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How Do I Find the Christ?
GA 182

16 October 1918, Zürich

Translated by A. P. Shepherd, D.D., and D. S. Osmond

How Do I Find the Christ?

In the lecture given here a week ago 1The Work of the Angels in Man's Astral Body. Lecture given in Zurich, 9 October, 1918. (Available from Rudolf Steiner Bookshop.) I spoke of that participation in the spiritual world which, from now onwards into the future, the human soul must strive to achieve. Today I shall speak in rather more detail of matters connected with the direct experience of the Christ Mystery, for which lofty spiritual concepts such as those recently presented should be the preparation.

If we study man's soul-life in the light of modern Spiritual Science, we can say that in the human soul, inasmuch as it is connected on the one side with the bodily life and on the other with the spiritual life, there is a threefold inclination towards the super-sensible world. This threefold inclination will inevitably be denied by those who have no desire to know anything of that world.

In the first place there is in man an inclination, a proclivity, to know what may be called in a general sense, the Divine.

The second inclination in him—that is, in the man of today—is to know the Christ.

The third inclination in man is to know what is usually called the Spirit or also the Holy Spirit.

As we have said, there are men who deny all these inclinations. There has been abundant evidence of this, particularly in the course of the nineteenth century, when in European culture at any rate, things reached such a climax that men have denied the existence of anything Divine in the world.

In Spiritual Science—where the existence of the Divine in the realm of the super-sensible cannot be a matter of doubt—the question may be asked : What is it that makes a man deny the existence of the Divine—the Father God in the Trinity? Spiritual Science shows us that in every case where a man denies the Father God—that is to say, a Divine Principle in the world such as is acknowledged, for example, in the Hebrew religion—in every such case there is an actual physical defect, a physical sickness, a physical flaw in the body. To be an atheist means to the spiritual scientist to be sick in some respect. It is not, of course, a sickness which doctors cure—indeed they themselves very often suffer from it—neither is it recognised by modern medicine ... but Spiritual Science finds that there is an actual sickness in a man who denies what he should be able to feel, in this case, not through his soul-nature but through his actual bodily constitution. If he denies that which gives him a healthy bodily feeling, namely that the world is pervaded by Divinity, then, according to Spiritual Science, he is a sick man, sick in body.

There are also many who deny the Christ. Spiritual Science regards the denial of the Christ as something that is essentially a matter of destiny and concerns man's soul-life. To deny God is a sickness; to deny the Christ is a calamity. This must inevitably be the view of Spiritual Science. To be able to find Christ is a matter of destiny, a factor that must inevitably play into the karma of a man. To have no relationship with Christ is a calamity.

To deny the Spirit, the Holy Spirit, signifies dullness, obtuseness, of a man's own spirit. The human being consists of body, soul and spirit; in all three there may be a defect. Atheism—denial of the Divine—denotes an actual pathological defect. Failure to find in life that link with the world which enables us to recognise the Christ, is a calamity for the soul. To be unable to find the Spirit in one's own inmost being denotes obtuseness, a kind of spiritual mental deficiency, though in a subtle and unacknowledged form.

The question then arises: How can man find the Christ? It is of this that we shall speak today, this finding of the Christ which can take place in the course of life through man's own soul. ‘How can I find the Christ?’ is a question often put by earnestly seeking souls. An intelligent answer will be found only when the question is placed in a certain historical setting. This we shall attempt to do and in this way we shall finally be led to the answer.

Our present epoch, viewed in the light of Spiritual Science, began in the fifteenth century. The year 1413 can be cited as the approximate date, but without giving any exact time-indication it is quite correct to say that in the fifteenth century the nature of man's soul became what it is today.

If this is not admitted in modern history, the reason is that modern history has eyes for external facts only, and—as a ‘fable convenue’—has no inkling whatever that prior to the fifteenth century, men thought differently, felt differently, acted differently in response to the impulses in them; in short, their life of soul was radically different from that of the men of the present day. The epoch which came to an end in 1413, began in 747 B.C., in the eighth century B.C. This was the Graeco-Latin culture-epoch. As we know, it was approximately at the end of the first third of this epoch that the Mystery of Golgotha took place.

Throughout the centuries which followed, the Mystery of Golgotha was the pivot of the thinking and feeling of many human beings. It was particularly in the life of feeling that the Mystery of Golgotha was apprehended by human souls in the times preceding the modern age, that is to say, prior to the fifteenth/sixteenth centuries. Then came the time when the Gospels began to be widely read by the populace; and it was then that the contention arose as to whether or not the Gospels are to be regarded as original, historical records. As you know, this contention has continued to our time and has been carried to extremes. We shall not concern ourselves with the various phases of it which play such an important part in Protestant Theology, but consider only what actually underlies it.

In this age of materialism it has become habitual to demand that everything must be capable of materialistic proof. When anything is established by documents it is said by history to be ‘proved.’ When documentary records are discovered, it is assumed that some historical event of which these records tell, actually took place. It would not, however, be possible to insist that the Gospels can be taken as such proof. From my book Christianity as Mystical Fact2See Chapter VII: ‘None of these writings (the Gospels) are meant to be mere historical tradition in the ordinary sense of the words. They do not profess to give a historical biography. What they set out to give was already shadowed forth in the traditions of the Mysteries, as the typical life of a Son of God.’ you know that the Gospels are anything but accounts of historical happenings; they are inspired writings, the source of which was Initiation-wisdom. They were at one time considered to be ‘historical records’, but authentic research has now discovered that they are no such thing. It has also been found that the same must be said of all the records of Christianity included in the Bible. Adolf Harnack, a renowned theologian—though mistakenly renowned—has asserted that according to the findings of modern biblical research, what can be known historically about the personality of Christ Jesus could be written on a quarto page.

The only correct point about this—if I may put it paradoxically—is that what might be written on this quarto page would itself also not be true! The only point in connection with this subject that is true is that there are no historically authentic accounts of the Mystery of Golgotha! When a historian asks today whether the Mystery of Golgotha can be proved in the historical sense, the answer of modern research must inevitably be That there is no such external proof.

Furthermore, there is a good reason why there is none. Divine Wisdom decreed that the Mystery of Golgotha was not to be capable of outer, factual proof, simply because, as the most momentous of all earthly events, the Mystery of Golgotha was to be revealed to super-sensible perception only. Anyone who searches for factual materialistic proof will find none; and in the end critical examination will discover that no such proof exists. Mankind was meant to be confronted with the conclusion that we can discover the meaning of such a happening as the Mystery of Golgotha only if we have recourse to the super-sensible. The Mystery of Golgotha was intended to compel the human soul, as it were, to find the way into the realm of the super-sensible, where material proof does not apply.

Thus there is good reason why this Event cannot be proved either by the methods of natural science or in any other historical sense. When all external science, all science based purely on sensory evidence, has to admit that it has no access to the Mystery of Golgotha, when critical theology itself only arrives at conclusions that are a denial of Christianity, the essential significance of Spiritual Science will be apparent in the fact that it is by Spiritual Science alone that men can be led to the real discovery of the Mystery of Golgotha. But that discovery will be along a super-sensible path.

What was the situation of humanity when the Mystery of Golgotha took place in the Fourth post-Atlantean, Graeco-Latin epoch of culture? You know what this epoch signifies. The functions of the different members of which man's nature is composed unfold in humanity as evolution proceeds through the ages. In the Egypto-Chaldean epoch—the epoch prior to the year 747 B.C.—the Sentient Soul developed in man; in the Graeco-Latin epoch the Intellectual or Mind Soul; and since the year 1413, in our Fifth post-Atlantean epoch, the Spiritual or Consciousness Soul has been in process of development. Thus we may say that the essential feature of Graeco-Latin culture from 747 B.C. to A.D. 1413 is that humanity was being ‘educated’—to use Lessing's phrase—into the unhampered exercise of the Intellectual or Mind Soul.3This soul-development in human evolution is one of the most important truths revealed by Dr. Steiner. It can be fully studied in his work Occult Science—an Outline., and in many others. The stages here mentioned may be shortly defined as follows.—The Sentient Soul is the consciousness and development of man's experience of the world about him. The Intellectual or Mind Soul is the awareness of the part which man's own being and thinking play in that experience. The Consciousness Soul is man's awakening to the objective realities of the external world and of his own Self, apart from his personal experience of them.—A.P.S.

Let us now consider the middle point of this epoch which lasted from 747 B.C. to A.D. 1413. Up to that middle point the evolution of the Mind Soul was on the ascending arc; then began the arc of descent. This point you can easily calculate; it is the year 333 after the birth of Christ Jesus. The year A.D. 333 therefore marks a very important point in the evolution of humanity.

It is only by asking ourselves what would have happened if the Mystery of Golgotha had not taken place that we can rightly assess the whole situation in which humanity was placed at that time, and properly understand what the Mystery of Golgotha meant for mankind. If that Event had not taken place, humanity would have been brought to the middle point of the Fourth post-Atlantean epoch in the year A.D. 333 through its own, inherent forces alone. Humanity would have developed out of itself all the faculties belonging to the Intellectual or Mind Soul and would have possessed them through the following centuries. An essential change, however, was wrought through the Mystery of Golgotha. Something utterly different from what would otherwise have happened came to pass. Now in assessing this unique Event which gave new meaning to the whole Earth, it is very important to keep in mind the fact we have already noted, namely, that the only avenue of approach to the understanding of this Mystery is a super-sensible one.

Although in the Fourth post-Atlantean epoch, towards the year A.D. 333, the Intellectual or Mind Soul was coming to its prime, yet in his physical life between birth and death man was totally unable to understand the nature of the Mystery of Golgotha through his ordinary human faculties. Indeed, however much mankind may develop and grow, with the faculties we unfold as the result of our bodily development between birth and death we cannot comprehend the Mystery of Golgotha.

Even those contemporaries of Christ Jesus who truly love Him—the disciples, the apostles—were only able to understand, to the extent to which they were meant to understand, who was in their midst, because they still possessed certain faculties of ancient clairvoyance. It was this that enabled them to have some inkling of the One who walked among them. But this inkling was not the outcome of their own human faculties. The Evangelists wrote the Gospels by drawing upon ancient Mystery-forms. They wrote these mighty Gospels through the power of ancient clairvoyance—not through the human faculties which had unfolded in them in the natural course of their evolutionary development.

Now the soul continues to develop after having passed through the Gate of Death.4See The Inner Nature of Man and the Life between Death and a new Birth. Six lectures given in Vienna, 1914. (Obtainable from Rudolf Steiner Bookshop.) Its power of understanding constantly increases in the life after death. So we arrive at the strange fact that the companions of Christ Jesus, whose love for Him had prepared them for a life in Christ after death, were not able to grasp the full significance of the Mystery of Golgotha by means of their own human powers until the third century after that Event. Those who had lived in communion with Christ as His disciples and apostles died and lived on in the spiritual world, and during this life in the spiritual world their powers increased, just as they do on Earth. But it was not until the second century A.D.—towards the beginning of the third—that Christ's companions had advanced to the stage in the spiritual world between death and rebirth where they were able by means of the development of their own powers to understand what they had experienced on the Earth two to three hundred years before. Then, from the spiritual world, they inspired men who were living below on the Earth.

If, keeping this in mind, you read the writings of the Church Fathers in the second or third century—when the inspiration from the spiritual world began in the real sense—you will realise how what these Church Fathers wrote about Christ Jesus can be understood. The inspirations, coming from those who had been companions of Christ Jesus on Earth and were now living through their life after death, appear in the writings of the Church Fathers in the third century A.D. These Church Fathers wrote of Christ Jesus in strange, remarkable words—in language that to modern men is often unintelligible.

I am going to cite a certain individual—I could also cite others, but I choose one whom modern materialistic culture regards with disdain, attributing to him the dreadful utterance: Credo quia absurdum est (I believe because the belief is absurd). It is of Tertullian 5A translation of the writings of Tertullian by Peter Holmes, D.D., is contained in several volumes of the series: Ante-Nicene Christian Library; Translations of the Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325. (Published by T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1874.)
The text of the translation of De Carne Christi (On the Flesh of Christ) is to be found in Vol. XV (vol. 2), pp. 163–214.
(c. A.D. 160–240) that I am going to speak.

Tertullian lived approximately at the time when the inspiration was beginning to flow down from those who had been companions of Christ Jesus and were now in the spiritual world, and as far as his human powers allowed he received this inspiration. If we read the works of Tertullian carefully we get a curious impression. Naturally, he wrote in the way determined by his particular nature and constitution. A man may have inspirations, but they always manifest in accordance with his capacity to receive them. So it was too, in the case of Tertullian. He did not transcribe the inspirations in an absolutely pure form, but in the way in which his human brain was capable of expressing them; firstly because he was living in a mortal body, and secondly, because in a certain respect he was a passionate and fanatical individual. Nevertheless the form in which he gave expression to the inspirations he received was remarkable in the highest degree, when regarded rightly.

Tertullian stands before us as a Roman of no particularly high literary standing, but as a writer with a magnificent power of language at his command. It can truly be said that Tertullian was the one who in his writings forced the Latin language for the first time into doing justice to Christianity. He was the first who succeeded in imbuing this most prosaic, unpoetical language, this purely rhetorical Latin language, with such temperamental fire, such impassioned ardour, that intense vitality of soul is manifest in his works. This is especially so in his De Carne Christi (On the Flesh of Christ), and also in other works where he sets out to repudiate all the charges brought against the Christians. These works are written with a holy fervour and a magnificent eloquence. Although he was a Roman, Tertullian was absolutely unbiased by his own citizenship, as is clearly evident in De Came Christi. His defence of the Christians against the persecutions of the Romans is couched in words of tremendous forcefulness. With the utmost vehemence he condemns the tortures to which the Christians were subject in order to compel them to deny their adherence to Christ Jesus. Is not your behaviour as judges of the Christians, he wrote, proof enough of your injustice? You are obliged to alter the whole of your wonted judicial procedure when you judge the Christians. In the case of others you force a witness by torture, not to deny, but to avow the truth, to confess his real belief. With the Christian you do the reverse.—You torture him in order to make him deny his belief. As judges, your behaviour to the Christians is exactly contrary to your behaviour to others. In their case you try to get at the truth through torture; in the case of the Christians you try by torture to get at a lie.6Vol. XV (vol. 1) includes Tertullian's Apologeticus, one of the writings in which he inveighs against the Romans for their persecutions of the Christians. The following is a typical passage from chapter 1:
‘And then, too, you do not in that case deal with us in the ordinary way of judicial proceedings against offenders; for in the case of others who deny, you apply the torture to make them confess.—Christians alone you torture to make them deny; whereas, if we were guilty of any crime, we should be sure to deny and you with your tortures would force us to confession. ... So that you act with all the greater Rerversity when, holding our crimes proved by our confession of the name of Christ, you drive us by torture to fall from our confession. Thus, in repudiating the name, we in like manner repudiate also the crimes with which, from that same confession, you had assumed that we were chargeable’ (p. 57).
It is also in the Apologeticus (p. 99) that a passage occurs on the subject of possession by demons: ‘Let a person be brought before your tribunals, who is plainly under demoniacal possession. The wicked spirit, bidden speak by a follower of Christ, will as readily make the truthful confession that he is a demon, as elsewhere he has falsely asserted that he is a god ...’
In Vol. VII of the same series, The Five Books of Tertullian against Marcion, the translator includes in his Introductory Notice (p. XVI) the following quotation from Vincentius Lirinesis:
‘And for his (Tertullian's) wit, was he not so excellent, so grave, so forcible, that he scarce ever undertook the overthrow of any position, but that either by quickness of wit he undermined, or by weight of reason he crushed it? Further, who is able to express the praises which his style of speech deserves, which is fraught (I know none like it) with that cogency of reason, that such as it cannot persuade, it compels to assent: whose so many words almost are so many sentences; whose so many sentences, so many victories? This know Marcion and Apelles, Praxens and Hermogenes, Jews, Gentiles, Gnostics, and divers others, whose blasphemous opinions he hath overthrown with his many and great volumes, as it had been with thunderbolts ...’

