The Mission of Folk-Souls
GA 121
8 June 1910, Christiania
Lecture II
It was stated yesterday, that those beings who are to be considered as Folk-spirits, are at the stage at which they in their present existence work from within their ‘I’ upon their etheric or life-body, that therefore they are fashioning this body from out of the very inmost part of their soul.
Now of course it might be said: It must certainly be admitted that the work upon this etheric or life-body cannot be directly seen with external organs of perception, with physical eyes, but that this is something belonging to clairvoyant consciousness. But, if the activity of these beings, of these Folk-spirits plays a part in human life, then on the other hand we must be able to point out something which is to a certain extent visible externally, a kind of impression, a kind of reflection of this work of the Folk-spirits or Archangelic beings. Besides that, these beings must in a certain sense also possess a physical body. Their corporeality must be expressed in some form or other. And this physical form in which the work, the activity of these beings is expressed, must also in some way or other be indicated in the world in which man lives, for after all, the human body must also be concerned in the work of these spiritual beings.
Let us begin with the etheric or life-body of these beings, and with the work which they accomplish in it. Here we must in the first place turn to the researches made by clairvoyant consciousness. Now where does clairvoyant research find something which may be designated as the etheric body of these Archangelic beings, of these Archangels? and how are we to understand this work? You all know that the features of the surface of the earth vary in different parts, and that in the different parts of our earth there are very different conditions for the unfolding of the characteristics peculiar to the various peoples. The materialist will say that the climate, the vegetation, or perhaps the water of a country and other things determine the characteristics and peculiarities manifested by the people of that country. It is not to be wondered at that one whose consciousness is limited to the things of the physical world should speak thus, for he only knows what he can see with his eyes; but to clairvoyant consciousness it is quite another matter.
Anyone who with clairvoyant consciousness travels through different countries in various parts of the earth knows that the peculiar form of vegetation, the characteristic configuration of the rocks, does not exhaust what he knows about this particular country. When we speak of a peculiar aroma, or, of an aura of a certain part of our earth, it is comprehensible that for a materialist we are only speaking of an abstraction. To clairvoyant consciousness there arises over every part of our earth a peculiar spiritual cloudlike formation which we must designate as the etheric aura of that special part of the earth. This etheric aura is quite different over the land of Switzerland from what it is over the land of Italy, and again different over the lands of Norway, Denmark or Germany. It is true that every man has his own etheric body, and it is also true that a kind of etheric aura towers up over every part of the surface of our earth. This etheric aura differs very considerably from other etheric auras, for example from that of man. If we observe a living human being, we find that his etheric aura is united to him as long as he lives, that is, from his birth to his death. It is united to his physical body, and only alters in so far as the man during his lifetime goes through a development, when he rises higher as regards intelligence, morals, etc. But then we always see that this etheric aura of man alters from within, it develops certain parts which shine out from within. The case is different with those etheric auras which can be perceived over the various countries. Certainly these preserve throughout long periods a fundamental tone, they have something which continues throughout long ages. But in these etheric auras there are also changes which take place quickly, and these distinguish them from human auras which alter slowly and gradually, and when they do alter, the alteration only takes place from within. The auras over the various countries alter in the course of the evolution of humanity on the earth when one people leaves its dwelling place and takes possession of another part of the earth. The essential is, that the etheric aura over a certain part of the earth does not only depend upon what rises out of the ground, so to speak, but upon the last inhabitants of that territory. So that those who wish to follow the destinies of our human race in their true form on earth, endeavor to follow the interpenetration of this particular part of the etheric auras of the different parts of our earth. The various etheric auras of Europe altered very much at the time which we designate as the period of the migrations of the peoples. You may already see, that in the etheric aura over any particular part of the earth there is something which can be altered, which may indeed change suddenly, and that this change may even be brought about from outside, in a certain sense. Every one of these etheric auras is in a certain respect a fusion of what comes from the ground and of what has been brought there by the migrations of the peoples. When we consider this aura we must clearly understand that, in a certain respect, the saying which is so lightly quoted in Theosophy, but which is never really understood, at least not in all its depths, holds good in the widest sense; everything seen outside in the world with physical consciousness is only maya or illusion. It is often mentioned among theosophists, but is seldom observed in such detail, as to play a part in one's life. It is rather quoted in an abstract form, but if concrete connections are sought for, it is forgotten and only material consciousness comes into play. In truth that which mysteriously confronts us in the part of the earth inhabited by a certain people, is the etheric aura of that particular part of the earth. That which confronts the physical eyes in the green vegetation, in the peculiar configuration of the earth and so on, is fundamentally only maya or external illusion; it is a condensation, as it were, of what is at work in the etheric aura. Albeit, only that part of the external is dependent upon this etheric aura upon which it—that is to say, a living organizing principle can have an influence. The Archangels, who have the spiritual laws within them, cannot intervene in the physical laws. Where, therefore, only the physical laws work and come into consideration, as in the relations of mountain and plain, in the contours of the ground and so on, in all cases where that which determined the great changes of the people depends upon the physical conditions, there the influence of the Archangels does not extend; they have not as yet gone far enough in their evolution to be able to intervene in physical conditions. Because they are unable to do this, but are in this matter dependent, they are compelled at certain times to wander over the earth; and they embody themselves, as in a physical body, in that which is represented by the configuration of the land, in that therefore, which is ruled by physical laws. The etheric body of the people cannot as yet enter in there, it cannot as yet extend into it and organize it. Therefore the ground is sought out, if it proves to be suitable, and from this union between the etheric body which is worked through by spiritual soul-forces, and the physical piece of ground, there arises that which we meet with as the peculiar charm appertaining to the characteristics of a people, that which a man who is not clairvoyant can merely feel in a country, but which a man who observes country and people with clairvoyant consciousness, is able to see.
Now how does what may be called the work of the Archangels, the Folksouls, take place in this etheric body which rises above the ground? What is the work of the Archangel, how does he work into the human beings who move about upon this ground and live within this cloud of the Folk-spirit? He works into it in such a way that his power expresses itself in three ways in man. It is the etheric aura of the people that works into them, weaves through them, is active within them. Indeed this etheric aura works into the human being in such a way that three parts in him are affected by it. Through the mingling of these three parts arises the peculiar character which belongs to a man who lives in this etheric aura of the people. What part of man does this affect? It acts on a threefold nature in the temperaments. It acts on the temperaments which are themselves immersed in the emotional life of man, those that work in the etheric body of man, but not on the so-called melancholic temperament. The etheric aura of the folk acts upon the choleric, the phlegmatic and the sanguine temperaments; on the whole, therefore, the power of the etheric aura of the folk flows into these three temperaments. Now these three may be mingled in many different ways and may co-operate differently in different human individuals. You may think of an endless variety of ways in which the three forces co-operate, when one influences another, or conquers it, etc. Thus arise the many configurations which we meet with, e.g., in Russia, in Norway or Germany. That which works into the temperaments constitutes the national character of man. The difference existing in this respect between the several individuals, is only caused by the degree of the mingling. National temperaments are therefore mingled according to the interpenetration of the folk aura.
Thus we find the Folk-spirits at work all over the earth. But they also have their own paths to follow; for this working into the temperaments is not to them the essential thing for their own affairs, they only do this because the forces in the world mutually affect one another. They do it first of all as their own intentional acts, as that which it is their mission to do. But besides this the affairs of their own ‘I’ also come into consideration. These consist in the fact, that they themselves advance in their evolution, that they themselves pass over the earth and embody themselves in one or another region of the earth. This is their own affair. The other, what they do in the temperaments of man, is something they do besides their calling. Naturally man himself also advances through their work; it reacts upon him. Hence human work reacts upon the Folk-spirit. Later on we shall see the significance of the individual human beings to the Folk-spirit. That is important. But the essential thing is that we should be able to follow one of these Folk-spirits; and see how he embodies himself in the world, lives again for a time in the spiritual world, and then embodies himself again somewhere else. When we observe these occurrences we are still only observing the affairs of the egos of these beings. Now in order to form quite a concrete idea, picture to yourselves the human etheric body embedded in the folk's etheric body; picture the interaction of the human etheric body and folk's etheric body and imagine further that the folk's etheric body is reflected in the folk temperament in the mingling of the temperaments of the single individuals. You then possess the secret of how the Folk-spirit shows himself to us in his way within a folk. Now after we have said this, we have in reality exhausted the most important work of the true Archangel or Folk-spirit. We should have not nearly exhausted the characteristics of a people if we were only to take into consideration the character possessed by an individual belonging to the people. The Archangelic Beings, who are the true Spirits of tribal tree, have that task.
But now to a folk, as you may easily suppose, there belongs much besides this. Why? If the Archangel, the guiding Folk-spirit, did not meet with other Beings on the same piece of ground, and did not work in conjunction with them in the etheric body of man, many of the attributes of a people would not originate at all. Man is the scene of action for the meeting between the Archangels and yet other Beings who co-operate with the Archangels, and so to speak, work in conjunction with them. Now from this co-operative work arises something else in addition. Clairvoyant consciousness, when it studies the peoples, finds, strange to say, besides the Archangelic Beings already described, other mysterious Beings who are in certain respects related to the Archangels, but who in other respects are completely different from them, above all, in that they are able to employ much greater forces than can the Archangels themselves.
The Folk-spirit acts in an exceptionally delicate and intimate way upon the several human souls in this interweaving into the temperaments; but there are yet other Beings who act upon them in a much stronger, more powerful manner. We must once for all be quite clear as to these Beings, from our general knowledge of the Hierarchies; we shall then, so to speak, find the names of these other Beings who are observed by clairvoyant consciousness.
You must think of the Hierarchies of Spirits in the following way:
- Man,
- Angels,
- Archangels,
- First Beginnings, or Spirits of Personality, Archai,
- Powers, or Spirits of Form.
We should then come to yet others, which we do not, however, wish to take into consideration to-day. If you remember what we spoke of yesterday—and you will also find it described in detail in the Akashic Record and in my book Occult Science,—you will say that of these Beings it was the Archangels who went through their human stage in the old Sun period. At that time those Beings whom we call Spirits of Form or Powers, who are now two stages higher than the Archangels, were at the Archangel stage; they were Beings such as the Folk-spirits we have described to-day. That was then their normal stage of evolution. There is, however, a remarkable mystery in evolution; it is the law of the lagging behind of certain Beings, the law which brings it about that at every stage certain Beings remain behind, so that at the following stage they have not attained their normal height, but actually have the character they should have had at the earlier stages. Now throughout the evolution of our humanity there have always been beings who have remained behind. Among these laggards are also some of these Spirits of Form or Powers, and they have remained behind in a very singular way, namely so, that although in respect of certain attributes they are Spirits of Form or Powers, and by means of certain attributes can do what at the present day can only be done by the Spirits of Form who have bestowed the ‘I’ upon man at the earth stage, they cannot, however, as yet do this completely, because they do not possess all the necessary attributes. They have so lagged behind that they did not go through their Archangel stage upon the Sun but are going through it now during the earth period, so that they are Beings who are now at the stage of Folk-spirits, but possess quite different attributes. Whereas the Folk-spirits work into human life in an intimate way because they are only two stages higher up than man and consequently are still related to him, these Powers, these Spirits of Form, tower four stages above the human stage. They possess on that account very many and mighty powers that would not be suitable for working so intimately into man. They would act more robustly, but no other domain have they for their activities than that in which are the normal Folk-spirits, the Archangels. That is the difficulty, one must first learn to discriminate in the higher world. Those who imagine that in the higher worlds they can manage with a few ideas, are very much mistaken. The man who, with a few superficial ideas, ascends into the higher worlds, would certainly find the Archangels. But one must discriminate whether these are Beings who have now normally reached the Archangel stage, or those who ought to have attained that stage during the Sun-state of our earth. There are therefore in the same domain as the Spirits of the Peoples or Archangels, other Beings at work who belong by rank, so to speak, to the Archangels, but are gifted with very different, much robuster attributes, such as are possessed by the other Spirits of Form, and who can on that account penetrate deeply into human nature. For what have the Spirits of Form made of man during the earth existence? just think how man could not have said ‘I’ to himself if the Spirits of Form had not formed the brain into that which man possesses at the present day. Therefore Beings such as these are able to work even into the physical form, although they are only at the stage of the Archangels. They enter upon a sort of trial of strength with the Folk-spirits on the very ground upon which the latter are active.
