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The Foundations of Esotericism
GA 93a

11 October 1905, Berlin

Lecture XVI

If we wish to understand the whole way in which Karma works, a subject we are now going to approach, we must be able to form a conception of what is called Nirvana. Very much is involved in a complete understanding of the significance of Nirvana, but we will try to gain an introductory idea of it.

In any action carried out by man there is in fact very little present of anything that might be called freedom, for man is actually the result of his deeds in the past. This is the case in the widest sense of the word. So that he should become what he is, all the kingdoms of Nature had first to be created. The mineral, plant and animal kingdoms, which he once had within him, he gradually put out from himself. To this must be added what he acquired in the time following the first third of the Lemurian race. All that he carried out in the way of deeds, all that he experienced in his soul as thoughts and feelings, belong also to his past, become his Karma. We look into a past which at the same time shows its results in the forms around us. The whole of our surrounding world is nothing other than the result of past deeds. In this same way man is now making preparation for what will happen in the future.

We are nevertheless continually faced with things which are not altogether the results of past deeds, but which bring something new into the world. A certain man, let us say Mr. Kiem, is the result of past deeds. The Theosophical Society too is the result of past deeds and that he is brought into connection with it is also such a result. Something new arises however through Mr. Kiem's relationship to the Theosophical Society: this again is the cause of future deeds. When light shines against a stick, a shadow arises behind it. That is actually something new. When we observe this effect we say to ourselves, something has taken place that is new. The relationship of one thing to another is something new; the forming of the shadow.

Everything which a person usually thinks, he thinks about things, about what has come into being already. He can however turn his thoughts towards relationships of a kind that have not been brought about as the result of earlier causes, but that appear in the present. This happens very seldom, for people hang on to the old, to what has formed like strata around them. Relationships which make their appearance as something altogether new form very little of the content of human thoughts. Anyone wishing to work for the future must however have those thoughts which will produce new connections between one thing and another. Only thoughts dealing with such connections can yield something new. One sees this best in art. What the artist creates is not there in reality. The mere form worked upon by the sculptor is not in fact there; it is no product of Nature. In Nature there is only the form pulsed through with life. A mere form would contradict natural laws. The artist builds something new out of relationships. The painter paints what arises out of relationships: light and shade; he does not paint what is actually there. He does not paint the tree, but an impression which is called up by all he experiences with regard to the tree.

In practical actions also man usually produces nothing new. The majority of people only do what has already been done. Only a few people create out of moral intuition, in that they bring new duties, new deeds into the world. What is new comes into the world through relationships. This is why it is often said that the very nature of simple moral action lies in relationships. Such moral action consists for example in deeds brought about by a relationship based on goodwill. One finds with most actions that they are rooted in the old: even in the case of actions and events where something new makes its appearance, these too are generally rooted in the old.

With more exact investigation this usually become apparent. Only those actions are free which are in no way based on the foundation of the past, but where man only carries out actions in the world which are combined with the productive activity of his reason. Such actions are called in occultism: Creation out of Nothing.51This spiritual-scientific concept of Rudolf Steiner is also to be found in the lecture Evolution, Involution and Creation out of Nothing 17.6.1909 (also contained in The Being of Man and his Future Evolution). See also lecture 15.9.1907 in Occult Signs and Symbols All other actions are produced out of Karma. Here we have two opposites: Karma and its opposite, Nothingness, an activity that is not rooted in Karma.

And now let us imagine a person whose actions, thoughts and feelings are conditioned by Karma; through deeds, thoughts ... feelings rising out of the past. One may then think of him having advanced so far that all Karma is eliminated and he is therefore faced with Nothingness. When he then does something one says in occultism: He acts out of Nirvana. For example, it was out of Nirvana that the actions of a Buddha or a Christ arose, at least in part. In the ordinary way a person approaches this only when he is inspired by art, religion or world-history.

Action arising out of intuition comes out of Nothingness. Whoever would attain to this must become completely free from Karma. He can then no longer draw his impulses from the usual sources. The mood which then comes over him is that of divine bliss, a state which is also called Nirvana.

