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Karma of Untruthfulness I
GA 173

21 December 1916, Basel

This Lecture was formerly part of GA 173 but has not been included in the new arrangement in three volumes.

Lecture VIII

Many people have the custom of celebrating every year the physical birth of that Being Who entered into earthly evolution in order to give meaning to this earthly evolution. In keeping with the task of our spiritual scientific movement, a task of which we must never cease to be aware, and in an effort to avoid falling into a merely routine celebration such as is found in many places today, it will be fitting to bring before our souls in these grave times some aspects of what is connected with the meaning of the physical birth of Christ Jesus.

We have often contemplated with the eyes of our spirit the fact that in Christ Jesus two Beings flow together to form one: the Christ-Being and the human Jesus-Being. This is something that people on earth are capable of experiencing. As Christianity has developed, there has been much conflict, much dogmatic conflict about the significance of the uniting of Christ with Jesus in the body whose physical birth we celebrate in the Christmas festival. Let us start with what we know. In Christ we recognize a cosmic, super-earthly Being, One Who came down from spiritual worlds in order to give meaning to earthly evolution by being born in a physical human being. And in the human being Jesus we recognize one who was destined, in the manner known to us, to unite as a human being with the Christ-Being, to take this Being into himself after thirty years of preparation.

Not only is much argument, much dogmatic conflict connected with the manner in which Christ united with Jesus. There is also, in the relationship of Christ to Jesus, an indication of important mysteries relating to the whole of mankind's evolution on earth. In endeavouring to pursue what has happened so far, so as to understand something about this uniting of Christ with Jesus, and in considering what must still happen in human evolution in order to bring this relationship into a proper focus, we find ourselves touching on one of the greatest mysteries of human knowledge and human life.

As the time approached when human evolution was to take into itself the Christ-Being there came about a possibility, like an inheritance from the ancient days of clairvoyant wisdom, of gaining a picture, an idea of the whole lofty stature of the Christ-Being. There existed at this time a wisdom about which people often speak today in what could be called a sacrilegious way, though they have scarcely any idea of what it represented. It was something which has now been eliminated from human evolution by certain streams which are opposed to more profound Christian revelation. This was Gnosis,1See, among others, Rudolf Steiner Christ and the Spiritual World. The Search for the Holy Grail, Rudolf Steiner Press, London 1963, Lecture One. a wisdom into which much of the knowledge revealed to mankind by ancient, atavistic clairvoyance had flowed. Every last fragment of Gnosis, both verbal and written, had been rooted out by western dogmatic Christianity, but not until Gnosis had also endeavoured to find an answer to the question: Who is Christ?

Today there is no longer a question of returning to Gnosis for, of course, the light of Gnosis has meanwhile gone out. But the elimination of Gnosis, root and branch, though a consequence of evil, ignorance and hostility towards knowledge and wisdom sprang, nevertheless, in a way from a necessity of earthly evolution. So the accusation that anthroposophical spiritual science intends to warm up ancient Gnosis is nothing more than one of the many malevolent attacks now being made on us. This accusation is made by people who know nothing about Gnosis and, similarly, little about Anthroposophy. We do not want to warm up Gnosis, but we do want to recognize that Gnosis was something powerful, something great, for that time nineteen centuries ago when it endeavoured to give some kind of an answer to the question: Who is Christ?

The eye of the Gnostic—his spiritual eye—saw the spiritual worlds. He thought of the spiritual hierarchies arranged in a wonderful way, rank upon rank. He also saw how Christ strode down through the world of the spiritual hierarchies in order to enter into the enveloping bodies of a mortal human being. All this was revealed to the soul of the Gnostic. And this soul strove to gain a picture of how Christ came down from spiritual heights and was received on earth. You can gain an idea of the scale of these events if you imagine that everything that has come into the world since the elimination of Gnosis has been small and petty in comparison with the mighty Christ-picture of the Gnostics. The Mystery-wisdom that lies behind the Gospels is infinitely great, greater than anything that subsequent theology has been capable of finding in them. In order to understand how small and insignificant is today's customary understanding of the Christ-Being compared with that of Gnosis, you might try to immerse yourselves in the Christ-idea of the ancient Gnostics. When you place this before your soul you will grovel in the dust before the greatness of this picture of the Christ-Being Who came down from spiritual heights, spiritual distances, spiritual breadths into a human body. So, long ago, there was once amongst human beings a lofty concept of Christ. It has receded now. For all those dogmas that came into being subsequently, the creeds of Arius or Athanasius or whatever,2At the first Council of Nicaea (325) the Athanasian creed (identity of the Son with the Father) was accepted. Arius denied this identity and stressed the oneness of God the Father. He gained many supporters, especially among the Germanic tribes, and the strife between the two schools of thought dragged on throughout the fourth and fifth centuries, until Arianism lost its influence. are trifling compared with the Gnostic concept which combined wisdom about the structure of the universe with the view of the Christ-Being. Only remnants of this great Gnostic concept of Christ remain.

This is one aspect of the relationship of Christ to Jesus, namely, that Christ came into the world at a time when the wisdom which could have comprehended Him, which had endeavoured to comprehend Him, had already been stamped out. Yet, all along, those who spoke of Gnosis as an oriental fantasy which had to be stamped out for the good of western man considered themselves good Christians. In truth, it was only the incapacity of that time, its incapacity to link earthly concepts with heavenly concepts. You really need a sense of tragedy if you want to understand human evolution.

How long was it after the event of the Mystery of Golgotha that the Temple of Jerusalem, the place of peace, was destroyed? The city of Jerusalem surrounded the Temple of Solomon. What Gnosis was as wisdom, the Temple of Solomon was as symbol. In the Temple of Solomon were symbolized all the mysteries of the universe. The purpose was that those who entered the Temple of Solomon, where they were surrounded by pictures which were mirrored in their souls, should there absorb something into their souls which only then transformed them into true human beings. The Temple of Solomon was to pour the meaning of the universe into the souls of those who were permitted to enter there. What the Temple of Solomon contained was not directly contained anywhere on the earth, for it contained everything in the way of universal mysteries that shone down into the earth out of the breadths of the cosmos.

Why was the Temple of Solomon built? My dear friends, if you had asked an ancient initiate who knew about the Temple he would have replied: So that there shall be a sign here on earth which may be seen by those powers who accompany the souls who are seeking a way into earthly bodies. Let us grasp this rightly. These ancient initiates of the Temple of Solomon knew, as they accompanied the human beings down through all the signs of the Zodiac into their earthly bodies, that they must guide special souls to those bodies which were capable of mirroring in themselves the symbols of the Temple of Solomon.

Naturally enough, this could become a reason for succumbing to arrogance. If this was not taken in with humility, with the humility of the Essenes, it became a reason for succumbing to the wisdom of the Pharisees! But the truth is as follows: The earthly eye looks up to the heavens and sees the stars. The spiritual eye of those who led souls down to the earth from the breadths of the universe was directed downwards and saw the Temple of Solomon with its symbols. It was for them a star by whose light they could accompany the souls into bodies of a calibre capable of comprehending the meaning of the Temple of Solomon. It was the star at the mid-point of the earth which shone out strongly into spiritual heights.

When Christ Jesus had come to the earth, when the Mystery of Golgotha had taken its course, then this great Mystery of Golgotha was to be mirrored in every single human soul: ‘My kingdom is not of this world!’ So the external, physical Temple of Solomon first of all lost its significance, and its destiny fulfilled itself in a tragic way. Basically, there was no one left at that time who, by mirroring all the symbols of the Temple of Solomon, could really take in the full extent of the Christ-Being. But the Christ-Being Himself had entered into earthly evolution and was now within it. This—as has so often been repeated in our circles—is the fact which matters. The Gnostics were the last stragglers of those bearers of that wisdom which was extensive and intensive enough to understand something of Christ out of man's ancient, atavistic earth-wisdom.

That is one side of the relationship between Christ and Jesus. At that time the Christ-Being could have been comprehended by Gnosis. But this was not part of the plan of evolution, although in what had been Gnosis there had been contained the full wisdom of the Christ. But now it can be said that the path taken by Christianity through the countries of the South—through Greece, Italy, Spain and so on—was suited to extinguishing more and more the knowledge of what Christ really was. Rome in decline, Rome in disintegration was destined to extinguish the understanding of Christ.

It is a remarkable thing that, on the one hand, the relationship of Christ to Jesus worked in such a way that, in Gnosis, a high concept of Christ shines out and then dies away as Christianity passes through the Roman element, and that, on the other hand, when Christianity meets the peoples coming down towards it from the North, the concept of Jesus starts to take shape. The concept of Christ has died away in the South. Then, in the North, the concept of Jesus appears, certainly not in a lofty way, but in a way that speaks to the souls of human beings; something wonderful enters human souls at the thought of how a child is born in a consecrated night, a child who will take the Christ into himself. Just as in the South the concept of Christ was inadequate, so in the North was the feeling for Jesus. Nevertheless, the feeling was such that it deeply moved people's hearts; yet, in itself, it is not fully comprehensible. You have only to compare the greatness and majesty of what Christ Jesus means for human evolution with all the sentimental trifles contained in so many poems and songs about the ‘darling infant Jesus’, which move the hearts of those who, in their egoism, believe that they are experiencing heavenly ecstasies. If you make this comparison you gain an immediate impression of something that wants to enter into life but cannot quite do so, something that combines with that other in such a way that the whole deeper meaning and significance remains in man's subconscious.

Now what is it that remains in man's subconscious while the concept of Jesus, the feeling for Jesus, the experience of Jesus rises to the surface? It is extraordinary how this happened! The understanding of Christ sank down into the subconscious and the understanding of Jesus began to glow in the subconscious. In man's subconscious, not in consciousness, which was powerless, there was to be a meeting and a balancing out of the Christ consciousness which was fading and the Jesus consciousness which was beginning to glow in the subconscious. Why did the peoples who came down from Scandinavia, from what is today northern Russia, not take up in Christianity the Christ idea which, to begin with, remained utterly unknown to them? Why did they take up the Jesus idea in Christianity? Why was it the Christmas festival which, above all, spoke to human hearts, awakening in them infinite feelings of holy tenderness? Why was this? What was there in this Europe which received from the South what was basically an utterly disfigured Christianity? What was there in this Europe that caused that idea to light up in people's hearts, that idea in which the Christmas festival with its deep, deep content of feeling is experienced?

The people had been prepared but, to a certain extent, they had forgotten what had prepared them. They had been prepared out of the ancient northern Mysteries. But they had forgotten the meaning of the ancient northern Mysteries. To discover, out of the inner meaning of the northern Mysteries, that deep secret of how the feeling for Jesus entered into European soul life it is necessary to go very far back indeed.

These northern Mysteries were founded on something utterly different from the foundation of the Mysteries of Asia Minor, the Mysteries of the South. These Mysteries of the North were founded on something that was more intimately bound up with the life of the stars, with nature, with the earth's growth forces, rather than that which was shown in the symbols of a temple. Mystery-truths are not the trifles certain mystic sects play around with today. Mystery-truths are grand and powerful impulses within human evolution. Just as we cannot find our way back today through Anthroposophy to Gnosis, to the ancient Gnostics, neither can mankind return to what the ancient Mysteries of the North once meant for human evolution. It would be a foolish misunderstanding to believe that such Mystery-truths are being revealed now because of a desire to return in some way to what lived in them. For the sake of self-knowledge it is necessary for mankind today to know what lived in such Mysteries. For what in the northern Mysteries involved the whole evolution of the universe was connected with what came from the earth, whereas the Gnostic wisdom inspired by the cosmos was connected with what took place in the far reaches of the universe. The mystery of mankind in its connection to all the mysteries of the cosmos, how it works when man enters on the physical earth into his physical existence, all this, at a certain period of earthly evolution, lay more deeply than anywhere else at the basis of these ancient northern Mysteries.

But it is necessary to go a very long way back, approximately to the third millennium BC or perhaps even further, in order to understand what lived in those souls who later took into themselves the feeling for Jesus. Just about where the peninsula of Jutland is part of Denmark today, there existed a centre from which emanated in those ancient times very important Mystery-impulses. However people may judge this with their modern understanding, I can tell you that these Mystery-impulses were connected with the fact that, in the third millennium BC in this northern region, there lived certain tribes who only considered those people to be proper residents of the earth who were born during certain weeks in winter time. This came about because the temple priests of this secret Mystery Centre on the Jutland peninsula decreed that in certain tribes, the Ingaevones3‘To Mannus they assign three sons, from whose names, they say, the coast tribes are called Ingaevones; those of the interior, Herminones; all the rest Istaevones.’ Tacitus Germania, 2. as Tacitus called them, the sexual union of human beings must only take place during the first quarter of the year. Every sexual union outside this period decreed by the Mystery centre was taboo; and anyone not born during the season of the darkest nights, in the coldest season towards the new year, was considered by these tribes of the Ingaevones to be an inferior human being. The impulse was sent out by the Mystery centre at the time of the first full moon after the spring equinox. This was the only time when those who felt truly connected with the spiritual worlds were allowed to practise sexual union. The forces which are used up in sexual union were saved for the whole remainder of each year and thus contributed to the growing strength of the people. Therefore, they were able to develop that remarkable power of which even the dying echo so astonished Tacitus—writing a century after the Mystery of Golgotha.