Tertullian wrote of many things in a similar vein, in words that strike right home, but besides the fact that he was a courageous, forceful character, and that he saw through and exposed the hollowness of Roman worship, all his writings give evidence of his links with the super-sensible world. When he refers to the super-sensible world it is quite obvious that he well knows how to speak of it. He speaks of demons as if he were speaking of human acquaintances. Ask the demons, he says, whether the Christ, the One whom the Christians assert to be a true God, is in fact a true God! Confront a Christian with a man who is possessed, out of whom a demon speaks ... you will find that if you can make this man speak he will confess that he is a demon; for he speaks the truth, (Tertullian knew that the demons do not lie when they are questioned!). But the demons will tell you too—when a Christian questions them rightly—that Christ is verily God. Only they hate Him because they are fighting against Him. But from the demons you will learn that Christ is the true God. Thus writes Tertullian.

He therefore cites not only the testimony of man but also the testimony of the demons. He speaks of the demons as witnesses who do not merely talk, but who also recognise that Christ is the true God. Tertullian says all these things out of his own knowledge. When we study his writings we are led to ask what was the inmost conviction of his soul, inspired as he was in the way of which I have spoken? This inmost conviction of Tertullian's soul is highly instructive. For in his own day he already divined something that was not to become manifest in humanity until a considerably later time.

Fundamentally, Tertullian held a threefold conviction in regard to human nature.

Firstly: human nature is such that at the present time (i.e. towards the end of the second century A.D.) it may incur the ignominy of denying the greatest of all events on Earth. When a man follows only the dictates of his own nature, he cannot become a participant in the greatest event on Earth.

Secondly: man's soul is too feeble to comprehend this greatest event.

Thirdly: when man follows only what his mortal body renders feasible, he cannot possibly enter into any relationship with the Mystery of Golgotha.

These three points approximately represent the avowed conviction of Tertullian. Out of this conviction came his words: ‘The Son of God was crucified; I am not ashamed because men must needs be ashamed of it. And the Son of God died; it is by all means to be believed because it is absurd.’ Prorsus credibile est, quia ineptum est. This sentence is to be found in De Carne Christi.7The other sentence, falsely ascribed to Tertullian: Credo, quia absurdum est, occurs nowhere, either in the writings of Tertullian or of those of any other Church Father. It was invented at the time ... and all that most people know of Tertullian is this sentence—which is inaccurate! Thirdly: ‘And He was buried’, says Tertullian, ‘and rose again; the fact is certain, because it is impossible.’

This threefold utterance of Tertullian is naturally regarded by clever modern minds as an abomination. Just imagine what a dry, materialistic scholar will think when he hears that somebody has written: ‘Christ was crucified; we must believe it, because it is shameful. Christ died; we Must believe it, because it is absurd. Christ rose again; we must believe it, because it is impossible.’ Just imagine what a typical Monist of today will make of such sentences! But what did Tertullian mean? Through his inspiration he had become a true knower of the men of his day, and he recognised the path along which human nature was advancing at that time.8A recent appreciation of Tertullian by a theologian, Professor W. H. C. Frend, appeared in The Expository Times of February 1970. Professor Frend considers that the fact that western theology has always retained an important place for the doctrine of the Holy Spirit owes much to Tertullian. He also considers that ‘a new assessment of Tertullian is badly needed, embodying recent study of the Severan age and the role of the Christians in the Roman Empire at this period.’ Ed. Humanity was going forward into the following centuries of the Fourth post-Atlantean (the Graeco-Latin) culture-epoch.

We have already noted that the middle point of this culture-epoch was the year A.D. 333. Now it had been the intention of certain spiritual powers hostile to man, at a point exactly as many years after this middle point as those by which the Mystery of Golgotha had preceded it, to guide the Earth's evolution into channels quite different from those into which it actually was guided, as a result of the Mystery of Golgotha. Now 333 years after the year 333 is the year A.D. 666, of which the writer of the Apocalypse speaks so dramatically. Read the passage where the writer of the Apocalypse speaks of what is connected with the year 666! 9Rev. xiii. 18. ‘Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man, and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.’ The intentions of certain spiritual Powers were that at that time something should happen to humanity, and it would indeed have happened but for the Mystery of Golgotha.

The year A.D. 333 marked the zenith of the epoch of the Intellectual or Mind Soul; thereafter the descending path of that epoch could have been used for the purpose of guiding the human race into a course altogether different from the one intended by those Divine Beings who have been connected with man from the beginning, from the Saturn-evolution onwards. This deviation was to be brought about through the endowment of man with something that ought properly to come to mankind only at a later epoch, namely, the Consciousness Soul and its functions. Through a kind of premature revelation these faculties were to be bestowed upon humanity in the year 666.

If this had been achieved, if these intentions of certain Beings who, in opposing the evolution of humanity, want to seize hold of it for their own purposes, had been realised, then in the year A.D. 666 humanity, caught unawares, would have been endowed with the Consciousness Soul, functioning as fully in man as will now be the case only after a considerable period of future time.

This is in line with the invariable practice of the Beings who are the enemies of the Gods who love mankind. What the good spiritual Beings desire to bring about at a later time, these other Beings want to bring forward to an earlier period, before mankind is ready to receive it. What should rightly come about only in the middle of our own epoch of 2,160 years—that is to say, not until 1,080 years after A.D. 1413, in the year A.D. 2493 when man's own personality should be consciously within his grasp—this was to be inculcated into men in the year A.D. 666, through Ahrimanic-Luciferic Powers.

What was it that these Beings desired to achieve by these means? They wanted to give to man too soon the Consciousness Soul, whereby they would have instilled into him a nature making it impossible for him to find the further path to the Spirit- Self, the Life-Spirit, the Spirit-Man. These Beings would have cut man off from the path to his future destiny and would have claimed him for a quite different kind of evolution.

This project was not fulfilled in this particular form, phenomenal, majestic, but diabolical, as had been the intention of these evil spiritual Beings; but the traces of it have nevertheless taken effect in history. This came about because of human deeds, of which one can only say that while men on Earth perform these deeds, they are acting always as the agents of certain spiritual beings. The Emperor Justinian was an agent of these hostile beings when, as an enemy of everything that had emanated from the lofty wisdom of Greece, he closed the Schools of Philosophy in Athens in the year A.D. 529. The last representatives of Greek scholarship, with their sublime Aristotelian-Platonic knowledge, were banished and fled over to Persia, where the Syrian scholars had already taken refuge when in the fifth century the Greek sages had been driven from Edessa by the Emperor Zeno Isaurikus. Thus, when the year 666 was approaching, there had gathered in the Persian Academy of Jundi-Shapur a matchless scholarship that had come over from ancient Greek culture and had taken no account of the Mystery of Golgotha, And the scholars who taught in the Academy of Jundi-Shapur were inspired by Luciferic-Ahrimanic Powers.10See also Three Streams in the Evolution of Humanity. The Luciferic-Ahrimanic Impulse and the Christ-Jahve Impulse. Lectures 4, 5 and 6. Given by Rudolf Steiner in Dornach, October 1918, (Rudolf Steiner Press.)

If what had been intended to come upon humanity in A.D. 666 had been achieved, it would have raised men even at that time to the level of the Consciousness Soul and have led to the severance of mankind from the later course of its evolution. If this aim of the Academy of Jundi-Shapur had fully succeeded, numbers of men of supreme learning, and endowed with extraordinary genius, would have travelled through North Africa, Western Asia, and Southern Europe, and then through all Europe, spreading that Jundi-Shapur culture of A.D. 666. The primary purpose of this culture was that at that premature time man should be made to rely entirely upon his own personality, because the Consciousness Soul had been brought into full operation within him.

This attempt failed. The world had already assumed a configuration different from that which alone would have enabled such a thing to come to pass. Therefore the whole thrust which it was the intention of the Academy of Jundi-Shapur to give to Western culture was blunted. Instead of the spread of a wisdom expounded by brilliant erudition—in comparison with which all that is known in the external world today would be utterly trifling—instead of inspired wisdom concerning those things that will only gradually be mastered through experiment and through natural science in the period up to the year A.D. 2493—instead of this, only remnants survived in what Arabian scholars brought over to Spain. Even that was already blunted; it did not penetrate in the form or in the way that had been intended. In its place there arose Mohammedanism—Mohammed and his teaching. Islam came in the place of what had been intended to go forth from the Academy of Jundi-Shapur.

Through the Mystery of Golgotha, then, the world was diverted from this pernicious course. It was diverted not merely because the Mystery of Golgotha had previously taken place, but also because—since this was an Event beyond the grasp of man's ordinary earthly faculties—inspired understanding had come to Western humanity from the Dead, as in the case of Tertullian and many others. Thereby the minds and hearts of men were guided to something altogether different from what had been intended to emanate from the Academy of Jundi-Shapur, and there spread abroad an influence which, for the salvation of mankind, stemmed the flood of that lofty, but diabolical, wisdom promulgated by the Academy of Jundi-Shapur. Much of the inspiration from the Dead came through in a fragmentary form, but humanity was nevertheless thereby protected from what must otherwise have taken effect in the souls of men had the policy of the Academy of Jundi-Shapur succeeded.

Now operations such as were aimed at by the Academy of Jundi-Shapur proceed behind the scenes of external evolution, in the super-sensible. Men are related to them, but they take place in the realm of the super-sensible. Neither the intention of the Academy of Jundi-Shapur nor the Event of Golgotha can be judged only in the light of what takes place on the physical plane. If we want to understand the nature of such happenings we must explore in depths infinitely deeper than we generally look into.

As we have said, something of what was intended to happen, but was blunted in its effects, did indeed remain for humanity, inasmuch as out of those grand beginnings, fantastic Islam—pitiful Islam—emerged. But something further still happened to all that part of humanity in which the impulse of Jundi-Shapur had taken effect. From that Neo-Persian influence by which, out of due time, the Zarathustra-impulse was resuscitated, humanity was given an ‘injection’, if I may use a homely expression. It was an injection reaching into its actual bodily constitution, and we are born with it to this day : it is an impulse actually identical with the one of which I spoke at the beginning. There was injected into humanity that sickness which, in its effect, leads to the denial of the Father God.

Please take me literally. Humanity—that is to say, civilised humanity—has a ‘thorn in the flesh’ today. St. Paul has much to say about this ‘thorn.’ 112 Cor. xii, 7. He speaks prophetically, as an especially advanced man; the thorn was in him already in his own day. To others it was given in the real sense only later on, in the seventh century. But its effects will become more and more widespread, more and more significant. A man today who surrenders wholly to this thorn, to this sickness—for in the physical body this thorn is an actual sickness—becomes an atheist, one who denies God, who denies the Divine. In every human being belonging to modern civilisation there is, fundamentally speaking, the tendency to atheism; the question is only whether a man lends himself to it. He has within him the sickness which incites him to deny the Divine, whereas if he obeyed the promptings of his true nature he would acknowledge God. His nature was, as it were, mineralised to a certain extent at that time, retarded in its development, with the result that we have within us the sickness which gives rise to the denial of Divinity.

This sickness has many consequences. Through it a bond of attraction is created between the soul of a man and his body stronger than that which formerly existed, stronger than that which arises from human nature itself. The soul is shackled more firmly to the body. Whereas through its essential being, the soul is not intended to share the destinies of the body, through this plan it would have taken a course leading to greater and greater participation in the destinies of the body, including those of birth, heredity and death.

The aim of the sages of Jundi-Shapur—in a more amateurish form it is also the aim of certain occult societies in our own time—amounted to nothing else than this: to make man very great, very wise, on the Earth, but, by instilling this wisdom, to lead his soul to partake of death, so that when he had passed through the Gate of Death he would have no inclination to participate in spiritual life or in subsequent incarnations. The intention was to sever man from his further evolution, and so win him for the aims of certain Beings in a quite different world. It was to preserve him as he is in his life on Earth, in order to divert him from the purpose of that earthly existence, which purpose he was meant to discover only slowly and by degrees, thereby finally attaining to Spirit-Self, Life-Spirit, Spirit-Man.

The human soul would have become more intimately bound up with the Earth than had been intended. Death, which is foreordained for the body only, would in a certain respect have become the destiny of the soul as well. This was prevented by the Mystery of Golgotha. Man did become related to death, but through the Mystery of Golgotha he has been given a means of protection against it. Although, on the one side, a certain stream in world-evolution brought about a relationship between the soul and the body stronger than that originally prescribed for man, in order to maintain the balance Christ linked the soul with the spirit more strongly than had been originally planned. Through the Mystery of Golgotha the human soul was brought nearer to the spirit.12(Note) Thus in the thirteenth century the spirit-filled soul-forces of Thomas Aquinas and Albertus Magnus defeated the Arabian philosophy of Averroes. A.P.S.

This enables us to realise how throughout the centuries the Mystery of Golgotha is connected with the inmost forces of human nature. We must know how to relate the interrelationship between the body and the soul brought about for man by Ahriman and Lucifer, with the interrelationship between the soul and the spirit through Christ, if the right historical approach is to be made to the Mystery of Golgotha.

The Catholic Church, strongly influenced by the remains of the impulse emanating from Jundi-Shapur, decreed as a dogma at the Eighth Ecumenical Council at Constantinople in A.D. 869 that men were not to believe in the spirit. ... This was because the Church did not desire that everybody should be enlightened about the Mystery of Golgotha, but that it should be kept hidden. In the year A.D. 869, belief in the spirit was abolished by the Catholic Church. The dogma then decreed was to the effect that men must not believe in man as spirit, but only as body and soul, the soul possessing certain spiritual qualities.13See article in The Golden Blade of 1963 by A. P. Shepherd, ‘The Ecumenical Council of A.D. 829’.—Ed. Thus the truth that man is a being of body, soul and spirit was abolished by the Catholic Church, acting directly under the influence of the impulse of Jundi-Shapur. History often presents a different spectacle from the one in which it is presented for the ordinary use of those whom one party or another would like to control.