The first and chief thing brought about by this contact between these Spirits coming from these two directions, is speech, that which could not come about without the whole structure and form of the human body. In the structure of man you have the activity of these other Folk-spirits, who are connected with the powers of Nature as well as with man. We must not therefore ascribe our speech merely to those Beings who work so intimately into the folk temperament, and who as Beings two stages above man, imprint their configuration upon a people. The Beings who give language have great strength, they are really ‘Powers’, they are active upon the earth because they have remained on earth, whilst their other companions work in the ‘I’, from the sun into universal space. Before the appearance of Christ Jesus, Jahve or the Jehovah-Being was worshipped by man, and afterwards he worshipped the Christ-Being as the One Who works in universal space. As regards the Spirits of Language we must admit that man particularly likes just that part of speech which has remained with the earth.
We must accustom ourselves to quite different ideas. Man is accustomed to apply his own ideas to the whole universe. He is naturally quite wrong to look upon the fact of these high Beings having remained behind in evolution like a school-girl left behind in her class. They do not remain behind because they have not studied, but for reasons pertaining to the great Wisdom which rules the world. If certain Beings had not renounced their normal evolution, and instead of going on further with the Sun, continued their evolution on the earth, then that which we call speech could not have arisen on the earth. In certain respects man ought to love his language, for the very reason that, so to speak, out of love high Beings remained behind with him and renounced certain attributes in order that man should be able to evolve in accordance with what wisdom decrees. Just as we must look upon the ‘hurrying forward’ as a kind of sacrifice, so must we also look upon the ‘remaining behind’ at earlier epochs of evolution as a sort of sacrifice, and we must clearly understand that man could in no wise have attained certain attributes if such sacrifices had not been made.
Thus, we see how in the etheric body of man, and in that of the Folk-spirit under consideration, two different sorts of Beings exchange work with each other: the normally developed Archangels, and those Spirits of Form who have remained behind at the Archangel stage and have renounced their own evolution, in order to embody in man during his life on earth, his national language. They had to have the power so to transform the larynx, so to transform the entire instrument of speech that it should produce a physical manifestation, and that is speech itself. We must therefore look upon what confronts us as national feeling, national temperament, and its language, as being united in a co-operative work. That which man is able to express in words, that by which he shows himself to be a member of his people, that which he sounds forth into the air, that it is which those Spirits of Form who are united with the Folk-spirits can only bring about, because they with their great forces and powers remained behind at the stage of the Archangels. Therefore a co-operation of this sort takes place in the domains, in the realms where the Folk-spirits are active.
A similar co-operation is however to be found in yet another domain. I pointed out yesterday, that there are yet other forces at work; these are the First Beginnings, the Archai, or Spirits of Personality, who during the earth existence represent what is called the Zeitgeist, or Spirit of the Age. These work so, that from their own ‘I’, from their soul organization, they work into the physical body, so that they set the forces of the physical body in motion. We must therefore presume, that if at a certain time something appears as a result of the activity of the Zeitgeist, something which manifests itself in the Spirit of an Age by which mankind progresses, that this corresponds to a working with physical forces within our earth existence. You can very easily perceive this, you need only think it over in order to understand that real physical preliminary conditions are necessary in order that this or that should arise in the spirit of the age; Kepler, Copernicus or Pericles could not have lived in any other age, or under other laws. Personalities grow forth from quite definite conditions of the times, from those conditions which at a definite epoch of time are formed and organized by the physical work of higher Beings. These are in reality the physical conditions, naturally they are physical conditions, which we must not conceive of as being material blocks, but as certain configurations in the physical part of our earth in general. Sometimes these configurations stand out in strong relief; at other times when the Spirit of the Age is using his influence in any particular way, a quite definite physical constellation has to come about. Only remember that on one occasion, when some children were playing in a glass-cutter's workshop with some pieces of glass that were cut in a certain way, these pieces were so combined that one could observe the optical effect as a telescope, so that the inventor of the telescope only needed to realize his observation of this law of the telescope.
That is an historical fact. Just think however, what physical occurrences were necessary, in order that all this might take place. The lenses had first to be invented, cut, and put together in the corresponding manner. You may, here, very well use the word ‘chance’, but you may only do so if you also refrain from comprehending the law which operates in such occurrences. These physical conditions are brought together by the Archai, the Primal Forces. The reflection of their work is that which draws together into one spot on the earth that which otherwise, as Spirit of the Age, works in a variety of ways. Just imagine what would have become of many physical things in modern times, if this work of the Archai in their physical bodies had not taken place. It is really the work of the Archai which acts in this way and in this direction. Now if the Archai act thus and direct the Spirit of the Age, we may enquire again, ‘How do these Spirits of the Age really guide human progress by means of intuition?’ They do it in such a way that a human being is stimulated as if by chance, by something that takes place in the physical world. This is not merely legendary, it does sometimes occur. I need only remind you of the swinging lamp in the Cathedral at Pisa, where by observing the regularity of the swing of the lamp Galileo discovered the law of the pendulum, and how later Kepler and Newton were stimulated to make their discoveries. We could relate hundreds and thousands of cases in which physical events and human thought were brought together, by which it could be perceived how the Archai or Primal Forces give through intuition the ideas which go forth into the world as the ideas of the age, which then influence man in his development, regulate his progress and permeate it with law.
But in this domain also, those Beings who have normally become Spirits of Personality during our earth existence, work in conjunction with others, who, because of their having remained behind upon the Moon are now not Spirits of Form or Powers as they ought to be on the earth, but are also only now working as Spirits of Personality. Thus those Beings who made their renunciation not upon the Sun stage but only that of the Moon, are now Spirits of Personality, but they do not possess the attributes they ought normally to have; that is to say, they do not give intuitions in the same way as do the normal Spirits of Personality, but as do the belated Spirits of Form. They do not stimulate from outside, leaving it to man himself to observe what is brought about in the physical, but they stimulate inwardly, they work within the brain and give a certain tendency to thought. Hence the thought of man at the different epochs is stimulated from within, so that each epoch has a distinct kind of thought. This is connected with the delicate formations of thought, with inner constellations. Here the belated Spirits of Form who have the character of Spirits of Personality, work within man and produce a certain kind of thought, a quite definite form of ideas. Hence it comes about that man is not only guided from epoch to epoch according to the will of the intuiting Spirits of Personality by whom he allows himself to be stirred to do this or that, but he is urged along as if by inner forces so that the thought manifests itself physically from within, just as in the spoken language there is manifested that which, on the other hand, remained behind as Spirit of Form. Thus in the method of thought there is a manifestation of those Spirits of Form who appear in our age as Spirits of Personality. These, therefore, are not those delicately working Spirits of Personality who allow a man to do as he will, but those who take possession of him and forcefully push him on. Hence in those men who are stimulated by the Spirit of the Age you can always observe these two types. In those persons who are stimulated by the true Spirits of the Age who are at their normal stage, you may see the true representatives of their time. We may look upon these as men who had to come, and at their activities as something which could take place in no other way. But there are other persons, in whom are active those Spirits of Personality who are in reality Spirits of Form. Those are the other Spirits whom we have just named as the Thought-Spirits, those who during the old Moon-cycle moved forward to their present standpoint.
Now man is the scene of action upon which all this works together. This co-operation is shown through the fact that speech and thought enter into reciprocal relations, that not only the Spirits who are at the same stage enter into reciprocal relations, but the normal Archangels also, who govern the national feeling and temperament enter into reciprocal relations with those just described, not only therefore with the Spirits of Form who are at the Archangel stage, but also with those Spirits of Personality who are in reality belated Spirits of Form.
These two kinds appear in human nature and in human being. This relation is one extremely interesting to study when with occult knowledge and occult power of vision one goes from one people to another. Then one can see how the normal Folk-Spirits act, and how they then receive their orders from the Spirits of the Age. But these Folk-spirits work within man together with the Spirits of Language and also with the Thought-spirits who work into the thoughts of man. Within man there are not only normal and abnormal Archangels, but also Archangels in contradistinction to the abnormal Spirits of Personality who from within govern the work of thought in a particular age.
Now it is extremely interesting,—I have said that conditions will be touched upon which you must meet with your spiritual understanding, which must be clothed in ordinary words because no language has as yet been created which would make all this credible and clear; one has to express everything in words which can depict the facts somewhat figuratively, which however correspond to an important fact in the evolution of humanity,—it is extremely interesting and important to follow the evolution of humanity in more recent times; it is important to know that a reciprocal agreement was once arrived at between one of the guiding Spirits of the Peoples, who is a normal Archangel, and one of those Spirits who work inwardly as Spirits of the Thought-forces, an abnormal Spirit of Personality, and in a certain historical epoch the serious and important result of this agreement is to be seen. In order to make this agreement more especially complete, a harmonious relationship was established with the corresponding abnormal Archangel, who was the guiding Spirit of Language at that time; so that there was a point in the evolution of mankind, when so to speak, the normal and abnormal Archangels worked together and when, besides this, there worked in as an additional impulse the kind of thought which was brought about from within by an abnormal Spirit of Personality. The agreement made between these three parties was reflected in one particular people. That was the Indian people, who introduced the post-Atlantean civilization in the first post-Atlantean age. It was during this Indian civilization that the constellation arose in which these three Beings were able to work most harmoniously together. The consequence of that is all that we may call the historical rôle of this Indian people. Even in those ages of which the historical traditions still remain, the effects of what was formerly concluded in that agreement still continued to work. That is the reason why the ancient sacred language of the Indians acted with such power and produced those mighty historical effects in civilization, and why it could act so powerfully even in succeeding times. This power was brought in by the abnormal Archangels who worked in the language. The power of the Sanskrit language rests upon the agreement of which I have just spoken. And again the unique Indian philosophy, which as creative thought acting from within man has not yet been equaled by any other people in the world, also rests upon it; the inner completeness of thought belonging to the Indian culture rests also upon this agreement. In all other parts of the world we observe different conditions; but in all of them there could at that time be observed what has just been described. Hence it is so infinitely fascinating to follow up these trains of thought, which take the peculiar form they do, because they have not proceeded from the predominance of the normal Archangel over the abnormal one, but from their harmonizing so completely, because each thought was actually absorbed by the temperament of the people and was lovingly spun on into details at that time when the Indian people represented the first blossom of the culture of the post-Atlantean epoch. And the language worked on in this way because the conflict had not arisen there which would have taken place everywhere else, because such a cooperation took place between the Archangel of the normal evolution and the Archangel of the abnormal evolution. Thus one may say that this language, poured forth from the purest temperament, is itself a product of that temperament. That is the secret of the first civilization of the post-Atlantean epoch. That, however, is what must be observed in all other peoples, namely, that in them an unique co-operation takes place between these three forces, between the normal Folk-spirit or Archangel, the abnormal Archangel, and that which acts inwardly in the abnormal Spirit of the Age, who works, not as a Spirit of the Age, but from within, and finally that which the true Spirit of the Age has to convey inwardly to the nation.