In this way the tribes of the Ingaevones, and the other Germanic tribes to a lesser extent, underwent at the time of the first full moon after the spring equinox a particularly strong experience of the process of conception, not in a state of waking consciousness but through a kind of dream annunciation. They knew what this meant with regard to the connection between the mystery of man and the mysteries of heaven. A spiritual being appeared to the one who was conceiving and announced to her, as through a vision, the human being who was to come to the earth through her. There was no consciousness, only a semiconsciousness in that sphere which human souls experienced during the process of entering into physical, earthly reality. Subconsciously the people knew themselves to be ruled by gods, the Vanir.4 A literal translation of these two sentences reads as follows: ‘Subconsciously the people knew themselves to be ruled by gods, who were given the name ‘Wanen’ [English: Vanir], which is connected with the word ‘wahnen’ [to fancy, to imagine], that is, with that which runs its course, not in full, intellectual consciousness but in a “knowing, dream consciousness”.’ Trs. They were not fully conscious in their intellect but lived in a ‘knowing dream-consciousness’.

Practices which exist at a certain time, and are fitting for that time, often survive into later times in external symbols. In olden times the holy mystery of birth was shrouded in the subconscious, which in turn meant that all births were crowded together in a certain part of the winter season, and it was regarded as sinful if human beings were born at other times. Later on this was partly preserved, but only fragments passed over into later consciousness, fragments of which the meaning has so far remained undiscovered by any learning. Indeed, it is openly admitted that no scholar has succeeded in discovering any meaning. Fragments remain in the so-called Ertha saga. Except for a few notes, everything now known externally about the Ertha, or Nerthus saga is contained in the writings of Tacitus, who reports about it as follows:5Tacitus on the Ertha saga, Germania, 40. Translated by A J Church and W J Brodribb.

‘The Reudigni, the Aviones, the Anglii, the Varini, the Eudoses, the Suardones, and Nuithones, Germanic tribes who are fenced in by rivers or forests’—these are more or less those tribes who together constitute the Ingaevones—‘venerate Nerthus, Ertha, or Mother Earth and believe that she interposes in human affairs, and visits the nations in her chariot.’

In olden times every woman who was to give the earth a new citizen knew in her dream consciousness, through the religious worship of the Vanir, that the goddess later worshipped as Ertha or Nerthus would appear to her. This godly being was perceived as male-female rather than purely female. Only later did a corruption lead to Nerthus becoming a wholly female principle. Just as the Angel Gabriel came to Mary so, in ancient times, did Nerthus come in her chariot to those who were to give the earth a new citizen. The women who were going to give birth saw this in spirit. Later, when the Mystery-impulse in this form had long faded away, the people still celebrated the dying echo of this event in symbols. This is what Tacitus saw, and described as follows:

‘In an island of the ocean there is a sacred grove, and within it her consecrated chariot, covered over with a garment. Only one priest is permitted to touch it.’

This priest was thought of as the initiate of the Ertha Mystery.

‘He can perceive the presence of the goddess in this sacred recess, and walks by her side with the utmost reverence as she is drawn along by heifers. It is a season of rejoicing, and festivity reigns wherever she deigns to go and be received. They do not go to battle or wear arms; every weapon is under lock; only peace and quiet are known and welcomed at these times, till the goddess, weary of human intercourse, is at length restored by the same priest to her temple.’

This was exactly what the vision was like. Such ancient documents describe things really quite exactly, only people no longer understand them. ‘It is a season of rejoicing and festivity. They do not go to battle or wear arms; every weapon is under lock.’ Thus it was indeed at the season which is now our Easter time. Out of their inner soul life people believed the season of the earth's fruitfulness to have come for them too, and those souls were conceived who were later born in the season which is now our Christmas time. The season of Easter was the time for conception. This was seen as a holy mystery of the cosmos and later it was symbolized in the worship of Nerthus. All of it was shrouded in the subconscious and was not allowed to break through into consciousness. This shimmers through in what Tacitus says about this worship:

‘Only peace and quiet are known and welcomed at these times, till the goddess, weary of human intercourse, is at length restored by the same priest to her temple. Afterwards the chariot, the vestments and the divinity herself are purified in a secret lake. Slaves perform the rite, who are instantly swallowed up by its waters.’ A penalty to ensure that all who know about these matters are submerged in the night of the unconscious. ‘Thus reigns a mysterious terror and a pious ignorance concerning the nature of that which is seen only by men doomed to die.’

Everything that takes place in the world comes to have a luciferic and an ahrimanic counter-image. The practices of the Ingaevones, which fitted properly into human evolution, related to the time of the first full moon after the spring equinox. But owing to the precession of the equinox, what remained in ancient times of what had once been a dream experience took place later and later, and thus became ahrimanic. When the events of true, ancient Ertha worship had gradually moved to a time approximately four weeks later, they had become ahrimanic. It was ahrimanic because the union of the human woman with the spiritual world was sought in an unlawful way, that is, at an unlawful time. This then came to be caught and held in ‘Walpurgis Night’6The night of 30 April to 1 May when the witches are said to gather on the Brocken in the Harz Mountains. which falls on the night of 30 April to 1 May. This is purely the consequence of an ahrimanic time-shift. You know that a luciferic time-shift goes backwards; an ahrimanic one is the opposite, so here the equinox is shifted forwards so that the remnant from earlier times manifests later. Thus the ahrimanic, Mephistophelean reverse side of ancient Ertha worship, its reversal into something devilish, later became ‘Walpurgis Night’, which is connected with the most ancient Mysteries of which only this weak echo remains.

Much of these Mysteries lived on in the Scandinavian Mysteries.7See Rudolf Steiner The Mission of the Individual Folk-Souls, Rudolf Steiner Press, London 1970, and also Die Julzeit und die Christfeststimmung, Dornach 1966. There in place of Ertha is Frigg, who in the symbolism of later ages—as spiritual science reveals—actually appears as a traitor to what really lay at the foundation.

Something else also should be mentioned in connection with the customs of these Mysteries. From the time of the spring full moon until the depths of winter the fruit ripened in the mothers' wombs. Then one such human being was the first to be born in the holy night. Among the tribes of the Ingaevones this human being, the first to be born in the holy night, was chosen to become, at the age of thirty, the leader for three years, for only three years. In most ancient times this occurred every third year. What then happened to him I might be able to tell you later on.

Careful research reveals that not only is Frigg, Frea, Frija a kind of secondary name for Nerthus, but that the name Ing, after whom the Ingaevones named themselves, is also a secondary name for Nerthus. Those connected with this Mystery centre called themselves ‘the ones who belong to the god, or goddess, Ing’: Ingaevones. In the external world only fragments remained of what was actually experienced. One of these are the words of Tacitus which I have read to you. Another fragment is the famous Anglo-Saxon rune-song8The so-called song of the runic names. Twenty-second rune. See Wilhelm Grimm Über deutsche Runen (On German Runes), Göttingen 1821. consisting of only a few lines. Every student of German philology knows it but none understand its meaning:

‘Ing was first seen by the men of the East Danes. Later he went eastwards. Across the waves he strode, and his chariot followed after.’

This Anglo-Saxon rune-song contains an echo of what had happened in the ancient Mystery-custom of conception at Easter with the view to a time of birth at Christmas. What took place in this connection in the spiritual world was known, above all, on the Danish peninsula. That is why the rune song says quite rightly: ‘Ing was first seen by the men of the East Danes.’ Then came times when this ancient knowledge fell more and more into corruption, so that only echoes and symbols remained. Altogether human evolution became more suffused with what came from warmer climes. From warmer countries comes something which is unlike what comes from colder climes, where the season of the year is intimately linked with what human beings experience in their inner being. In warmer climes the seed of man was sown all the year round. Of course this happened also in the colder countries even while the old atavistic clairvoyance still existed, but it was suffused in the ancient principles. It came to the the northern regions when the Vanir were being replaced by the Aesir and when, in the southern regions, the nature Mysteries had long been replaced by the temple Mysteries. It came northwards, of course still mixed with the ancient ways, when the Vanir were being replaced by the Aesir. Just as the Vanir were connected with ‘imagining’, so were the Aesir connected with ‘being’, with being or existing in the material world which external understanding wishes to grasp. When the northern people had entered an age in which individual intelligence was beginning to develop, when the Aesir took the place of the Vanir, the Mystery-custom became corrupted. It migrated to isolated, scattered Mystery-communities in the East. One alone remained. The one in whom the whole meaning of the earth was to be renewed, the one in whom the Christ was to dwell, was chosen to unite within himself what had once been the content of the northern Mysteries.

So in contemplating in the Luke Gospel the story of how the Archangel Gabriel appears to Mary, we may seek its origin in the true visions which occurred in what was later mirrored in the Nerthus Mystery with its symbols. This had migrated over to the East. Spiritual science now reveals it and only spiritual science can find a meaning for the Anglo-Saxon rune song. For Nerthus and Ing are one and the same. And of Ing it is said: ‘Ing was first seen by the men of the East Danes. Later he went eastwards. Across the waves he strode, and his chariot followed after.’ He strode, of course, across the waves of the clouds, just as Nerthus strode across the waves of the clouds. What had been general in the colder regions became singular, a single event. It took place as a single event and as such comes to meet us again in the description in the Luke Gospel.

Now once something is there, once it has become customary and firmly anchored in the soul, then it remains there, it remains firmly in the soul. So when the people of the North received the tidings of Christianity from what had been ancient Rome in the South, these tidings were linked with old Mystery-customs which lived no longer in full consciousness but in the subconscious and were thus only dimly sensed. That is why the feeling for Jesus could be especially strongly developed there. What had lived in the old Nerthus Mystery had sunk down into the subconscious where it was still present, where it was sensed and felt.

In those distant days in the far North, when the earth was still covered in forests in which lived the aurochs and the elk, the families gathered in their snow-covered huts in the lamplight around a newborn child. They spoke of this new life and of how it brought to them the new light which the heavens had announced to them in the days of early spring. This was the ancient Christmas, the consecrated night. When they later received tidings of one who was born in the holiest hour and who was destined for great things it reminded them of another who had been the firstborn after the twelfth hour of the consecrated night. The ancient knowledge was gone, but the ancient feelings lived on when the tidings came of such a one born in distant Asia, one in whom lived the Christ Who had descended to the earth from the starry heavens.

It is our duty in the present time to understand such things more and more so that we may learn to grasp the meaning of earthly mankind's evolution. Holy Writ is filled with what is unimaginably great, not with the kind of triviality so often discussed in religious tracts. It is filled with holy truths which run through the whole of human evolution and thrill us to the marrow, flooding our hearts with wonder. All this resounds in what the gospels contain. Once spiritual science has revealed the profound background to what lives in the gospels, these gospels will become for mankind something inestimably dear and valuable. One day mankind will know why it is said in the Luke gospel:

‘And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria. And all went to be taxed, every one into his own city. And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, (because he was of the house and lineage of David): To be taxed with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child. And so it was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she should be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn.’

For Him, the firstborn among those who were to find one another in the soul, the ancient Mystery-forces had migrated to the distant East from the Danish peninsula.

‘And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. And lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them; and they were sore afraid.’

In the same way had Ertha, who rode through the countryside in her chariot, brought tidings of the arrival of human beings on earth in a way fitting for the ancient consciousness of the Vanir, that is, for subconscious, atavistic clairvoyance.

‘And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day, in the city of David, a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying,’

Saying what the Ertha priest had spoken in the ancient northern Mystery to the woman who was to conceive:

‘The revelation of the divine comes from on high in the time of peace among those who are of good will!’

As Tacitus says: ‘It is a season of rejoicing and festivity. They do not go to battle or wear arms; every weapon is under lock.’

It is to this greatness that human beings must ascend: They must look deeply into the course of human evolution. For even the Mystery of Golgotha, which gave a deeper meaning to the whole of earth evolution, only becomes fully comprehensible when it is shown how it stands within human evolution as a whole. When materialism has disappeared and people want to know, not only in the abstract but also quite concretely about their divine origin, there will once again be an understanding for the holy Mystery-truths of ancient days. Then will the interval of time be over in which Christ, though He lives on the earth, can only be minimally understood in full consciousness. For the understanding of Christ among the Gnostics faded away; and the understanding of Jesus grew only unconsciously in connection with the ancient worship of Nerthus. In the future mankind will have to bring into consciousness and bind together both these unconscious streams. Then an understanding of Christ will gain more and more prominence on the earth, and this will be the link between ancient Mystery-knowledge and a renewed great flourishing of Gnosis.