Through the Mystery of Golgotha, however, man was related more closely to the spirit. Consequently there are two forces in him: the force whereby in his soul he is allied to death, and the force which liberates him from death and leads him inwardly to the spirit.

I have told you that the urge in man which makes him deny God is a kind of sickness. This tendency is a kind of sickness we all have potentially within us today in our civilised humanity, by reason of our very physical nature. To deny God, so says Spiritual Science, is veritably a sickness—but it is in all of us.

If we rightly understand our own nature, we realise that we cease to deny God only when, through Christ, we find him again.14St. John xiv, 6: ‘No man cometh to the Father, but by me.’ Just as our body has within it a potential sickness tending towards denial of the Divine, so, having the Christ-Power within us in consequence of the Mystery of Golgotha, we have a health-giving, healing force within us. In the truest sense of the word, Christ is for one and all of us the Redeemer the Healer of the sickness that can make a man deny God. Christ is the Physician for that latent sickness.

In very many respects our own age is a revival of those times which developed as they did partly as the result of the Mystery of Golgotha, partly through what happened in A.D. 333, and partly again through what happened in A.D. 666. This fact has quite definite results. The Mystery of Golgotha can be rightly understood only through the realisation that it cannot be comprehended by means of the forces with which man is endowed during his life on earth in a physical body. As we have seen, even the Apostles, the contemporaries of Christ Jesus, were unable until the third century, that is to say, a long time after their death, to understand the Mystery of Golgotha by means of their own human forces.

Now all these facts are taken up into the process of evolution itself and have many effects, one of which is the following. We today are in an altogether different position from the men who were contemporaries of Christ Jesus or who lived in the first seven centuries of Christendom. We are living in the twentieth century, well on in the Fifth post-Atlantean epoch. This being so, when we are born as souls and pass out of the super-sensible into the physical world, we have already experienced something of the Mystery of Golgotha in the spiritual world in the centuries before our birth. Just as those who were contemporaries of the Mystery of Golgotha only reached full understanding of it centuries later, so we ourselves experience a kind of reflected picture of an experience we had long before—hundreds of years before we were born. This applies to men of the present time only. All of them, when they are born into the physical world, bring with them something that is like a reflected picture of the Mystery of Golgotha, a mirror-image of what they experienced in the spiritual world in the centuries after the Mystery of Golgotha.

Naturally, this impulse cannot be directly perceived by one who has not super-sensible vision; but all human beings can experience its working within themselves. And when they experience it they discover the answer to the question: How can I find the Christ?

We find the Christ only when we have the following experiences. Firstly, we must say to ourselves: ‘I will strive for self-knowledge as far as in me lies, as far as my whole human personality makes this possible.’ Now nobody who strives honestly for self-knowledge today can fail to come to the conclusion that he is incapable of laying hold of that for which he is striving; that his power of comprehension lags behind his striving. He feels the ineffectiveness of his efforts. This is a very real experience. A certain feeling of ineffectiveness is experienced by everyone who in the quest for self-knowledge takes honest counsel with himself. It is a wholesome feeling, for it is nothing else than awareness of the sickness in us, and when we have an illness without being aware of it, then we are all the more ill. In feeling at some point in our life the powerlessness to lift ourselves to the Divine, we become aware of that sickness of which I have spoken, the sickness that has been implanted into us. And in becoming aware of this sickness, we feel that as the body is today, our soul would be condemned to die with it.

When this powerlessness is experienced with sufficient intensity, there comes the sudden reversal—the other experience which tells us that if we do not depend only upon what our bodily forces by themselves enable us to achieve, but devote ourselves to what the spirit gives—we can overcome this inner death of the soul. We find our soul again and unite ourselves with the spirit. We can experience the futility of existence on the one side and, on the other, the triumph of it within ourselves, when we have overcome the feeling of helplessness. We can be aware of the sickness, the powerlessness which has become allied with death in our soul, and then of the redemptive, healing force. And then we feel that we bear in our soul something that can at all times rise above death. It is in seeking for these two experiences that we find the Christ in our own soul.

Humanity is approaching this experience. Angelus Silesius spoke of it in the significant words:

‘In vain the Cross on Golgotha
Was raised—thou hast not any part
In its deliverance unless
It be raised up within thy heart.’ 15From ‘The Cherubinic Wanderer’. See Selections from Angelus Silesius, No. 127. Translated by J. E. Crawford Flitch. (George Allen & Unwin, 1932.)

It is raised up in man when he is conscious of the two poles: powerlessness through the body, resurrection through the spirit.

This twofold experience leads to the understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha. It is a happening in regard to which the excuse of lacking faculties of super-sensible perception is invalid. Such faculties are not essential. All that is essential is to be resolute in the practice of self-examination and to have the will to overcome the attitude of self-sufficiency that is so prevalent today, and which prevents man from realising that insistence upon placing reliance solely in his own faculties is a result of pride. A man whose pride renders him incapable of feeling that his own forces can but lead him to powerlessness, will be unable to have the experience either of death or of resurrection; nor will he ever know the reality contained in the thought of Angelus Silesius:

‘In vain the Cross on Golgotha
Was raised—thou hast not any part
In its deliverance unless
It be raised up within thy heart.’

But when we can experience powerlessness and recovery from it, the benediction of actual relationship with Christ Jesus is vouchsafed to us. For this experience is the recovery of what we experienced in the spiritual world hundreds of years before our birth. We must seek here, on the physical plane, for its mirror-image in the soul. Seek within yourselves and you will discover the powerlessness! Seek, and you will find, after the experience of powerlessness, the redemption from it, the resurrection of the soul to the spirit.

But do not allow yourselves to be misled in these matters by what is put forward today as mysticism or actually preached as a tenet by certain denominations. When Harnack, for example, speaks of the Christ, what he says is not true, for the simple reason that it can equally well apply to God in the general sense. It can be said alike of the God of the Hebrews, of the God of the Mohammedans, of all the other Gods. You will hear many a one who claims to be awakened today, saying: I experience God within me ... but it is the Father God only that such people experience and that in a very weakened form, because they do not realise that they are sick and are speaking merely in accordance with tradition. Johannes Muller is an example of this. But none of these men have found Christ, for the Christ-experience does not consist of the unitary realisation of the Divine, but of the twofold experience of the death in the soul wrought by the body and the resurrection of the soul wrought by the spirit. A man who can say that he feels not only the Divine within him—as mystical theosophists eloquently assert—but can speak of the two experiences—of powerlessness and the resurrection from it—such a man is speaking of the true Christ-experience. And after all, he has found his way to the Mystery of Golgotha along a super-sensible path, he has found within himself the strength whereby certain super-sensible faculties are quickened to life and lead him to the Mystery of Golgotha.

Verily there is no need today to despair of finding the Christ in immediate experience, for He has been found in very truth when a man has rediscovered his own true being—but always after the realisation of powerlessness. The feeling of futility that comes upon us when, without self-sufficiency, we contemplate our own faculties, must be the preliminary to the experience of the Christ Impulse. When mystics say: I have found in my ego the higher Ego, the Divine Ego ... they believe that this is Christianity. It is by no means so! Christianity must be based on the principle:

‘In vain the Cross on Golgotha
Was raised—thou hast not any part
In its deliverance unless
It be raised up within thy heart.’

The truth of what I am saying can be felt in detailed occurrences of life and from the consideration of these we can rise to the great experience of powerlessness and of resurrection from it. It would be good, particularly in our own age, if the following were realised. There is undoubtedly in the depths of men's souls a tendency towards truth and, consequently, the urge to speak the truth. But it is just when we are most determined to speak the truth, and then reflect upon how to do it, that we begin to realise the powerlessness of the human body in face of Divine Truth. The moment you practise self-examination in respect of speaking, you will discover a very remarkable fact. The poet felt it when he wrote the words: ‘When the soul speaks, alas, the soul no longer speaks.’ On the way to the point where what we experience in our inmost soul as truth becomes articulate language, truth is already blunted. It is not yet completely killed in spoken language, but it is already blunted. Anyone who understands what language is, knows that proper nouns alone, which relate exclusively to one particular thing, are true designations of that thing. As soon as we use generalised expressions, be they substantives, verbs or adjectives, we are no longer giving utterance to the full truth.

Truth, then, lies in our conscious realisation that with every sentence we are bound to deviate from truth. In Spiritual Science we endeavour to surmount the admission that with every statement you make you are uttering something that is not wholly true, by proceeding in a way of which I have often spoken. I have said on so many occasions that in Spiritual Science the essential is not so much what is said—for that would always be subject to the risk of ineffectiveness—but how it is said. Try to realise—and you can see this in my own writings—every possible aspect and every possible angle from which any subject can be described, for only in that way can we get near to the truth of things.

Those who believe that words themselves are anything other than a Eurythmy, are greatly in error. Words are nothing but Eurythmy brought to expression by the larynx with the help of the air. They are no more than gestures—made with the larynx instead of with the hands or feet.16See the volume Eurythmy as Visible Speech. Fifteen lectures given in Dornach, June/July 1924. We must be fully aware that in using words we merely point to something, and that we have a right relation to the truth only when we regard the words as pointers to what we want to express, and when we bring this consciousness into our common life. One of the purposes of Eurythmy itself is to draw attention to this. In Eurythmy the whole human being is made into a larynx—that is to say, it brings to expression through the whole human being what is otherwise expressed through the larynx only—in order that men shall again become aware that in their articulate language they are merely making gestures. I say: ‘Father’, I say: ‘Mother’ ... but when I use generalised terms I can speak effectively only when the other man has become acquainted in our common social life with the things to which these terms apply, when he understands the gestures. We surmount the ineffectiveness which can be felt in regard to speech and language, we celebrate the resurrection from ineffectiveness, when we realise that the moment we open our lips we must be truly Christian. What the Word, the Logos, has come to be in the course of evolution can be understood only when the Logos is again related to the Christ and we become conscious of the fact that our body, being the instrument for utterance, forces the truth downwards to the point where, on our lips, it undergoes a partial death; we bring truth to life again in Christ when we are conscious that we must spiritualise the words, imbue them with spirit-reality. This means that we must be mindful of the spirit-reality—not take language merely as language, but at the same time ‘think’ the spirit-reality expressed in it. That is what we must learn to do!

Now there is a particular example of what I have been saying publicly in different places. I have given close study to extremely interesting essays by Woodrow Wilson—they were addresses on American history, American literature. American life. Woodrow Wilson describes American life in its development from the East to the West of that continent in a really brilliant, most impressive way. His descriptions are those of one who is an American to his very bones, and these addresses, published as essays, are very fascinating. The volume is entitled Mere Literature and other Essays.17First published in 1893. By reading these essays we really get to know the American character, for Woodrow Wilson is the most typical American who could possibly be found.

I have compared—and this can be done quite objectively—many passages in these essays with utterances, for example, of Hermann Grimm, who is.through and through a typical German, a typical Mid-European, of the nineteenth century—a man whose style of writing I admire as much as I dislike that of Woodrow Wilson. That is merely a personal aside. I love Hermann Grimm's style of writing and I find Woodrow Wilson's style repugnant, but for all that, one can be quite objective. Woodrow Wilson, the typical American, writes brilliantly about the development of the American character. And then something else struck me when I compared essays by him and by Hermann Grimm, in which both of them have written about the methodology of history. Passages of Woodrow Wilson tally exactly, almost literally, with passages of Hermann Grimm; passages of Hermann Grimm can simply be transposed into statements by Woodrow Wilson. There is, of course, no question whatever of plagiarism; I do not for one instant suggest that, for it is absolutely out of the question. But here, without becoming bourgeois or philistine, we can learn that when two men say the same thing, it is not the same! Here is the problem. Is it not remarkable that Woodrow Wilson describes his Americans really much more penetratingly, much more suggestively, than anything described by Hermann Grimm when he is writing of methodology in history, and that yet in his descriptions, Woodrow Wilson uses practically the same passages as Hermann Grimm? What is the explanation? It is a real problem.

When we go into it closely, we find the following answer. In Hermann Grimm's style, in everything he has written, it is obvious that every sentence is the outcome of intense individual struggle; from sentence to sentence, everything has been wrestled for! Everything is a product of nineteenth-century culture, but written out of the Consciousness Soul itself.

Woodrow Wilson writes brilliantly, but he is possessed by something in his subconsciousness. It is a case of daimonic possession. There is something in his subconsciousness that inspires into him what he then writes down. It is the daimon who is speaking through his soul—the daimon who naturally manifests in a particular way in an American of the twentieth century. Hence the brilliance, the forcefulness!

Today, lazy people, concerning themselves with the content of words only, often say when they read something: ‘I have read this before somewhere or other.’ They must learn to realise that what is of real importance is not the content of what is said, but who it is who is speaking; to realise that the man must be recognised from what he says, because the words are only gestures and the real point is to know who is making these gestures. That is what humanity must come to realise.

Here we have a great mystery of everyday life. It makes all the difference whether each sentence is the outcome of intense struggle on the part of the personal Ego or has been ‘inspired’ in some way either from below, or from above, or from one side or another. The power of suggestion is actually the greater in what has been inspired in this way, because in reading what has been the outcome of struggle, we ourselves have to wrestle with it. The time is approaching when the primary importance must no longer be attached to the purely literal content of what is before us, but above all to who is saying this or that—I do not mean only the actual physical personality, but the whole human-spiritual setting.

When people ask today: How can I find the Christ?—we must answer them in this sense, for they will not reach the Christ through cogitation, however subtle it may be, but only when they have the courage to enter with their whole being into the experiences of daily life. Even in regard to language you must feel the powerlessness caused by the body because it is the vehicle of language—and then, afterwards, you must feel the resurrection of the spirit in the word. ‘The letter killeth, the spirit maketh alive’ is one of those utterances that have often been misunderstood. The ‘letter’ (the articulated sound) does kill and the ‘spirit’ must be made living again, in that as an actual experience of his own, man links himself with the Christ and with the Mystery of Golgotha. This is a first step towards finding the Christ.

Seek therefore always for the human setting in which words are used, do not think only about their content—as is the custom today. Think of how the words come forth from the source whence they are uttered. If many among us would be mindful of this, we should not so often find people saying: ‘So-and-so spoke quite “anthroposophically”, or “theosophically”—just read what he says!’ I repeat—the actual words themselves are not the essential; the essential is out of what spirit they were uttered. It is not words that we want to spread through Anthroposophy, but a new spirit, the spirit which from the twentieth century onwards must be that of a Christ-ruled world.

Wie Finde Ich den Christus?

In Anknüpfung an die Betrachtungen, die wir in der vorigen Woche hier angestellt haben über die Teilnahme an der geistigen Welt, welche die menschliche Seele gegen die Zukunft hin erstreben muß, möchte ich heute etwas genauer gerade über verschiedene Dinge sprechen, die zusammenhängen mit jener Art des Erlebens des Christus-Mysteriums, welches ja durch solche Ideale, spirituelle Ideale, wie ich sie neulich besprochen habe, vorbereitet werden soll.