How does the human being ascend to Nirvana? We must look back into Lemurian times. There we find man, as he is on the earth, at first going on all fours. These beings, in which at that time man, ‘pure man’, (as Monad) incarnated, went on all fours. Through the fact that the Monads incarnated in them, these beings gradually raised their front limbs and attained an upright position. Now for the first time Karma begins. Karma, as human Karma, first became possible when human beings made use of their hands for work. Before this man made no individual Karma. It was a very important stage of human development when man, from a horizontal, became a vertical being, thereby freeing his hands. In this way his development led over into the Atlantean epoch.

At the next stage man learned to make use of speech. To begin with he learned the use of his hands, later on, the use of language. Through his hands he filled the surrounding world with deeds; through speech he filled it with words. When a man dies there lives on all that he accomplished through deeds and words in the surrounding world. Everything that he accomplished in the way of deeds remains present as human Karma. What however he produced in the way of words not only remains as his individual Karma, but as something else essentially different.

We can look back at the time when man did not as yet speak, but only performed actions. Then actions were something which only came from the single personality. They ceased however to be only personal when speech began. For now human beings established understanding with one another. This is an extraordinarily important moment in Atlantean development. The moment when the first sound was pronounced, the Karma of humanity began in the world. As soon as human beings speak with one another something common to all flows out from the whole of mankind. Then the purely personal, individual Karma passes over into the general Karma of humanity. With the words which emanate from us we actually spread around us more than just ourselves. In what we speak the whole of humanity is living. Only when the deeds of our hands become selfless will they too become something for the whole of humanity. In his speaking however a man cannot be entirely selfish, for then what he says would have to belong to himself alone. A language can never be entirely selfish, whereas the deeds performed by the hands are mostly so. The occultist says: What I do with my hands can be simply my own concern; what I speak, I speak as member of a nation or a tribe.

Thus our life creates around us remains—personal, rudimentary remains, brought about by the deeds of our hands and general human rudimentary remains brought about by words. These must be clearly differentiated. Everything that surrounds us in Nature—in the mineral, plant and animal kingdoms—is there as the result of earlier deeds. What is now being built up around us by our deeds is actually something new coming into the world. Each single human being brings something new into the world, something new strikes in, and new impulses also strike in coming from mankind as a whole.

If therefore we must say: Man appeared on the earth in the middle of the Lemurian Age and for the first time created his own Karma, before this he had created no individual Karma; we must ask ourselves: Where then can this Karma come from, since its action played in as something new? It can only come from Nirvana. At that time something had to become active in the world that came forth from Nirvana, from that which is ‘created out of nothing’. The beings who at that time fructified the earth had to reach up into Nirvana. Those who fructified the four-footed creatures so that they became human, were beings who descended from the Nirvana plane. They are called Monads. This is why at that time beings of this nature had to come down from the Nirvana plane. The being from the Nirvana plane who is in us, in the human being, is the Monad. Here something new enters into the world and embodies itself in what is already there and which, for its part, is entirely the result of earlier deeds.

We thus differentiate three stages. The first consists in external deeds brought about through the hands; the second is what is brought about through the spoken word, and the third by what is brought about through thought. And thought is something far more comprehensive than the spoken word. Thought is no longer, as with language, different among the different peoples, but belongs to the whole of humanity.

So man ascends from actions, through words to thoughts, and in this way he becomes an ever more universal being. There is no general norm for action, no logic for deeds. Everyone must act for himself. But there is no purely personal speech. Speech belongs to a group. Thought on the other hand belongs to the whole of humanity. Here we have a progression from the particular to the universal in these three human stages: deeds, words, thoughts.

In so far as he expresses himself in the outer world, man leaves behind him traces of the spirit of the whole of humanity as thought; the traces of a human group soul as word; traces of his separate human being as actions. This is most clearly expressed by pointing out the effects of what is brought about through these three stages. An individuality is like a thread which goes through all forms of personal manifestation in the different incarnations. An individuality creates for further incarnations. A people as a speech-community creates for new peoples. Humanity creates for a new humanity, for a new planet. What a man does for himself personally has significance for his next incarnation; what a nation speaks has significance for the next sub-race, for the next incarnation of a people. And when a world will be there in which our entire thinking no longer lives purely as thinking, but makes its appearance in the results of this, thinking, then a new humanity, that is to say, a new planet, comes into being. Without these great perspectives we cannot understand Karma.

