willens, das Wollen, das Auswirken. Die Geister der Weisheit (Kyriotetes) und die Geister des Willens (Throne) sind die eigentlichen Leiter der planetarischen Entwickelung.

In der Zeit, als der Mensch noch ein astrales Wesen war, vor der lemurischen Zeit, wirkten die Devas in ihm und bildeten schon vor, was später bei ihm herausgekommen ist. Vor der lemurischen Zeit stieg im Inneren des Menschen ein Bild auf von der Umwelt des Menschen. Auch das Gefühl von Sympathie und Antipathie stieg in ihm als Bild auf. Dies war etwas, was die Devas in ihm aufsteigen ließen. Er wurde damals durch die ganze Regentschaft der Devas regiert. Dann hat er die Regentschaft in gewissem Grade selbst übernommen. Er war damals dienendes Glied in der Herrschaft der Devas. Jetzt ist er aber in gewissem Grade gottverlassen. Nur in dem Teil, in dem er nicht gottverlassen ist, wirken die Devas noch in ihm. Der Chela läßt bewußt die Welt wieder in sich aufleben, die der Mensch in der vorlemurischen Zeit in Bildern kennengelernt hat. Die Begierden und Leidenschaften traten damals dem Menschen als aurische Bildung entgegen, darin lebten die Gedanken der Devas; aber alles in tief dämmerndem Bewußtsein. Nun mußte vom Menschen das bewußte Sehen einer Außenwelt erkämpft werden, nachdem er das alles verloren hatte. Die Weiterentwickelung der Chelaschaft besteht darin, das alles bewußt wieder zu erobern. Das volle Bewußtsein bleibt ihm dabei erhalten. Das Medium, das heißt die Mediumschaft, ist dagegen ein Rückfall in die Vorzeit.

Was der Mensch auf dem physischen Plan erlebt, ist das Skelett seines Schaffens, die Grundlagen für die folgenden Entwickelungsperioden. Durch die Berührung mit der Außenwelt bilden sich in ihm die Fähigkeiten, nach denen sich später die planetarische Tätigkeit einrichtet, nachdem der Mensch selbst ein Planetengeist geworden sein wird.

In unseren Worten schaffen wir die Grundlage für den späteren Planeten. Was wir heute sprechen, wird dort wirklich als Grundlage da sein, so wie die Felsen und Gesteine die Grundlage der Erde bilden. Die Erfahrungen werden auf einem Gebiete involviert, damit sie auf einem anderen Gebiete evolviert werden können. Eine Individualität ist so weit göttlich, als sie wieder ausatmen kann, was sie aufgenommen hat. Die Devas sind in dem Augenblicke Devas, wenn sie wieder zurückgeben können, was sie vorher aufgenommen haben.

Uralte Weisheit ist das, was früher aufgenommen worden ist und jetzt wiedergegeben wird. Daher ist es Theosophie, insofern die Götter selbst einmal die Lehrer der Menschen waren.

Karma ist das Gesetz. Der Deva ist der Verwirklicher des Gesetzes. Die Engel der Umlaufszeit verwirklichen das Gesetz, unter dem Gruppen von Menschen stehen. Der einzelne Mensch in einer Gruppe handelt instinktiv. Der Deva lenkt die Volksseele; er ist eigentlich die Volksseele. Die Volksseele ist keine Abstraktion, sondern ein lebendiger Geist.

XIII

This lecture is intended to be one that fits between the others, shedding light on some of the topics covered in the other lectures. Today we will talk about the work and nature of the devas.

It is very difficult to speak of gods or devas in the present day, because even those people who still hold a positive religious standpoint and still have faith in the gods no longer have a living relationship with these divine spiritual beings. This living relationship with gods, that is, with beings who stand high above human beings, has disappeared in the course of materialism. In particular, in the course of materialistic development, which took place in the cycle from the turn of the 15th to the 16th century up to our time, this living connection with the gods has disappeared. It makes little difference whether a person takes a Darwinian-materialistic standpoint or whether he or she still speaks of the gods in a more or less religious way. It is much more important to awaken the consciousness within oneself that one has risen from lower stages of existence and will continue to rise to higher stages. One must feel that one has a kinship with everything below us and everything above us.