Wenn wir geisteswissenschaftlich heute den Menschen betrachten - das ist zunächst eine Mitteilung, die aber im weiteren Verlauf unserer heutigen Betrachtung manche Beleuchtung noch erfahren wird -, also wenn wir geisteswissenschaftlich, wie wir das mit den Mitteln der heutigen Geisteswissenschaft können, den Menschen in seinem Seelenleben betrachten, so können wir sagen, daß in diesem Seelenleben, insofern es auf der einen Seite zusammenhängt mit dem leiblichen Leben, auf der anderen Seite mit dem geistigen Leben, sich ein Dreifaches abspielt, eine dreifache Hinneigung zu der übersinnlichen Welt. Diese dreifache Hinneigung zu der übersinnlichen Welt muß eigentlich dann verleugnet werden, wenn man überhaupt nichts von der übersinnlichen Welt wissen will. Der Mensch hat eine Hinneigung, das zu erkennen, was man das Göttliche im allgemeinen nennen kann. Eine zweite Hinneigung hat er - wir sprechen natürlich immer von dem Menschen im gegenwärtigen Entwickelungszyklus -, den Christus zu erkennen. Und eine dritte Hinneigung, zu erkennen dasjenige, was gewöhnlich der Geist oder auch der Heilige Geist genannt wird.

Mit Bezug auf alle diese drei Hinneigungen wissen Sie, daß es Menschen gibt, die sie verleugnen. Man hat hinlänglich erlebt, gerade im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts, wo die Dinge wenigstens innerhalb der europäischen Kultur auf die Spitze getrieben worden sind, daß die Leute das Göttliche in der Welt überhaupt abgeleugnet haben.

Nun kann man geisteswissenschaftlich fragen - da innerhalb der Geisteswissenschaft an dem Göttlichen, das, wenn wir so sagen dürfen, im Übersinnlichen wohnt, nicht gezweifelt werden kann -: Was bringt den Menschen dazu, das Göttliche überhaupt, dasjenige, was in der Trinität der Vatergott genannt wird, abzuleugnen? - Da zeigt uns die Geisteswissenschaft, daß in jedem solchen Falle, wo der Mensch ableugnet den Vatergott, also ein Göttliches überhaupt in der Welt, jenes Göttliche, das zum Beispiel auch in der israelitischen Religion anerkannt wird, ein wirklicher, echter physischer Defekt, eine physische Erkrankung, ein physischer Mangel im Menschenleibe stattfindet. Atheist sein, heißt für den Geisteswissenschafter, in irgendeiner Beziehung krank sein. Natürlich ist es eine Krankheit, die die Ärzte nicht kurieren; sie sind selbst sehr häufig an dieser Krankheit leidend, einer Krankheit, die auch nicht als solche von der heutigen Medizin anerkannt ist. Aber es ist eine Krankheit, die die Geisteswissenschaft im Menschen findet, wenn der Mensch dasjenige ableugnet, was er jetzt nicht durch seine Seelen-, sondern durch seine Leibeskonstitution fühlen muß. Leugnet er das ab, was ihm ein gesundes Gefühl seines Leibes eingibt, daß ein Göttliches die Welt durchzieht, so ist er nach geisteswissenschaftlichen Begriffen krank, leiblich krank.

Es gibt dann sehr viele Leute, welche den Christus ableugnen. Die Ableugnung des Christus muß die Geisteswissenschaft betrachten als etwas, was eigentlich eine Schicksalsfrage ist und das menschliche Seelenleben betrifft. Den Christus ableugnen muß die Geisteswissenschaft ein Unglück nennen; Gott ableugnen eine Krankheit, Christus ableugnen ein Unglück. Den Christus finden können, ist gewissermaßen eine Schicksalssache, ist gewissermaßen etwas, was in das Karma des Menschen hereinspielen muß. Es ist ein Unglück, zu dem Christus keine Beziehung zu haben. Den Geist oder den Heiligen Geist ableugnen, bedeutet eine Stumpfheit des eigenen Geistes. Der Mensch besteht aus Leib, Seele und Geist. In bezug auf alle drei kann er einen Defekt haben. Einen physischen wirklichen Krankheitsdefekt gibt es beim Atheismus gegenüber dem Göttlichen. Im Leben nicht zu finden jene Anknüpfung an die Welt, welche uns den Christus erkennen läßt, das ist ein Unglück. Den Geist in seinem eigenen Inneren nicht finden können, ist eine Stumpfheit, in gewissem Sinne ein Idiotismus, wenn auch ein feinerer und wiederum eben nicht anerkannter Idiotismus.

Nun handelt es sich darum, die Frage aufzuwerfen: Wie findet der Mensch den Christus? - Und gerade über das Finden des Christus wollen wir heute sprechen, jenes Finden des Christus, welches im Verlaufe des Lebens durch die eigene Menschenseele geschehen kann. Man hört oftmals von Seelen, die wirklich ernst suchende Seelen sind, die Frage: Wie finde ich den Christus? - Beschäftigen kann man sich mit dieser Frage, wenn man für sie eine verständnisvolle Antwort haben will, allerdings nur dadurch, daß man dieselbe in einem gewissen historischen Zusammenhange betrachtet. Wir wollen einen geschichtlichen Zusammenhang vor unsere Seele hinstellen, der uns dann zuletzt in den heutigen Betrachtungen zur Beantwortung dieser Frage: Wie finde ich den Christus? - führen wird.

Wir wissen, unser gegenwärtiger geschichtlicher Zeitraum begann, geisteswissenschaftlich betrachtet, im 15. Jahrhundert. Man kann, wenn man eine mittlere Zahl angeben will, das Jahr 1413 angeben. Aber man kann, wenn man auf solche Zahlenangaben sich nicht einlassen will, eben sagen: Im 15. Jahrhundert wurde das Seelenleben der Menschheit so, wie es heute ist.- Wenn man das nicht zugibt in der neueren Geschichte, so ist der Grund davon nur der, daß die neuere Geschichte eben auch nur äußere Tatsachen betrachtet und gar keine Ahnung hat, in ihrer Natur als Fable convenue keine Ahnung davon hat, daß, sobald man hinter das 15. Jahrhundert zurückkommt, die Menschen anders dachten, anders fühlten, aus ihren Impulsen heraus anders handelten, radikal verschieden waren in ihrem Seelenleben von dem Seelenleben der gegenwärtigen Menschen. Der Zeitraum, der damals abschloß, 1413, begann 747 vor Christus, also im 8. vorchristlichen Jahrhunderte, so daß wir dasjenige, was wir geisteswissenschaftlich die griechisch-lateinische Kulturperiode nennen, zählen von 747 vor Christus bis 1413. In diesem Zeitraum spielte sich, wie wir ja wissen, und zwar ungefähr im ersten Drittel dieses Zeitraumes, das Mysterium von Golgatha ab. Nun, dieses Mysterium von Golgatha, es war, wie Sie wissen, für viele Menschen durch Jahrhunderte hindurch der Angelpunkt ihres ganzen Fühlens, ihres ganzen Denkens. Dieses Mysterium von Golgatha ist insbesondere gefühlsmäßig von der Seele erfaßt worden in denjenigen Zeiten, welche der neueren Zeit, dem 15., 16. Jahrhunderte und so weiter, vorangegangen sind. Dann begann diejenige Epoche, in der man anfing, die Evangelien in den weiten Kreisen des Volkes zu lesen. Dann begann aber auch der Streit, ob die Evangelien wirklich historische Urkunden sind. Und dieser Streit, Sie wissen es, ist bis in unsere Tage herein auf die Spitze getrieben worden. Wir wollen uns heute nicht mit den einzelnen Phasen dieses Streites, der ja insbesondere in den Kreisen der protestantischen Theologie eine so große Rolle spielt, befassen, wir wollen nur dasjenige vor unsere Seele rücken, was heute gesagt werden kann in bezug auf das, was man mit diesem Streit über das Mysterium von Golgatha eigentlich will.

Man hat sich gewöhnt im materialistischen Zeitalter, alles auf materialistische Art bewiesen haben zu wollen. In der Geschichte nennt man «bewiesen» dasjenige, was durch Dokumente belegt ist. Wo man Akten findet, da nimmt man an, daß ein historisches Ereignis, von dem diese Akten sprechen, wirklich geschehen ist. Solche Beweiskraft könnte man wahrscheinlich den Evangelien nicht zuschreiben. Sie wissen aus meinem Buche «Das Christentum als mystische Tatsache», was die Evangelien sind. Sie sind alles andere als historische Urkunden, sie sind Inspirationsbücher, Initiationsbücher. Man hat sie früher für historische Urkunden gehalten; nun ist man darauf gekommen durch wirkliche Forschung, daß sie keine historischen Urkunden sind. Man hat auch herausgefunden, daß alle übrigen Dokumente, die in der Bibel stehen, keine historischen Urkunden sind. Und ein anerkannter Theologe, ein zu Unrecht anerkannter Theologe, Adolf Harnack, hat als Ergebnis der neueren Bibelforschung festgestellt, daß dasjenige, was man historisch über die Persönlichkeit des Christus Jesus wissen könne, auf einem Quartblatte zusammengeschrieben werden kann. Daran ist nur das eine richtig, wenn ich mich so paradox ausdrücken darf, daß das auch nicht wahr ist, daß das, was man auf dieses Quartblatt schreiben würde, historisch auch nicht haltbar ist! Wahr ist daran nur, daß es überhaupt keine wirklich haltbaren Urkunden über das Mysterium von Golgatha gibt. Wenn man als Geschichtsforscher heute frägt: Kann man das Mysterium von Golgatha historisch beweisen? -, so muß man vom Standpunkte der heutigen Geschichtsforschung sagen: Es läßt sich nicht äußerlich beweisen.

Dies aber hat gerade seinen guten Grund. Das Mysterium von Golgatha soll sich, ich möchte sagen, nach den Ratschlüssen der göttlichen Weisheit, nicht äußerlich-materialistisch beweisen lassen, aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil das Mysterium von Golgatha als die wichtigste Tatsache, die im Erdengeschehen sich ereignet hat, nur auf eine übersinnliche Weise erschaubar sein soll. Derjenige, der da will einen äußerlich-materialistischen Beweis finden, der findet ihn eben nicht, sondern er findet zuletzt durch seine Kritik heraus, daß es keinen solchen gibt. Es soll die Menschheit vor die Entscheidung gestellt werden, gerade dem Mysterium von Golgatha gegenüber sich zu gestehen: Ich muß zum Übersinnlichen meine Zuflucht nehmen, oder ich kann so etwas wie das Mysterium von Golgatha überhaupt nicht finden. - Das Mysterium von Golgatha soll gewissermaßen die Menschenseele zwingen, aus allen sinnlichen Beweisen heraus den Weg ins Übersinnliche zu finden. Es hat also seinen guten Grund, daß das Mysterium von Golgatha weder naturwissenschaftlich noch irgendwie sonst historisch zu beweisen ist. Das wird gerade das Bedeutungsvolle sein der neueren Geisteswissenschaft, daß, wenn alle äußere Wissenschaft, alle bloß auf das Sinnenfällige gestützte Wissenschaft sich wird gestehen müssen, daß sie zum Mysterium von Golgatha keinen Zugang mehr hat, wenn selbst die Theologie, insoferne sie kritisch ist, unchristlich sich gebärden wird, die Geisteswissenschaft es sein wird, welche die Menschen zum Mysterium von Golgatha hinzuführen hat, aber auf einem übersinnlichen Wege, den wir ja öfter beschrieben haben.

Nun können wir uns fragen: Wie war die Menschheitssituation, als das Mysterium von Golgatha in den vierten nachatlantischen, in den griechisch-lateinischen Kulturzeitraum hereinfiel? - Nun, Sie wissen, was dieser Zeitraum bedeutet. Die Menschheit entwickelt sich im Laufe der Zeit so, daß sie gewissermaßen auch durchmacht die verschiedenen Glieder der menschlichen Natur. Sie wissen, in der ägyptisch-chaldäischen Zeit, die dem Jahr 747 vor Christus vorangegangen ist, wurde der Mensch eingeführt durch seine Entwickelung in das, was man die Empfindungsseele nennt; in der griechisch-lateinischen Zeit nun in die Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele, und seit dem Jahre 1413, in unserer fünften nachatlantischen Zeit, in die sogenannte Bewußtseinsseele. So daß wir sagen können: Das Wesen der griechisch-lateinischen Kultur von 747 vor Christus bis 1413 besteht darin, daß die Menschheit erzogen wird - wenn wir diesen Lessingschen Ausdruck gebrauchen dürfen - zum freien Gebrauch der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele.

Fragen wir uns nun einmal: Wann war die Mitte dieses Zeitraumes? - Die Mitte, denn nicht wahr, wir können annehmen: Wenn von 747 vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha bis 1413 dieser Zeitraum dauerte, so hatte er eine Mitte, wo sich sozusagen bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt hin in zunehmender Art diese Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele entwickelt hatte und dann sich in absteigender Art entwickelte. Dieser Zeitpunkt - Sie können dies leicht ausrechnen - ist das Jahr 333 nach der Geburt des Christus Jesus. 333 ist also ein sehr wichtiger Zeitraum der Menschheitsentwickelung, die Mitte der griechisch-lateinischen Kulturzeit. 333 Jahre vor dieser Mitte liegt die Geburt des Christus Jesus, liegt also dasjenige, was zum Mysterium von Golgatha führte.

Wir können die ganze Menschheitssituation nur dann richtig würdigen, wenn wir uns fragen: Was wäre nun geschehen, wenn das Mysterium von Golgatha nicht eingetreten wäre? - Dann können wir recht würdigen, was das Mysterium von Golgatha für die Menschheit für einen Wert hat, wenn wir fragen, was geschehen wäre, wenn das Mysterium von Golgatha nicht eingetreten wäre. Natürlich wäre dann die Menschheit ohne das Mysterium von Golgatha nur durch die eigenen elementarischen Kräfte zu der Mitte des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes im Jahre 333 gekommen. Sie hätte aus sich selber heraus alle die Fähigkeiten entwickelt, die der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele angehören. Die hätte sie dann gehabt in den nächsten Jahrhunderten.

Das wurde wesentlich dadurch geändert, daß das Mysterium von Golgatha eintrat. Es geschah etwas ganz anderes eben, als sonst geschehen wäre, und es geschah etwas gewaltig anderes. Wenn wir hinblicken auf das Mysterium von Golgatha, dann können wir, um dieses besondere Ereignis, das der ganzen Erde einen Sinn gibt, zu charakterisieren, gerade den Gesichtspunkt als den allerwichtigsten anschauen, daß nur ein übersinnlicher Zugang zu dem Mysterium von Golgatha ist, daß man nur auf übersinnlichem Weg zu ihm kommt.