What we think, has significance for the next planetary cycles. Let us now enter into the following thoughts: Will the humanity, i.e., what remains of us, which will inhabit a future planet, will this humanity still think? Just as little as a new race will speak the same language as the previous one, just as little will the future humanity still think. It is laughable to ask in our thoughts what Divinity is. On the next planet man will not think, but will comprehend the surrounding world by means of another activity having a form quite different from thought on this planet. Thinking is something connected with us. When we explain the world by means of thought, this world-explanation is for ourselves alone. This is of immensely wide import because the individual sees how as a member of humanity he is also spun into the threads of karma and how he lives and weaves into the whole karmic web.

When the Eastern occultist expounds such things he says: Our whole life is of such a nature that we seem to be surrounded by the boundaries of speaking and thinking. If we do away with these, for the ordinary man hardly anything is left. That something is still left to him when he has gone beyond all this, is the result of esotericism. What then remains is the experience of Nirvana.

The Planetary Spirit who represents the Being of the World is now incarnated in thinking, but in the future will be incarnated in something else.

XVI

Wenn man die ganze Wirkungsweise von Karma verstehen will, was wir jetzt zuwegebringen wollen, so muß man sich einen Begriff machen können von dem, was man «Nirvana» nennt. Vieles gehört dazu, um die Bedeutung von Nirvana völlig zu verstehen, aber eine vorläufige Vorstellung davon wollen wir versuchen zu bekommen.

Beim Menschen ist zunächst in irgendeiner Handlung eigentlich sehr wenig von dem vorhanden, was man Freiheit nennen könnte, denn der Mensch ist eigentlich das Ergebnis seiner Taten in der Vergangenheit. Im weitesten Sinne ist dies der Fall. Um zu werden, was er ist, mußten die ganzen Naturreiche erst erschaffen werden. Mineral-, Pflanzen- und Tierreich, die er einst in sich hatte, hat er nach und nach erst aus sich herausgestellt. Dazu kommt noch, was er während der Zeit seit dem ersten Drittel der lemurischen Rasse hinzugefügt hat. Alles was er an Taten verrichtet hat, was an Gedanken und Gefühlen durch seine Seele gegangen ist, gehört auch zu seiner Vergangenheit, wird auch sein Karma. Wir sehen in eine Vergangenheit hinein, die sich gleichzeitig in ihren Wirkungen um uns herum aufbaut. Die ganze Welt um uns herum ist nichts anderes als die Wirkung vergangener Taten. Ebenso bereitet der Mensch jetzt vor, was in der Zukunft geschehen soll.

Nun stehen wir aber dennoch fortwährend Dingen gegenüber, die eigentlich doch nicht ganz die Wirkungen vergangener Taten sind, sondern die etwas Neues in die Welt hineinbringen. Ein bestimmter Mensch, nehmen wir zum Beispiel Herrn Kiem, ist die Wirkung vergangener Taten. Auch die Theosophische Gesellschaft ist die Wirkung vergangener Taten, und daß er mit ihr zusammengeführt wird, ist auch eine solche Wirkung. Es geschieht aber etwas Neues durch das Verhältnis des Herrn Kiem zur Theosophischen Gesellschaft; das ist wiederum die Ursache für zukünftige Taten. Wenn Licht gegen einen Stab scheint, so entsteht dahinter ein Schatten. Das ist eigentlich etwas Neues. Wenn man diese Wirkung betrachtet, sagt man sich, es ist etwas geschehen, das neu ist. Das Verhältnis der Dinge zueinander ist etwas Neues: die Schattenbildung.