The true knowledge of a people comes from listening to these forces within, and weighing the share which each factor has in the constitution of the people. Hence it has become difficult for persons who do not take the occult forces of human evolution into consideration, really to define the word ‘folk’. Examine the several books in which in any, part of the world the conception of a ‘folk’ is defined, and you will see what curious definitions there are, and how greatly they differ from each other. They have indeed to differ, because one writer feels more what comes from one side, from the normal Archangels, another what proceeds from the abnormal Archangels, and again a third that which comes from the several personalities of the people. Each one feels something different and uses that in his definition. That is just what Spiritual Science has made clear to us, that these definitions need not always be wrong; but they are always bathed in maya, in illusion. From what a writer says it can be seen that he only observes maya, and that he leaves unnoticed the various forces at work.
Hence one will naturally always obtain very different conceptions, if from the anthroposophical standpoint one observes a people like the Swiss, who live in one and the same country and speak three languages, and on the other hand peoples who speak one language only.
As to why some folks act more under the influence of the Spirit of Personality, that is to say, why their life is especially made up of the cooperation of the several personalities, we shall have to speak later. Peoples whose existence is more under the influence of the abnormal Spirit of Personality are also to be found on the earth; those Spirits of Personality do not work for the further progress of evolution. You need only study the character of the North American people, there you have a people absolutely founded on this principle.
Thus you will see, that we shall only understand the history of the world, in so far as it consists of the histories of peoples, if we follow up the normal and abnormal Archangels, the normal and abnormal Spirits of Personality in their reciprocal positions, and in their co-operative work, and at the same time follow up their work in peoples that succeed each other in the course of the world's history.
Zweiter Vortrag
Es ist gestern gesagt worden, daß diejenigen Wesenheiten, welche als Volksgeister zu betrachten sind, auf einer solchen Stufe stehen, daß sie in ihrem gegenwärtigen Dasein von ihrer Ichheit aus an ihrem Ätheroder Lebensleib arbeiten, daß sie also diesen Äther- oder Lebensleib von dem innersten Wesen ihres Seelischen heraus bearbeiten.
Nun wird ja natürlich jeder von Ihnen sich sagen können: Gewiß muß es zugegeben werden, daß die Arbeit an diesem Ather- oder Lebensleib nicht unmittelbar mit äußeren Wahrnehmungsorganen, mit physischen Augen gesehen werden kann, sondern daß dies sozusagen eine Angelegenheit des hellseherischen Bewußtseins ist. Wenn aber die Tätigkeit dieser Wesenheiten, also dieser Volksgeister, in das Menschenleben hineinragt, so muß doch auf der anderen Seite irgend etwas aufzuzeigen sein, irgend etwas anzuführen sein, was in einer gewissen Weise im Äußerlichen sichtbar, eine Art Abdruck, eine Art Abglanz dieser Arbeit jener Volksgeister oder Erzengelwesen ist. Außerdem müssen ja diese Wesenheiten gewissermaßen auch einen physischen Leib haben. Es muß sich ihre Leiblichkeit in irgend einer Form zum Ausdruck bringen. Und diese physische Form, in der sie sich zum Ausdruck bringen, die Arbeit, die Wirksamkeit dieser Wesenheiten, die müßten sich auch in irgend einer Weise in der Welt andeuten, in der der Mensch ist, denn schließlich muß ja der Menschenleib etwas mit der Arbeit dieser geistigen Wesenheiten zu tun haben.
Wir werden ausgehen von dem Äther- oder Lebensleib dieser Wesenheiten und von der Arbeit, welche sie in diesem Äther- oder Lebensleib verrichten. Da also werden wir uns zunächst an die Forschungen des hellseherischen Bewußtseins wenden müssen. Wo findet nun die hellseherische Forschung etwas, was bezeichnet werden kann als ein solcher Ätherleib dieser Erzengelwesen, dieser Archangeloi, und wie haben wir diese Arbeit aufzufassen? — Sie alle wissen, daß das Antlitz, die Oberfläche unserer Erde an den verschiedenen Stellen verschieden ist, und daß an den verschiedenen Stellen unserer Erde in der allerverschiedensten Art die Bedingungen gegeben sind zur Entfaltung von Volkseigentümlichkeiten, von Volkseigenschaften. Das äußere materialistische Bewußtsein wird davon sprechen, daß Klima, Pflanzenwuchs, vielleicht das Wasser irgend eines Landes oder einer Gegend unserer Erde maßgebend seien neben mancherlei anderem für das, was sich an Volkseigentümlichkeiten, Volkseigenschaften kundgibt. Daß das materielle Bewußtsein, das Bewußtsein des physischen Planes so spricht, ist weiter nicht verwunderlich, denn dieses Bewußtsein des physischen Planes kennt eben nur das, was mit Augen gesehen werden kann. Für das hellseherische Bewußtsein ist aber die Sache noch ganz anders. Wer mit hellseherischem Bewußtsein die verschiedenen Gebiete unserer Erde durchwandert, wer mit diesem Bewußtsein den einen oder anderen Boden unserer Erde betritt, der weiß, daß in dem eigentümlichen physischen Pflanzenbild, in der eigentümlichen Konfiguration der Gesteine sich nicht alles dasjenige erschöpft, was er von diesem Boden, von diesem Bilde irgend eines Erdengebietes weiß. Wenn aber für das materialistische Bewußtsein nur von einem Abstraktum gesprochen wird, wenn wir von einem eigentümlichen Aroma, ja, von einer Aura eines bestimmten Gebietes unserer Erde sprechen, ist das wiederum begreiflich. Für das hellseherische Bewußtsein erhebt sich in der Tat über jedem Fleck unserer Erde dieses eigentümliche geistige Wolkengebilde, das man bezeichnen muß als die Ather-Aura eines besonderen Erdengebietes. Diese Ather-Aura ist anders, ganz anders über den Gefilden der Schweiz als über den Gefilden Italiens und wieder anders über den Gefilden Norwegens, Dänemarks oder Deutschlands. So wahr jeder Mensch seinen eigenen Atherleib hat, so wahr ist über jedem Gebiete unserer Erdoberfläche eine Art Ather-Aura aufgetürmt.
Diese Äther-Aura nun unterscheidet sich sehr wesentlich von anderen ätherischen Auren, sagen wir von den ätherischen Auren der Menschen. Wenn wir einen Menschen betrachten, der im Leben steht, dann finden wir, daß die Ather-Aura des Menschen an diesen Menschen gebunden ist, so lange er lebt, das heißt von der Geburt bis zum Tode. Sie war also sozusagen verbunden mit seinem physischen Leibe und ändert sich eigentlich nur insoweit, als der Mensch im Leben eine Entwickelung durchmacht, wenn er in bezug auf Intelligenz, Moral und so weiter höher steigt. Dann aber sehen wir immer, daß diese Ather-Aura des Menschen sozusagen von innen heraus sich ändert, gewisse Einschlüsse bekommt, die von innen aufglänzen, aufleuchten. Anders ist das bei jenen Ather-Auren, welche über den verschiedenen Ländergebieten wahrzunehmen sind. Gewiß, sie haben durch lange Zeiten hindurch einen gewissen Grundton, und sie haben etwas, was durch lange Zeiten hindurch bleibt. Aber es gibt in diesen Ather-Auren auch rasch sich vollziehende Änderungen, und diese rasch sich vollziehenden Änderungen sind das, was diese Auren von den menschlichen Auren unterscheidet, die sich langsam und allmählich ändern und, wenn sie sich ändern, diese Anderung nur von innen heraus vollziehen. Diese Auren über den verschiedenen Ländergebieten ändern sich nämlich im Laufe der Entwickelung der Erdenmenschheit dann, wenn ein Volk seinen Wohnsitz verläßt und von einem anderen Erdengebiete Besitz ergreift. Das ist das Eigentümliche, daß in der Tat die Ather-Aura, die über einem bestimmten Erdengebiete ist, nicht allein abhängt von dem, was sozusagen aus dem Boden aufsteigt, sondern daß sie davon abhängt, welches Volk zuletzt seinen Wohnsitz auf diesem Erdengebiete aufgeschlagen hatte.
So suchen diejenigen, welche die Geschicke unseres Menschengeschlechtes in ihrer wahren Gestaltung auf der Erde verfolgen wollen, das Ineinandergreifen gerade dieses Teiles der Ather-Auren unserer Erdengebiete zu verfolgen. Sehr, sehr änderten sich die verschiedenen Ather-Auren Europas in der Zeit, die man als die Zeit der Völkerwanderung bezeichnet. Daraus sehen Sie schon, daß in dieser Äther-Aura über einem Erdengebiete etwas veränderlich ist, das in der Tat plötzlich sich umändern kann, und diese Umänderung kann in gewisser Beziehung sogar von außen gebracht werden. So ist eine jede solche AtherAura in gewisser Beziehung ein Zusammenfluß von dem, was aus dem Boden stammt und von dem, was sozusagen durch die Wanderungen der Völker hineingetragen wird.
Wenn wir diese Aura betrachten, dann müssen wir uns klar sein darüber, daß in gewisser Beziehung der Satz, der so leicht in der Geisteswissenschaft angeführt wird, aber eigentlich im Grunde genommen niemals so recht verstanden wird oder wenigstens niemals so recht in seiner tiefen Tragweite betrachtet wird, die denkbar weiteste Gültigkeit hat, der Satz: daß alles, was das physische Bewußtsein draußen in der Welt sieht, doch nur Maja oder Illusion ist. Der Satz wird oftmals auf dem Gebiete der theosophischen Weltanschauung ausgesprochen, aber beachtet im einzelnen, so daß man ihn wirklich ins Leben einführt, wird er doch im Grunde genommen recht wenig. Man spricht ihn mehr als abstrakte Wahrheit aus. Will man aber die konkreten Verhältnisse betrachten, dann vergißt man ihn und bleibt beim materiellen Bewußtsein stehen. In Wahrheit ist dasjenige, was in geheimnisvoller Weise uns entgegentritt von dem Stück Erde, das von einem Volke bewohnt ist, die Ather-Aura des betreffenden Erdengebietes. Das, was den physischen Augen entgegentritt in der grünen Pflanzendecke der Erde, der eigentümlichen Konfiguration des Bodens und so weiter, das ist im Grunde genommen nur Maja oder äußerliche Illusion, das ist gleichsam eine Verdichtung dessen, was in der Ather-Aura wirkt. Allerdings ist nur dasjenige von dem Außerlichen von dieser Ather-Aura abhängig, worauf die Äther-Aura, das heißt ein sich lebendig organisierendes Prinzip Einfluß haben kann. Die Erzengel, die die geistigen Gesetze inne haben, können nicht in die physischen Gesetze eingreifen. Da hinein, wo also bloß die physischen Gesetze wirken und in Betracht kommen, wie bei den Gebirgsverhältnissen, der Wölbung des Bodens und so weiter, wo das, was die großen Änderungen des Volkes bedingt, abhängig ist von den physischen Verhältnissen, da hinein reicht der Einfluß der Erzengel nicht; so weit sind die Erzengel in ihrer Entwickelung noch nicht, daß sie in die physischen Verhältnisse eingreifen könnten. Weil sie das nicht können, weil sie da abhängig sind, deshalb müssen sie zu gewissen Zeiten über die Erde wandern, deshalb verkörpern sie sich in dem, was die Konfiguration des Bodens bedeutet, gleichsam als in dem physischen Leib, also in dem, was von den physischen Gesetzen beherrscht ist. Da kann der Atherleib des Volkes noch nicht hinein, da kann er sich noch nicht organisierend hinein erstrecken. Deshalb wird der Boden aufgesucht, wenn er sich als geeignet erweisen soll, und aus dieser Ehe zwischen dem Atherleibe, der aber jetzt von geistig-seelischen Kräften durcharbeitet wird, und dem physischen Stück Erde entsteht dasjenige, was uns als der Zauberhauch im Außern eines Volkstums entgegentritt, das, was der Mensch, der nicht Hellseher ist, in einem Lande bloß fühlen kann, was der Mensch aber, der mit hellseherischem Bewußtsein Land und Volk durchschaut, erschauen kann.