Those who take seriously the anthroposophical view of the world, and also the Movement connected with it, will see that the things it has to say to mankind are no childish games but great and serious truths. We must allow our souls to be deeply moved, because these things are meant to move us deeply.

The earth is not only a great living creature. It is also a lofty spiritual being. Just as a great human genius cannot evolve to full stature without suitable development through childhood and youth, so the Mystery of Golgotha could not have taken place, the divine could not have united with earth evolution if, in the days of earth's beginning, other divine beings had not descended in a different, though equally divine way. The revelation of the divine on high incorporated in the worship of Nerthus differed from the way it was later understood; but it existed.

The knowledge contained in this ancient wisdom is solely atavistic, yet it is infinitely higher than the materialistic world view which is today making human beings into animals as regards the level of their knowledge.

In Christianity we are concerned with a fact, not with a theory. The theory has to follow after the fact and it is important for the human consciousness that is to develop during the further course of earth evolution. But Christianity as such, the Mystery of Golgotha, exists as a fact, and it was necessary that it should enter at first into the unconscious streams. This was still possible in Asia Minor at the time when Christ united with the earth.

Shepherds, people resembling those among whom the worship of Nerthus lived, are also described in the Luke gospel. I can only sketch all this for you. If only we had more time I could show you how deeply founded are the things I have to tell you today. It is because man came down from spiritual heights that the revelation of the divine came from the heavens. It had to be expressed in this way to those who knew, from ancient wisdom, that the destiny of man is linked with what lives in the stars of the heavens. But what is to live on the earth as a result of the incarnation of Christ into a human being will have to be understood gradually. The tidings are twofold, they are in two parts: ‘The revelation of the divine from on high’ and ‘Peace to earthly souls who are of good will.’ Without this second part, Christmas, the festival of the birth of Christ is meaningless!

Not only was Christ born for mankind; mankind also crucified Him! There is a necessity for this, too, but it is no less true that mankind did crucify Christ. And it may be known that the crucifixion on the wooden cross at Golgotha was not the only crucifixion. A time must come in which the second part of the Christmas words may be understood: ‘Peace to men on earth who are of good will!’ For the negative, too, may be felt and sensed, namely, that mankind today is far removed from a proper understanding of Christ and the Christmas Mystery.

Surely it must cut us to the quick that we live in an age when mankind's longing for peace is shouted down.9On 12 December 1916, via a speech in the Reichstag by Bethmann-Hollweg, the Central Powers offered a suggestion for peace negotiations which was rejected by the Allies. See Lecture Thirteen. It is almost dishonest in these days, when mankind's longing for peace is shouted down in the way it is, to celebrate Christmas at all. Let us hope, since we are not yet confronted with the absolute worst, that a change of soul may take place so that, in place of the shouting-down of the longing for peace, there may come Christian feelings, a will for peace. If it does not, it may not be those who are striving in Europe today but, instead, others who come over from Asia who will one day take revenge for the shouting-down of the longing for peace and bring tidings of Christianity and of the Mystery of Golgotha to the ruins of European culture and spiritual life. Then the record will be indelible: At Christmas in the nineteen hundred and sixteenth year after the annunciation of peace on earth to human souls who are of good will, in the nineteen hundred and sixteenth year after the tidings of Christmas, mankind succeeded in shouting down the longing for peace!

May it not come to this! May the good spirits who work in the Christmas impulses guard Europe's unfortunate population against this!

Achter Vortrag

Bei vielen Menschen ist es Gewohnheit geworden, alljährlich die physische Geburt desjenigen Wesens zu feiern, das in die Erdenentwickelung eingetreten ist, um dieser Erdenentwickelung ihren Sinn zu geben. Wenn wir in Gemäßheit dessen, was wir uns immer wieder und wiederum vorhalten müssen als die Aufgabe unserer geisteswissenschaftlichen Bewegung, nicht in ein bloßes Gewohnheitsfest verfallen wollen, wie man das an so vielen Stätten jetzt finden kann, so wird es angemessen sein, gerade über mancherlei, was zusammenhängt mit dem Sinn der physischen Geburt des Christus Jesus, einiges in dieser ernsten Zeit vor unsere Seele zu führen.

Wir haben uns oftmals vor das geistige Auge geführt, wie in dem Christus Jesus für das menschliche Anschauungsvermögen gewissermaßen zwei Wesenheiten zu einer zusammenfließen: das ChristusWesen und das menschliche Jesus-Wesen. Nun hat es innerhalb der christlichen Entwickelung viel Streit, viel Dogmenstreit gegeben über den Sinn der Vereinigung des Christus mit dem Jesus in dem Wesen, dessen physische Geburt im Weihnachtsfeste gefeiert wird. Wir dürfen anknüpfen daran, daß wir ja wissen: In dem Christus erkennen wir ein kosmisches, ein überirdisches Wesen, ein Wesen, das heruntergestiegen ist aus geistigen Welten, um durch das Geborenwerden in einem physischen Menschen der Erdenentwickelung ihren Sinn zu verleihen. Und wir erkennen in dem Menschen Jesus denjenigen, der in einer uns ja bekannten Weise vorbestimmt war, als Mensch die Christus-Wesenheit sich zu verbinden, sie in sich aufzunehmen, nachdem er dreißig Jahre hindurch dazu vorbereitet war.

Nicht nur, daß es viel Zank, viel Dogmenstreit gab über die Art, wie der Christus mit dem Jesus verbunden ist, sondern in dem Verhältnisse des Christus zu dem Jesus liegt zu gleicher Zeit ein Hinweis auf bedeutsame Geheimnisse der ganzen irdischen Menschheitsentwickelung. Und wenn man verfolgt, was bis heute geschehen ist, um etwas von dieser Verbindung des Christus mit dem Jesus zu begreifen, und wenn man sich Gedanken darüber macht, was innerhalb der Menschheitsentwickelung noch zu geschehen hat, um dieses Verhältnis in das rechte Licht zu setzen, dann rührt man an eines der ganz großen Geheimnisse menschlicher Erkenntnis und menschlichen Lebens.

Als die Zeit herannahte, da die Menschheitsentwickelung in sich das Christus-Wesen aufnehmen sollte, da war, allerdings wie eine Erbschaft aus alten hellseherischen Weisheitszeiten, eine Möglichkeit da, sich gewisse Vorstellungen und Ideen zu machen über die ganze Höhe der Christus-Wesenheit. Und es gab in dieser Zeit eine Weisheit, von welcher die heutige Menschheit oftmals, man könnte sagen, freventlich redet, von welcher sie sich aber doch kaum eine Vorstellung machen kann; es gab dasjenige, was durch gewisse Strömungen - im Grunde Gegenströmungen der tieferen christlichen Offenbarung — aus der Menschheitsentwickelung bis jetzt ausgerottet worden ist: es gab die Gnosis, eine Weisheit, in welche vieles von uraltem, in atavistischem Hellsehen der Menschheit geoffenbartem Erkennen eingeflossen war. Es war alles das, was als Gnosis mündlich oder schriftlich vorhanden war, durch die abendländische dogmatische Christentumsentwickelung geradezu mit Stumpf und Stiel ausgerottet worden, nachdem allerdings diese Gnosis sich bemüht hatte, ihrerseits eine Antwort zu finden auf die Frage: Wer ist der Christus?

Heute kann es sich nicht mehr darum handeln, zur Gnosis zurückzukehren; die Gnosis ist selbstverständlich etwas Verglommenes. Und daß sie mit Stumpf und Stiel ausgerottet worden ist, entsprang zwar dem Bösen, der Unwissenheit und der Feindschaft gegenüber Wissen und Weisheit, aber es entsprang doch einer gewissen Notwendigkeit in der irdischen Entwickelung. Und es ist nur eine von den vielen gegenwärtigen Böswilligkeiten, wenn gerade der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft der Vorwurf gemacht wird, sie wolle die alte Gnosis aufwärmen. Dieser Vorwurf wird ja von den Leuten gemacht, die von der Gnosis nichts wissen, und ebensowenig wissen von der Anthroposophie. Nicht um ein Aufwärmen der Gnosis handelt es sich, sondern darum, zu erkennen, daß die Gnosis etwas Gewaltiges, etwas Großes war, etwas, was für die Zeit, die jetzt neunzehn Jahrhunderte hinter uns liegt, eine gewisse Antwort zu geben versuchte auf die Frage: Wer ist der Christus?

Vor dem Auge des Gnostikers, vor seinem Geistesauge stand der Hinblick auf geistige Welten. In einer wunderbaren Weise dachte sich der Gnostiker übereinandergeordnet die Welt der geistigen Hierarchien. Und wie durch die Welt der geistigen Hierarchien Christus heruntergestiegen ist, um einzutreten in die Hüllen eines sterblichen Menschen — das stand alles vor der Seele des Gnostikers. Und diese Seele wollte sich eine Vorstellung davon bilden, wie der Christus aus geistigen Höhen angekommen ist und empfangen worden ist auf der Erde. Man macht sich die besten Vorstellungen von dem, was einmal war, wenn man sich denkt, daß alles, was in die Welt getreten ist, nachdem die Gnosis mit Stumpf und Stiel ausgerottet worden war, klein war gegenüber der Größe der Christus-Vorstellung gnostischer Zeiten. Was als eigentliche Mysterienweisheit hinter den Evangelien liegt, ist unendlich groß, und größer als das, was alle nachfolgende Theologie in der Lage war, aus den Evangelien herauszuholen. Um zu verstehen, wie klein und unbedeutend gegenüber der Gnosis die heute übliche Auffassung der Christus-Wesenheit ist, vertiefe man sich in den Christus-Begriff der alten Gnosis. Man stelle sich dieses Bild vor die Seele hin, und man liegt im Staube vor der Größe der Vorstellung dieses aus Weltenhöhen, Weltenfernen, Weltenweiten in einen menschlichen Leib einziehenden Christus-Wesens.

Es war also einmal unter den Menschen ein großer, hoher ChristusBegriff. Er ist zurückgetreten: denn klein sind dagegen alle die dogmatischen Festsetzungen, die als arianisches oder als athanasisches Glaubensbekenntnis auf die Nachwelt gekommen sind, klein gegen jenen gnostischen Begriff, welcher Weisheit über die Zusammensetzung der Welt verbunden hat mit dem Hinblick auf die Christus-Wesenheit. Nur Reste sind geblieben von diesem großen gnostischen ChristusBegriffe.

Das ist die eine Seite des Verhältnisses des Christus zu Jesus, daß der Christus in die Welt gekommen ist zu einer Zeit, in welcher jene Weisheit, die ihn hat begreifen können, die ihn hat begreifen wollen, bereits ausgerottet wurde. Und immer glaubten diejenigen gute Christen zu sein, die davon sprachen, daß die alte Gnosis eine orientalische Phantastik sei, welche man zum Heil der abendländischen Menschen habe ausrotten müssen. In Wahrheit war es nur die Ohnmacht der Zeit, die nicht imstande war, irdische Begriffe mit himmlischen Begriffen zu verknüpfen. — Man muß einen Sinn für das Tragische haben, wenn man die Menschheitsentwickelung verstehen will.

Wie lange hat es gedauert, nachdem das Mysterium von Golgatha sich abgespielt hatte, daß der Tempel von Jerusalem, die Stätte des Friedens, zerstört worden ist? Umschlossen hat diese Stadt Jerusalem den Salomonischen Tempel. Was die Gnosis als Weisheit war, war der Salomonische Tempel als Symbolik. Dasjenige, was der Salomonische Tempel als Symbolik umschloß, enthielt alles im Bilde, was Weltengeheimnisse sind. Und es war so gemeint, daß diejenigen, die den Salomonischen Tempel betraten, in welchem die Bilder rings um sie herum waren und sich in ihrer Seele abspiegelten, etwas in ihre Seelen aufnahmen, durch das sie in wahrem Sinne erst Menschen wurden. Der Salomonische Tempel sollte den Weltensinn in die Seele derer gießen, die ihn betreten durften. Dasjenige, was der Salomonische Tempel enthielt - auf derErde war es nicht unmittelbar enthalten; denn er enthielt alles das, was auf die Erde hereinschien an Weltengeheimnissen aus den Weiten des Kosmos.