Alles dasjenige, was der Mensch gewöhnlich denkt, denkt er über die Dinge, über das Gewordene. Er kann aber auch über solche Verhältnisse denken, über etwas, das nicht durch die Wirkung von früher herbeigeführt ist, sondern erst in der Gegenwart eintritt. Das geschieht aber sehr selten, denn die Menschen hängen am alten, an dem, was um sie aufgeschichtet ist. Verhältnisse, die als etwas ganz Neues auftreten, werden sehr wenig den Inhalt menschlicher Gedanken bilden. Derjenige, der an der Zukunft mitarbeiten will, muß aber solche Gedanken haben, die neue Verhältnisse zwischen den Dingen ergeben. Nur Gedanken über Verhältnisse zwischen den Dingen können etwas Neues sein. Am besten sieht man das in der Kunst. Was der Künstler macht, ist in Wirklichkeit gar nicht da. Die bloße Form, die der Plastiker ausarbeitet, ist gar nicht wirklich da; sie ist kein Naturprodukt. In der Natur gibt es nur die vom Leben durchpulste Form. Die bloße Form würde den Naturgesetzen widersprechen. Der Künstler baut aus Verhältnissen etwas Neues auf. Der Maler malt, was durch die Verhältnisse eintritt: Licht und Schatten; er malt gar nicht, was wirklich da ist. Er malt nicht den Baum, sondern eine Impression, die hervorgerufen ist dadurch, daß er alle Beziehungen zum Baum darstellt.

Auch im praktischen Handeln merkt man, daß der Mensch gewöhnlich nichts Neues schafft. Die Mehrzahl der Menschen tut nur dasjenige, was schon geschehen ist. Nur einige Menschen schaffen aus moralischer Intuition heraus, indem sie neue Pflichten, neue Taten in die Welt hineinbringen. Das Neue kommt in die Welt hinein durch Verhältnisse. Daher hat man oftmals gesagt, daß das elementare moralische Handeln überhaupt in Verhältnissen liegt. Solch moralisches Handeln besteht zum Beispiel in Taten, die durch das Verhältnis des Wohlwollens herbeigeführt werden. Bei den meisten Handlungen findet man, daß sie auf Altem fußen; selbst bei Handlungen und Geschehnissen, wo Neues eintritt, fußt man gewöhnlich noch auf Altem. Bei genauer Untersuchung stellt sich das meistens heraus. Nur solche Handlungen sind frei, bei denen der Mensch gar nicht auf Grund der Vergangenheit arbeiten würde, sondern bei denen er nur dem gegenübersteht, was durch die kombinierende und produktive Tätigkeit seiner Vernunft an Handlungen in die Welt hineinkommen kann. Solche Handlungen nennt man im Okkultismus: Aus dem Nichts heraus schaffen. - Alle anderen Handlungen sind aus dem Karma heraus geschaffen. Das sind zwei Gegensätze: Karma und das Gegenteil von Karma, das Nichts — eine Tätigkeit, die nicht auf Karma fußt.

Und nun denken Sie sich einen Menschen, der zunächst durch Karma bestimmt wird; durch Handlungen, Gedanken, Gefühle aus der Vergangenheit. Man denke sich ihn dann so weit vorgeschritten, daß er alles Karma ausgelöscht hat, also dem Nichts gegenübersteht. Wenn er dann noch handelt, sagt man im Okkultismus: Er handelt aus dem Nirvana heraus. - Aus dem Nirvana heraus erfolgten zum Beispiel die Handlungen eines Buddha, eines Christus, wenigstens zum Teil. Der gewöhnliche Mensch nähert sich dem nur dann, wenn er künstlerisch, religiös oder weltgeschichtlich inspiriert wird. Das intuitive Schaffen kommt aus dem «Nichts». Wer dazu kommen will, muß völlig frei von Karma werden. Er kann dann seine Impulse nicht mehr aus dem nehmen, woraus der Mensch sie gewöhnlich nimmt. Die Stimmung, die ihn dann überkommt, ist die der Gottseligkeit, die als Zustand auch Nirvana genannt wird.

Wie steigt der Mensch auf zu Nirvana? Man blicke zurück in die Zeit der Lemurier. Da haben wir den Menschen, so wie er auf der Erde ist, zunächst auf allen vieren gehend. Diese Wesen, in denen sich der Mensch dazumal als «reiner Mensch» (als Monade) verkörperte, die gingen auf allen vieren. Dadurch, daß sich die Monaden in ihnen verkörperten, richteten sich diese Wesen allmählich auf und erhoben die vorderen Gliedmaßen. Jetzt erst beginnt das Karma. Karma als menschliches Karma ist erst möglich geworden, als die Menschen ihre Hände zur Arbeit verwendeten. Vorher schafft man kein individuelles Karma. Dies war eine sehr wichtige Stufe der menschlichen Entwickelung, als der Mensch aus einem horizontalen Wesen ein vertikales Wesen wurde und dadurch die Hände frei hatte. So entwickelte er sich in die atlantische Zeit hinüber.