Wie aber wirkt jetzt dasjenige herein, was sozusagen die Arbeit des Erzengels, des Volksgeistes in dem Atherleib, der über den Boden sich erhebt, ist? Was ist die Arbeit des Erzengels, wie wirkt er herein in das Menschliche, das auf diesem Boden sich bewegt, das in dieser Wolke des Volksgeistes darinnen lebt? Er wirkt so hinein, daß diese Kraft in drei Arten beim Menschen sich zum Ausdruck bringt. Die Ather-Aura des Volkes ist es, die in den Menschen hineinwirkt, den Menschen durchsetzt, durchwebt, und zwar wirkt diese Ather-Aura so in die menschliche Wesenheit hinein, daß ein Dreifaches in der menschlichen Wesenheit davon ergriffen wird. Durch die Mischung dieses Dreifachen entsteht dann der eigentümliche Charakter, den ein Mensch trägt, der in dieser Ather-Aura des Volkes darinnen lebt. Diese Äther- Aura, worauf wirkt sie beim Menschen? Sie wirkt auf ein Dreifaches in den Temperamenten. Sie wirkt auf die Temperamente, die selber in das Emotionsleben des Menschen versenkt sind, die im Ätherleibe des Menschen darinnen wirken, nur nicht auf das sogenannte melancholische Temperament. Die Ather-Aura des Volkes wirkt auf das cholerische, phlegmatische und sanguinische Temperament. Im allgemeinen also fließt das, was die Kraft der Äther-Aura des Volkes ist, in diese drei Temperamente hinein. Nun können diese drei Temperamente in der einzelnen menschlichen Individualität in der verschiedensten Weise gemischt sein und zusammenwirken. Unendliche Mannigfaltigkeit können Sie sich da denken, wenn die drei Kräfte zusammenwirken, wenn die eine die andere beeinflußt, besiegt und so weiter. Dadurch entsteht die mannigfaltigste Konfiguration, die uns zum Beispiel in Rußland, Norwegen, Deutschland verschiedenartig entgegentritt. Das macht den Volkscharakter des Menschen aus, was in die Temperamente hineinwirkt. Der Unterschied, der hier bei den einzelnen Individuen besteht, wird nur durch den Grad der Mischung bewirkt. Die Volkstemperamente sind also nach den Einwirkungen der Volksaura gemischt.
So also haben wir über die Erde hin wirksam die Volksgeister. Die haben aber auch ihre eigenen Wege; denn das ist für ihre eigenen Angelegenheiten nicht das Wesentliche, daß sie in die Temperamente hineinwirken. Das tun sie nur deshalb, weil die Kräfte in der Welt in Wechselwirkung miteinander treten. Das tun sie zunächst als ihre gewollten Taten, als das, was ihre Mission ist. Daneben kommen aber auch die eigenen Angelegenheiten ihres Ichs in Betracht. Die bestehen darin, daß sie selber weiterkommen in ihrer Entwickelung, daß sie selber über die Erde schreiten und sich auf diesen oder jenem Gebiet der Erde verkörpern. Das sind aber ihre eigenen Angelegenheiten. Das andere, was sie in den Temperamenten der Menschen tun, das ist etwas, was sie nebenbei arbeiten, was ihr Beruf ist. Natürlich kommt der Mensch auch wieder durch ihre Arbeit vorwärts, sie wirkt auf ihn zurück. Daher wirkt auch die menschliche Arbeit auf den Volksgeist zurück. Welche Bedeutung die einzelnen Menschen für den Volksgeist haben, das werden wir noch sehen. Das ist wichtig. Das Wesentliche ist aber, daß wir einen solchen Volksgeist verfolgen können, wie er sich in der Welt verkörpert, dann wieder eine Zeitlang in der geistigen Welt lebt und sich sodann wieder wo anders verkörpert und so weiter. Wenn wir diese Vorgänge betrachten, so haben wir immer nur Ich-Angelegenheiten dieser Wesen vor uns. Denken Sie sich also nun — damit Sie sich das recht konkret vorstellen — den menschlichen Atherleib in den Volksätherleib eingebettet; denken Sie sich dann das Ineinanderwirken vom menschlichen Ätherleib und Volksätherleib, und denken Sie sich darauf, daß sich der Volksätherleib in den Volkstemperamenten spiegelt, spiegelt in der Mischung der Temperamente der einzelnen Menschen, dann haben Sie das Geheimnis, wie uns der Volksgeist in seiner Art innerhalb eines Volkes entgegentritt.
Nun haben wir, nachdem wir dieses gesagt haben, im Grunde genommen die wichtigste Arbeit der eigentlichen Erzengel oder Volksgeister erschöpft. Wir würden aber noch lange nicht die Eigentümlichkeiten eines Volkes erschöpft haben, wenn wir nur die Art des Charakters, wie ein Mensch ihn innerhalb dieses Volkes besitzt, in Betracht ziehen wollten. Aber die Erzengelwesenheiten, die die eigentlichen Geister der Volksstämme sind, die haben diese Aufgabe.
Nun eignet aber einem Volke, wie Sie leicht ahnen können, noch manches andere. Woher kommt das? Wenn der Erzengel, der leitende Volksgeist sich nicht mit anderen Wesenheiten auf demselben Grund und Boden begegnen und nicht mit ihnen zusammenarbeiten würde in diesem Atherleib des Menschen, dann würde manches von den Eigenschaften eines Volkes gar nicht entstehen können. Der Mensch ist ein Schauplatz für die Begegnung der Erzengel mit noch anderen Wesenheiten, die mit den Erzengeln zusammenwirken und sozusagen mit ihnen zusammenarbeiten. Aus diesem Zusammenarbeiten entsteht aber noch etwas ganz anderes. Das hellseherische Bewußtsein findet, wenn es die Völker studiert, merkwürdigerweise geheimnisvolle Wesenheiten außer den bereits charakterisierten Erzengelwesen, die in gewisser Beziehung den Erzengeln verwandt, aber doch wieder in anderer Beziehung vollständig von ihnen verschieden sind, vor allen Dingen dadurch, daß sie viel größere Kräfte anzuwenden vermögen als die Volksgeister selber. Der Volksgeist wirkt in einer außerordentlich feinen und intimen Weise auf die einzelne menschliche Seele in diesem Hineinweben in die Temperamente. Aber in einer viel stärkeren, kraftvolleren Weise wirken da noch andere Wesenheiten hinein. Diese anderen Wesenheiten müssen wir uns einmal aus unserer allgemeinen Kenntnis der Hierarchien klar machen. Da werden wir sozusagen den Namen finden für diese anderen Wesenheiten, die das hellseherische Bewußtsein beobachtet. Stellen Sie sich einmal vor die Hierarchien der Geister in folgender Weise:
1. Menschen,
2. Engel,
3. Erzengel,
4. Urbeginne oder Geister der Persönlichkeit,
5. Gewalten oder Geister der Form.
Sodann würden wir weiter zu anderen kommen, die wir aber heute nicht weiter in Betracht ziehen wollen. Wenn Sie sich nun an dasjenige erinnern, wovon wir gestern gesprochen haben — und was Sie auch genau auseinandergesetzt finden in den Mitteilungen aus der «AkashaChronik» und in meiner Schrift «Die Geheimwissenschaft» —, so werden Sie sich sagen: Von diesen Wesenheiten sind es die Erzengel, welche während der alten Sonnenzeit ihre Menschheitsstufe durchgemacht haben. Da waren diejenigen Wesenheiten, die wir Geister der Form oder Gewalten nennen, die jetzt zwei Stufen höher sind als die Erzengel, auf der Erzengelstufe; sie waren Archangeloi, solche Wesenheiten, wie es die heute charakterisierten Volksgeister sind. Das war damals ihre normale Entwickelungsstufe.
Nun gibt es aber ein eigentümliches Geheimnis in der Entwickelung, das ist das Gesetz von dem Zurückbleiben gewisser Wesenheiten, das Gesetz, welches bewirkt, daß auf jeder Stufe gewisse Wesenheiten zurückbleiben, die dann auf der folgenden Stufe nicht auf der normalen Höhe stehen, sondern eigentlich den Charakter haben, den sie auf den früheren Stufen haben sollten. Nun sind während unserer Menschheitsevolution immer Wesenheiten zurückgeblieben. Unter diesen Zurückgebliebenen sind auch solche Geister der Form, solche Gewalten, und sie sind in einer ganz eigenartigen Weise zurückgeblieben, nämlich so, daß sie zwar in bezug auf gewisse Eigenschaften Geister der Form, Gewalten sind, daß sie durch gewisse Eigenschaften das können, was heute nur die Geister der Form können, die den Menschen auf der Erdenstufe das Ich verliehen haben, daß sie das aber nicht vollständig können, weil sie nicht alle dazu notwendigen Eigenschaften besitzen. Sie sind so stehen geblieben, daß sie nicht auf der Sonne, sondern jetzt während ihrer Erdenzeit ihre Erzengelstufe durchmachen, so daß sie Wesenheiten sind, die jetzt auf der Stufe der Volksgeister stehen, aber ganz andere Eigenschaften haben. Während die Volksgeister intim hineinwirken in das Menschenleben, weil sie zwei Stufen höher stehen als der Mensch, also mit den Menschen immer noch verwandt sind, sind diese Gewalten, diese Geister der Form vier Stufen über die Menschheitsstufe erhaben. Sie haben daher ungeheuer viele und große Kräfte, die nicht dazu taugen würden, so intim in die Menschen hineinzuwirken. Sie würden robuster wirken, aber kein anderes Gebiet haben für ihre Wirksamkeit als dasjenige, auf dem die normalen Volksgeister, die Erzengel, stehen.