Meine lieben Freunde, würde man einen der alten Eingeweihten gefragt haben, die Bescheid wußten über den Salomonischen Tempel, so würde die Antwort auf die Frage: Warum ist der Salomonische Tempel erbaut worden? — etwa so gelautet haben: Damit auf der Erde hier ein Zeichen ist, auf das diejenigen Mächte hinschauen, welche die Seelen geleiten, die den Weg suchen in irdische Leiber. — Fassen wir das recht. Denken wir uns, daß diese alten Eingeweihten des Salomonischen Tempels wußten, wenn sie die Menschen nach allen Sternenzeichen in die irdischen Leiber heruntergeleiten, dann müssen besondere Seelen zu denjenigen Leibern geführt werden, welche in der Lage sind, die großen Symbole des Salomonischen Tempels in sich gespiegelt zu erhalten.

Natürlich war dies ein Anlaß, in Hochmut zu verfallen. Wenn dies nicht in Demut, mit Essäerdemut aufgenommen wurde, so war es ein Anlaß, um in Pharisäerweisheit zu verfallen! Aber dieses war schon der Fall: Das Erdenauge schaut hinauf zum Himmel und erblickt Sterne. Das Geistesauge derjenigen, welche die Seelen aus Weltenweiten hereinführten auf dieErde, schaute herunter und erblickte den Salomonischen Tempel mit seinen Symbolen. Er war ihnen ein Stern, durch dessen Licht sie die Seelen geleiten konnten in solche Leiber, die den Sinn des Salomonischen Tempels würden aufnehmen können, Er war der Mittelpunktstern der Erde, der besonders hinausglänzte in die geistige Höhe.

Als der Christus Jesus zur Erde gekommen war, als das Mysterium von Golgatha sich vollzogen hatte, da sollte sich das große Mysterium von Golgatha in jeder einzelnen Menschenseele abspiegeln können: «Mein Reich ist nicht von dieser Welt!» Da verlor der äußere, physische Salomonische Tempel zunächst seine Bedeutung, und sein Schicksal erfüllte sich in tragischer Weise. Und es war im Grunde genommen niemand mehr da, der mit der Spiegelung aller Symbole des Salomonischen Tempels in jener Zeit den ganzen Umfang der Christus-Wesenheit hätte aufnehmen können. Aber die Christus-Wesenheit selber war in die Erdenevolution eingetreten, war darinnen. Und auf diese Tatsache das ist oftmals gesagt worden in unserem Kreise —, auf diese Tatsache kommt es an. Die Gnostiker waren ja die letzten Nachzügler der Träger jener Weisheit, die umfassend und intensiv genug war, um aus der alten atavistischen Erdenweisheit der Menschheit heraus etwas von dem Christus zu verstehen.

Das ist die eine Seite dieses Verhältnisses des Christus zum Jesus. In der damaligen Zeit hätte die Christus-Wesenheit erfaßt werden können durch die Gnosis. Das lag nicht im Weltenplane, obwohl in dem, was als Gnosis bestanden hat, eine volle Christus-Weisheit vorhanden war. Und man kann sagen, daß der Weg, welchen nun das Christentum über die Länder des Südens gemacht hat, durch Griechenland, Italien, Spanien und so weiter, daß dieser Weg der war, immer mehr und mehr zum Verlöschen zu bringen die Einsicht in dasjenige, was der Christus eigentlich war. Das versinkende Rom, das sich auflösende Rom war dazu bestimmt, das Verständnis für den Christus zum Erlöschen zu bringen.

Nun ist es merkwürdig, daß dieses Verhältnis von dem Christus zu dem Jesus auf der einen Seite so wirkte, daß wir aufglimmen sehen in der Gnosis einen hohen Christus-Begriff, daß wir ihn verglimmen sehen beim Durchgang des Christentums durch das römische Wesen, und daß andererseits, als das Christentum den Völkern begegnete, die ihm von Norden entgegenkamen, der Begriff von dem Jesus auftaucht. Der Christus-Begriff ist im Süden verglommen; der Jesus-Begriff taucht auf in einer durchaus nicht irgendwie erhabenen Weise, wohl aber in einer solchen Weise, daß er die Gemüter der Menschen ergreift, daß etwas wunderbar in die Seelen Einziehendes sich entwickelt bei dem Gedanken, wie in der Weihenacht das Kind geboren wird, das den Christus aufnimmt. Ebenso wie man im Süden einen ungenügenden ChristusBegriff hatte, ebenso ungenügend lernte man fühlen im Norden den Jesus. Aber dieses Fühlen war immerhin ein solches, das den Leuten tief zu Herzen ging, nur ist es in sich selbst nicht recht verständlich. Denn wenn man das über alles Maß Große, das der Christus Jesus für die Menschheitsentwickelung bedeutet, vergleicht mit all den sentimentalen Läppereien, welche in vielen Dichtungen und Liedern von dem «lieben Jesulein» enthalten sind, mit denen man die Herzen gewohnheitsmäßig rührt, indem sie in ihren Egoismen glauben, damit wirklich himmelstürmende Gefühle in sich zu erleben, dann hat man unmittelbar einen Eindruck davon, wie sich da etwas einleben will, aber nicht voll einleben kann, wie sich etwas mit einem andern verbindet so, daß eigentlich dasjenige, was der tiefere Sinn, die ganze tiefere Bedeutung ist, im Unterbewußtsein der Menschen bleibt.

Was bleibt nun im Unterbewußtsein der Menschen, indem der JesusBegriff, die Jesus-Empfindung, das Jesus-Erlebnis heraufsteigt? Merkwürdig, wie das geschah! Das Christus-Verständnis zog ins Unterbewußte, und das Jesus-Verständnis glomm im Unterbewußten auf. Im Unterbewußten der Menschen, nicht im Bewußtsein, das ohnmächtig war, sollten sich zusammenfinden und ausgleichen das verglimmende, das für das Bewußtsein verglimmende Christus-Bewußtsein und das im Unterbewußten herauftauchende, erglimmende Jesus-Bewußtsein. Warum nahmen denn die Völker, die herunterkamen von Skandinavien, von dem heutigen Norden Rußlands, warum nahmen denn diese das Christentum auf nicht mit der Christus-Idee, die diesen Leuten zunächst ganz fremd blieb? Warum nahmen sie denn das Christentum auf mit der Jesus-Idee? Warum ist denn da das Weihnachtsfest dasjenige Fest, das vor allen Dingen zu dem menschlichen Herzen sprach, unendliche Gefühle einer heiligen Wonne aus den menschlichen Herzen heraus erweckte? Warum denn? Was war denn da in diesem Europa, das im Grunde genommen vom Süden her ein vollständig entstelltes Christentum erhielt, was war denn da in diesem Europa, daß in den Herzen diejenige Idee aufleuchtete, die dann in dem Weihnachtsfeste ihren tiefen, tiefen Empfindungsgehalt erlebt?

Man war vorbereitet; aber man hatte bis zu einem gewissen Grade vergessen, wodurch man vorbereitet war: man war vorbereitet aus den alten nordischen Mysterien heraus. Aber man hatte den Sinn der alten nordischen Mysterien vergessen. Und man muß weit zurückgehen, wenn man aus dem inneren Sinn der nordischen Mysterien heraus jenes tiefe Geheimnis von dem Eindringen der Jesus-Empfindung in das europäische Gemütsleben entdecken will.

Es lag diesen nordischen Mysterien etwas ganz anderes zugrunde als den Mysterien Vorderasiens, als jenen des Südens. Es lag diesen Mysterien des Nordens etwas zugrunde, was mit dem unmittelbaren Dasein der Sterne, mit der Natur, mit dem Erdenwachstum inniger zusammenhing als dasjenige, was in einer Tempelumfassung in Symbolen gezeigt wurde. Die Mysterienwahrheiten sind nicht jene Spielereien, zu denen sie gewisse mystische Sekten heute machen wollen; die Mysterienwahrheiten sind große, gewaltige Impulse innerhalb der Menschheitsevolution. Ebensowenig wie wir zur Gnosis, zu den alten Gnostikern zurückgehen können mit der heutigen Anthroposophie, ebensowenig kann die Menschheit zu dem zurückkehren, was zum Beispiel die alten Mysterien des Nordens für die Menschheitsevolution einst waren. Und es würde ein törichtes Mißverstehen sein, wollte man glauben, daß solche Mysterienwahrheiten enthüllt werden aus dem Grunde, weil man irgendwie da zurückgehen will auf das, was in ihnen lebte. Der Selbstbesinnung wegen muß die Menschheit heute wissen, was in solchen Mysterien lebte. Denn das, was in den nordischen Mysterien im Zusammenhang mit der ganzen Weltenentwickelung stand, hing zusammen mit dem, was sich von der Erde aus ergab, so wie das vom Kosmos inspirierte gnostische Wissen mit dem zusammenhing, was in Weltenweiten und Weltenfernen sich abspielte. Das Menschengeheimnis in seinem Zusammenhang mit allen Geheimnissen des Kosmos, wie es sich abspielt, wenn der Mensch hier auf der physischen Erde in sein physisches Dasein tritt, das liegt in einer gewissen Zeit der Erdenentwickelung so tief, wie sonst nirgends diesen alten nordischen Mysterien, zugrunde.

Aber man muß weit zurückgehen, ungefähr bis in das 3. Jahrtausend, vielleicht noch weiter zurück, um das zu verstehen, was in den Gemütern lebte, welche später die Jesus-Empfindung aufnahmen. Dort ungefähr, wo die jütische Halbinsel mit dem heutigen Dänemark ist, da war das Zentrum, von dem in jenen alten Zeiten bedeutende Mysterienimpulse ausgingen. Und diese Mysterienimpulse hingen damit zusammen — das mag der heutige Verstand beurteilen, wie er will -, daß noch im 3. Jahrtausend vor unserer christlichen Zeitrechnung in diesem Norden bei bestimmten Stämmen nur derjenige als ein wirklich erdenwürdiger Mensch angesehen wurde, der in gewissen Wochen der Winterszeit geboren war. Das kam daher, daß von jener geheimnisvollen Mysterienstätte auf der jütischen Halbinsel unter den Stämmen, die sich damals die Ingävonen nannten, oder von den Römern wenigstens, von Tacitus, die Ingävonen genannt wurden, der Tempelpriester den Impuls gab, daß nur zu einer bestimmten Zeit — im ersten Viertel des Jahres - die geschlechtliche Verbindung der Menschen stattfinden sollte. Jede geschlechtliche Verbindung der Menschen außer der Zeit, die von dieser Mysterienstätte aus verfügt wurde, war verpönt; und derjenige war ein minderwertiger Mensch innerhalb dieses Stammes der Ingävonen, der nicht in der Zeit der finstersten Nächte, in der kältesten Zeit, gegen unser Neujahr hin geboren wurde. Denn der Impuls von jener Mysterienstätte ging aus in der Zeit, in welcher der erste Vollmond nach der Frühlingssonnenwende war. Da nur durfte unter jenen Menschen, die sich wirklich verbunden glauben sollten mit den geistigen Welten, so wie es des Menschen würdig war, in dieser Zeit allein durfte eine geschlechtliche Verbindung stattfinden. Dadurch, daß die Kräfte, die in eine solche geschlechtliche Verbindung hineingehen, in der ganzen übrigen Zeit für die Kraftentwickelung des Menschen aufgespart wurden, wurde jene eigentümliche Stärke entwickelt, welche — wenigstens noch in den Nachklängen — Tacitus zu bewundern hatte, der ein Jahrhundert nach dem Stattfinden des Mysteriums von Golgatha schrieb.

So erlebten jene, die dem Stamme der Ingävonen angehörten, in besonders intensiver Weise — die andern germanischen Stämme in abgeschwächter Art - in der ersten Vollmondzeit nach der Frühlingssonnenwende den Vorgang der Empfängnis: nicht im Wachbewußtsein, sondern in einer Art von Traumverkündung. Sie wußten jedoch, was das zu bedeuten hat im Zusammenhange des Menschengeheimnisses mit den Himmelsgeheimnissen. Ein geistiges Wesen erschien der Empfangenden und verkündete ihr wie in einem Gesichte den Menschen, der durch sie auf die Erde kommen sollte. Kein Bewußtsein gab es, sondern nur ein Halbbewußtsein in der Sphäre, welche die Menschenseelen erlebten, wenn das Hereintreten des Menschen in die physisch-irdische Welt sich vollzieht. Unterbewußt wußte man sich regiert von Göttern, die dann den Namen der «Wanen» erhielten, was zusammenhängt mit «wähnen», mit demjenigen, was nicht bei äußerem vollen intellektuellen Bewußtsein verläuft, sondern in «wissendem Traumesbewußtsein».