Woran liegt das eigentlich? Das liegt daran, daß der Mensch, trotzdem er im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum, gegen das Jahr 333 zu, sich näherte der höchsten Blüte der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele, daß der Mensch zwischen Geburt und Tod in seinem physischen Leben überhaupt weit davon entfernt war, die Natur des Mysteriums von Golgatha mit gewöhnlichen menschlichen Kräften zu verstehen. Das, worauf es ankommt, ist, daß wir uns [zwar] entwickeln können und steinalt werden können: mit den Kräften, die wir infolge unserer Leibesentwickelung zwischen Geburt und Tod in uns zur Entfaltung bringen, können wir das Mysterium von Golgatha nicht begreifen.

Daher kam es auch, daß auch die Zeitgenossen, die den Christus Jesus liebenden Zeitgenossen, die Jünger, die Apostel nur dadurch verstehen konnten, soweit sie es verstehen sollten, wie es stand mit dem Christus Jesus, den sie umgaben, daß sie in gewissem Sinne mit atavistischem Hellsehen, wie ich öfter gesagt habe, ausgestattet waren und durch ihr atavistisches Hellsehen eine Ahnung hatten von dem, der unter ihnen herumging. Aber durch die eigenen menschlichen Kräfte hatten sie das nicht. Und dann schrieben sie auch die Evangelien nieder, die Evangelienschreiber, indem sie zu Hilfe nahmen alte Mysterienbücher. Sie schrieben sie, diese mächtigen Evangelien, aus der alten atavistischen Hellseherkraft heraus, nicht aus den Kräften, die sich bis dahin auf naturgemäße Weise, aus naturgemäßen menschlichen Kräften entwickelt hatten.

Aber die Menschenseele entwickelt sich weiter, auch nachdem sie durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen ist. Diese Menschenseele, die sich weiter entwickelt, auch nachdem sie durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen ist, wächst in ihren Verständniskräften auch nach dem Tode; sie lernt immer mehr und mehr verstehen.

Nun liegt das Eigentümliche vor, daß die Zeitgenossen des Christus, die sich durch ihre Liebe zu dem Christus vorbereitet hatten für ein Leben in Christo nach dem Tode, daß diese aus eigenen menschlichen Kräften voll das Mysterium von Golgatha eigentlich erst begriffen im 3. Jahrhunderte nach dem Mysterium von Golgatha. Also diejenigen, die mit dem Christus als seine Jünger und Apostel zugleich gelebt haben, die starben dann, lebten weiter in der geistigen Welt, und indem sie in der geistigen Welt lebten, wuchsen ihre Kräfte, geradeso wie sie hier wachsen. Nun sind wir beim Tode nicht so weit, daß wir solches Verständnis haben, wie wir es zwei Jahrhunderte nach dem Tode haben. Die Zeitgenossen waren eigentlich erst im 2. Jahrhundert, gegen das 3. Jahrhundert zu, so weit, daß sie dann in dem geistigen Reich, das der Mensch zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt durchlebt, von sich selbst aus zu dem Verständnis dessen kamen, was sie vor zwei bis drei Jahrhunderten hier auf der Erde erlebt hatten. Und dann inspirierten sie von der geistigen Welt aus diejenigen Menschen, die hier unten auf der Erde waren.

Lesen Sie von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus dasjenige, was die sogenannten Kirchenväter im 2., 3. Jahrhunderte, als die Inspiration im rechten Sinne anfing, geschrieben haben, dann werden Sie darauf kommen, wie man verstehen kann, was von den Kirchenvätern geschrieben worden ist über den Christus Jesus. Dasjenige, was von den toten Zeitgenossen des Christus Jesus inspiriert worden ist, das hat man im 3. Jahrhunderte angefangen zu schreiben. Eine merk- . würdige Sprache führen diese Menschen im 3. Jahrhundert über den Christus Jesus, eine Sprache, die zum Teil für den heutigen Menschen - wir werden gleich nachher über diesen heutigen Menschen sprechen - recht unverständlich ist.

Ich will einen Menschen anführen, ich könnte auch einen anderen anführen, aber ich will Ihnen einen, der der gegenwärtigen materialistischen Kultur so recht verächtlich ist, anführen, denjenigen, von dem diese materialistische Kultur sagt, er hätte einen schrecklichen Satz gesprochen: Credo quia absurdum est - Ich glaube dasjenige, was töricht ist, und nicht dasjenige, was vernünftig ist. - Den Tertullian will ich anführen.

Wenn man den Tertullian anführt, der ungefähr in der Zeit lebte, wo die Inspiration von oben von den toten Zeitgenossen des Christus Jesus begann, und der, soweit er es konnte als Mensch, unter dieser Inspiration stand, wenn man diesen Tertullian wirklich liest, so bekommt man einen eigentümlichen Eindruck. Natürlich schrieb er so, wie er schreiben mußte nach seiner menschlichen Konstitution. Man kann ja gut Inspirationen haben, aber sie zeigen sich immer so, wie man sie aufnehmen kann. So gab denn auch der Tertullian die Inspirationen nicht ganz rein; er gab sie so, wie er sie in seinem menschlichen Gehirn zum Ausdruck bringen konnte, erstens, da er in einem sterblichen Leibe wohnte, und zweitens, da er in einer gewissen Hinsicht leidenschaftlich und fanatisiert war. Er schrieb so, wie es herauskam, aber höchst merkwürdig herauskam, wenn es von einem wahren und richtigen Gesichtspunkte aus betrachtet wird.

Dieser Tertullian tritt einem von diesem Gesichtspunkt aus entgegen als ein Römer von einer nicht einmal besonders hohen literarischen Bildung, aber als ein Schriftsteller von großartiger Sprachkraft. Man kann geradezu sagen: Tertullian ist derjenige, welcher die lateinische Sprache dem Christentum erst gerecht gemacht hat. Er hat erst die Möglichkeit gefunden, diese prosaischeste, unpoetischeste Sprache, diese rein rhetorische Sprache, die lateinische Sprache, mit solchem Temperament und mit einer solchen heiligen Leidenschaft zu durchglühen, daß wirklich unmittelbar seelisches Leben in dem Werke des Tertullian lebt, insbesondere in «De carne Christi» zum Beispiel, oder auch in demjenigen Werk, in dem er alles abzuweisen versucht, wessen man die Christen beschuldigt. Sie sind mit einem heiligen Temperament geschrieben und mit einer großartigen Sprachkraft. - Und dieser Tertullian war als Römer und an «De carne Christi» kann man das zeigen - vorurteilslos gegenüber seinem eigenen Römertum. Er fand großartige Worte, indem er die Christen gegen die Verfolgung der Römer verteidigte. Die Mißhandlungen, die man den Christen zufügte, damit sie ableugnen sollten ihre Zugehörigkeit zu dem Christus Jesus, die verurteilte er temperamentvoll, so daé er sagte: Beweist nicht euer Verhalten als Richter gegenüber den Christen hinlänglich genug, daß ihr ungerecht seid? Ihr müßt euer ganzes richterliches Verfahren, wie ihr es sonst habt, ändern, es nicht anwenden, wenn ihr gegen die Christen richtet. Sonst zwingt ihr durch die Mißhandlungen einen Zeugen, daß er nicht ableugnet; ihr zwingt ihn, daß er bekennt, was wahr ist, was er wirklich meint. Bei dem Christen macht ihr es umgekehrt: Ihr foltert ihn, damit er leugnet, was er meint. Ihr benehmt euch als Richter den Christen gegenüber entgegengesetzt dem Falle, wie ihr euch sonst als Richter benehmt. Sonst wollt ihr die Wahrheit erfahren durch die Mißhandlung; bei den Christen wollt ihr die Lüge erfahren. - Und in ähnlicher Weise, in Worten, die wirklich den Nagel auf den Kopf trafen, sprach Tertullian über vieles.

Dabei kann man sagen, daß er neben dem, daß er ein mutiger, kraftvoller Mann war, der die Hohlheit des römischen Götterdienstes voll durchschaute und darstellte, außerdem ein Mensch war, der überall, wo er schrieb, seine Beziehungen zur übersinnlichen Welt bewies. Er redete von der übersinnlichen Welt so, daß man sieht: Der Mann weiß, was es heißt, von der übersinnlichen Welt zu reden. Er redet von Dämonen so, wie er von seinen Bekannten als Menschen redet. - Und er redet zum Beispiel von den Dämonen so, daß er sagt: Fragt die Dämonen, ob der Christus, der, von dem die Christen behaupten, daß er ein wahrer Gott sei, wirklich ein wahrer Gott ist! Stellt einmal einen wirklichen Christen einem Besessenen gegenüber, aus dem ein Dämon spricht, da werdet ihr sehen: Wenn ihr ihn wirklich zum Sprechen bringt, gesteht er euch, daß er selber ein Dämon ist, denn er sagt die Wahrheit. - Das wußte Tertullian, daß die Dämonen nicht lügen, wenn man sie befragt. - Aber die Dämonen sagen euch auch, wenn der Christ sie richtig frägt aus seinem Bewußtsein heraus, daß der Christus der wahre Gott ist. Nur hassen sie ihn, weil sie ihn bekämpfen. Ihr werdet von dem Dämon erfahren, daß das der wahre Gott ist. - Also nicht nur auf das Zeugnis der Menschen, sondern auf das Zeugnis der Dämonen beruft sich Tertullian. So spricht er von den Dämonen als Zeugen, die nicht bloß reden, die da auch bekennen, daß Christus der wahre Gott ist. Das sagt Tertullian alles aus sich selbst heraus.

Man hat wirklich allen Grund, wenn man Tertullian als Schriftsteller kennenlernt, zu fragen: Was war denn eigentlich das tiefere Seelenbekenntnis des Tertullian, der ergriffen war von der Ihnen eben geschilderten Inspiration? Dieses tiefere Seelenbekenntnis des Tertullian ist in der Tat lehrreich. Denn Tertullian ahnte bereits etwas, was eigentlich erst ziemlich lange nach der Zeit des Tertullian offenbar werden sollte für die Menschheit. Tertullian bekannte sich im Grunde zu drei Sätzen gegenüber der menschlichen Natur. Erstens: Die menschliche Natur ist so, daß sie in der jetzigen Zeit - also das ist die Zeit des Tertullian, Ende des 2. nachchristlichen Jahrhunderts -, daß sie, wie sie jetzt ist, die Schmach auf sich laden kann, das größte Erdenereignis zu verleugnen. Wenn der Mensch nur sich folgt, kommt er nicht zum größten Erdenereignis. Zweitens ist seine Seele zu schwach, um dieses größte Erdenereignis zu begreifen. Drittens ist es dem Menschen ganz unmöglich, wenn er nur dem folgt, was ihm sein sterblicher Leib ermöglicht, ein Verhältnis zu gewinnen zu dem Mysterium von Golgatha.

Diese drei Dinge sind ungefähr das Bekenntnis des Tertullian. Aus diesen drei Dingen heraus hat Tertullian die Worte gesprochen: «Gekreuzigt wurde Gottes Sohn; das ist keine Schande, weil es schändlich ist. Auch gestorben ist er; gerade darum ist es glaublich, weil es töricht ist.» «Prorsus credibile est, quia ineptum est», das ist gerade deshalb glaublich, weil es töricht ist. Dieser Satz steht bei Tertullian. Der andere Satz, den ihm die Welt andichtet: Credo, quia absurdum est -, steht nirgends, weder bei Tertullian, noch bei einem anderen Kirchenvater. Aber dieser Satz, den ich Ihnen jetzt eben ausgesprochen habe, ist dazumal geschrieben worden. Die meisten Menschen kennen von Tertullian nichts anderes als diesen Satz, der nicht wahr ist. Drittens: «Und der Begrabene ist auferstanden», sagt Tertullian, «weil es unmöglich ist. Wir müssen es glauben, weil es unmöglich ist.»

Dieser dreifache Ausspruch, den Tertullian tut, der erscheint natürlich den modernen, ganz gescheiten Menschen als etwas Schreckliches. Man soll sich nur so einen waschechten heutigen materialistisch Gebildeten denken, der da hört, daf3 einer sagt: Christus ist gekreuzigt worden; wir müssen es glauben, weil es schmachvoll ist. Christus ist gestorben; wir müssen es glauben, weil es töricht ist. Christus ist wahrhaftig auferstanden; wir müssen es glauben, weil es unmöglich ist. - Man soll sich vorstellen, was so ein richtiger monistischer Weltanschauer von heute zu solchen Sätzen für ein Verhältnis gewinnen kann!

Was meinte aber Tertullian? Tertullian ist gerade durch seine Inspiration für seine damalige Zeit so ein rechter Menschenkenner geworden, hat erkannt, auf welchem Wege die menschliche Natur in der damaligen Zeit war. Die Menschen gingen entgegen den folgenden Jahrhunderten der vierten nachatlantischen, der griechisch-lateinischen Kulturperiode. Geradesoviel Jahre, als das Mysterium von Golgatha der Mitte dieses Zeitraumes vorangegangen ist, 333 Jahre, geradesoviel Jahre nach diesem Zeitraum war beabsichtigt von gewissen geistigen Mächten, die Erdenentwickelung in ganz andere Bahnen zu leiten, als sie dann, weil das Mysterium von Golgatha da war, geleitet worden ist. 333 Jahre nach dem Jahre 333 ist 666; das ist jene Jahreszahl, von der der Schreiber der Apokalypse mit einem großen Temperamente spricht. Lesen Sie die betreffenden Stellen, wo der Schreiber der Apokalypse von dem spricht, was sich auf 666 bezieht! Da sollte nach den Intentionen gewisser geistiger Mächte mit der Menschheit etwas geschehen, und es wäre geschehen, wenn das Mysterium von Golgatha nicht eingetreten wäre. Man hätte den absteigenden Weg, der von 333 ab der Menschheit beschieden gewesen wäre als Gipfelpunkt der Kultur der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele, diesen absteigenden Weg hätte man dazu benützt, um die Menschheit in ein ganz anderes Fahrwasser zu bringen, als sie kommen sollte nach der Intention derjenigen göttlichen Wesenheiten, die mit ihr vom Anfange, von der Saturnzeit an, verknüpft sind. Das sollte dadurch geschehen, daß etwas, was erst später kommen sollte in die Menschheit, die Bewußtseinsseele mit ihren Inhalten, durch eine Art Offenbarung der Menschheit schon 666 gegeben würde. Wäre das ausgeführt worden, wären wirklich die Intentionen erfüllt worden gewisser der Menschheitsentwickelung entgegengesetzter, aber diese Menschheitsentwickelung an sich reißen wollender Wesen, dann wäre die Menschheit 666 so überrascht worden, begabt worden mit der Bewußtseinsseele, wie sie es erst längere Zeit nach unserer Zeit sein wird.