Das ist das Schwierige, daß man erst unterscheiden lernen muß in der höheren Welt. Die, welche glauben, mit ein paar Begriffen in den höheren Welten auskommen zu können, irren sich sehr. Der Mensch, der mit oberflächlichen Begriffen in die höheren Welten hinaufsteigt, der findet da wohl die Erzengel. Aber man muß unterscheiden, ob es Wesen sind, die jetzt normalerweise auf die Erzengelstufe gekommen sind oder solche, die während des Sonnenzustandes der Erde auf dieser Stufe hätten stehen sollen. So also wirken auf dem gleichen Gebiete mit den Geistern der Volksstämme oder Erzengeln zusammen andere Wesenheiten, die sozusagen in der Rangordnung der Erzengel stehen, die aber mit ganz anderen, robusteren Eigenschaften begabt sind, mit solchen Eigenschaften, wie sie die sonstigen Geister der Form haben, und die dadurch tief eingreifen können in die menschliche Natur. Denn was haben diese Geister der Form während des Erdendaseins aus dem Menschen gemacht? Denken Sie sich, daß die Menschen zu sich nicht Ich sagen könnten, wenn die Geister der Form nicht das Gehirn geformt hätten zu dem, was der Mensch heute als solches besitzt. Also bis in die physische Gestaltung hinein können solche Wesenheiten wirken, trotzdem sie nur auf der Stufe der Erzengel stehen. Sie treten in eine Art von Wettkampf mit den Volksgeistern auf dem Terrain, wo die Volksgeister wirken.
Das erste, was sie hauptsächlich bewirken, indem diese Geister von der einen Seite und die anderen von der anderen Seite zusammenstoßen, ist die Sprache, das, was nicht entstehen könnte ohne den ganzen Bau und die Form des menschlichen Leibes. In dem Bau des Menschen haben Sie die Wirksamkeit dieser anderen Volksgeister, die mit den Naturgewalten und mit den Menschen verbunden werden. Also die Sprache dürfen wir nicht einfach denselben Wesenheiten zuschreiben, die in intimer Weise in das Volkstemperament hineinwirken und dem Volke als um zwei Stufen über dem Menschen stehende Wesen ihre Konfiguration aufprägen. Die Wesen, welche die Sprache geben, haben große Kraft, sie sind eigentlich Gewalten; sie wirken auf die Erde, weil sie auf der Erde geblieben sind, während ihre anderen Genossen im Ich wirken von der Sonne aus in den Weltenraum hinein. Von den Menschen wurde vor dem Erscheinen des Christus Jesus das Jahve- oder Jehova-Wesen verehrt, und sie verehrten nachher als vom Weltenraum hereinwirkend das Christuswesen. In bezug auf die Sprachgeister müssen wir sagen, daß in der Sprache gerade das vom Menschen geliebt wird, was bei der Erde verblieben ist. Wir müssen uns ganz andere Anschauungen angewöhnen. Der Mensch ist gewohnt, seine eigenen Begriffe auf das ganze Weltall anzuwenden. Er tut natürlich sehr Unrecht, wenn er die Tatsache, daß diese hohen Wesenheiten zurückbleiben in der Entwickelung, ungefähr so betrachtet, wie wenn ein Schulmädchen in einer Klasse sitzen bleibt. Sie bleiben nicht sitzen, weil sie nicht gelernt haben, sondern aus Gründen großer Weisheit, die in der Welt waltet. Würden nicht gewisse Wesenheiten auf ihre normale Weiterentwickelung verzichten und, statt mit der Sonne weiterzugehen, ihre Weiterentwickelung auf der Erde durchmachen, so würde das nicht auf der Erde haben entstehen können, was wir Sprache nennen. In gewisser Beziehung hat der Mensch seine Sprache innig zu lieben, und zwar aus dem Grunde, weil sozusagen aus Liebe bei ihm geblieben sind hohe Wesenheiten, die verzichtet haben auf gewisse Eigenschaften, damit der Mensch sich so entwickeln kann, wie das der Weisheit entspricht. Gerade so wie wir das Vorauseilen als eine Art von Opfer ansehen müssen, so müssen wir auch das Zurückbleiben in früheren Entwickelungsepochen als eine Art von Opfer ansehen, und wir müssen uns durchaus klar sein, daß die Menschen zu gewissen Eigenschaften gar nicht hätten kommen können, wenn nicht solche Opfer gebracht worden wären.
So also sehen wir, wie in dem Atherleibe des Menschen und in dem Ätherleibe des Volksgeistes, der in Betracht kommt, zweierlei Wesenheiten ihre Arbeit austauschen: die normal entwickelten Erzengel und die auf der Erzengelstufe stehengebliebenen Geister der Form, die verzichtet haben auf ihre eigene Entwickelung, um den Menschen während ihres Erdendaseins die Volkssprache einzuverleiben. Sie mußten die Kraft haben, den Kehlkopf, die ganzen Sprachwerkzeuge so umzubilden, daß das Ergebnis dieser Sprachwerkzeuge eine physische Manifestation, nämlich gerade die Sprache ist. Wir müssen also als Ergebnis dieses Zusammenwirkens gerade dasjenige ansehen, was als Volksgemüt, als Volkstemperament mit der Sprache im Bunde uns entgegentritt. Was der Mensch auszusprechen vermag, wodurch er sich als Angehöriger seines Volkes kundgibt, was er hinaustönen läßt in die Luft, das ist dasjenige, was die mit den Volksgeistern verbündeten Geister der Form nur deshalb bewirken können, weil sie mit ihren großen Kräften und Gewalten auf der Stufe der Volksgeister stehen geblieben sind. So findet also ein solches Zusammenwirken statt innerhalb derjenigen Terrains, derjenigen Gebiete, wo die Volksgeister wirken. Ein ähnliches Zusammenwirken findet aber auch noch auf einem anderen Gebiete statt.
Ich habe gestern angeführt, daß noch andere Kräfte, die Urbeginne oder die Geister der Persönlichkeit, die während des Erdendaseins das darstellen, was man Zeitgeist nennt, wirksam sind. Diese wirken so, daß sie von ihrem eigentlichen Ich aus, von ihrer seelischen Organisation aus, in den physischen Leib hineinarbeiten, daß sie also die Kräfte des physischen Leibes in Bewegung bringen. Wir müssen also voraussetzen, daß, wenn in einer bestimmten Zeit als Ergebnis der Wirkung des Zeitgeistes irgend etwas eintritt, irgend etwas sich innerhalb eines Zeitgeistes offenbart, wodurch die Menschheit einen Fortschritt macht, daß das einer Arbeit mit physischen Kräften innerhalb unseres Erdendaseins entspricht. Sie können das sehr leicht einsehen, Sie brauchen es sich nur zu überlegen, um zu begreifen, wie wirklich physische Voraussetzungen notwendig sind, damit dieses oder jenes im Zeitgeiste entsteht. Oder können Sie sich vorstellen, daß unter anderen Voraussetzungen Kepler oder Kopernikus oder Perikles in einer anderen Zeit gelebt haben könnten? Die Persönlichkeiten wachsen aus ganz bestimmten Zeitverhältnissen heraus, aus denjenigen Verhältnissen, die in einem bestimmten Zeitpunkte durch die physische Arbeit von höheren Wesenheiten konfiguriert und organisiert werden. Da sind es in der Tat die physischen Verhältnisse, freilich physische Verhältnisse, die wir uns nicht als materielle Klötze vorzustellen haben, sondern als gewisse Konfigurationen in der physischen Gemeinsamkeit unserer Erde. Manchmal tritt diese Konfiguration ganz gewaltig hervor; manchmal muß dabei, wenn der Zeitgeist in irgendeiner Weise seinen Einfluß übt, eine ganz bestimmte physische Konstellation zustande kommen. Denken Sie nur daran, daß, als man einmal erst ganz bestimmt geschliffene Gläser hatte, diese durch Kinderspiel in einer Glasschleiferwerkstätte so zusammengefügt wurden, daß man daran bemerken konnte die optische Wirkung als Fernglas, so daß der Erfinder des Fernrohres nur die Beobachtung dieses Gesetzes des Fernrohres zu realisieren brauchte.
Diese Sache ist ein historisches Faktum. Denken Sie sich aber, welche physischen Vorgänge notwendig waren, damit das alles hat stattfinden können! Die Linsen mußten erst erfunden, geschliffen und in der entsprechenden Weise zusammengesetzt werden. Sie können da wohl das Wort «Zufall» gebrauchen, aber Sie können es nur anwenden, wenn Sie darauf verzichten, die Gesetzmäßigkeit auch in solchen Geschehnissen zu begreifen. Diese physischen Verhältnisse führen zusammen die Archai, die Urkräfte. Das Spiegelbild ihrer Arbeit ist das, was an einem Punkte der Erde zusammenführend wirkt, was sonst als Zeitgeist in mannigfaltiger Weise wirkt. Denken Sie sich, was in neuerer Zeit mit vielen physischen Dingen nicht geworden wäre, wenn diese Arbeit der Archai in Ihren physischen Leibern nicht stattgefunden hätte. So ist es in der Tat die Arbeit der Archai, welche in dieser Beziehung, in dieser Richtung wirkt.
Wenn nun diese Archai in dieser Weise wirken und den Zeitgeist dirigieren, so können wir uns wieder fragen: Wie intuieren eigentlich diese Zeitgeister den Menschheitsfortschritt? Sie intuieren ihn dadurch, daß einen Menschen das, was im Physischen geschieht, wie zufällig anregt. Es sind nicht bloß Legenden, wenn auch das manchmal zutrifft. Ich erinnere nur an die schwingende Kirchenlampe im Dome zu Pisa, wo Galilei das Pendelgesetz entdeckt hat an den regelmäßigen Schwingungen der Lampe im Dom, und wie dann Kepler und Newton zu ihren Entdeckungen angeregt wurden. Hunderte und Tausende von Fällen könnte man erzählen, wo physisches Geschehen zusammengeführt wird mit menschlichem Denken, woraus man ersehen könnte, wie da intuiert wird von den Archai oder Urkräften das, was als Ideen, als Zeitideen in die Welt hinausgeht, was die Menschen dann in ihrer Entwickelung beeinflußt, was ihren Fortschritt regelt und gesetzmäßig durchdringt. Aber auch auf diesem Gebiet wirken zusammen die Wesenheiten, die normalerweise während unseres Erdendaseins Geister der Persönlichkeit geworden sind, mit anderen, die dadurch, daß sie auf dem Mond zurückgeblieben sind, jetzt nicht Geister der Form oder Gewalten sind, wie sie auf der Erde sein sollten, sondern auch jetzt erst wirken als Geister der Persönlichkeit.