Dasjenige, was zu einer Zeit da war, und was für diese Zeit angemessen war, das erhält sich oftmals in späteren Zeiten in äußeren Symbolen. Und so hat die Tatsache, daß in diesen alten Zeiten das heilige Geheimnis der Menschwerdung ins Unterbewußte gehüllt war und dazu geführt hat, daß alle Geburten zusammengedrängt waren in einen bestimmten Teil der Winterszeit, so daß es wie sündhaft angesehen wurde, wenn auch zu einer andern Zeit ein Mensch geboren wurde, sich gewissermaßen erhalten in dem, wovon im Grunde genommen nur Splitter in das spätere Bewußtsein übergegangen sind, Splitter, deren Sinn bisher keine Gelehrsamkeit enthüllt hat. Ja, diese gesteht offen ihre Ohnmacht ein, sie zu enthüllen. Splitter haben sich erhalten in der sogenannten Herta- oder Erda- oder Nertus-Sage. Denn im Grunde genommen ist alles, was man in äußerer Beziehung über die Nertus-Sage weiß, mit Ausnahme einiger Notizen, im Tacitus enthalten, der über den Nertus- oder Herta-Dienst das Folgende berichtet:

«Die Reudigner, Avionen, Angeln, Variner, Eudosen, Suardonen, Nuithonen - deutsche Völker zwischen Flüssen und Wäldern wohnend» — das sind ungefähr die einzelnen Stämme, die zu den Ingävonen gehören — «verehren insbesondere die Nertus, das ist: die Mutter Erde, und glauben, daß sie sich in die menschlichen Dinge mischt und zu den Völkern gefahren kommt.»

In alten Zeiten wußte aus dem religiösen Dienst der Wanen heraus jede Frau, die der Erde einen Erdenbürger geben sollte, in ihrem Traumbewußtsein, daß ihr die Göttin, die später als Nertus verehrt wurde, erscheinen würde. Die Gottheit wurde aber nicht eigentlich weiblich, sondern mann-weiblich vorgestellt, Nertus ist nur später durch eine Korruption vollständig zum weiblichen Prinzip geworden. Gerade so, wie der Maria der Erzengel Gabriel sich näherte, so näherte sich in den alten Zeiten die Nertus auf ihrem Wagen derjenigen, die der Erde einen Erdenbürger geben sollte. Das sahen im Geiste die betreffenden Frauen. Später, als der Mysterienimpuls in dieser Art längst verglommen war, feierte man dieses Ereignis im Nachklang, im Symbolum, und das sah noch Tacitus und beschreibt es wie folgt:

«Auf einer Insel des Ozeans ist ein heiliger Hain und in ihm steht ihr geweihter Wagen mit einem Teppich bedeckt. Nur allein der Priester darf ihm nahen.»

Diesen Priester dachte man sich eben als den Eingeweihten des HertaMysteriums.

«Dieser weiß es, wann die Göttin im heiligen Wagen erscheint. Er ahnt die Gegenwart der Göttin in ihrem Heiligtume und begleitet in tiefer Ehrfurcht ihren von Kühen gezogenen Wagen. Da gibt es denn fröhliche Tage und Feste an allen Stätten, welche die Göttin ihres Besuches und Aufenthaltes würdigt. Da ist froher Tag und Hochzeit. Da wird kein Krieg gestritten, keine Waffe ergriffen, das Eisen verschlossen. Nur Friede und Ruhe ist dann bekannt und gewünscht, bis die Göttin, des Umganges mit Sterblichen satt, von demselben Priester in ihr Heiligtum zurückgeführt wird.»

So war auch wirklich die Vision. In solchen alten Urkunden werden die Dinge recht genau geschildert, die Menschen verstehen sie nur nicht. «Da ist froher Tag und Hochzeit. Da war kein Krieg gestritten, keine Waffe ergriffen, das Eisen verschlossen.» So war es in der Tat in der Zeit, die jetzt unsere Österzeit ist, wenn die Menschen aus dem inneren Seelenleben heraus die Zeit der Erdenfruchtbarkeit auch für sich gekommen glauben mußten und jene Seelen empfangen wurden, die dann in der Zeit geboren wurden, die jetzt unsere Weihnachtszeit ist. Zur Osterzeit war die Empfängniszeit. Und hierauf bezog sich, weil man das Ganze als kosmisch-heiliges Mysterium ansah, dasjenige, was später sein Symbolum in dem Nertus-Dienst gefunden hat. Das Ganze aber war gehüllt in das Unterbewußte, hat nicht herauf gedurft in das Bewußtsein. Das klingt durch, indem Tacitus jenen Dienst schildert:

«Nur Friede und Ruhe ist dann bekannt und gewünscht, bis die Göttin, des Umganges mit Sterblichen satt, von demselben Priester in ihr Heiligtum zurückgeführt wird. Hierauf wird der Wagen und Teppich und die Göttin selbst in einem verborgenen See gewaschen. Den Dienst dabei verrichten Sklaven, welche sogleich jener See verschlingt.» -— Als Pfand, damit alles, was um diese Dinge weiß, in die Nacht des Unbewußten hinuntersinke. - «Ein heimlicher Schrecken und ein heiliges Dunkel waltet über ein Wesen, das nur Todesopfer schauen dürfen.»

Von allem, was in der Welt eintritt, bildet sich auch ein luziferisches und ein ahrimanisches Gegenbild. Dasjenige, was im Ingävonen-Sinne das in der geregelten Menschheitsevolution Liegende war, das bezog sich auf die Zeit des ersten Vollmonds nach der Frühlingssonnenwende. Aber was in alten Zeiten durch das Vorrücken der Tagundnachtgleiche als traumhaftes Erleben aus alten Zeiten zurückgeblieben war, wurde immer mehr in eine spätere Zeit verlegt und war dadurch ahrimanisch geworden. Wenn also das, was im echten Herta-Dienste in alten Zeiten gedacht worden ist, um ungefähr vier Wochen später verlegt wurde, so war es ahrimanisch geworden. Dieses Ahrimanischgewordensein bedeutete also, daß auf unrechtmäßige Weise — zur unrechtmäßigen Zeit — der Zusammenhang, die Verbindung der Menschenfrau mit der geistigen Welt gesucht worden war. Das blieb dann festgehalten in der Walpurgisnacht vom 30. April auf den 1.Mai! Nur eine ahrimanische Zeitversetzung haben wir da zu sehen. Sie wissen, luziferische Zeitversetzung geht zurück; das Ahrimanische erscheint umgekehrt, weil es mit dem Vorrücken der Tagundnachtgleiche zusammenhängt: das Zurückgebliebene erscheint in diesem Fall später. Dasjenige also, was die ahrimanische, die mephistophelische Kehrseite des Herta-Dienstes war, die Verkehrung ins Teuflische, ist später zur «Walpurgisnacht» geworden, die mit dem urältesten Mysterienwesen zusammenhängt, von der sich nur eben der schwache Nachklang dann erhalten hat.

Vieles von diesem Mysterienwesen lebte, wenn man die Sache richtig versteht, gerade in den skandinavischen Mysterien weiter. Dort gibt es statt der Nerta einen Gott Friggo, der seiner Symbolik nach - aber man muß es zuerst aus der Geisteswissenschaft wissen — geradezu zum Verräter wird dessen, was da eigentlich zugrunde lag.

Und noch eines war da, das erwähnt sein soll in bezug auf diese Mysterienbräuche. Sie können sich denken: Wenn seit der Zeit des Frühlingsvollmondes bis in die Winterszeit hinein also die Menschenfrucht herangereift war, gab es in der Regel ein solches Menschenwesen, das als erstes in der Heiligen Nacht geboren wurde. Dieses Menschenwesen, das als erstes in der Heiligen Nacht geboren wurde unter den Stämmen der Ingävonen - in ältesten Zeiten war dies in jedem dritten Jahre der Fall -, das wurde zum Führer auserkoren, wenn es dreißig Jahre alt geworden war, und es sollte drei Jahre Führer bleiben, nur drei Jahre. Was dann mit ihm geschah, darf ich vielleicht in späterer Zeit einmal mitteilen.

Forscht man ganz genau nach, so ist nicht nur Frigg, Frei, Freia gewissermaßen bloß eine Art Nebenbedeutung für die Nertus, ebenso wie der nordische Nört, sondern es ist auch der Name Ing selber, von dem her die Ingävonen sich nennen, ein Nebenname für die Nertus. Die mit diesem Mysterium Verbundenen, sie nannten sich die zum Gotte oder zur Göttin Ing Gehörigen: Ingävonen. In der äußeren Welt sind eben nur Splitter geblieben von dem, was da eigentlich lebte. Einer der Splitter sind die Worte des Tacitus, die ich Ihnen mitgeteilt habe. Ein anderer Splitter ist das berühmte angelsächsische Runenlied, welches nur wenige Zeilen enthält. Diese berühmten Zeilen, die heute jeder Phi:lologe der Germanistik studiert, kennt, deren Sinn aber keiner versteht, lauten etwa so:

«Ing wurde zuerst bei den Männern der Ostdänen gesehen. Später ging er nach Osten. Über die Wogen schritt er, und der Wagen rollte ihm nach.»

In diesem angelsächsischen Runenlied ist ein Nachklang dessen enthalten, was geschehen war: was man in dem alten Mysterienbrauch hatte von der Österempfängnis im Hinblick auf die Weihnachtsgeburtszeit. Was da geschah in der geistigen Welt, man wußte es vor allen Dingen auf der dänischen Halbinsel. Daher sagt das Runenlied mit Recht: «Ing wurde zuerst bei den Männern der Ostdänen gesehen.» Dann kamen immer mehr und mehr die Zeiten, wo dieses alte Wissen in die Korruption verfiel, wo nur Nachklänge, Symbolik vorhanden war, wo überhaupt innerhalb der Menschheitsentwickelung mehr das aus den warmen Ländern Stammende sich verbreitete. Und aus den warmen Ländern stammt dasjenige, was nicht, wie in den kalten Ländern, damit zusammenhängt, daß die Jahreszeit eine innige Beziehung hat zu dem, was der Mensch in seinem Innern erlebt. Es kam die Ausstreuung der Menschenfrucht über das ganze Jahr hin, die selbstverständlich in diesen Gegenden auch schon da war im alten atavistischen Hellsehen, wenn auch noch von den alten Prinzipien durchdrungen, als in der kalten Gegend die Wanengötter herrschten und in den südlichen Gegenden die Tempelmysterien schon längst an die Stelle der Naturmysterien getreten waren. Es kam das schon nach Norden, noch vermischt mit dem Alten, als die Wanengötter ersetzt wurden durch die Asengötter. Wie die Wanengötter zusammenhängen mit dem «wähnen», so die Asengötter mit dem Sein, das heißt mit dem Sein in der äußeren, der materiellen Welt, das der äußere Verstand ergreifen will. Und als die nordischen Menschen eingetreten waren in ein Zeitalter, in welchem der Verstand des einzelnen anfing, sich geltend zu machen, als die Asen an die Stelle der Wänen, der Wanen getreten waren, da korrumpierte sich die alte Mysteriensitte. Sie zog hinüber in einzelne verstreute Mysteriengemeinschaften des Ostens. Und nur einer noch — derjenige, in dem erneuert werden sollte der ganze Sinn der Erde -, nur einer, in dem der Christus wohnen sollte, der sollte das in sich vereinigen, was einstmals Inhalt der nordischen Mysterien war.

Daher müssen wir, wenn uns im Lukas-Evangelium die Erzählung von dem Erscheinen des Erzengels Gabriel bei der Maria entgegentritt, deren Ursprung in den wahren Visionen suchen, die auftraten in dem, was sich einst in dem Nertus-Symbol der alten Nertus-Mysterien spiegelte. Hinübergezogen war dies nach dem Osten. Die Geisteswissenschaft enthüllt es uns heute, und sie allein gibt dem angelsächsischen Runenlied einen Sinn. Denn Nertus und Ing sind dasselbe. Und von Ing wird ja gesagt: «Ing wurde zuerst bei den Männern der Ostdänen gesehen, später ging er nach dem Osten. Über die Wogen schritt er, und der Wagen rollte ihm nach.» Über die Wogen der Wolken selbstverständlich, so wie die Nerta über die Wogen der Wolken schritt. Was allgemein gewesen war in den Gegenden der kälteren Zone, das wurde singulär, wurde ein Einzelnes. Das trat als ein Singuläres, als ein Einzelnes auf und tritt uns wieder entgegen in der Schilderung des LukasEvangeliums.

Was aber einmal da ist und sich eingelebt hat, sich verankert hat in der Auffassung des Gemüts, das bleibt dann im Gemüte, sitzt in der Seele. Und als man im Norden vom alten römischen Süden her die Kunde des Christentums erhielt, empfing man damit etwas, was zusammenhing mit einem nicht mehr im vollen Bewußtsein, sondern im Unterbewußtsein lebenden und deshalb nur gefühlten alten Mysterienbrauch. Daher konnte sich dort die Empfindung für den Jesus besonders stark entwickeln. Ins Unterbewußtsein war schon hinuntergezogen, was im alten Nertus-Mysterium lebte; doch im Unterbewußtsein war es vorhanden, wurde gefühlt und empfunden.