Darauf beruht nämlich dasjenige, was die den menschenliebenden Göttern feindlichen Wesenheiten immer machen, daß sie dasjenige, was diese den Menschen guten geistigen Wesenheiten zu einer späteren Zeit machen wollen, in einen früheren Zeitpunkt verlegen wollen, wo die Menschheit noch nicht reif dazu ist. Es hätte dasjenige, was erst in der Mitte unseres Zeitraumes hätte geschehen sollen, was also erst 1080 Jahre nach dem Jahre 1413 geschehen soll, was erst also im Jahre 2493 geschehen soll - da soll erst der Mensch so weit sein mit Bezug auf das bewußte Erfassen seiner eigenen Persönlichkeit -, schon 666 durch ahrimanisch-luziferische Kräfte dem Menschen eingeimpft werden sollen.

Was wollte man dadurch erreichen auf seiten dieser Wesen? Sie wollten dadurch dem Menschen die Bewußtseinsseele geben, hätten ihm aber dadurch eine Natur eingepflanzt, die es ihm unmöglich gemacht hätte, seinen weiteren Weg zum Geistselbst, zum Lebensgeist und zum Geistesmenschen zu finden. Man hätte abgeschnitten seinen Zukunftsweg und hätte den Menschen für ganz andere Entwickelungsbahnen in Anspruch genommen.

Die Geschichte hat sich nicht abgespielt so, wie es intendiert war in dieser besonderen Gestalt, in dieser phänomenalen, großartigen, aber teuflischen Gestalt, aber die Spuren davon haben sich doch in der Geschichte vollzogen. Sie konnten sich dadurch vollziehen, daß Dinge geschahen, von denen man nur sagen kann: Die Menschen tun sie auf der Erde, aber sie tun sie eigentlich immer, indem sie Handlanger sind desjenigen, was gewisse geistige Wesenheiten durch die Menschen ausführen. - Und so war denn auch der Kaiser Justinian ein Handlanger gewisser Wesenheiten, als er, der ja ein Feind war alles dessen, was aus der hohen Weisheit des Griechentums überkommen war, 529 die Philosophenschulen in Athen schloß, so daß die letzten Reste der griechischen Gelehrsamkeit mit dem hohen aristotelisch-platonischen Wissen verbannt wurden und nach Persien hinüber flüchteten. Nach Nisibis waren schon früher, als Zeno Isauricus im 5. Jahrhunderte ebensolche griechische Weise von Edessa vertrieben hatte, die syrischen Weisen geflohen. Und so versammelte sich gegen das Jahr, das heranrückte, gegen 666 hin, in der persischen Akademie von Gondishapur wirklich dasjenige, was auserlesenste Gelehrsamkeit war, die herübergekommen war aus dem alten Griechentum und die keine Rücksicht genommen hatte auf das Mysterium von Golgatha. Und innerhalb der Akademie von Gondishapur lehrten diejenigen, die inspiriert waren von luziferisch-ahrimanischen Kräften.

Hätte dasjenige, was 666 über die Menschheit hätte kommen sollen - was, wenn es gekommen wäre, eben zum Abschneiden der späteren Entwickelung und zur Erhöhung der Menschheit zur Bewußtseinsseele schon im Jahre 666 geführt hätte -, hätte das seinen vollen Erfolg gehabt, was von der Akademie von Gondishapur beabsichtigt war, dann wären im 7. Jahrhunderte da und dort überall hochgelehrte und durch ihre Hochgelehrsamkeit in außerordentlichem Maße geniale Menschen entstanden, welche wandern sollten durch Westasien, durch Nordafrika, durch Südeuropa, durch Europa überhaupt und die überall verbreiten sollten jene Kultur von 666, die von der Akademie von Gondishapur beabsichtigt war. Diese Kultur sollte vor allen Dingen den Menschen ganz auf seine Persönlichkeit stellen, ganz die Bewußtseinsseele schon bringen.

Es war nicht möglich geworden, daß dies geschah. Die Welt hatte schon eine andere Gestaltung angenommen, als diejenige hätte sein müssen, in welcher das hätte geschehen können. Daher wurde der ganze Stoß, der versetzt werden sollte der abendländischen Kultur von der Akademie von Gondishapur aus, abgestumpft. Und statt daß eine Weisheit herausgekommen ist, gegen welche alles das, was wir heute in der äußeren Welt wissen, eine ganze Kleinigkeit wäre, statt daß eine Weisheit durch Eingebung in spiritueller Weise über alles dasjenige herausgekommen ist, was man nach und nach durch das Experimentieren und durch die Naturwissenschaft bis zum Jahre 2493 sich erobern wird, und das durch eine glänzende, großartige Gelehrsamkeit herausgekommen wäre, sind dann nur die Reste davon geblieben in dem, was arabische Gelehrte nach Spanien gebracht haben. Aber es war auch schon abgestumpft. Das ist nicht in jener Weise herausgekommen, wie es gewollt war, es ist abgestumpft worden. Und an dessen Stelle ist der Mohammedanismus, ist Mohammed mit seiner Lehre geblieben, und es ist nur der Islam anstelle desjenigen gekommen, was von der Akademie von Gondishapur hätte ausgehen sollen. Die Welt war durch das Mysterium von Golgatha abgebracht worden von dieser ihr verderblichen Richtung.

Und abgebracht worden war sie dadurch, daß schon früher nicht nur das Mysterium von Golgatha geschehen ist, sondern eben dieses Mysterium von Golgatha als solches Ereignis geschehen ist, welches nicht begriffen werden kann von den gewöhnlichen menschlichen Kräften bis zum Tod; wodurch innerhalb der abendländischen Menschheit eben das entstand, was ich vorhin beschrieben habe: Inspiration von seiten der Toten fand statt, wie wir dies bei Tertullian und vielen anderen bemerken. Dadurch wurde der Sinn der Menschen auf das Mysterium von Golgatha und damit auf etwas ganz anderes hingelenkt, als dasjenige ist, was von der Akademie von Gondishapur hätte ausgehen sollen. Dadurch verbreitete sich dasjenige, was verhinderte jene hohe, aber teuflische Weisheit, welche die Akademie von Gondishapur intendierte, aber es wurde verhindert die Ausbreitung jener Weisheit zum Heile der Menschheit. Es kam vieles gebrochen heraus von dem, was inspiriert worden war von den Toten, aber es war doch die Menschheit davor bewahrt, das über sich ergehen zu lassen, was sie in ihre Seelen hätte aufnehmen müssen, wenn die Akademie von Gondishapur mit ihrer Tendenz Glück gehabt hätte.

Aber solche Ereignisse wie dasjenige, was von der Akademie von Gondishapur intendiert war, die gehen gewissermaßen hinter den Kulissen der äußeren Weltentwickelung vor sich. Sie gehen im Übersinnlichen vor sich. Die Menschen stehen damit in Beziehung, aber diese Ereignisse spielen sich durchaus im Übersinnlichen ab. Und wir können nicht solche Ereignisse, weder dasjenige, was intendiert war von der Akademie von Gondishapur, noch das Ereignis von Golgatha, nur nach dem beurteilen, was auf dem physischen Plane geschieht. Wir müssen solche Ereignisse, wenn wir sie charakterisieren wollen, in viel, viel bedeutenderen Tiefen aufsuchen, als man gewöhnlich meint.

Zurückgeblieben ist der Menschheit schon etwas von dem, was damals hätte geschehen sollen und was nur abgestumpft worden ist, indem von etwas Großartigem der phantastische, jämmerliche Islam herausgekommen ist. Geschehen ist schon etwas mit der Menschheit. Das ist geschehen, daß dazumal die Menschheit, auf welche der Impuls von Gondishapur gewirkt hat, dieser neupersische Impuls, der zur Unzeit den Zarathustra-Impuls wieder brachte, daß die gesamte Menschheit, wenn ich so sagen darf, wenn ich mich trivial ausdrücken darf, einen innerlichen Knacks bis in die Leiblichkeit hinein bekommen hat. Damals hat die Menschheit einen Impuls bekommen, der bis in die physische Leiblichkeit hineingeht, mit dem wir weiter jetzt immer geboren werden, den Impuls, der eigentlich gleich ist mit dem, was ich vorhin charakterisiert habe. Jene Krankheit ist der Menschheit eingeimpft worden, die, wenn sie sich auslebt, zur Leugnung des Vatergottes führt.

Also verstehen Sie mich recht: Die Menschheit, insofern sie die zivilisierte Menschheit ist, hat heute im Leibe einen Stachel. Und der heilige Paulus spricht sehr viel von diesem Stachel. Diese Menschheit hat im Leibe einen Stachel. Der heilige Paulus spricht davon prophetisch. Er hatte ihn als ein besonders vorangeschrittener Mensch schon zu seiner Zeit; die anderen bekamen ihn eigentlich erst im 7. Jahrhundert. Aber dieser Stachel wird sich immer mehr ausbreiten, wird immer bedeutungsvoller und bedeutungsvoller sein. Wenn Sie heute einen Menschen kennenlernen, der sich ganz diesem Stachel hingibt, dieser Krankheit - denn das ist ein Stachel im physischen Leib, das ist eine wirkliche Krankheit -, dann wird er ein Atheist, dann wird er ein Gottesleugner, ein Leugner des Göttlichen. Anlage zu diesem Atheismus hat eigentlich jeder Mensch, der der modernen Zivilisation angehört; es handelt sich nur darum, ob er sich dieser Anlage hingibt. Der Mensch trägt in sich jene Krankheit, die ihn aufreizt dazu, das Göttliche abzuleugnen, während es eigentlich in der Tat aus seiner Natur folgen würde, es anzuerkennen. Diese Natur ist dazumal gewissermaßen etwas mineralisiert worden, zurückgeschraubt worden in der Entwickelung, so daß wir alle die Gottesleugner-Krankheit in uns tragen.

Durch diese Gottesleugner-Krankheit wird mancherlei in den Menschen bewirkt. Durch diese Gottesleugner-Krankheit wird nämlich ein stärkeres Anziehungsband geschaffen zwischen der Seele des Menschen und seinem Leibe, als früher da war, und als es eigentlich in der menschlichen Natur selber liegt. Es wird gleichsam die Seele mehr an den Leib angeschmiedet. Und während die Seele durch ihre eigene Natur nicht dazu bestimmt ist, teilzunehmen an den Schicksalen des Leibes, wäre sie dadurch in eine Bahn gekommen, wodurch sie immer mehr und mehr an den Schicksalen des Leibes teilnehmen würde, auch an den Schicksalen der Geburt und Vererbung und des Todes.

Nichts Geringeres haben nämlich schon dazumal - was in einer mehr dilettantischen Form wiederum gewisse Geheimgesellschaften auch in unserer Zeit wollen - die Weisen von Gondishapur gewollt, als den Menschen für diese Erde sehr groß zu machen, sehr weise zu machen, aber mit Einimpfung dieser Weisheit seine Seele teilnehmen zu lassen am Tode, so daß er nicht die Neigung haben würde, wenn er durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen ist, an dem geistigen Leben und an den folgenden Inkarnationen teilzunehmen. Sie wollten ihm geradezu die weitere Entwickelung abschneiden. Sie wollten ihn für sich für eine ganz andere Welt gewinnen, vom Erdenleben her konservieren, um ihn von dem abzubringen, wozu der Mensch auf der Erde da ist, was er erst lernen soll in langsamer, allmählicher Entwickelung und wodurch er zu dem Geistselbst, Lebensgeist und Geistesmenschen kommen wird.

Die Menschenseele würde also, mehr als ihr vorbestimmt war, mit der Erde bekanntgemacht werden. Der Tod, der nur für den Leib vorbestimmt ist, würde gewissermaßen auch zum Schicksal der Seele geworden sein. Diesem ist durch das Mysterium von Golgatha entgegengearbeitet. So daß der Mensch todverwandt geworden ist, aber durch das Mysterium von Golgatha bewahrt worden ist vor dieser Todesverwandtschaft. Hat auf der einen Seite eine gewisse Strömung in der Weltentwickelung eine stärkere Verwandtschaft der Seele mit dem Menschenleib bewirkt, als sie dem Menschen vorgeschrieben war, so hat der Christus, um dem die Waage zu halten, die Seele stärker an den Geist gebunden, als das wiederum vorbestimmt war. So daé also durch das Mysterium von Golgatha die Menschenseele näher an den Geist gebracht worden ist, als ihr vorbestimmt war.

Dies befähigt uns, erst so recht hineinzuschauen, wie zusammenhängt das Mysterium von Golgatha mit den innersten Kräften der Menschennatur durch die Jahrtausende hindurch. Man muß das Wechselverhältnis, das von Ahriman und Luzifer dem Menschen bestimmt war, das Wechselverhältnis zwischen Leib und Seele vergleichen können mit dem Wechselverhältnis zwischen Seele und Geist, wenn man historisch richtig an das Mysterium von Golgatha herankommen will.

Die katholische Kirche, die sehr stark unter [dem Einfluß der] Reste des Impulses der Akademie von Gondishapur stand, die hat 869 auf dem achten ökumenischen Konzil in Konstantinopel dogmatisch bestimmt, daß man nicht an den Geist zu glauben habe, weil sie nicht etwa jeden aufklären wollte über das Mysterium von Golgatha, sondern Finsternis breiten wollte über das Mysterium von Golgatha. Von der katholischen Kirche ist der Geist 869 abgeschafft worden. Das Dogma, das da bestimmt worden ist, heißt, man habe nicht an den Geist zu glauben, sondern nur an Leib und Seele, und die Seele habe in sich etwas Geistartiges. Aber daß der Mensch wirklich besteht aus Leib, Seele und Geist, das wurde durch die katholische Kirche abgeschafft. Diese Abschaffung, die ist in der katholischen Kirche direkt noch unter dem Einflusse des Impulses von Gondishapur geschehen. Die Geschichte nimmt sich eben anders aus, als sie zum Hausgebrauch der Menschen, die man gerne leiten möchte, von dieser oder jener Seite her oftmals geformt wird.

Der Mensch also wurde durch das Mysterium von Golgatha geistverwandter gemacht. Dadurch sind im Menschen zwei Kräfte: die Kraft, die ihn seelisch dem Tode ähnlich macht, und diejenige Kraft, die ihn wiederum vom Tode befreit, die ihn zum Geiste innerlich hinführt.

Diese Kraft, was ist sie für eine? Ich habe Ihnen gesagt: Es ist eine Art Krankheit, was das Gottesleugnerische im Menschen ist. Die Anlage ist eine Art Krankheit, die wir alle in uns tragen innerhalb der zivilisierten Menschheit vermöge unseres bloßen Leibes. Doch den Gott abzuleugnen, es ist eine Krankheit, sagt die Geisteswissenschaft, aber diese Krankheit haben wir in uns. Und wir leugnen, wenn wir uns recht verstehen, erst dann den Gott nicht ab, wenn wir ihn durch Christus wieder finden. So wie unser Leib eine Erkrankungskraft in sich hat, die hintendiert nach der Gottesleugnung, so haben wir, indem wir die Christus-Kraft so in uns haben, wie ich es öfter dargestellt habe, infolge des Mysteriums von Golgatha dadurch eine gesundende, eine heilsame Kraft in uns. Nun, der Christus ist für uns alle im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes der Heiland, der Arzt gegenüber jener Krankheit, die den Menschen zum Gottesleugner machen kann. Der Christus ist ein Arzt dagegen. Er ist ein Arzt für jene verborgene Krankheit, die ich Ihnen jetzt charakterisiert habe.