So sind diejenigen Wesenheiten, die nicht schon von der Sonnenstufe, sondern erst von der Mondenstufe aus verzichtet haben, jetzt Geister der Persönlichkeit, aber nicht mit den Eigenschaften, die sie normalerweise haben sollten, das heißt, sie intuieren nicht in der Weise wie die normalen Geister der Persönlichkeit, sondern als zurückgebliebene Geister der Form. Sie regen nicht von außen an und überlassen es intim dem Menschen selber, das zu beobachten, was im Physischen bewirkt wird, sondern sie regen im Innern an, sie konfigurieren im Innern des Gehirns und geben dem Denken eine gewisse Richtung. Daher ist das Denken des Menschen in den verschiedenen Zeiträumen von innen angeregt, so daß jedes Zeitalter eine bestimmte Art des Denkens hat. Das hängt mit den feinen Konfigurationen des Denkens zusammen, mit inneren Konstellationen. Da arbeiten die zurückgebliebenen Geister der Form, die den Charakter der Geister der Persönlichkeit haben, im Innern der Menschen und bringen eine gewisse Denkart, eine ganz bestimmte Form der Begriffe hervor. Das macht es, daß die Menschen von Epoche zu Epoche nicht nur geführt werden im Sinne der intuierenden Geister der Persönlichkeit, wo sie sich selber anregen lassen, das oder jenes zu tun, sondern daß sie fortgetrieben werden wie durch innere Kräfte, so daß das Denken von innen heraus sich physisch kundgibt, wie sich in der Sprache kundgibt das, was auf der anderen Seite als Geister der Form zurückgeblieben ist. So drückt die Denkart sich aus als eine Manifestation der Geister der Form, die in unserer Zeit als Geister der Persönlichkeit auftreten. Es sind also nicht so intim wirkende Geister der Persönlichkeit, die es dem Menschen überlassen, zu machen, was er will, sondern ihn ergreifen und mit vorwärtsstürmender Gewalt drängen. Daher können Sie immer diese zwei Typen in denjenigen Menschen sehen, welche von dem Zeitgeist angeregt sind. In denjenigen, welche von den wahren Zeitgeistern, von den auf normaler Stufe stehenden, angeregt sind, können Sie sozusagen sehen die wahren Vertreter ihrer Zeit. Wir können sie betrachten als Menschen, die kommen mußten, und ihre Tätigkeit als etwas, was nicht anders hat geschehen können.
Es kommen aber auch andere Menschen, in denen wirken diejenigen Geister der Persönlichkeit, die eigentlich Geister der Form sind. Das sind die anderen Geister, die wir bezeichnet haben als die Denkgeister, die während des Mondenzyklus auf ihren jetzigen Standpunkt vorrückten. Der Mensch ist nun der Schauplatz, auf dem alles dies zusammenwirkt. Dieses Zusammenwirken macht sich dadurch geltend, daß Sprache und Denken in ein Wechselverhältnis treten, dadurch, daß nicht bloß die Geister, die auf der gleichen Stufe stehen, in ein Wechselverhältnis kommen, sondern daß auch die normalen Erzengel, die Volksgemüt und Volkstemperament regeln, in Wechselverhältnisse treten mit dem, was eben charakterisiert worden ist, also nicht nur mit den auf der Erzengelstufe stehenden Geistern der Form, sondern auch mit denjenigen Geistern der Persönlichkeit, die eigentlich zurückgebliebene Geister der Form sind.
Diese zwei Arten treten in der menschlichen Natur und menschlichen Wesenheit auf. Dieses Verhältnis ist im höchsten Grade interessant zu studieren, wenn man mit okkulten Kenntnissen, mit okkultem Sehvermögen von Volk zu Volk geht. Da kann man sehen, wie die normalen Volksgeister wirken, und wie dann diese normalen Volksgeister ihre Befehle von den Zeitgeistern bekommen; wie aber diese Volksgeister zusammenwirken im Innern des Menschen mit den Sprachgeistern und auch mit den Denkgeistern, die in die Gedanken der Menschen hineinwirken. Da finden sich im Innern des Menschen nicht nur normale Erzengel und abnorme Erzengel, sondern auch die Erzengel im Gegensatz mit den abnormen Geistern der Persönlichkeit, die von innen heraus die Gedankenarbeit einer bestimmten Zeit regeln. Da ist es nun im höchsten Grade interessant — ich habe gesagt, es werden Zustände angedeutet werden, denen Sie entgegenkommen müssen mit Ihrem spirituellen Verständnis, die eingekleidet werden müssen in gewöhnliche Worte, weil im Leben noch keine Sprache geschaffen ist, die alles das glaubhaft und verständlich machen würde; man muß alles ausdrücken in Worten, die den Tatbestand etwas bildhaft geben, was aber einer bedeutungsvollen Tatsache der Menschheitsentwickelung entspricht —, da ist es nun im höchsten Grade interessant und wichtig, der Menschheitsentwickelung in neuerer Zeit zu folgen, wichtig zu wissen, daß einmal geradezu ein gegenseitiger Vertrag geschlossen worden ist von einem der leitenden Geister der Völker, der ein normaler Erzengel ist, mit einem solchen Geist, der als Geist der Denkkräfte im Innern wirkt, also mit einem abnormen Geist der Persönlichkeit, und es zeigt sich in einer gewissen geschichtlichen Epoche das ernste, bedeutsame Ergebnis dieses Vertrages. Um diesen Vertrag noch besonders voll zu machen, wurde ein harmonisches Verhältnis hergestellt mit dem entsprechenden abnormen Erzengel, der der leitende Geist der Sprache in jener Zeit war, so daß es einen Punkt in der Menschheitsentwickelung gibt, wo sozusagen zusammenwirkt normales und abnormes Erzengeltum, und wo außerdem noch als Einschlag hineinwirkt die Denkungsart, die von innen heraus durch einen abnormen Geist der Persönlichkeit bewirkt wird. Dieser Vertrag zwischen diesen drei Parteien spiegelt sich in einem bestimmten Volke wider. Das ist das indische Volk, das Volk, das in der ersten nachatlantischen Zeit die nachatlantische Kultur einleitete. Während dieser indischen Kultur trat jene Konstellation ein, wo jene drei Wesenheiten am harmonischsten zusammenwirkten. Die Folge davon ist alles dasjenige, was wir als die historische Rolle dieses indischen Volkes bezeichnen können. Auch in den Zeiten, von denen es schon geschichtliche Überlieferungen gibt, wirkt das nach, was damals in dem Vertrag abgeschlossen wurde. Dies war der Grund, warum mit einer solchen Gewalt die alte heilige Sprache der Inder wirkte und jene gewaltigen historischen Kulturwirkungen hatte, warum sie noch so gewaltig in der Folgezeit wirken konnte. Diese Kraft brachten die abnormen Erzengel, die in der Sprache wirkten. Diese Gewalt der Sanskritsprache beruht gerade auf dem Vertrage, von dem ich eben gesprochen habe. Und wiederum beruht darauf die eigenartige indische Philosophie, die als Philosophie, als- vom Innern des Menschen heraus schaffendes Denken noch nicht erreicht ist von irgendeinem andern Volke der Welt; darauf beruht die innere Geschlossenheit des Denkens der indischen Kultur. Bei allen andern Gebieten haben wir andere Verhältnisse zu beobachten. In ihr allein trat dazumal das zutage, was jetzt charakterisiert worden ist. Daher ist es so unendlich reizvoll, diesen Gedankengängen zu folgen, die dadurch eine besondere Konfiguration haben, weil sie hervorgegangen sind nicht aus dem Übergewichte des normalen Erzengels über den abnormen, sondern als etwas, was in Harmonie mit jener Geschlossenheit steht, weil tatsächlich jeder Gedanke vom Volkstemperament absorbiert und mit Liebe ins einzelne hinein fortgesponnen worden ist — damals, als das indische Volk als erste Kulturblüte der nachatlantischen Zeit vorhanden war. Und die Sprache wirkte so fort aus dem Grunde, weil da nicht ein Kampf entstanden war, der sonst überall entstanden wäre, sondern weil ein Zusammenwirken zwischen dem Erzengel der normalen Entwickelung und dem Erzengel der abnormen Entwickelung stattfand, so daß man sagen kann, daß die Sprache, ausgegossen von dem reinsten Temperament, selber ein Produkt des Temperamentes ist. Das ist das Geheimnis dieses ersten Kulturvolkes der nachatlantischen Zeit.
Das aber ist es, was betrachtet werden muß bei allen andern Völkern, daß nämlich bei ihnen eine eigenartige Zusammenwirkung entsteht zwischen diesen drei Kräften, zwischen dem normalen Volksgeist oder Erzengel, dem abnormen Erzengel und zwischen dem, was innerlich wirkt in dem abnormen Geist der Zeit, der nicht als Zeitgeist, sondern von innen heraus wirkt, und endlich dem, was der wahre Zeitgeist dem Volke innerlich übertragen hat. Darauf beruht die wahre Erkenntnis eines Volkes, daß man diese Kräfte im Innern belauscht, daß man den Anteil prüft, den ein jeder Faktor an der Konstitution des Volkes hat. Daher ist es schwierig geworden für die Menschen, welche nicht die okkulten Kräfte der Menschheitsentwickelung in Frage ziehen, eigentlich das Wort «Volk» zu definieren. Versuchen Sie einmal die einzelnen Bücher herzunehmen, worin der Begriff des Volkes irgendwo in der Welt definiert worden ist, und Sie werden schen, was da alles als Definition des Begriffes Volk existiert und wie sehr sie voneinander abweichen. Sie müssen ja voneinander abweichen, weil der eine mehr fühlt, was von der einen Seite, von den normalen Erzengeln herkommt, der andere mehr fühlt, was von dem abnormen Erzengel herrührt und der Dritte wieder das, was von den einzelnen Persönlichkeiten des Volkes kommt. Ein jeder fühlt etwas anderes und verwertet es in seiner Definition. Das ist es gerade, was uns klar geworden ist durch die Geisteswissenschaft, daß diese Definitionen nicht immer falsch zu sein brauchen; sie sind nur immer in Maja, in Illusion getaucht. An dem, was einer sagt, kann man sehen, ob er nur die Maja betrachtet, und ob er die verschiedenen wirkenden Kräfte unberücksichtigt läßt. Daher wird man selbstverständlich immer einen ganz anderen Begriff bekommen, wenn vom geisteswissenschaftlichen Standpunkte aus ein Volk wie das schweizerische, das auf demselben Grund und Boden lebt und drei Sprachen spricht, und dagegen Völker mit einheitlicher Sprache betrachtet werden.
Warum Völker mehr aus dem Geiste der Persönlichkeit heraus wirken, also durch das Zusammenwirken der einzelnen Persönlichkeiten namentlich ihr Dasein haben, darüber werden wir noch zu sprechen haben. Solche Völker, die mehr ihr Dasein haben durch den abnormen Geist der Persönlichkeit, werden wir auch auf der Erde finden. Diese Geister der Persönlichkeit wirken nicht auf Weiterentwickelung hin. Sie brauchen sich nur den Charakter des nordamerikanischen Volkes klar zu legen, so haben Sie ein Volk, das vorderhand auf diesem Prinzip beruht. So werden Sie sehen, daß wir die Weltgeschichte, insofern sie Völkergeschichte ist, erst verstehen werden, wenn wir normale und abnorme Erzengel, normale und abnorme Geister der Persönlichkeit in ihrem gegenseitigen Rang und ihrem Zusammenwirken und gleichzeitig in der Aufeinanderfolge der Völker im Verlaufe der Weltgeschichte verfolgen werden.
Second Lecture
Yesterday it was said that those beings who are to be regarded as folk spirits are at such a stage that in their present existence they work on their etheric or life body from their ego, that is, they work on this etheric or life body from the innermost being of their soul.
Now, of course, each of you will say to yourselves: It must certainly be admitted that the work on this etheric or life body cannot be seen directly with the outer organs of perception, with the physical eyes, but that this is, so to speak, a matter for clairvoyant consciousness. But if the activity of these beings, these folk spirits, extends into human life, then there must be something on the other side that can be pointed to, something that is in a certain way visible in the external world, a kind of imprint, a kind of reflection of the work of these folk spirits or archangel beings. Moreover, these beings must also have a physical body, so to speak. Their physicality must express itself in some form. And this physical form in which they express themselves, the work, the activity of these beings, must also be indicated in some way in the world in which human beings live, for ultimately the human body must have something to do with the work of these spiritual beings.