Wenn einst in alter Zeit die Familien zusammenkamen im hohen Norden, als die Erde noch von Wäldern bedeckt war, in denen noch der Auerochs und das Elentier hausten, wenn sie sich in ihren eingeschneiten Hütten bei brennenden Lichtern um das neugeborene Kind versammelten und davon sprachen, daß ihnen mit diesem neuen Leben jenes neue Licht gebracht sei, welches der Himmel ihnen verkündet hatte in der Vorfrühlingszeit, so war dies das alte Weihnachten. Da wurde denen, zu welchen die Kunde vom Christentum einstmals kommen sollte, erzählt, es sei einer in der besonders heiligen Stunde geboren, der zu Großem ausersehen sei. Das war derjenige, der als der erste nach der zwölften Stunde in der als heilig bezeichneten Nacht geboren wurde. Darüber besaß man nicht mehr das alte Wissen, aber das alte Fühlen regte sich noch, als die Kunde kam, daß so einer im fernen Asien geboren sei, in welchem der Christus lebte, der von der Sternenwelt zur Erde heruntergekommen war.

Solches immer mehr und mehr zu verstehen und dadurch den Sinn der Entwickelung der Erdenmenschheit wirklich konkret zu fassen, das obliegt der Gegenwart. Denn Großes und Ungeheures ist in den heiligen Schriften enthalten; nicht jene Trivialitäten, von denen heute in den religiösen Kundgebungen so oft gesprochen wird, sondern jene markdurchzuckenden, herzdurchtränkenden heiligen Wahrheiten, die durch alle Menschheitsentwickelung gehen. Das vibriert in demjenigen, was in den Evangelien enthalten ist. Und indem Geisteswissenschaft enthüllt, auf welch tiefen Hintergründen dasjenige ruht, was in den Evangelien lebt, werden diese Evangelien der Menschheit einmal erst teuer und wert werden. Und wissen wird die Menschheit einmal, warum im Lukas-Evangelium erzählt wird:

«In dieser Zeit vollzog sich, daß der Kaiser Augustus den Befehl gab, daß in allen diesen Ländern öffentliche Verzeichnisse gemacht werden sollten, zur Zeit, da Cyrenius Statthalter von Syrien war. Jeder ging in seinen Standort, sich aufzeichnen zu lassen.

Auch Joseph aus der Stadt Nazareth in Galiläa zog nach Judäa, zur Stadt Davids, Bethlehem, weil er aus der Stadt und Familie Davids war, um sich aufschreiben zu lassen mit Maria, seiner vermählten Frau, die da schwanger war.

Es vollzog sich, daß sie gebären mußte, als sie daselbst waren.

Sie gebar den erstgeborenen Sohn, wickelte ihn in Windeln und legte ihn in eine Krippe, weil kein Platz in der Herberge übrig war.»

Für ihn als für den Erstgeborenen unter denen, die sich in der Seele finden sollen, war von der dänischen Halbinsel nach dem entfernten Osten jene alte heilige Mysterienkraft hinübergezogen.

«In dieser Gegend waren Hirten auf dem Felde, die Nachtwache hielten bei ihrer Herde.

Siehe, es erschien denen ein Engel des Herrn, ein göttlicher Lichtglanz umhüllte sie, und sie fürchteten sich sehr.»

So verkündete auch Nerta, die für das alte Wanenbewußtsein, das heißt für das Unterbewußtsein im atavistischen Hellsehen, durch die Gefilde zog, die Ankunft der Menschen auf der Erde.

«Der Engel sprach zu ihnen: Fürchtet euch nicht! Denn siehe, ich verkündige euch große Freude, die dem ganzen Volke zuteil werden soll; denn es ist heute der Heiland geboren in der Stadt Davids, der Christus der Herr ist.

Und daran erkennt ihr ihn: ihr werdet ein Kindlein finden, in Windeln gewickelt, in der Krippe liegend.

Da war plötzlich eine Schar himmlischer Mächte bei den Engeln, die Gott lobten und sprachen:»

und sie sprachen jetzt, was der Nerta-Priester zu der empfangenden Frau im alten nordischen Mysteriendienst gesprochen hat:

«Die Offenbarung des Göttlichen geschieht aus den Höhen in der Zeit, da Friede ist unter den Menschen, die eines guten Willens sind!»

Wie Tacitus erzählt: «Da ist froher Tag und Hochzeit, da wird kein Krieg gestritten, keine Waffe ergriffen, das Eisen verschlossen.»

Das ist gerade das Große, zu dem sich der Mensch erheben muß: hineinzuschauen in den Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung. Denn auch das Mysterium von Golgatha, durch welches die ganze Erdenentwickelung ihren tieferen Sinn bekommen hat, wird voll verständlich, wenn gezeigt wird, wie es innerhalb der ganzen Menschheitsentwickelung darinnensteht. Wenn einmal der Materialismus verschwunden sein wird und der Mensch nicht nur in abstracto, sondern in concreto wissen wird, wie er göttlichen Ursprungs ist, dann wird wiederum ein Verständnis sein für die heiligen Mysterienwahrheiten des Altertums; dann wird die Zwischenzeit vorüber sein, in der zwar der Christus auf der Erde lebt, aber nur zum geringen Teil mit dem erwachten Bewußtsein verstanden werden kann. Denn das Christus-Verständnis der Gnosis verglomm; das Jesus-Verständnis entwickelte sich im Zusammenhange mit dem alten Nertus-Dienst nur unbewußt. In der Zukunft aber wird die Menschheit die beiden unbewußten Strömungen sich zum Bewußtsein bringen und sie verbinden müssen. Dann wird immer mehr und mehr ein Christus-Verständnis auf der Erde Platz greifen können, das die Verbindung sein wird der Mysterienerkenntnis mit einer erneuerten großen Gnosis.

Wer anthroposophische Weltanschauung und die mit ihr zusammenhängende Bewegung ernst nimmt, wird in demjenigen, was sie der Menschheit zu sagen hat, kein Kinderspiel sehen, sondern ernste, große Wahrheiten. Und wir müssen uns schon in der Seele erschüttern lassen, weil das Große uns erschüttern soll,

Die Erde ist nicht nur ein großes Lebewesen, sie ist ein erhabenes Geistwesen. Und wie das größte Menschengenie im späteren Alter nicht da stehen könnte, wo es steht, wenn es sich nicht durch Kindheit und Jugend in entsprechender Weise entwickelt hätte, so hätte das Mysterium von Golgatha nicht stattfinden können, es hätte das Göttliche sich nicht mit der Erdenentwickelung vereinigen können, wenn nicht im Anfange der Erdentage in anderer, aber auch in göttlicher Weise Göttliches auf die Erde heruntergestiegen wäre. Anders, als sie später verstanden werden konnte, war die Offenbarung des Göttlichen aus den Höhen im alten Nertus-Dienste; aber sie war da.

In dieser alten Weisheit ist zwar eine atavistische Erkenntnis enthalten, aber eine unendlich höhere als in dem, was heute in so brutaler Weise als materialistische Weltanschauung die Menschheit vertiert, erkenntnismäßig vertiert.

Beim Christentum handelt es sich um eine Tatsache, nicht um eine Theorie. Die Theorie muß folgen, sie ist für das menschliche Bewußtsein, das sich im weiteren Verlauf der Erdenevolution ergeben soll, wichtig; aber das Christentum als solches, das Mysterium von Golgatha, ist als Tatsache vorhanden, und es handelte sich darum, daß gerade in die unterbewußten Strömungen das Christentum zunächst eintrat. Das war noch möglich in Vorderasien in der Zeit, als Christus mit der Erde sich vereinigte.

Hirten, ähnliche Leute wie die, unter denen der Nertus-Dienst gelebt hat, sind auch im Lukas-Evangelium geschildert. Ich kann Ihnen das alles nur skizzenhaft andeuten. Könnten wir lange darüber reden, so würde sich gerade das, was ich Ihnen heute zu sagen habe, als tief begründet ergeben. Weil der Mensch aus geistigen Höhen heruntergestiegen ist, darum vollzog sich die Offenbarung des Göttlichen aus den himmlischen Höhen. Es mußte so gesprochen werden zu denen, welche aus der alten Weisheit das Schicksal des Menschen verbunden wußten mit demjenigen, was in den Sternen von den Himmeln lebt. Dasjenige aber, was auf der Erde leben soll durch den Eintritt des Christus in einen Erdenmenschen, es wird erst nach und nach verstanden werden müssen. Die Botschaft ist zweigliedrig, zweiteilig: «Offenbarung des Göttlichen aus den Höhen» — «Friede in den Erdenseelen, die eines guten Willens sind.» Ohne diesen zweiten Teil hat Weihnachten, das Fest der Geburt des Christus, keinen Sinn!

Und nicht nur wurde der Christus für die Menschen geboren: die Menschen haben den Christus auch gekreuzigt! Auch dem liegt eine Notwendigkeit zugrunde, aber deshalb ist es ja nicht minder wahr, daß die Menschen den Christus gekreuzigt haben. Und es kann gewußt werden, daß die Kreuzigung, die auf dem hölzernen Kreuze zu Golgatha stattfand, nicht die einzige Kreuzigung war. Eine Zeit muß kommen, in der verstanden werden kann der zweite Teil des Weihnachtsspruchs: «Friede den Menschen auf Erden, die eines guten Willens sind!» Denn auch das Negative darf gefühlt und empfunden werden: die Menschen sind weit davon entfernt, den Christus und das Weihnachtsmysterium im richtigen Sinne zu verstehen.

Muß es uns doch ins Herz schneiden, daß wir selber in einer Zeit leben, wo die Friedenssehnsucht des Menschen angebrüllt wird. Fast unwahr ist es in diesen Tagen des Anbrüllens der Friedenssehnsucht der Menschen, Weihnachten zu feiern. Wollen wir heute, da das Äußerste noch nicht vor uns steht, hoffen, daß in den Seelen Umkehr eintreten kann, und daß an die Stelle des Anbrüllens der Friedenssehnsucht christliches Empfinden, Friedenswille trete. Sonst werden vielleicht nicht diejenigen, die heute in Europa streben, sondern diejenigen, die von Asien herüber das Anbrüllen der Friedenssehnsucht einmal rächen werden, auf den Trümmern des europäischen Geisteslebens das Christentum und das Mysterium von Golgatha der Menschheit zu verkündigen haben. Und unauslöschlich wird es dann bleiben: Zu Weihnachten im neunzehnhundertsechzehnten Jahre nach der Verkündigung, daß Friede auf Erden unter den Menschenseelen, die eines guten Willens sind, sein möge, im neunzehnhundertsechzehnten Jahre nach der Weihnachtsverkündigung konnte die Menschheit einmal dazu kommen, die Friedenssehnsucht zu verbrüllen!

Möge es nicht so sein! Davor mögen die guten Geister, die in den Weihnachtsimpulsen wirken, die unglückselige europäische Menschheit behüten!

Eighth Lecture

For many people, it has become a custom to celebrate every year the physical birth of the being who entered into the evolution of the earth in order to give meaning to this evolution. If, in accordance with what we must repeatedly remind ourselves is the task of our spiritual scientific movement, we do not want to fall into a mere customary celebration, as can now be found in so many places, it will be appropriate to bring before our souls at this solemn time some things that are connected with the meaning of the physical birth of Christ Jesus.

We have often imagined how, in Christ Jesus, two beings flow together into one for human perception: the Christ being and the human Jesus being. Now, within Christian development, there has been much dispute, much dogmatic dispute, about the meaning of the union of Christ with Jesus in the being whose physical birth is celebrated at Christmas. We can build on what we already know: in Christ we recognize a cosmic, super-earthly being, a being who descended from spiritual worlds in order to give meaning to earthly development by being born in a physical human being. And we recognize in the human being Jesus the one who was predestined in a way known to us to unite himself as a human being with the Christ being, to take it into himself after thirty years of preparation.

Not only was there much strife and many dogmatic disputes about the nature of the connection between Christ and Jesus, but the relationship between Christ and Jesus also contains a hint of significant secrets about the entire earthly development of humanity. And if one follows what has happened up to the present day in order to understand something of this connection between Christ and Jesus, and if one thinks about what still has to happen within human evolution in order to place this relationship in the right light, then one touches upon one of the greatest mysteries of human knowledge and human life.