Unsere Zeit ist in recht vieler Beziehung eine Wiedererneuerung jener Zeiten, die sich zugetragen haben zum Teil durch das Mysterium von Golgatha, zum Teil durch dasjenige, was 333, zum Teil durch dasjenige, was 666 geschehen ist. Das hat ganz bestimmte Wirkungen. Sie verstehen das Mysterium von Golgatha nur richtig, wenn Sie sich klar sind darüber: Man kann es nicht verstehen mit den Kräften, die dem Menschen nur gegeben sind dadurch, daß er physisch bis zum Tode in einem physischen Leibe lebt. Selbst die Zeitgenossen, die Apostelzeitgenossen konnten erst im 3. Jahrhunderte, also lange nach ihrem Tode, aus ihren eigenen Kräften heraus als Menschen das Mysterium von Golgatha verstehen. Aber alle diese Dinge gehen in die Entwickelung ein, durch alle diese Dinge spielt sich manches ab. Und es hat sich folgendes abgespielt.

Wir sind heute in einer ganz anderen Lage, als diejenigen waren, die Zeitgenossen Christi waren oder die in den folgenden Jahrhunderten bis ins 7. Jahrhundert gelebt haben. Wir leben ja bereits in der fünften nachatlantischen Zeit und sind weit darinnen; wir leben im 20. Jahrhundert. Das hat zur Folge, daß, indem wir als Seele geboren werden und aus der übersinnlichen Welt in die sinnliche hereintreten, wir nun wiederum Jahrhunderte vorher in der geistigen Welt etwas erleben. So wie diejenigen, die Zeitgenossen des Mysteriums von Golgatha waren, Jahrhunderte danach zum vollen Verständnisse kamen des Mysteriums von Golgatha, so erleben wir eine Art von Spiegelbild, bevor wir geboren werden, und zwar Jahrhunderte, bevor wir geboren werden. Das gilt aber nur für die heutigen Menschen. Die heutigen Menschen tragen alle, indem sie hereingeboren werden in die physische Welt, etwas mit, was wie ein Abglanz ist des Mysteriums von Golgatha, wie ein Spiegelbild desjenigen, was man Jahrhunderte nach dem Mysterium von Golgatha in der geistigen Welt erlebte.

Nun, diesen Impuls kann natürlich derjenige, der nicht übersinnlich schauen kann, nicht unmittelbar schauen, aber alle können die Wirkung dieses Impulses in sich erleben. Und wenn sie ihn erleben, dann finden sie die Antwort auf die Frage: Wie finde ich den Christus?

Dazu ist folgendes Erleben notwendig. Man findet den Christus, wenn man folgende Erlebnisse hat. Erstens das Erlebnis, daß man sich sagt: Ich will so weit Selbsterkenntnis anstreben, als es mir möglich ist, nach meiner ganz individuellen menschlichen Persönlichkeit möglich ist. - Keiner, der ehrlich diese Selbsterkenntnis anstrebt, wird sich anderes heute als Mensch sagen können als: Ich kann das nicht fassen, was ich eigentlich anstrebe. Ich bleibe mit meiner Fassungskraft hinter dem, was ich anstrebe, zurück; ich empfinde meine Ohnmacht gegenüber meinem Streben. - Es ist dieses Erleben ein sehr wichtiges. Dieses Erleben müßte jeder haben, der ehrlich mit sich selbst, in Selbsterkenntnis zu Rate geht: ein gewisses Ohnmachtsgefühl. Dieses Ohnmachtsgefühl ist gesund, denn dieses Ohnmachtsgefühl ist nichts anderes, als das Empfinden der Krankheit, und man ist ja erst recht krank, wenn man eine Krankheit hat und sie nicht fühlt. Indem man die Ohnmacht empfindet, sich zum Göttlichen zu erheben in irgendeinem Zeitpunkte seines Lebens, fühlt man in sich jene Krankheit, von der ich gesprochen habe, die uns eingepflanzt ist. Und indem man diese Krankheit empfindet, empfindet man, daß die Seele durch unseren Leib eigentlich, so wie der Leib heute ist, verurteilt wäre mitzusterben. Dann, wenn man genügend kräftig diese Ohnmacht empfindet, dann kommt der Umschlag. Dann kommt das andere Erlebnis, das uns sagt: Aber wir können, wenn wir uns nicht an dasjenige hingeben, was zu erreichen wir durch unsere Leibeskräfte allein imstande sind, wir können, wenn wir uns hingeben an dasjenige, was uns der Geist gibt, überwinden diesen innerlichen Seelentod. Wir können die Möglichkeit haben, unsere Seele wiederzufinden und an den Geist anzuknüpfen. Wir können erleben die Nichtigkeit des Daseins auf der einen Seite und die Verherrlichung des Daseins aus uns selber, wenn wir hinüberkommen über das Spüren der Ohnmacht. Wir können die Krankheit spüren in unserer Ohnmacht, wir können [aber auch] den Heiland, die heilende Kraft spüren, wenn wir die Ohnmacht [erlebt haben], dem Tode verwandt geworden sind in unserer Seele. Indem wir den Heiland spüren, fühlen wir, daß wir etwas in unserer Seele tragen, das aus dem Tode jederzeit auferstehen kann im eigenen inneren Erleben. - Wenn wir diese zwei Erlebnisse suchen, finden wir in unserer eigenen Seele den Christus.

Das ist ein Erlebnis, dem die Menschheit entgegengeht. Angelus Silesius sagte es, als er die bedeutungsvollen Worte sprach:

Das Kreuz von Golgatha kann dich nicht von dem Bösen,
Wo es nicht auch in dir wird aufgericht’t, erlösen.

Es kann im Menschen aufgerichtet werden, indem er die zwei Pole fühlt: die Ohnmacht durch sein Leibliches, die Auferstehung durch sein Geistiges. Das innere Erlebnis, das aus diesen zwei Teilen besteht, das ist dasjenige, welches zum Mysterium von Golgatha wirklich hintendiert. Das ist ein Ereignis, dem gegenüber man sich nicht ausreden kann dadurch, daß man sagt, man habe keine übersinnlich entwickelten Fähigkeiten. Die braucht man dazu nicht. Man braucht nur wirklich Selbstbesinnung zu üben und den Willen zu dieser Selbstbesinnung, den Willen auch zur Bekämpfung jenes Hochmuts, der heute so gang und gäbe ist, welcher den Menschen nicht bemerken läßt, daß, wenn er sich auf seine eigenen Kräfte verläßt, er hochmütig wird gegenüber seinen eigenen Kräften. Wenn man nicht fühlen kann gegenüber seinem eigenen Hochmut, daß man durch seine eigenen Kräfte ohnmächtig wird, dann kann man weder den Tod noch die Auferstehung fühlen, dann kann man nie des Angelus Silesius Gedanken erfühlen:

Das Kreuz von Golgatha kann dich nicht von dem Bösen,
Wo es nicht auch in dir wird aufgericht’t, erlösen.

Dann aber, wenn wir Ohnmacht und Wiederherstellung aus der Ohnmacht empfinden können, dann tritt für uns der Glücksfall ein, daß wir eine wirklich reale Beziehung zu dem Christus Jesus haben. Denn dieses Erleben ist die Wiederholung desjenigen, was wir Jahrhunderte vorher in der geistigen Welt erlebten. So müssen wir es in seinem Spiegelbild hier in der Seele auf dem physischen Plane suchen. Suchen Sie in sich, und Sie werden finden die Ohnmacht. Suchen Sie, und Sie werden finden, nachdem Sie die Ohnmacht gefunden haben, die Erlösung von der Ohnmacht, die Auferstehung der Seele zum Geist.

Aber lassen Sie sich nicht beirren in diesem Suchen durch manches, was heute als Mystik oder selbst von gewissen positiven Bekenntnissen aus gepredigt wird. Wenn Harnack zum Beispiel vom Christus spricht, so ist das nicht wahr, was er sagt, aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil dasjenige, was er vom Christus sagt - lesen Sie es durch -, man von dem Gott überhaupt sagen kann. Das kann man ebensogut vom Judengott sagen, das kann man ebensogut vom Gott der Mohammedaner sagen, von allen. Und viele, die heute sogenannte «Erweckte» sein wollen, die sagen: Ich erlebe den Gott in mir -, aber sie erleben eben nur den Vatergott, und den auch nur in einer abgeschwächten Gestalt, weil sie eigentlich nicht bemerken, daß sie krank sind und nur traditionell nachreden. So etwas macht zum Beispiel Johannes Müller. Aber alle diese haben keinen Christus, denn das Christus-Erlebnis besteht nicht aus einem Erleben des Gottes in der Menschenseele, sondern aus den zweien: aus dem Erleben des Todes in der Seele durch den Leib, und der Wiederauferstehung der Seele durch den Geist. Und derjenige, der der Menschheit sagt, daß er nicht bloß den Gott in sich fühlt - wie es auch die bloß rhetorischen Theosophen behaupten -, sondern der reden kann von den zwei Ereignissen, von der Ohnmacht und von der Auferstehung aus der Ohnmacht, der redet von dem wirklichen Christus-Erlebnis. Der aber findet sich auf einem übersinnlichen Wege hin zu dem Mysterium von Golgatha; er findet selbst die Kräfte, die gewisse übersinnliche Kräfte anregen und die ihn hinführen zu dem Mysterium von Golgatha.

Man braucht heute wahrhaftig nicht zu verzweifeln daran, in unmittelbarem eigenem Erleben den Christus zu finden, denn man hat ihn gefunden, wenn man sich wiedergefunden hat, aber aus der Ohnmacht heraus. Das ganze Nichtigkeitsgefühl, das uns überkommt, wenn wir über die eigenen Kräfte ohne Hochmut nachdenken, das muß vorausgehen dem Christus-Impuls. Gescheite Mystiker glauben, wenn sie nur sagen können: Ich habe in meinem Ich das höhere Ich, das Gottes-Ich gefunden -, das sei Christentum. Das ist nicht Christentum. Das Christentum muß eben auf dem Satze stehen:

Das Kreuz von Golgatha kann dich nicht von dem Bösen,
Wo es nicht auch in dir wird aufgericht’t, erlösen.

Man kann schon an den Einzelheiten des Lebens verspüren, wie wahr das ist, was ich sage, und man kann dann aufsteigen von diesen Einzelheiten des Lebens zu dem großen Erlebnis von der Ohnmacht und der Auferstehung aus der Ohnmacht. Meine lieben Freunde, es wäre schön, besonders in unserer Gegenwart, wenn die Menschen zum Beispiel folgendes finden würden. Es ist ganz gewiß eine in den Tiefen der Menschenseelen beruhende Tendenz zur Wahrheit hin, und danach auch, die Wahrheit auszusprechen. Aber gerade wenn wir in dieser Absicht drinnenstehen, die Wahrheit auszusprechen und dann uns selbst besinnen über dieses Aussprechen der Wahrheit, da können wir einen ersten Schritt auf dem Wege tun zu dem Empfinden der Ohnmacht des menschlichen Leibes gegenüber der göttlichen Wahrheit. In dem Augenblicke, wo Sie wirklich Selbstbesinnung treiben über das Die-Wahrheit-Reden, kommen Sie nämlich auf etwas sehr Merkwürdiges. Der Dichter hat es gefühlt, indem er gesagt hat: Spricht die Seele, so spricht, ach! schon die Seele nicht mehr. - Auf dem Wege, wodurch das, was wir innerlich in der Seele als Wahrheit wirklich erleben, zur Sprache wird, stumpft es sich bereits ab. Es ertötet sich in der Sprache noch nicht vollständig, aber es stumpft sich bereits ab. Und der, der die Sprache kennt, der weiß, daß nichts anderes als die Eigennamen, die nur ein Ding immer bezeichnen, rechte Bezeichnungen für dieses Ding sind. Sobald wir generalisiertre Namen haben, seien sie Haupt- oder Zeit- oder Eigenschaftswörter, sprechen wir nicht mehr voll die Wahrheit. Da besteht dann die Wahrheit darinnen, daß wir uns dessen bewußt sind, daß wir im Grunde genommen mit jedem Satze von der Wahrheit abweichen müssen.

Geisteswissenschaftlich versucht man aufzuerstehen aus diesem Geständnis: Mit jeder Behauptung sagst du die Unwahrheit -, indem man in einer gewissen Weise vorgeht, die ich Ihnen öfter charakterisiert habe. Ich habe Ihnen öfter gesagt: Nicht so sehr auf das kommt es an in der Geisteswissenschaft, was gesagt wird - denn das würde ebensosehr diesem Ohnmachtsurteil verfallen -, sondern darauf kommt es an, wie es gesagt wird. - Versuchen Sie einmal zu verfolgen - Sie können das auch in meinen Schriften tun -, wie eine jede Sache von den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten aus charakterisiert wird, wie immer versucht wird, ein Ding von der einen Seite und von der anderen Seite zu charakterisieren. Nur dann kann man sich nähern den Dingen. Derjenige, der nämlich glaubt, daß die Worte selbst etwas anderes sind als eine Eurythmie, der irrt sich gar sehr. Die Worte sind nur eine vom Kehlkopf ausgeführte, von der Luft mitbewirkte Eurythmie. Sie sind bloß Gebärden, nur daß sie nicht mit den Händen und mit den Füßen gemacht werden, die Gebärden, sondern daß sie mit dem Kehlkopf gemacht werden. Wir müssen uns bewußt werden, daß wir nur hindeuten auf irgend etwas, und daß wir nur dann ein richtiges Verhältnis zur Wahrheit gewinnen, wenn wir in dem Worte Hindeutungen auf dasjenige sehen, was wir ausdrücken wollen, und wenn wir als Menschen so miteinander leben, daß wir uns bewußt sind, daß in den Worten Hindeutungen leben. Darauf will unter anderem auch die Eurythmie weisen, die den ganzen Menschen zum Kehlkopf macht, das heißt, durch den ganzen Menschen das ausdrückt, was sonst nur der Kehlkopf ausdrückt, damit die Menschen wiederum verspüren, daß auch, wenn sie die Lautsprache sprechen, sie nur Gebärden machen. Ich sage «Vater», ich sage «Mutter»: Wenn ich alles generalisieren werde, so kann ich mich nur dann wahrhaftig ausdrücken, wenn der andere sich mit mir zusammen im sozialen Element eingelebt hat in diese Dinge, wenn er die Gebärde versteht. Wir erstehen nur dann aus der Ohnmacht, die wir schon der Sprache gegenüber empfinden können, wir feiern daraus die Auferstehung, wenn wir verstehen, daß, indem wir den Mund aufmachen, wir bereits christlich sein müssen. Dasjenige, was geworden ist aus dem Worte, aus dem Logos im Laufe der Entwickelung, es ist nur dann zu verstehen, wenn der Logos wiederum mit dem Christus verbunden wird, wenn wir uns bewußt werden: Unser Leib, indem er das Werkzeug des Aussprechens wird, zwingt die Wahrheit herunter, so daß sie teilweise erstirbt auf unseren Lippen, und wir beleben sie wiederum in Christo, wenn wir uns bewußt werden, daß wir sie vergeistigen müssen, das heißt, den Geist mitdenken, nicht die Sprache als solche hinnehmen, sondern den Geist mitdenken. - Das müssen wir lernen, meine lieben Freunde.