Auf der nächsthöheren Stufe lernte der Mensch seine Sprache gebrauchen. Zuerst lernte er den Gebrauch der Hände, dann lernte er den Gebrauch der Sprache. Durch die Hände erfüllt der Mensch die Umwelt mit Taten, durch die Sprache erfüllt er sie mit Worten. Wenn der Mensch gestorben ist, so bleibt das leben, was er an Taten und Worten in der Umwelt verrichtet hat. Alles was der Mensch an Taten verrichtet hat, bleibt vorhanden als des Menschen Karma. Was der Mensch aber an Worten gesprochen hat, bleibt nicht nur vorhanden als sein eigenes Karma, sondern als noch etwas wesentlich anderes.

Man blicke auf die Zeit zurück, in der der Mensch noch nicht sprach, sondern nur handelte. Da waren die Handlungen etwas, das nur von der einzelnen Persönlichkeit kam. Diese hört sofort auf, nur persönlich zu sein, wenn die Sprache beginnt. Denn nun verständigen sich die Menschen untereinander. Dies ist ein ungeheuer wichtiger Moment in der atlantischen Entwickelung. Mit dem Moment, als der erste Laut hinausging, blieb Menschheitskarma in der Welt. Sobald die Menschen untereinander sprechen, fließt aus der ganzen Menschheit etwas Gemeinschaftliches. Dann geht das rein persönliche Einzelkarma über in das allgemeine Menschheitskarma. Mit dem Gesprochenen, das wir rings um uns verbreiten, verbreiten wir tatsächlich mehr als uns selbst. In dem, was wir sprechen, lebt die ganze Menschheit. Nur wenn die Taten der Hände selbstlos werden, dann werden sie es auch für die ganze Menschheit sein. Aber mit dem Sprechen kann der Mensch nicht ganz selbstsüchtige Taten vollbringen, sonst müßte es ihm ganz allein gehören. Eine Sprache kann nie ganz selbstsüchtig sein, während es die Taten der Hände meistens sind. Der Okkultist sagt: Was ich mit meinen Händen tue, kann bloß meine Tat sein; was ich spreche, spreche ich als Glied eines Volkes oder Stammes.

So schafft rings um uns herum unser Leben Reste, persönliche Rudimente durch die Taten unserer Hände, und Menschheitsrudimente durch das, was von den Worten nachlebt. Das muß man ganz genau auseinanderhalten. Alles was in der Natur um uns ist, Mineral-, Pflanzen- und Tierreich, ist da durch die Folge früherer Taten. Was um uns herum aufgebaut ist durch unsere Taten, ist tatsächlich etwas, das neu in die Welt hineinkommt. Bei jedem Menschen kommt etwas herein in die Welt, ein neuer Einschlag, und neue Einschläge kommen auch durch die ganze Menschheit.

Wenn wir uns also sagen müssen: Der Mensch tritt in der Mitte der lemurischen Zeit auf der Erde auf und schafft zum ersten Male eigenes Karma; früher hatte er kein individuelles Karma geschaffen -, so müssen wir nun fragen: Woher kann dieses Karma nur kommen, da es als etwas Neues hereinwirkte? - Es kann nur aus dem Nirvana kommen. Damals mußte etwas hereinwirken in die Welt, das aus dem Nirvana kam, aus dem, wo aus dem «Nichts» heraus geschaffen wird. Die Wesen, die damals die Erde befruchteten, mußten bis ins Nirvana hinaufreichen. Was die vierfüßigen Wesen befruchtete, so daß sie Menschen wurden, waren Wesen, die vom Nirvanaplan herunterkamen. Sie nennt man Monaden. Das ist der Grund, warum damals Wesen dieser Art vom Nirvanaplan herunterkommen mußten. Vom Nirvanaplan ist das Wesen, das in uns, im Menschen ist, die Monade. Hier tritt etwas völlig Neues in die Welt hinein und verkörpert sich in dem, was schon da ist und was seinerseits vollständig die Wirkung früherer Taten ist.