As the time approached when human development was to take in the Christ being, there was, as a kind of inheritance from ancient clairvoyant times of wisdom, a possibility of forming certain ideas and concepts about the whole height of the Christ being. And there was a wisdom at that time, about which people today often speak, one might say, blasphemously, but of which they can hardly form any conception; there was something that has been eradicated from human development up to the present day by certain currents — basically countercurrents to the deeper Christian revelation: there was Gnosis, a wisdom into which much of the ancient knowledge revealed to humanity in atavistic clairvoyance had flowed. Everything that existed as Gnosticism, either orally or in writing, was virtually eradicated by the development of dogmatic Christianity in the West, after Gnosticism had attempted to find an answer to the question: Who is Christ?

Today, it can no longer be a question of returning to Gnosis; Gnosis is, of course, something that has faded away. And the fact that it was eradicated with root and branch sprang from evil, from ignorance and hostility toward knowledge and wisdom, but it did spring from a certain necessity in earthly development. And it is only one of the many present-day malice when the anthroposophically oriented spiritual science is accused of wanting to reheat the old Gnosis. This accusation is made by people who know nothing about Gnosis and just as little about anthroposophy. It is not a matter of reviving Gnosticism, but of recognizing that Gnosticism was something powerful, something great, something that, for the period now nineteen centuries behind us, attempted to provide a certain answer to the question: Who is Christ?

Before the eyes of the Gnostic, before his spiritual eye, stood the view of spiritual worlds. In a wonderful way, the Gnostic imagined the world of spiritual hierarchies superimposed on one another. And how Christ descended through the world of spiritual hierarchies to enter the shell of a mortal human being — all this stood before the soul of the Gnostic. And this soul wanted to form a picture of how Christ came from spiritual heights and was received on earth. One can form the best ideas of what once was by thinking that everything that entered the world after Gnosticism was eradicated was small compared to the greatness of the Christ concept of Gnostic times. What lies behind the Gospels as actual mystery wisdom is infinitely great, and greater than what all subsequent theology has been able to extract from the Gospels. In order to understand how small and insignificant the current view of the Christ being is in comparison to Gnosticism, one must delve deeply into the concept of Christ in ancient Gnosticism. Imagine this image before your mind's eye, and you will lie in the dust before the greatness of the idea of this Christ being, who came down from the heights of worlds, from worlds far away, from worlds vast, and entered into a human body.

Once upon a time, there was a great and lofty concept of Christ among human beings. It has receded, for small are all the dogmatic formulations that have come down to posterity as the Arian or Athanasian creeds, small in comparison with that Gnostic concept which linked wisdom about the composition of the world with the view of the Christ being. Only remnants remain of this great Gnostic concept of Christ.

This is one side of the relationship between Christ and Jesus, that Christ came into the world at a time when the wisdom that could have understood him, that wanted to understand him, had already been eradicated. And those who said that the old Gnosis was an Oriental fantasy that had to be eradicated for the salvation of Western humanity always believed themselves to be good Christians. In truth, it was only the powerlessness of the time that was unable to connect earthly concepts with heavenly concepts. One must have a sense of the tragic if one wants to understand human evolution.

How long did it take after the mystery of Golgotha had taken place for the Temple of Jerusalem, the place of peace, to be destroyed? This city of Jerusalem enclosed the Temple of Solomon. What Gnosis was as wisdom, the Temple of Solomon was as symbolism. What the Temple of Solomon enclosed as symbolism contained in image all the secrets of the world. And it was intended that those who entered the Temple of Solomon, where images surrounded them and were reflected in their souls, would absorb something into their souls that would make them truly human. The Temple of Solomon was intended to pour the meaning of the world into the souls of those who were allowed to enter it. What the Temple of Solomon contained was not immediately contained on earth, for it contained everything that shone down on earth in the form of world secrets from the vastness of the cosmos.

My dear friends, if one had asked one of the ancient initiates who knew about the Temple of Solomon, the answer to the question: Why was the Temple of Solomon built? would have been something like this: So that there might be a sign here on Earth for those powers to look upon which guide the souls seeking the way into earthly bodies. Let us understand this correctly. Let us imagine that these ancient initiates of Solomon's Temple knew that when they guided human beings down into earthly bodies according to all the signs of the zodiac, special souls had to be led to those bodies that were capable of reflecting the great symbols of Solomon's Temple within themselves.

Of course, this was a cause for pride. If this was not accepted with humility, with the humility of the Essenes, it was a cause for falling into Pharisaical wisdom! But this was already the case: the earthly eye looks up to the sky and sees stars. The spiritual eye of those who brought souls from worlds far away to Earth looked down and saw the Temple of Solomon with its symbols. It was a star to them, through whose light they could guide souls into bodies that would be able to take in the meaning of the Temple of Solomon. It was the central star of the Earth, shining out especially brightly into the spiritual heights.

When Christ Jesus came to Earth, when the mystery of Golgotha was accomplished, the great mystery of Golgotha was to be reflected in every single human soul: “My kingdom is not of this world!” Then the outer, physical Temple of Solomon lost its significance, and its fate was tragically fulfilled. And basically, there was no one left who could have taken in the whole scope of the Christ Being with the reflection of all the symbols of the Temple of Solomon at that time. But the Christ being itself had entered into the earth's evolution, was within it. And this fact — as has often been said in our circle — is what matters. The Gnostics were the last remnants of those who carried a wisdom that was comprehensive and intense enough to understand something of the Christ from the ancient atavistic wisdom of humanity.

That is one side of this relationship between Christ and Jesus. At that time, the Christ being could have been grasped through Gnosticism. That was not part of the world plan, although what existed as Gnosticism contained the full wisdom of Christ. And one can say that the path which Christianity has now taken through the countries of the south, through Greece, Italy, Spain, and so on, has been to extinguish more and more the insight into what Christ actually was. The sinking Rome, the disintegrating Rome, was destined to extinguish the understanding of Christ.

Now it is remarkable that this relationship between Christ and Jesus had such an effect on the one hand that we see a high concept of Christ shining forth in Gnosticism, that we see it fade away during the passage of Christianity through the Roman essence, and that on the other hand, when Christianity encountered the peoples which came to meet it from the north, the concept of Jesus emerged. The concept of Christ faded in the south; the concept of Jesus emerged in a way that was by no means sublime, but in such a way that it gripped people's minds, that something wonderfully moving developed in their souls at the thought of how, on Christmas Eve, the child who would take Christ into himself was born. Just as the concept of Christ was inadequate in the south, so too was the understanding of Jesus inadequate in the north. But this feeling was nevertheless one that touched people deeply, even if it is not entirely understandable in itself. For when one compares the immeasurable greatness that Christ Jesus means for the development of humanity with all the sentimental trifles contained in many poems and songs about the “dear little Jesus,” with which people habitually touch hearts, believing in their egotism that they are truly experiencing feelings that storm heaven, then one immediately has an impression of how something wants to take root there but cannot fully take root, how something connects with something else in such a way that what is actually the deeper meaning, the whole deeper significance, remains in the subconscious of human beings.

What now remains in people's subconscious as the concept of Jesus, the feeling for Jesus, the experience of Jesus rises up? How strange that this happened! The understanding of Christ moved into the subconscious, and the understanding of Jesus glowed in the subconscious. In the subconscious of human beings, not in the consciousness, which was powerless, the fading Christ consciousness, which was fading from consciousness, and the Jesus consciousness, which was emerging and glowing in the subconscious, were to come together and balance each other out. Why did the peoples who came down from Scandinavia, from what is now northern Russia, why did they accept Christianity without the idea of Christ, which was initially completely foreign to them? Why did they accept Christianity with the idea of Jesus? Why is Christmas the festival that speaks above all to the human heart, awakening infinite feelings of holy joy from the human heart? Why? What was it in this Europe, which basically received a completely distorted Christianity from the south, what was it in this Europe that caused the idea to light up in people's hearts, which then experienced its deep, deep emotional content in the Christmas festival?

People were prepared, but to a certain extent they had forgotten what had prepared them: they had been prepared by the ancient Nordic mysteries. But they had forgotten the meaning of the ancient Nordic mysteries. And one must go far back if one wants to discover, from the inner meaning of the Nordic mysteries, that deep secret of the penetration of the Jesus feeling into the European mind.

These Nordic mysteries were based on something quite different from the mysteries of the Near East, those of the South. These mysteries of the North were based on something that was more intimately connected with the immediate existence of the stars, with nature, with the growth of the earth than what was shown in symbols in a temple setting. The truths of the mysteries are not the games that certain mystical sects want to make of them today; the truths of the mysteries are great, powerful impulses within human evolution. Just as we cannot return to Gnosticism, to the ancient Gnostics, with today's anthroposophy, so humanity cannot return to what, for example, the ancient mysteries of the North once were for human evolution. And it would be a foolish misunderstanding to believe that such mystery truths are revealed because we somehow want to return to what lived in them. For the sake of self-reflection, humanity today must know what lived in such mysteries. For what was contained in the Nordic mysteries in connection with the entire evolution of the world was related to what arose from the earth, just as the Gnostic knowledge inspired by the cosmos was related to what took place in worlds far away and distant from the earth. The mystery of the human being in its connection with all the mysteries of the cosmos, as it unfolds when the human being enters physical existence here on the physical earth, lies at a certain stage of the earth's development, more deeply than anywhere else in these ancient Nordic mysteries.

But one must go back a long way, approximately to the third millennium, perhaps even further back, in order to understand what lived in the minds of those who later took up the Jesus feeling. There, approximately where the Jutland peninsula with present-day Denmark is located, was the center from which significant mystery impulses emanated in those ancient times. And these mystery impulses were connected with the fact — however today's mind may judge it — that even in the third millennium before our Christian era, certain tribes in this northern region regarded only those who were born during certain weeks of the winter season as truly worthy of being human beings. This was because the temple priests at that mysterious mystery site on the Jutland peninsula, among the tribes who called themselves the Ingavones at that time, or at least were called Ingavones by the Romans, by Tacitus, gave the impulse that sexual intercourse should only take place at a certain time—in the first quarter of the year. Any sexual union between humans outside the time decreed by this mystery site was frowned upon; and anyone who was not born during the darkest nights, in the coldest time of the year, around our New Year, was considered inferior within the tribe of the Ingavones. For the impulse from that mystery center emanated at the time of the first full moon after the spring equinox. Only then was sexual intercourse permitted among those people who believed themselves to be truly connected with the spiritual worlds, as was fitting for human beings. Because the forces that enter into such a sexual union were saved for the development of human strength during the rest of the time, that peculiar strength was developed which Tacitus, writing a century after the Mystery of Golgotha, still admired, at least in its echoes.

Thus, those who belonged to the tribe of the Ingäwones experienced the process of conception in a particularly intense way — the other Germanic tribes in a less intense way — during the first full moon after the spring solstice: not in waking consciousness, but in a kind of dream proclamation. However, they knew what this meant in connection with the mystery of the human being and the mysteries of the heavens. A spiritual being appeared to the recipient and announced to her, as in a vision, the human being who was to come to earth through her. There was no consciousness, only a semi-consciousness in the sphere experienced by human souls when the human being enters the physical, earthly world. Subconsciously, people knew that they were ruled by gods, who were then given the name “Wanas,” which is related to “wahn,” meaning “to imagine,” referring to that which does not proceed through full intellectual consciousness, but rather in “knowing dream consciousness.”

That which existed at a certain time and was appropriate for that time is often preserved in later times in external symbols. And so the fact that in those ancient times the sacred mystery of human becoming was shrouded in the subconscious and led to all births being concentrated in a certain part of winter, so that it was considered sinful if a person was born at another time, is preserved, as it were, in what has basically only passed into later consciousness as fragments, fragments whose meaning no scholarship has yet revealed. Yes, they openly admit their inability to reveal them. Fragments have been preserved in the so-called Herta, Erda, or Nertus legends. For basically everything that is known about the Nertus legend, with the exception of a few notes, is contained in Tacitus, who reports the following about the Nertus or Herta cult:

"The Reudigners, Aviones, Angles, Varines, Eudoses, Suardones, Nuithones—Germanic peoples living between rivers and forests” — these are roughly the individual tribes belonging to the Ingavones — “especially worship Nertus, that is, Mother Earth, and believe that she interferes in human affairs and comes to the peoples.”

In ancient times, thanks to the religious service of the Vanir, every woman who was to give birth to a child knew in her dream consciousness that the goddess, who was later worshipped as Nertus, would appear to her. However, the deity was not actually imagined as female, but as male-female. Nertus only later became completely female through corruption. Just as the archangel Gabriel approached Mary, so in ancient times Nertus approached those who were to give birth to a citizen of the earth on her chariot. The women concerned saw this in their minds. Later, when the mystery impulse of this kind had long since faded, this event was celebrated in retrospect, in the Symbolum, and Tacitus still saw this and describes it as follows:

“On an island in the ocean there is a sacred grove, and in it stands her consecrated chariot covered with a carpet. Only the priest alone may approach it.”

This priest was thought to be the initiate of the Herta mystery.