The doctrine of the gods was first systematized by the disciple of the Apostle Paul, Dionysius the Areopagite. However, it was not written down until the 6th century. The scholars therefore deny the existence of Dionysius Areopagita and speak of the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, as if ancient traditions had only been compiled in the 6th century. The true facts can only be ascertained by reading the Akashic Records. However, the Akashic Records teach that Dionysius really lived in Athens, that he was initiated by Paul and received from him the task of establishing the teachings of the higher spiritual beings and imparting them to special initiates. Certain high teachings were never written down at that time, but were only passed on through oral tradition. The teaching about the gods was also given in this way by Dionysius to his disciples, who in turn passed it on. The direct disciple was then deliberately named Dionysius again, so that the last person to write down the teaching about the gods was one in a line of people who were all called Dionysius.

This teaching about the gods, as given by Dionysius, comprises three times three members of the divine beings. The highest three are:

Seraphim, Cherubim, Thrones.

The next level comprises:

Dominions, Powers, Authorities. The third level comprises:

Primordial forces or beginnings, archangels, and angels.

Whenever the Bible says “in the beginning,” it refers to the primordial forces or beginnings. “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth,” that is, the God of the beginning, who stands on this level, created the heavens and the earth. - It was one of the primordial forces of the third division of the hierarchies.

Above the seraphim are divine beings of such sublimity that human comprehension is insufficient to grasp them. The third level is followed by the fourth hierarchy:

Man, as the tenth in the whole series.

The names of the hierarchies are not proper names, but names for certain levels of consciousness in the great universe, and the beings move from one level to another. Eliphas Levi saw this clearly and emphasized that these names refer to ranks, to hierarchies.

The same Dionysius who compiled the doctrine of the gods also developed the principle of church organization. The ecclesiastical hierarchy was intended to be only an outward reflection of the inner hierarchy of the world. This grandiose idea could only have been implemented when the time was ripe to understand all this in its proper form. Dionysius left his disciples with such a teaching about the church that, if it could have been published, it would have represented a powerful, magnificent organization. At that time, attempts were made to pass on the teachings in such a way that the thread was never broken from one teacher to another, who then also carried on the name. Therefore, it is not so surprising that Dionysius wrote down the teachings in the 6th century. However, these teachings could not find general acceptance because humanity was not yet ready for them. Thus, they are like a kind of testament.

The further back we go, the more vivid concepts people had of beings that stand above humans.

Now let us develop an idea of how human beings — ordinary human beings of our average culture today — encounter the gods. After death, human beings first go through Kamaloka, the state in which they gradually detach themselves from the habits of earthly life and become free from desires. The stay in Kamaloka is essentially only terrible and gruesome in the early stages. Then the human being goes through the Kamaloka period in which they have to purify themselves from the finer connections with the earthly world. This stay in Kamaloka is not only important for the human being, but the activity of the human being in the higher Kamaloka states can, as we shall see, also be used in the rest of the world. After Kamaloka, he passes into the Devachan state, in which he works out everything that is necessary to build a new etheric body with the abilities he has acquired. On the Arupa plane of Devachan, they must lay down everything they have acquired on the physical plane. That is why the Greek priests in esotericism called the soul a bee, the Arupa plane a beehive, and the physical plane a flower field.

However, human beings do not need to be inactive in the higher realms. While passing through Kamaloka and the lower Devachan plane, it might seem that they have nothing else to do but to allow what they have begun earlier to mature. But human beings are not inactive there either, so that it is important for the whole world that they go through these states.