Wir unterscheiden also drei Stufen. Die erste ist die der äußeren, durch die Hände bewirkten Taten; die zweite ist die, welche durch die gesprochenen Worte bewirkt wird, und die dritte diejenige, welche durch den Gedanken bewirkt wird. Und der Gedanke ist noch etwas viel Umfassenderes als das, was durch die gesprochenen Worte bewirkt wird. Der Gedanke ist nicht mehr, so wie es die Sprache ist, verschieden unter den verschiedenen Völkern, sondern gehört der ganzen Menschheit.

So steigt der Mensch von den Handlungen durch die Worte zu den Gedanken auf, und so wird er ein immer allgemeineres Wesen. Es gibt keine allgemeine Norm des Handelns, keine Logik der Handlungen. Jeder muß für sich handeln. Aber es gibt keine rein persönliche Sprache. Die Sprache gehört einer Gruppe an. Der Gedanke aber gehört der ganzen Menschheit an. So haben wir vom Besonderen zum Allgemeinen fortschreitend die drei Stufen beim Menschen: Taten, Worte, Gedanken.

Insofern er sich in der Umwelt ausdrückt, hinterläßt der Mensch die Spuren des ganzen Menschheitsgeistes als Gedanken; die Spuren einer Menschengruppenseele als Worte; die Spuren seiner Menschensonderwesenheit als Handlungen. Man drückt das wohl am klarsten dadurch aus, daß man auf die Wirkungen dessen hinweist, was durch diese einzelnen Stufen bewirkt wird. Eine Individualität ist wie ein Faden, der durch alle persönlichen Erscheinungsformen in den verschiedenen Inkarnationen hindurchgeht. Eine Individualität schafft für weitere Inkarnationen. Ein Volk als Sprachgemeinschaft schafft für neue Völker. Die Menschheit schafft für eine neue Menschheit, für einen neuen Planeten. Was der Mensch für sich persönlich tut, hat eine Bedeutung für die nächste Inkarnation; was ein Volk spricht, hat eine Bedeutung für die nächste Unterrasse, für die nächste Volksinkarnation. Und wenn eine Welt da sein wird, in der unser ganzes Denken nicht mehr als Denken leben wird, sondern in den Wirkungen dieses Denkens auftreten wird, dann ist das eine neue Menschheit, das heißt ein neuer Planet. Ohne diese großen Gesichtspunkte können wir Karma nicht verstehen.

Was wir denken, hat Bedeutung für die nächsten planetarischen Zyklen. Man versetze sich nun in den Gedanken: Wird das Menschengeschlecht, das von uns bleibt und einen künftigen Planeten bewohnt, wird das auch noch denken? - So wenig wie eine neue Rasse dieselbe Sprache sprechen wird wie die vorhergehende, so wenig wird die zukünftige Menschheit noch denken. Es ist lächerlich zu fragen in unseren Gedanken, was die Gottheit ist. Der Mensch wird auf dem nächsten Planeten nicht denken, sondern in anderer Tätigkeit die Umwelt erfassen, in ganz anderer Form als auf diesem Planeten. Denken ist etwas, was uns angehört. Wenn wir durch den Gedanken die Welt erklären, so ist diese Welterklärung lediglich für uns. Dies ist von ungeheurer Tragweite, weil der Mensch sieht, wie er auch als Menschheit in den Karmafaden hineingesponnen ist und in dem ganzen Gewebe lebt und webt.

Wenn der morgenländische Okkultist sich solche Dinge zurechtlegt, so sagt er: Unser ganzes Leben ist so, als wenn wir ringsum von Grenzen umgeben wären durch Handeln, Sprechen, Denken. Wenn wir uns das alles wegdenken, bleibt für den gewöhnlichen Menschen kaum mehr etwas übrig. Daß er dann noch etwas hat, ist das Ergebnis der Esoterik, wenn er über alles das hinausgegangen ist. Was dann noch bleibt, das ist das Erleben des Nirvana.

Der Planetengeist, der das Wesen der Welt darstellt, ist jetzt im Denken inkarniert, wird aber in Zukunft als etwas anderes inkarniert sein.