"He knows when the goddess appears in the sacred chariot. He senses the presence of the goddess in her sanctuary and accompanies her chariot, drawn by cows, with deep reverence. There are then joyful days and festivals in all the places that the goddess honors with her visit and stay. There are joyful days and weddings. There is no war, no weapons are taken up, iron is locked away. Only peace and tranquility are known and desired until the goddess, tired of dealing with mortals, is led back to her sanctuary by the same priest."

Such was indeed the vision. In such ancient documents, things are described quite accurately, but people do not understand them. “There is a joyful day and a wedding. There was no war, no weapons were taken up, and iron was locked away.” This was indeed the case in the time that is now our Easter season, when people, out of their inner soul life, had to believe that the time of earthly fertility had also come for them, and those souls were received who were then born in the time that is now our Christmas season. Easter was the time of conception. And because the whole thing was regarded as a cosmic-sacred mystery, this is what later found its symbol in the Nertus service. But the whole thing was shrouded in the subconscious and was not allowed to rise into consciousness. This resonates in Tacitus' description of that service:

"Only peace and quiet are known and desired until the goddess, tired of dealing with mortals, is returned to her sanctuary by the same priest. Then the chariot, the carpet, and the goddess herself are washed in a hidden lake. The service is performed by slaves, who are immediately swallowed up by the lake.” -— As a pledge that everything that knows about these things will sink into the night of unconsciousness. - “A secret terror and a sacred darkness reign over a being who is only allowed to see victims of death.”

Everything that happens in the world also forms a Luciferic and an Ahrimanic counter-image. That which, in the sense of the Ingavon, was inherent in the orderly evolution of humanity, related to the time of the first full moon after the spring equinox. But what had remained in ancient times as a dreamlike experience due to the advance of the equinox was increasingly transferred to a later time and thus became Ahrimanic. So when what had been thought in the true Herta service in ancient times was postponed by about four weeks, it became Ahrimanic. This becoming Ahrimanic meant that the connection between the human woman and the spiritual world had been sought in an unlawful way — at the wrong time. This was then recorded in the Walpurgis Night from April 30 to May 1! We see here only an Ahrimanic postponement. You know that Luciferic postponements go backward; the Ahrimanic appears in reverse because it is connected with the advance of the equinox: in this case, what has been left behind appears later. So what was the Ahrimanic, Mephistophelean flip side of Herta's ministry, the reversal into the devilish, later became Walpurgis Night, which is connected with the most ancient mystery being, of which only a faint echo has survived.

Much of this mystery being lived on, if one understands the matter correctly, precisely in the Scandinavian mysteries. There, instead of Nerta, there is a god named Friggo, who, according to his symbolism — but one must first know this from spiritual science — becomes the very traitor of what actually lay at the foundation.

And there was one more thing that should be mentioned in connection with these mystery customs. You can imagine: when the human fruit had ripened between the time of the spring full moon and the winter season, there was usually a human being who was the first to be born on Holy Night. This human being, who was the first to be born on Holy Night among the tribes of the Ingavones — in ancient times this was the case every third year — was chosen as leader when he reached the age of thirty, and he was to remain leader for three years, only three years. What then happened to him, I may perhaps tell you at a later time.

If one investigates very carefully, it is not only Frigg, Frei, Freia who are, in a sense, merely a kind of secondary meaning for the Nertus, just like the Norse Nört, but it is also the name Ing itself, from which the Ingavones derive their name, a secondary name for the Nertus. Those connected with this mystery called themselves the followers of the god or goddess Ing: the Ingavones. In the outer world, only fragments remain of what actually existed. One of these fragments is the words of Tacitus, which I have shared with you. Another fragment is the famous Anglo-Saxon rune song, which contains only a few lines. These famous lines, which every philologist of German studies studies today, but whose meaning no one understands, read something like this:

“Ing was first seen among the men of the East Danes. Later he went eastward. He stepped over the waves, and his chariot rolled after him.”

This Anglo-Saxon runic song contains an echo of what had happened: what was believed in the ancient mystery cult about the conception of Easter in relation to the time of Christmas. What happened in the spiritual world was known above all on the Danish peninsula. That is why the runic song rightly says: “Ing was first seen among the men of the East Danes.” Then came times when this ancient knowledge fell into corruption, when only echoes and symbolism remained, when, within the development of humanity, that which originated in warm countries spread more widely. And that which does not, as in cold countries, have an intimate relationship with what man experiences within himself, originates in warm countries. The scattering of human offspring throughout the year came about, which of course already existed in these regions in the ancient atavistic clairvoyance, even if it was still permeated by the old principles, when the Vanir gods ruled in the cold regions and the temple mysteries had long since replaced the mysteries of nature in the southern regions. This came to the north, still mixed with the old, when the Vanir gods were replaced by the Aesir gods. Just as the Vanir gods are connected with “imagination,” so the Aesir gods are connected with being, that is, with being in the outer, material world, which the outer mind wants to grasp. And when the Nordic peoples entered an age in which the intellect of the individual began to assert itself, when the Aesir replaced the Vanir, the old mystery cults became corrupted. They migrated to scattered mystery communities in the East. And only one remained — the one in whom the whole meaning of the earth was to be renewed — only one, in whom Christ was to dwell, who was to unite within himself what had once been the content of the Nordic mysteries.

Therefore, when we encounter the story of the appearance of the archangel Gabriel to Mary in the Gospel of Luke, we must seek its origin in the true visions that occurred in what was once reflected in the Nertus symbol of the ancient Nertus mysteries. This had moved to the East. Spiritual science reveals this to us today, and it alone gives meaning to the Anglo-Saxon rune song. For Nertus and Ing are the same. And it is said of Ing: “Ing was first seen among the men of the East Danes, later he went to the East. He stepped over the waves, and the chariot rolled after him.” Over the waves of the clouds, of course, just as Nerta stepped over the waves of the clouds. What had been common in the colder regions became singular, became an individual. It appeared as something singular, as an individual, and we encounter it again in the description in Luke's Gospel.

But what once exists and has become established, has become anchored in the mind's conception, remains in the mind, sits in the soul. And when the news of Christianity reached the north from the old Roman south, people received something that was connected with an ancient mystery cult that no longer lived in full consciousness but in the subconscious and was therefore only felt. This is why the feeling for Jesus was able to develop particularly strongly there. What lived in the old Nertus mystery had already sunk into the subconscious, but it was still present there, felt and sensed.

When, in ancient times, families gathered in the far north, when the earth was still covered with forests where aurochs and elks still lived, when they gathered around the newborn child in their snow-covered huts by the light of burning lamps and spoke of how this new life had brought them the new light which the heavens had announced to them in early spring, this was the old Christmas. Those to whom the news of Christianity was once to come were told that one had been born in a particularly holy hour who was destined for great things. This was the one who was born first after the twelfth hour in the night designated as holy. The old knowledge of this was no longer possessed, but the old feeling still stirred when the news came that such a one had been born in distant Asia, in whom Christ lived, who had come down to earth from the world of the stars.

It is the task of the present to understand this more and more and thereby to grasp in a truly concrete way the meaning of the development of the human race on earth. For there is something great and tremendous in the sacred writings; not the trivialities that are so often spoken of today in religious pronouncements, but those heart-piercing, heart-soaking sacred truths that run through all human evolution. This vibrates in what is contained in the Gospels. And as spiritual science reveals the deep background on which what lives in the Gospels rests, these Gospels will one day become precious and valuable to humanity. And humanity will one day know why it is written in the Gospel of Luke:

"In those days, when Jesus began his ministry, there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered. And it was so, that as Joseph also was from the city of Nazareth in Galilee, of the house of Joseph, and as was Joseph the man's husband, who was of a certain of the house of David, had a betrothed wife of a virgin named Mary, who was also in that city of Galilee.

Joseph also went from the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to the town of David called Bethlehem, because he was of the town of David and of the house of David, to be registered with Mary, his wife, who was pregnant.

While they were there, the time came for her to give birth.

She gave birth to her firstborn son, wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn."

For him, as for the firstborn among those who are to be found in the soul, that ancient holy mystery power had passed over from the Danish peninsula to the distant East.

“In this region there were shepherds in the fields, keeping watch over their flock by night.”

And behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to them, and a divine light enveloped them, and they were very afraid."

Thus Nerta, who wandered through the realms representing the ancient Wanen consciousness, that is, the subconscious in atavistic clairvoyance, also announced the arrival of humans on Earth.

“The angel said to them, ‘Do not be afraid, for behold, I bring you good news of great joy which will be to all people. For today in the city of David a Savior has been born to you, who is Christ the Lord.’”

And this will be the sign to you: you will find a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes and lying in a manger."

Suddenly there was a company of heavenly hosts with the angels, praising God and saying:

and they now spoke what the Nerta priest had spoken to the woman receiving the child in the ancient Nordic mystery service:

“The revelation of the divine comes from on high at a time when there is peace among people of good will!”

As Tacitus recounts: “It is a joyful day and a wedding day; there is no war, no weapons are taken up, and iron is locked away.”

This is precisely the great thing to which human beings must rise: to look into the course of human evolution. For the mystery of Golgotha, through which the whole of earthly evolution has received its deeper meaning, becomes fully understandable when it is shown how it stands within the whole of human evolution. Once materialism has disappeared and human beings know not only in abstract terms but in concrete terms how they are of divine origin, there will once again be an understanding of the sacred mystery truths of antiquity; then the interim period will be over in which Christ lives on earth but can only be understood to a small extent with the awakened consciousness. For the Christ understanding of Gnosis faded away; the Jesus understanding developed only unconsciously in connection with the old Nertus service. In the future, however, humanity will have to bring both unconscious currents to consciousness and connect them. Then an understanding of Christ will increasingly take hold on earth, which will be the connection between the knowledge of the mysteries and a renewed great Gnosis.

Those who take the anthroposophical worldview and the movement associated with it seriously will not see what it has to say to humanity as child's play, but as serious, great truths. And we must allow ourselves to be shaken in our souls, because the great must shake us.

The earth is not only a great living being, it is a sublime spiritual being. And just as the greatest human genius could not stand where he stands in later life if he had not developed in the appropriate way during childhood and youth, so the mystery of Golgotha could not have taken place, the divine could not have united with the earth's evolution, if at the beginning of the earth's days the divine had not descended to earth in a different, but also divine way. The revelation of the divine from the heights in the ancient service of Nertus was different from how it could later be understood, but it was there.

This ancient wisdom does contain an atavistic insight, but one that is infinitely higher than that which today, in such a brutal manner, animalizes humanity as a materialistic worldview, animalizes it in terms of knowledge.

Christianity is a fact, not a theory. The theory must follow; it is important for the human consciousness that is to emerge in the further course of Earth's evolution. But Christianity as such, the mystery of Golgotha, exists as a fact, and it was important that Christianity first entered the subconscious currents. This was still possible in the Near East at the time when Christ united with the earth.

Shepherds, people similar to those among whom the Nertus ministry lived, are also described in the Gospel of Luke. I can only give you a rough outline of all this. If we could talk about this at length, what I have to say to you today would prove to be deeply founded. Because human beings descended from spiritual heights, the revelation of the divine took place from the heavenly heights. It had to be spoken in this way to those who, from ancient wisdom, knew that the destiny of human beings was connected with what lives in the stars of the heavens. But what is to live on earth through the coming of Christ into an earthly human being will only be understood gradually. The message is twofold: “Revelation of the divine from the heights” — “Peace in the souls of the earth who are of good will.” Without this second part, Christmas, the festival of the birth of Christ, has no meaning!

And not only was Christ born for human beings: human beings also crucified Christ! There is also a necessity underlying this, but that does not make it any less true that human beings crucified Christ. And it can be known that the crucifixion that took place on the wooden cross at Golgotha was not the only crucifixion. A time must come when the second part of the Christmas saying can be understood: “Peace on earth to men of good will!” For the negative must also be felt and sensed: human beings are far from understanding Christ and the mystery of Christmas in the right sense.

It must cut us to the heart that we ourselves live in a time when people's longing for peace is being shouted down. It is almost impossible to celebrate Christmas in these days when people's longing for peace is being shouted down. Now that the worst is not yet upon us, let us hope that a change of heart can take place and that Christian sentiment and a desire for peace will replace the shouting down of the longing for peace. Otherwise, it may not be those who are striving in Europe today, but those who come over from Asia to avenge the shouting of the longing for peace, who will have to proclaim Christianity and the mystery of Golgotha to humanity on the ruins of European spiritual life. And it will then remain indelible: at Christmas in the year nineteen hundred and sixteen, after the proclamation that there should be peace on earth among the souls of men of good will, in the year nineteen hundred and sixteen after the proclamation of Christmas, humanity was once able to shout out its longing for peace!

May it not be so! May the good spirits working in the Christmas impulses protect the unfortunate European humanity from this!