We will start from the etheric or life body of these beings and from the work they do in this etheric or life body. So we will first have to turn to the research of clairvoyant consciousness. Where does clairvoyant research find something that can be described as such an etheric body of these archangelic beings, these Archangeloi, and how are we to understand this work? — You all know that the face, the surface of our Earth, is different in different places, and that in different places on our Earth the conditions are given in the most diverse ways for the development of national characteristics, of national qualities. The outer materialistic consciousness will say that the climate, the vegetation, perhaps the water of a country or region of our earth, are decisive, along with many other things, for what manifests itself in the characteristics of a people. It is not surprising that material consciousness, the consciousness of the physical plane, speaks in this way, for this consciousness of the physical plane knows only what can be seen with the eyes. For clairvoyant consciousness, however, the matter is quite different. Anyone who wanders through the various regions of our earth with clairvoyant consciousness, anyone who enters one or another part of our earth with this consciousness, knows that the peculiar physical appearance of plants and the peculiar configuration of rocks do not exhaust everything that he knows about this soil, about this image of any region of the earth. But if, for the materialistic consciousness, we are only talking about an abstraction, if we speak of a peculiar aroma, indeed of an aura of a particular region of our earth, this is again understandable. For clairvoyant consciousness, this peculiar spiritual cloud formation, which must be described as the etheric aura of a particular region of the earth, rises above every spot on our earth. This etheric aura is different, completely different, above the fields of Switzerland than above the fields of Italy, and again different above the fields of Norway, Denmark, or Germany. Just as every human being has their own etheric body, so too is a kind of etheric aura piled up above every area of our Earth's surface.
This etheric aura differs very significantly from other etheric auras, such as the etheric auras of human beings. When we look at a person who is alive, we find that the etheric aura of that person is bound to them as long as they live, that is, from birth to death. It was, so to speak, connected to their physical body and actually only changes to the extent that the person undergoes development in life, as they rise higher in terms of intelligence, morality, and so on. But then we always see that this etheric aura of the human being changes, as it were, from within, acquiring certain inclusions that shine or glow from within. The situation is different with those etheric auras that can be perceived over different geographical areas. Certainly, they have a certain basic tone that has remained unchanged over long periods of time, and they have something that remains unchanged over long periods of time. But there are also rapid changes in these etheric auras, and these rapid changes are what distinguish them from human auras, which change slowly and gradually and, when they do change, do so only from within. These auras over different regions of the earth change in the course of the development of humanity on earth when a people leaves its place of residence and takes possession of another region of the earth. It is peculiar that the etheric aura above a particular region of the earth does not depend solely on what rises up from the ground, so to speak, but that it depends on which people last settled in that region of the earth.
Thus, those who wish to follow the true development of our human race on Earth seek to trace the interrelationship of precisely this part of the etheric aura of our regions of the Earth. The various etheric auras of Europe changed greatly during the period known as the time of the migration of peoples. From this you can already see that something in this etheric aura above an area of the earth is changeable, something that can indeed change suddenly, and that this change can even be brought about from outside in a certain sense. Thus, every such etheric aura is, in a certain sense, a confluence of what comes from the soil and what is brought in, so to speak, by the migrations of peoples.
When we consider this aura, we must be clear that, in a certain sense, the statement that is so easily made in spiritual science but is never really understood, or at least never considered in its full significance, has the widest possible validity: that everything that physical consciousness sees outside in the world is only Maya or illusion. This statement is often expressed in the field of theosophical worldview, but when considered in detail, so that it is truly introduced into life, it is actually of little significance. It is spoken more as an abstract truth. But when one wants to consider concrete circumstances, one forgets it and remains stuck in material consciousness. In truth, what mysteriously confronts us from the piece of earth inhabited by a people is the etheric aura of that particular region of the earth. What meets the physical eye in the green plant cover of the earth, the peculiar configuration of the soil, and so on, is basically only Maya or external illusion; it is, as it were, a condensation of what is working in the etheric aura. However, only that part of the external world is dependent on this etheric aura to which the etheric aura, that is, a living, organizing principle, can exert influence. The archangels, who possess the spiritual laws, cannot intervene in the physical laws. Where only physical laws are at work and come into consideration, as in the conditions of mountains, the curvature of the ground, and so on, where what causes great changes in the people depends on physical conditions, the influence of the archangels does not extend; the archangels are not yet so far advanced in their development that they can intervene in physical conditions. Because they cannot do this, because they are dependent there, they must wander over the earth at certain times, and they embody themselves in what the configuration of the soil means, as it were in the physical body, that is, in what is governed by physical laws. The etheric body of the people cannot yet enter there, it cannot yet extend itself in an organizing manner. That is why the soil is sought out when it proves suitable, and from this marriage between the etheric body, which is now being worked through by spiritual-soul forces, and the physical piece of earth, there arises that which comes to meet us as the magical breath in the outer life of a people, that which the person who is not clairvoyant can merely feel in a country, but which the person who sees through the country and the people with clairvoyant consciousness can behold.
But how does that which is, so to speak, the work of the archangel, the folk spirit in the etheric body rising above the ground, now come into play? What is the work of the archangel, how does he work into the human being who moves on this ground, who lives in this cloud of the folk spirit? He works into it in such a way that this force expresses itself in three ways in the human being. It is the etheric aura of the people that works into human beings, permeates them, interweaves them, and this etheric aura works into the human being in such a way that a threefold element is seized by it in the human being. The mixture of this threefold nature then gives rise to the peculiar character of a human being who lives in this etheric aura of the people. This etheric aura, what does it affect in humans? It affects a threefold aspect of the temperaments. It affects the temperaments that are themselves immersed in the emotional life of humans, that work within the etheric body of humans, but not the so-called melancholic temperament. The etheric aura of the people affects the choleric, phlegmatic, and sanguine temperaments. In general, therefore, what is the power of the etheric aura of the people flows into these three temperaments. Now these three temperaments can be mixed in the most diverse ways and interact in the individual human personality. You can imagine infinite diversity when the three forces interact, when one influences the other, defeats it, and so on. This gives rise to the most diverse configurations, which we encounter in different forms in Russia, Norway, and Germany, for example. What influences the temperaments is what constitutes the national character of a people. The difference that exists here between individual people is only caused by the degree of mixture. The national temperaments are therefore mixed according to the influences of the national aura.
Thus, the folk spirits are at work throughout the earth. But they also have their own ways, for it is not essential for their own affairs that they influence the temperaments. They do this only because the forces in the world interact with one another. They do this first and foremost as their willful deeds, as their mission. But in addition, the affairs of their own egos also come into play. These consist in their own further development, in their own passage over the earth and their incarnation in this or that region of the earth. But these are their own affairs. The other thing they do in the temperaments of human beings is something they do incidentally, which is their profession. Of course, human beings also advance through their work; it has an effect on them. That is why human work also has an effect on the spirit of the people. We will see later what significance individual human beings have for the spirit of the people. That is important. But the essential thing is that we can follow such a spirit of the people as it is embodied in the world, then lives again for a time in the spiritual world, and then embodies itself again elsewhere, and so on. When we consider these processes, we are always dealing with the ego matters of these beings. So now, in order to imagine this more concretely, think of the human etheric body embedded in the etheric body of the people; then think of the interaction between the human etheric body and the etheric body of the people, and think that the etheric body of the people is reflected in the temperaments of the people, reflected in the mixture of the temperaments of individual human beings, then you have the secret of how the spirit of a people appears to us in its own way within a people.
Now that we have said this, we have basically exhausted the most important work of the actual archangels or folk spirits. However, we would still be far from exhausting the peculiarities of a people if we were to consider only the type of character that a person possesses within that people. But the archangel beings, who are the actual spirits of the tribes, have this task.
Now, as you can easily guess, there are many other things that belong to a people. Where do they come from? If the archangel, the guiding spirit of the people, did not encounter other beings on the same ground and did not cooperate with them in this etheric body of the human being, then many of the characteristics of a people would not be able to develop at all. The human being is a stage for the encounter of the archangels with other beings who interact with the archangels and, so to speak, cooperate with them. But something else arises from this cooperation. When studying peoples, clairvoyant consciousness strangely finds mysterious beings in addition to the archangel beings already characterized, who are related to the archangels in a certain way, but in another way are completely different from them, above all in that they are able to use much greater powers than the folk spirits themselves. The folk spirit works in an extraordinarily subtle and intimate way on the individual human soul in this weaving into the temperaments. But other beings work in a much stronger, more powerful way. We must clarify these other beings from our general knowledge of the hierarchies. There we will find, so to speak, the names for these other beings that clairvoyant consciousness observes. Imagine the hierarchies of spirits in the following way:
1. Humans,
2. Angels,
3. Archangels,
4. Primordial beings or spirits of personality,
5. Powers or spirits of form.
Then we would come to others, but we do not want to consider them further today. If you now remember what we spoke about yesterday — and what you will also find explained in detail in the messages from the Akashic Records and in my book The Secret Science — you will say to yourself: Of these beings, it is the archangels who passed through their human stage during the ancient solar epoch. There were those beings whom we call spirits of form or forces, who are now two stages higher than the archangels, on the archangel stage; they were archangeloi, beings such as the folk spirits characterized today. That was their normal stage of development at that time.
Now, however, there is a peculiar mystery in evolution, namely the law of the lagging behind of certain beings, the law which causes certain beings to remain behind at each stage, so that they do not attain the normal level at the next stage, but actually have the character they should have had at the earlier stages. Now, during the evolution of humanity, beings have always been left behind. Among those left behind are also such spirits of form, such forces, and they have been left behind in a very peculiar way, namely in such a way that, in relation to certain characteristics, they are spirits of form, forces, that through certain characteristics they can do what today only the spirits of form can do, which gave human beings their ego on the earth stage, but they cannot do this completely because they do not possess all the necessary characteristics. They have remained where they are, so that they are not on the sun but are now going through their archangel stage during their time on earth, so that they are beings who are now on the stage of folk spirits but have completely different characteristics. While the folk spirits work intimately into human life because they are two stages higher than humans, and are therefore still related to humans, these powers, these spirits of form, are four stages above the human stage. They therefore have an enormous number of great powers that would not be suitable for working so intimately into humans. They would appear more robust, but they would have no other sphere of activity than that in which the normal folk spirits, the archangels, stand.
This is the difficult thing that one must first learn to distinguish in the higher world. Those who believe they can get by in the higher worlds with a few concepts are very much mistaken. The human being who ascends to the higher worlds with superficial concepts will indeed find the archangels there. But one must distinguish whether these are beings who have now normally reached the archangel stage or those who should have been at this stage during the Sun state of the Earth. Thus, in the same realm as the spirits of the tribes or archangels, there are other beings who are, so to speak, in the hierarchy of the archangels, but who are endowed with completely different, more robust qualities, qualities such as those possessed by the other spirits of form, and who are therefore able to intervene deeply in human nature. For what did these spirits of form make of human beings during their earthly existence? Imagine that human beings could not say “I” to themselves if the spirits of form had not formed the brain into what human beings today possess as such. Thus, such beings can work even into the physical structure, even though they are only at the level of archangels. They enter into a kind of competition with the folk spirits on the terrain where the folk spirits work.