XVI

If one wants to understand the entire workings of karma, which is what we now intend to do, one must be able to grasp the concept of what is called “nirvana.” There is much involved in fully understanding the meaning of nirvana, but we will try to get a preliminary idea of it.

In humans, there is actually very little of what could be called freedom in any action, because humans are actually the result of their past deeds. In the broadest sense, this is the case. In order to become what they are, the entire natural kingdoms first had to be created. The mineral, plant, and animal kingdoms that they once had within themselves were gradually brought forth from within. Added to this is what they have added during the time since the first third of the Lemurian race. Everything they have done, every thought and feeling that has passed through their soul, also belongs to their past and becomes their karma. We look into a past that is simultaneously building up around us in its effects. The whole world around us is nothing other than the effect of past deeds. In the same way, human beings are now preparing what is to happen in the future.

Nevertheless, we are constantly confronted with things that are not entirely the effects of past deeds, but which bring something new into the world. A particular person, let us take Mr. Kiem for example, is the effect of past deeds. The Theosophical Society is also the effect of past deeds, and the fact that he is brought together with it is also such an effect. But something new happens through Mr. Kiem's relationship to the Theosophical Society; this in turn is the cause of future deeds. When light shines against a stick, a shadow is created behind it. This is actually something new. When one considers this effect, one says to oneself that something new has happened. The relationship between things is something new: the formation of shadows.

Everything that people usually think about, they think about things, about what has become. But they can also think about such relationships, about something that has not been brought about by the effects of the past, but only occurs in the present. But this happens very rarely, because people cling to the old, to what has accumulated around them. Relationships that appear as something completely new will very rarely form the content of human thoughts. But those who want to work on the future must have thoughts that result in new relationships between things. Only thoughts about relationships between things can be something new. This can best be seen in art. What the artist creates does not actually exist. The mere form that the sculptor works out does not really exist; it is not a product of nature. In nature, there is only the form pulsated by life. The mere form would contradict the laws of nature. The artist builds something new out of relationships. The painter paints what occurs through relationships: light and shadow; he does not paint what is really there. He does not paint the tree, but an impression that is evoked by depicting all the relationships to the tree.

In practical action, too, one notices that human beings usually do not create anything new. The majority of people only do what has already been done. Only a few people create out of moral intuition, bringing new duties and new deeds into the world. The new comes into the world through circumstances. That is why it has often been said that elementary moral action lies in circumstances. Such moral action consists, for example, in deeds brought about by the relationship of goodwill. Most actions are based on the old; even in actions and events where something new occurs, one usually still bases oneself on the old. Upon closer examination, this is usually the case. Only those actions are free in which the person does not act on the basis of the past, but in which he is confronted only with what can come into the world through the combining and productive activity of his reason. In occultism, such actions are called creating out of nothing. All other actions are created out of karma. These are two opposites: karma and the opposite of karma, nothingness — an activity that is not based on karma.

And now imagine a person who is initially determined by karma; by actions, thoughts, and feelings from the past. Imagine him then so advanced that he has erased all karma, that is, he faces nothingness. If he still acts, occultism says that he acts out of nirvana. The actions of a Buddha or a Christ, for example, were carried out out of nirvana, at least in part. Ordinary people only approach this when they are inspired artistically, religiously, or by world history. Intuitive creation comes from “nothingness.” Those who want to achieve this must become completely free of karma. They can then no longer draw their impulses from what humans usually draw them from. The mood that then overtakes them is one of godliness, a state also known as nirvana.

How does a person ascend to nirvana? Let us look back to the time of the Lemurians. There we have human beings, as they are on Earth, initially walking on all fours. These beings, in whom human beings were embodied at that time as “pure human beings” (as monads), walked on all fours. As the monads were embodied in them, these beings gradually stood up and raised their front limbs. Only now does karma begin. Karma as human karma only became possible when humans began to use their hands for work. Before that, no individual karma was created. This was a very important stage in human development, when humans changed from horizontal beings to vertical beings and thus had their hands free. In this way, they developed into the Atlantean era.

At the next stage, humans learned to use their language. First they learned to use their hands, then they learned to use language. Through their hands, humans fill the environment with deeds; through language, they fill it with words. When humans die, what they have done and said in the environment remains alive. Everything that humans have done remains as their karma. But what humans have said remains not only as their own karma, but as something else entirely.