The new incarnation of man only has a purpose if, in a new incarnation, man encounters conditions that are significantly different from the previous ones. Normally, man returns when the conditions are so different that he finds them completely new, so that he builds something completely new. This happens in the world period after the sun has moved from one constellation to the next. For example, around 800 BC, the sun was first in the constellation of Aries in the spring until about 1800 AD. Now, at the beginning of spring, it is in the constellation of Pisces. Two thousand six hundred years pass before it moves from one constellation to another. During this time, conditions change quite thoroughly. Reincarnation is connected with these times. During this time, a person is usually incarnated once as a male and once as a female individual. In one incarnation, one is actually only half a human being. A male and a female incarnation belong together. Due to the very different physical conditions on Earth, a new incarnation is not pointless. For example, if a person was incarnated at the time of Homer (constellation of Aries or the Lamb, Jason, the Golden Fleece), they went through something completely different then than they would go through now.

These incarnations would seem to be a completely mechanical process. But there is nothing external that is not caused internally. We must get into the habit of talking about the concrete spirit everywhere, seeking it out and seeing what is really happening.

If one looks at the flora and fauna of Europe, one can distinguish three belts in our world period: a western, a middle, and an eastern one. The eastern belt coincides with the Slavic peoples, the middle belt with the Germanic peoples, and the western belt with the Romance peoples. The materialist believes that people have adapted to circumstances, but this is not the case. The peoples have created their own physical conditions. The spirit of the people first works on the soil, the plants, and the animals, into which it empathizes. The soil of Western Europe has been prepared by the Romance peoples, that of Central Europe by the Germanic peoples, and that of Eastern Europe by the Slavic peoples. In this way, people first build the house in which they will later live. Now we ask: When does man work on the outer configuration of the earth? As everything else on earth is a destiny prepared by man himself, this is also partly the case here.

In Kamaloka, man is actually busy working in the animal kingdom. There, people work on what is called the transformation of species. The natural scientist calls the force that brings this about adaptability. But in everything that is called adaptation, the activity of human beings on the other side of existence is hidden. Everything that appears as transformation in the animal kingdom, everything that influences and changes animal instincts so that animals transform themselves, is done by human beings in Kamaloka who are preparing for their next incarnation. There, humans work on their own house for the following incarnation. In Kamaloka, humans work on the fauna, and in Devachan, on the flora. The transformation of the plant world is the effect of the Devachanic forces. And the physical world, which also changes, the external conditions of nature, are influenced by the Arupa plane [upper Devachan]. There, humans are co-workers in the rock kingdom, in the mineral kingdom of the earth. One must already have some occult powers to be able to make such observations in the right place. It is no coincidence that miners in particular make such observations underground. The fact that Novalis was a person so well known for his interest in the occult is related to the fact that he was a mining engineer.

When one considers that human beings develop powers in the supersensible realms but do not yet have full consciousness there, one understands that these powers are guided by higher beings, the devas. A distinction is made between different levels of devas: astral, rupamental, and arupamental. Astral devas have the astral body as their lowest limb, just as we have the physical body. Like humans, astral devas consist of seven limbs. They therefore have a seventh limb that is higher than the Atma. The devas are all structured according to the same principles as humans. With development up to the higher planes, a being also gains conscious power over the corresponding lower planes. Today, humans only control the mineral kingdom on the physical plane. There they can build something themselves. But they cannot yet build a plant or an animal. In the mineral kingdom, they have the composition clearly before them. On the next level, they consciously bring forth plants (fifth round), then animals (sixth round), and finally they consciously bring forth themselves (seventh round).

The beings we call devas can do much more than the humans of the seventh round. They can use the areas that lie beneath their own world. They can form the body they need for a specific purpose for a short time. Thus, an astral deva can, if it wants, incarnate physically for a certain time.

We can only form certain ideas about the work of the devas if we start from the work of human beings. Human beings are, to a certain extent, free and arbitrary in their actions. However, human beings do not work together harmoniously, which is why the various forces that emanate from them must be harmoniously ordered. There must be an overall effect resulting from what human beings do. This overall effect must be used for the benefit of the world. The beings who bring about this overall effect are the devas. They also regulate collective karma. The moment human beings unite for any common purpose, they have a collective karma that binds them together and brings them together, creating a collective thread of karma.