The first thing they mainly bring about, when these spirits clash from one side and the others from the other, is language, which could not come into being without the entire structure and form of the human body. In the structure of the human being, you have the effectiveness of these other folk spirits, which are connected with the forces of nature and with human beings. So we cannot simply attribute language to the same entities that work intimately into the national temperament and impose their configuration on the people as beings standing two steps above human beings. The beings that give language have great power; they are actually forces; they work on the earth because they have remained on the earth, while their other companions work from the sun into the world space. Before the appearance of Christ Jesus, people worshipped the Yahweh or Jehovah being, and afterwards they worshipped the Christ being as working from the world space. With regard to the spirits of language, we must say that what is loved in language is precisely that which has remained on earth. We must accustom ourselves to completely different views. Man is accustomed to applying his own concepts to the entire universe. He is, of course, very wrong when he regards the fact that these high beings remain behind in evolution in much the same way as a schoolgirl remains behind in a class. They do not remain behind because they have not learned, but for reasons of great wisdom that prevail in the world. If certain beings did not renounce their normal further development and, instead of continuing with the sun, underwent their further development on earth, what we call language could not have arisen on earth. In a certain sense, human beings should love their language deeply, because it is out of love, so to speak, that high beings have remained with them, renouncing certain qualities so that human beings can develop in accordance with wisdom. Just as we must regard rushing ahead as a kind of sacrifice, so too must we regard remaining behind in earlier stages of development as a kind of sacrifice, and we must be quite clear that human beings could not have acquired certain qualities if such sacrifices had not been made.
Thus we see how, in the etheric body of the human being and in the etheric body of the folk spirit that is under consideration, two kinds of beings exchange their work: the normally developed archangels and the spirits of form who have remained at the archangel stage, who have renounced their own development in order to incorporate the vernacular into human beings during their earthly existence. They had to have the power to transform the larynx and all the speech organs in such a way that the result of these speech organs is a physical manifestation, namely language itself. We must therefore regard as the result of this interaction precisely that which appears to us as the national character, as the national temperament associated with language. What human beings are able to express, through which they reveal themselves as members of their people, what they let sound out into the air, is what the spirits of form, allied with the folk spirits, can bring about only because they have remained at the level of the folk spirits with their great powers and forces. Such interaction therefore takes place within the terrain, the areas where the folk spirits are at work. But a similar interaction also takes place in another area.
Yesterday I mentioned that other forces are at work, the primordial beginnings or spirits of personality, which during earthly existence represent what we call the spirit of the age. These forces work in such a way that they work into the physical body from their actual self, from their soul organization, so that they set the forces of the physical body in motion. We must therefore assume that when something occurs at a certain time as a result of the influence of the spirit of the age, when something reveals itself within a spirit of the age through which humanity makes progress, this corresponds to a working with physical forces within our earthly existence. You can see this very easily; you only need to think about it to understand how physical conditions are really necessary for this or that to arise in the spirit of the times. Or can you imagine that Kepler or Copernicus or Pericles could have lived in a different time under different conditions? Personalities grow out of very specific temporal conditions, out of those conditions that are configured and organized at a certain point in time through the physical work of higher beings. It is indeed physical conditions, but physical conditions that we must not imagine as material blocks, but as certain configurations in the physical commonality of our earth. Sometimes this configuration emerges very powerfully; sometimes, when the spirit of the age exerts its influence in some way, a very specific physical constellation must come into being. Just think of how, once people had glasses that were cut precisely, they were put together in a glass grinder's workshop by children playing, so that one could see the optical effect as a telescope, so that the inventor of the telescope only had to observe this law of the telescope in order to realize it.
This is a historical fact. But think of the physical processes that were necessary for all this to happen! The lenses first had to be invented, ground, and assembled in the appropriate way. You can use the word “chance” here, but you can only use it if you refrain from understanding the lawfulness even in such events. These physical conditions together lead to the archetypes, the primal forces. The reflection of their work is that which brings together at a point on earth, which otherwise acts in manifold ways as the spirit of the age. Think of what would not have become of many physical things in recent times if this work of the archai had not taken place in your physical bodies. So it is indeed the work of the archai that acts in this relationship, in this direction.
If these archai work in this way and direct the spirit of the age, we can ask ourselves again: How do these spirits of the age intuit the progress of humanity? They intuit it through the way in which what happens in the physical world stimulates a person as if by chance. These are not mere legends, even if they are sometimes true. I need only recall the swinging lamp in the cathedral at Pisa, where Galileo discovered the law of pendulums from the regular oscillations of the lamp in the cathedral, and how Kepler and Newton were then inspired to make their discoveries. Hundreds and thousands of cases could be recounted where physical events are brought together with human thinking, from which one could see how the archetypes or primal forces intuit what goes out into the world as ideas, as ideas of time, which then influence human beings in their development, which regulate their progress and permeate it according to laws. But in this realm, too, the beings that normally became spirits of personality during our earthly existence interact with others who, because they remained behind on the moon, are not now spirits of form or forces as they should be on earth, but are only now beginning to act as spirits of personality.
Thus, those entities that did not renounce their existence at the solar stage, but only at the lunar stage, are now spirits of personality, but not with the qualities they should normally have, that is, they do not intuit in the same way as normal spirits of personality, but as backward spirits of form. They do not stimulate from outside and leave it up to the individual to observe what is being brought about in the physical world, but rather they stimulate from within, configuring the brain and giving thought a certain direction. This is why human thinking is stimulated from within during different periods of time, so that each age has a particular way of thinking. This is connected with the subtle configurations of thinking, with inner constellations. Here the backward spirits of form, which have the character of the spirits of personality, work within human beings and bring forth a certain way of thinking, a very specific form of concepts. This means that from epoch to epoch, human beings are not only guided in the sense of the intuitive spirits of personality, where they allow themselves to be inspired to do this or that, but that they are driven forward as if by inner forces, so that thinking manifests itself physically from within, just as what remains on the other side as spirits of form manifests itself in language. Thus, the way of thinking expresses itself as a manifestation of the spirits of form, which in our time appear as spirits of personality. So it is not spirits of personality that seem so intimate, leaving people free to do what they want, but spirits that seize them and drive them forward with rushing force. Therefore, you can always see these two types in people who are inspired by the spirit of the times. In those who are inspired by the true spirits of the age, those who are on a normal level, you can see, so to speak, the true representatives of their time. We can regard them as people who had to come, and their activities as something that could not have happened any other way.
But there are also other people in whom those spirits of personality are at work which are actually spirits of form. These are the other spirits we have described as the thinking spirits, which advanced to their present position during the lunar cycle. The human being is now the stage on which all this interacts. This interaction makes itself felt in the fact that language and thinking enter into a reciprocal relationship, in that it is not only the spirits on the same level that enter into a reciprocal relationship, but also the normal archangels, who regulate the national character and temperament, enter into interrelationships with what has just been characterized, that is, not only with the spirits of form on the archangel stage, but also with those spirits of personality who are actually backward spirits of form.
These two types appear in human nature and human being. This relationship is extremely interesting to study when one goes from people to people with occult knowledge and occult vision. There one can see how the normal folk spirits work and how these normal folk spirits receive their commands from the spirits of the times; but also how these folk spirits interact within the human being with the language spirits and also with the thinking spirits that work into the thoughts of human beings. Within human beings, there are not only normal archangels and abnormal archangels, but also archangels in opposition to the abnormal spirits of the personality, which regulate the thought activity of a particular time from within. This is extremely interesting — I have said that conditions will be indicated which you must encounter with your spiritual understanding, which must be clothed in ordinary words, because no language has yet been created in life that would make all this credible and understandable; everything must be expressed in words that give a somewhat pictorial representation of the facts, but which correspond to a meaningful fact of human development — it is now extremely interesting and important to follow the development of humanity in recent times, important to know that a mutual agreement was once concluded between one of the leading spirits of the peoples, who is a normal archangel, and a spirit who works inwardly as the spirit of the powers of thought, that is, with an abnormal spirit of personality, and the serious, significant result of this agreement is evident in a certain historical epoch. In order to make this agreement even more complete, a harmonious relationship was established with the corresponding abnormal archangel, who was the leading spirit of language at that time, so that there is a point in human development where, so to speak, normal and abnormal archangels work together, and where, in addition, the way of thinking brought about from within by an abnormal spirit of personality also has an impact. This agreement between these three parties is reflected in a certain people. This is the Indian people, the people who introduced the post-Atlantean culture in the first post-Atlantean epoch. During this Indian culture, a constellation arose in which these three beings worked together most harmoniously. The result of this is everything that we can describe as the historical role of this Indian people. Even in the times of which there are historical records, what was agreed in that contract continues to have an effect. This was the reason why the ancient sacred language of the Indians had such power and such a tremendous historical cultural impact, and why it continued to have such a powerful effect in the following period. This power was brought about by the abnormal archangels who worked in the language. This power of the Sanskrit language is based precisely on the agreement I have just mentioned. And this, in turn, is the basis of the unique Indian philosophy, which, as a philosophy, as thinking that creates from within the human being, has not yet been achieved by any other people in the world; it is the basis of the inner coherence of the thinking of Indian culture. In all other areas, we observe different conditions. It was only in Indian culture that what has now been characterized came to light at that time. That is why it is so infinitely fascinating to follow these trains of thought, which have a special configuration because they did not arise from the preponderance of the normal archangel over the abnormal, but as something that is in harmony with that unity, because every thought was absorbed by the national temperament and spun out with love into the individual details — at that time, when the Indian people were the first cultural flowering of the post-Atlantean era. And language continued to have this effect because there was no struggle, which would otherwise have arisen everywhere, but because there was a cooperation between the archangel of normal development and the archangel of abnormal development, so that one can say that language, poured out from the purest temperament, is itself a product of temperament. This is the secret of this first cultural people of the post-Atlantean era.
But this is what must be considered in all other peoples, namely that a peculiar interaction arises between these three forces, between the normal national spirit or archangel, the abnormal archangel, and between what works inwardly in the abnormal spirit of the age, which does not work as the spirit of the age but from within, and finally between what the true spirit of the age has transmitted inwardly to the people. The true knowledge of a people is based on listening to these forces within, on examining the part that each factor plays in the constitution of the people. This is why it has become difficult for people who do not question the occult forces of human evolution to actually define the word “people.” Try picking up any book in which the concept of “people” has been defined anywhere in the world, and you will see how many different definitions of the term exist and how much they differ from one another. They must differ from one another because one feels more what comes from one side, from the normal archangels, another feels more what comes from the abnormal archangel, and a third feels what comes from the individual personalities of the people. Everyone feels something different and uses it in their definition. This is precisely what has become clear to us through spiritual science, that these definitions do not always have to be wrong; they are only ever immersed in Maya, in illusion. From what someone says, you can see whether they are only looking at Maya and whether they are disregarding the various forces at work. Therefore, one will naturally always arrive at a completely different concept when, from the spiritual scientific point of view, one considers a people such as the Swiss, who live on the same soil and speak three languages, and, in contrast, peoples with a uniform language.
We will have to discuss later why peoples act more out of the spirit of personality, that is, why they owe their existence to the interaction of individual personalities. We will also find such peoples on earth who owe their existence more to the abnormal spirit of personality. These spirits of personality do not work toward further development. You need only consider the character of the North American people to see a people who are primarily based on this principle. You will see that we will only understand world history, insofar as it is the history of peoples, when we trace normal and abnormal archangels, normal and abnormal spirits of personality in their mutual rank and interaction, and at the same time in the succession of peoples in the course of world history.