Let us look back to the time when humans did not yet speak, but only acted. At that time, actions were something that came only from the individual personality. This immediately ceases to be personal when language begins. For now humans communicate with each other. This is an immensely important moment in Atlantean development. From the moment the first sound was uttered, human karma remained in the world. As soon as people speak to each other, something communal flows from the whole of humanity. Then the purely personal individual karma passes into the general karma of humanity. With the words we spread around us, we actually spread more than ourselves. The whole of humanity lives in what we say. Only when the deeds of the hands become selfless will they also be selfless for the whole of humanity. But with speech, human beings cannot perform completely selfish deeds, otherwise it would have to belong to them alone. A language can never be completely selfish, whereas the deeds of the hands usually are. The occultist says: What I do with my hands can only be my deed; what I speak, I speak as a member of a people or tribe.

Thus, our life creates remnants around us, personal rudiments through the deeds of our hands, and human rudiments through what lives on from our words. This must be kept very clearly apart. Everything in nature around us, the mineral, plant, and animal kingdoms, is there as a result of earlier deeds. What is built up around us through our deeds is actually something new coming into the world. With every human being, something comes into the world, a new impact, and new impacts also come through the whole of humanity.

So when we say that human beings appeared on Earth in the middle of the Lemurian epoch and created their own karma for the first time – previously they had not created any individual karma – we must now ask: Where could this karma come from, since it was something new? It can only come from Nirvana. At that time, something had to come into the world that came from Nirvana, from where creation arises out of “nothingness.” The beings that fertilized the earth at that time had to reach up to Nirvana. What fertilized the four-footed beings so that they became human beings were beings that came down from the Nirvana plane. They are called monads. That is why beings of this kind had to come down from the Nirvana plane at that time. The being that is within us, within human beings, is the monad from the Nirvana plane. Here something completely new enters the world and embodies itself in what is already there and what is itself entirely the effect of earlier deeds.

We therefore distinguish between three stages. The first is that of external deeds performed by the hands; the second is that which is brought about by spoken words, and the third is that which is brought about by thought. And thought is something even more comprehensive than what is brought about by spoken words. Thought is no longer, as language is, different among different peoples, but belongs to all of humanity.

Thus, man rises from actions through words to thoughts, and thus he becomes an increasingly universal being. There is no general norm of action, no logic of actions. Everyone must act for themselves. But there is no purely personal language. Language belongs to a group. But thought belongs to all of humanity. Thus, we have three stages in human beings, progressing from the particular to the general: deeds, words, thoughts.

Insofar as he expresses himself in his environment, man leaves behind the traces of the whole human spirit as thoughts; the traces of a human group soul as words; the traces of his special human nature as actions. This is most clearly expressed by pointing out the effects of what is brought about by these individual stages. An individuality is like a thread that runs through all personal manifestations in the various incarnations. An individuality creates for further incarnations. A people as a language community creates for new peoples. Humanity creates for a new humanity, for a new planet. What a person does for themselves personally has significance for their next incarnation; what a people says has significance for the next subrace, for the next incarnation of the people. And when there will be a world in which all our thinking no longer lives as thinking, but appears in the effects of this thinking, then that is a new humanity, that is, a new planet. Without these broad perspectives, we cannot understand karma.

What we think has significance for the next planetary cycles. Now consider this thought: Will the human race that remains after us and inhabits a future planet still think? Just as a new race will not speak the same language as the previous one, so future humanity will no longer think. It is ridiculous to ask ourselves what the deity is. Humans on the next planet will not think, but will perceive their environment through other activities, in a completely different form than on this planet. Thinking is something that belongs to us. When we explain the world through thought, this explanation of the world is only for us. This is of enormous significance because humans see how they, as humanity, are woven into the thread of karma and live and weave within the entire fabric.

When the Eastern occultist considers such things, he says: Our whole life is as if we were surrounded by boundaries through action, speech, and thought. If we think all this away, there is hardly anything left for the ordinary person. That he then still has something is the result of esotericism, when he has gone beyond all this. What remains then is the experience of nirvana.

The planetary spirit, which represents the essence of the world, is now incarnated in thought, but will be incarnated as something else in the future.