In Russia, there was the sect of the Duchoborzen (spirit fighters), who possessed a deep religiosity. In a naive but very beautiful form, they had theosophical teachings. These people have been driven out and now have no visible influence on the outside. Materialists will say: What purpose did this serve? The Duchoborzen have perished! — But all those who were united in the Duchoborzen sect will be held together in their reincarnation by a common bond in order to pour out what they have learned into humanity later on. This is how the groups that come together influence humanity in subsequent incarnations. The idea they lived by then flows back out into the world. The same idea can then be found again in such a group in a deeper form. For example, the Manichaean sect existed in the Middle Ages. The secret of the Manichaeans was that they had recognized that in the future there would be two groups of people, the evil and the good. In the fifth round, there will no longer be a mineral kingdom, but instead a kingdom of evil. The Manichaeans knew this. They therefore made it their task to educate people now so that they could later become educators of evil people. From time to time, great deepening has taken place in the Manichaean sect.

We must distinguish between the individual wills of individual people and the powers behind them in order to unite these individual wills into a collective will. This is how we arrive at collective karma.

The Rosicrucians spoke of beings that belong to groups of people. The physical body belongs to each individual human being alone, but the astral body already belongs to a group. In one part of the astral body, one is connected to a group soul. What humans cannot yet do, the devas do today. The devas also work on the astral body. The devas are working even more intensively on the work that humans are doing today in the etheric body. We have seen that human powers are used for the animal kingdom in a part of Kamaloka. But they are guided by the devas. Then the human being is increasingly on the path to attaining Devachan.

A special kind of devas are the planetary spirits, the Dhyan-Chohanic beings, who have already reached the stage that humans will only reach much later. They are at the stage that humans will reach in the sixth and seventh rounds. A planetary spirit is involved in the creation of the individual parts of planetary development.

Human beings are now active on the physical, astral, and devachanic planes. Everything is activity. What, then, is the significance of the planetary spirits for human beings in a particular state? The planetary spirits have performed the activities that human beings now perform on previous stages, on previous planets. What they absorbed at that time, they now have within themselves as wisdom. This enables them to become the teachers of the next planetary stage. Those devas who were active in the formation of the Earth were not yet able to recognize the laws; only the higher stage of wisdom could do that. Above the stage of wisdom is the stage of will, of volition, of effect. The spirits of wisdom (Kyriotetes) and the spirits of will (Thrones) are the actual leaders of planetary development.

In the time when man was still an astral being, before the Lemurian period, the devas worked within him and already formed what later emerged in him. Before the Lemurian epoch, an image of the human environment arose within the human being. The feeling of sympathy and antipathy also arose within him as an image. This was something that the devas allowed to arise within him. At that time, he was ruled by the entire regency of the devas. Then he took over the reign to a certain extent himself. At that time, he was a serving member in the rule of the devas. Now, however, he is to a certain extent forsaken by God. Only in the part where he is not forsaken by God do the devas still work within him. The chela consciously allows the world that man knew in images in the pre-Lemurian era to revive within himself. At that time, desires and passions confronted humans as auric formations, in which the thoughts of the Devas lived; but everything was in a state of deep, twilight consciousness. Now, after losing all this, humans had to fight to consciously see the outside world. The further development of the chela consists in consciously reconquering all this. In doing so, he retains his full consciousness. Mediumship, on the other hand, is a relapse into the past.

What human beings experience on the physical plane is the skeleton of their creation, the foundation for the following periods of development. Through contact with the outside world, they develop the abilities that will later shape their planetary activity, after they themselves have become planetary spirits.

In our words, we create the foundation for the future planet. What we speak today will truly be there as a foundation, just as rocks and stones form the foundation of the earth. Experiences are involved in one area so that they can evolve in another area. An individuality is divine to the extent that it can exhale what it has inhaled. The devas are devas at the moment when they can give back what they have previously taken in.

Ancient wisdom is what has been taken in earlier and is now being given back. Therefore, it is theosophy, insofar as the gods themselves were once the teachers of human beings.

Karma is the law. The deva is the realizer of the law. The angels of the cycle realize the law under which groups of people are subject. The individual in a group acts instinctively. The deva guides the soul of the people; he is actually the soul of the people. The soul of the people is not an abstraction, but a living spirit.