Ich weiß nicht, ob morgen die Zeit das gestatten wird, auch öffentlich auf eine solche Sache aufmerksam zu machen. Ich würde es gerne tun, aber ich will hier zunächst es aussprechen. Wenn ich es morgen noch einmal zu wiederholen hätte, so mögen Sie sich nicht daran stoßen. Ich will hier zunächst sagen, was ich an verschiedenen Orten öffentlich gesagt habe. Sehen Sie, man kann eine merk würdige Entdeckung machen. Ich will das an einem besonderen Fall charakterisieren. Ich habe genau studiert die wirklich sehr interessanten Aufsätze, die Woodrow Wilson geschrieben hat, Vorträge über amerikanische Geschichte, amerikanische Literatur, amerikanisches Leben. Man kann sagen, daß von diesem Woodrow Wilson gerade die amerikanische Entwickelung, wie sie so vor sich geht von dem amerikanischen Osten nach dem Westen, großartig, gewaltig geschildert wird. So ganz als Amerikaner schildert er, und sehr fesselnd sind diese in Aufsätzen wiedergegebenen Vorträge. «Nur Literatur» heißen sie; man lernt das amerikanische Wesen - denn Woodrow Wilson ist der typischeste Amerikaner - dadurch kennen, daß man diese Aufsätze liest. Nun habe ich verglichen - es läßt sich der Vergleich ganz objektiv vornehmen - manches in den Aufsätzen von Woodrow Wilson mit Aussprüchen zum Beispiel von Herman Grimm, einem Mann, der durch und durch typischer Deutscher des 19. Jahrhunderts, typischer Mitteleuropäer des 19. Jahrhunderts ist, ein Mann, der durch seine Schreibweise mir ebenso sympathisch ist, wie Woodrow Wilson mir durch und durch unsympathisch ist. Aber das nur persönlich nebenbei. Ich liebe die Schreibweise von Herman Grimm, und ich empfinde als etwas mir ganz Widerstrebendes die Schreibweise von Woodrow Wilson, aber man kann dabei ganz objektiv sein: Der typische Amerikaner Woodrow Wilson schreibt einfach ganz glänzend, großartig, namentlich über die Entwickelung des amerikanischen Volkes. - Und nun kam etwas anderes in Betracht, indem ich verglichen habe Woodrow Wilson- und Herman Grimm-Aufsätze, wo beide geschrieben haben über die Methode der Geschichte. Man kann Sätze von Woodrow Wilson herübernehmen, sie stimmen fast wörtlich genau überein mit Sätzen, die Herman Grimm geschrieben hat, und man kann Sätze von Herman Grimm herübersetzen in Woodrow Wilsons Aufsätze - sie stimmen ganz überein. - Jede Entlehnung ist ausgeschlossen! Es ist gar keine Rede davon, daß ich auf eine Entlehnung hindeuten will; das ist ganz ausgeschlossen. Hier ist der Punkt, wo man, ohne ins Bourgeoise, Philiströse zu verfallen, so recht lernen kann: Wenn zwei dasselbe sagen, ist es nicht dasselbe. - Denn nun wird es zum Problem: Was ist denn da Merkwürdiges, daß eigentlich viel eindringlicher, viel suggestiver als Herman Grimm in seiner Methode der Geschichte je geschildert hat, Woodrow Wilson seine Amerikaner schildert, und dabei in seiner Schilderung [wie] in Sätzen von Herman Grimm spricht? Woher rührt das? Es wird wirklich zum Problem.

Nun findet man, wenn man sich darauf einläßt, das Folgende. Wenn man Herman Grimms Stil verfolgt, alles, was er geschrieben hat, da sieht man: Jeder Satz ist persönlich individuell erkämpft, von Satz zu Satz alles persönlich individuell erkämpft. Alles geht vor in dem Lichte der Kultur des 19. Jahrhunderts, aber aus der unmittelbarsten Bewußtseinsseele heraus. Glanzvoll schildert Woodrow Wilson, aber von etwas in seinem Unterbewußtsein selber besessen. Eine dämonische Besessenheit ist vorhanden. In seinem Unterbewußstsein ist etwas, das ihm eingibt dasjenige, was er nun hinschreibt. Der Dämon, der natürlich auf eine besondere Art in einem Amerikaner des 20. Jahrhunderts zum Vorschein kommt, der spricht durch seine Seele. Dadurch das Großartige, das Gewaltige.

Heute, wo die faule Menschheit so oftmals sagt, wenn sie irgendwo etwas liest: Das habe ich dort und dort auch gelesen -, wo sie nur auf den Inhalt geht, heute ist die Zeit, wo die Menschheit lernen muß, daß es gar nicht mehr so sehr auf den Inhalt ankommt, sondern darauf ankommt, wer etwas sagt; daß man kennen muß den Menschen aus dem, was er sagt, weil die Worte nur Gebärden sind und man kennen muß, wer diese Gebärde macht. Das ist dasjenige, in das sich die Menschheit hineinleben muß. Hier liegt ein furchtbar großes Mysterium des allergewöhnlichsten Lebens vor, meine lieben Freunde. Es ist eben ein Unterschied, ob im persönlichen Ich erkämpft wird Satz für Satz, oder aber, ob es von unten oder von oben oder von seitwärts her in irgendeiner Weise zum Beispiel eingegeben ist. Suggestiver sogar wirkt zum Beispiel das Eingeben, weil man demgegenüber, was erkämpft ist, selbst wiederum sich jeden Satz erkämpfen muß. Und die Zeit nähert sich, wo man nicht mehr auf den bloßen wortwörtlichen Inhalt dessen, was man vor der Seele hat, wird zu sehen haben, sondern wo man wird zu sehen haben vor allen Dingen auf diejenigen, die das oder jenes sagen; nicht auf die äußere physische Persönlichkeit, sondern auf den ganzen menschlich-geistigen Zusammenhang.

Wenn die Menschen heute fragen: Wie finde ich den Christus? -, dann muß man eine solche Antwort geben, denn der Christus läßt sich nicht durch irgendeine Spintisiererei oder durch eine bequeme Mystik erlangen, sondern er läßt sich nur erlangen, wenn man den Mut hat, sich unmittelbar in das Leben hineinzustellen. Und in einem solchen Falle müssen Sie auch der Sprache gegenüber die Ohnmacht fühlen, in die der Leib Sie versetzt hat dadurch, daß er der Träger der Sprache wird; und nachher die Auferstehung des Geistes in dem Worte. Das ist es. Nicht nur: «Der Buchstabe tötet, der Geist macht lebendig», welcher Ausspruch ja auch vielfach mißverstanden wird, sondern schon der Laut tötet, und der Geist muß erst wieder lebendig machen, indem man konkret im einzelnen Erleben an den Christus und an das Mysterium von Golgatha anknüpft. In diesem ersten Schritte findet man den Christus: Suchen, nicht bloß, wenn da oder dort schöne Worte stehen, auf ihren Inhalt schauen - heute sind die Menschen das gewöhnt -, sondern suchen nach den menschlichen Zusammenhängen, suchen, wie die Worte hervorkommen aus dem Orte, von dem her sie gesprochen sind. Immer wichtiger und wichtiger wird das. Wenn gerade manche unter uns dies bedenken würden, würden wir nicht so oft es erleben, daß Leute kommen und sagen: Der hat ja ganz anthroposophisch oder theosophisch gesprochen; man lese das nur einmal nach! - Darauf kommt es nicht an, was da für Worte stehen, sondern, aus welchem Geiste heraus sie sind. Nicht Worte wollen wir mit der Anthroposophie verbreiten, sondern einen neuen Geist, den Geist allerdings, der der Geist des Christentums vom 20. Jahrhundert ab sein muß.

Das, meine lieben Freunde, wollte ich noch anknüpfen. Ich bin glücklich, daß ich es anknüpfen konnte an dasjenige, was ich vor acht Tagen hier ausgeführt habe, und daß ich wiederum zu Ihnen von diesen uns alle berührenden Angelegenheiten sprechen konnte, und ich hoffe, daß wir in kürzester Zeit einmal wiederum auch diese Zweigbetrachtungen hier in Zürich fortsetzen können. In diesem Sinne denken wir ja immer daran, wenn wir auch räumlich voneinander getrennt sind: Wir sind als Anthroposophen in den Seelen beisammen, und in diesem Sinne wollen wir immer in dem Geiste der Menschheit, der da walten und wirken soll, getreu auch beisammen bleiben.

How do I find Christ?

Following on from the reflections we made here last week about participation in the spiritual world, which the human soul must strive for in the future, I would like to talk today in more detail about various things which are connected with that kind of experience of the Christ Mystery which is to be prepared by such ideals, spiritual ideals, as I discussed recently.

When we look at human beings today from a spiritual scientific point of view — this is just a preliminary remark, but it will be clarified further in the course of our discussion — when we look at human beings in their soul life from a spiritual scientific point of view, using the means available to us today, we can say that in this soul life, insofar as it is connected on the one hand with physical life, on the other hand with the spiritual life, a threefold process takes place, a threefold inclination toward the supersensible world. This threefold inclination toward the supersensible world must actually be denied if one wants to know nothing at all about the supersensible world. Human beings have an inclination to recognize what can be called the divine in general. They have a second inclination—we are speaking, of course, always of human beings in the present cycle of development—to recognize Christ. And they have a third inclination to recognize what is usually called the spirit or the Holy Spirit.

With regard to all three of these inclinations, you know that there are people who deny them. We have seen ample evidence, especially in the course of the 19th century, when things were taken to extremes, at least within European culture, that people denied the divine in the world altogether.

Now, from a spiritual scientific point of view – since within spiritual science there can be no doubt about the divine, which, if we may say so, dwells in the supersensible – we may ask: What causes human beings to deny the divine at all, that which is called the Father God in the Trinity? Spiritual science shows us that in every case where a person denies the Father God, that is, the divine in the world in general, the divine that is also recognized in the Israelite religion, for example, there is a real, genuine physical defect, a physical illness, a physical deficiency in the human body. For the spiritual scientist, being an atheist means being sick in some way. Of course, it is a sickness that doctors cannot cure; they themselves often suffer from this sickness, a sickness that is not even recognized as such by modern medicine. But it is an illness that spiritual science finds in human beings when they deny what they must feel, not through their soul constitution, but through their physical constitution. If they deny what a healthy feeling in their body tells them, that something divine pervades the world, then according to spiritual scientific concepts they are ill, physically ill.

There are then very many people who deny Christ. Spiritual science must regard the denial of Christ as something that is actually a question of destiny and concerns the human soul life. Spiritual science must call the denial of Christ a misfortune; denying God is an illness, denying Christ is a misfortune. Being able to find Christ is, in a sense, a matter of destiny; it is something that must play into a person's karma. It is a misfortune to have no connection to Christ. Denying the spirit or the Holy Spirit means a dullness of one's own spirit. Human beings consist of body, soul, and spirit. They can have defects in all three. Atheism toward the divine is a real physical defect. Not finding in life that connection to the world that allows us to recognize Christ is a misfortune. Not being able to find the spirit within oneself is dullness, in a certain sense idiocy, albeit a more subtle and, again, unrecognized idiocy.

Now the question arises: How does man find Christ? And it is precisely this finding of Christ that we want to talk about today, this finding of Christ that can happen in the course of life through one's own human soul. One often hears souls who are truly searching ask the question: How do I find Christ? One can only deal with this question if one wants an understandable answer by considering it in a certain historical context. Let us place a historical context before our souls, which will ultimately lead us in today's reflections to the answer to the question: How do I find Christ?

We know that, from a spiritual scientific point of view, our present historical period began in the 15th century. If one wants to give an average date, one can say 1413. But if one does not want to commit oneself to such figures, one can simply say: in the 15th century, the soul life of humanity became what it is today. If one does not admit this in recent history, the reason is simply that recent history only considers external facts and, in its nature as a fable convenue, has no idea that as soon as one goes back beyond the 15th century, people thought differently, felt differently, acted differently out of their impulses, and were radically different in their spiritual life from the spiritual life of people today. The period that ended then, in 1413, began in 747 BC, that is, in the 8th century BC, so that what we what we call the Greek-Latin cultural period from 747 BC to 1413. As we know, the mystery of Golgotha took place during this period, approximately in the first third. Now, this mystery of Golgotha was, as you know, for many people throughout the centuries the pivotal point of their entire feeling, their entire thinking. This mystery of Golgotha was grasped emotionally by the soul in particular in the times that preceded the more recent period, the 15th and 16th centuries and so on. Then began the era in which people began to read the Gospels in the wider circles of the population. But then the dispute began as to whether the Gospels are really historical documents. And this dispute, as you know, has been carried to extremes right up to the present day. We do not want to concern ourselves today with the individual phases of this dispute, which plays such an important role, especially in Protestant theology. We only want to bring to mind what can be said today about what this dispute over the mystery of Golgotha is actually about.

In the materialistic age, people have become accustomed to wanting to prove everything in a materialistic way. In history, we call something “proven” if it is documented. Wherever we find documents, we assume that the historical event to which these documents refer actually happened. Such evidential value probably cannot be attributed to the Gospels. You know from my book Christianity as Mystical Fact what the Gospels are. They are anything but historical documents; they are books of inspiration, books of initiation. They were once considered historical documents, but now, through genuine research, it has been discovered that they are not historical documents. It has also been discovered that all the other documents in the Bible are not historical documents. And a recognized theologian, an unjustly recognized theologian, Adolf Harnack, has concluded, as a result of recent Bible research, that what can be known historically about the personality of Christ Jesus can be written down on a quarter sheet of paper. The only thing that is correct about this, if I may express myself so paradoxically, is that it is also not true that what one would write on this quarter sheet is historically tenable! The only thing that is true is that there are no truly reliable documents about the mystery of Golgotha. If, as a historian today, one asks: Can the mystery of Golgotha be proven historically? — then, from the standpoint of present-day historical research, one must say: It cannot be proven externally.

But there is a good reason for this. The mystery of Golgotha, I would say, according to the counsel of divine wisdom, cannot be proven externally in a materialistic way, for the simple reason that the mystery of Golgotha, as the most important event that has ever taken place on earth, can only be perceived in a supersensible way. Those who want to find external, materialistic proof will not find it, but will ultimately discover through their own criticism that no such proof exists. Humanity must be confronted with the decision to admit, precisely in relation to the mystery of Golgotha: I must take refuge in the supersensible, or I cannot find anything like the mystery of Golgotha at all. The mystery of Golgotha should, in a sense, compel the human soul to find its way to the supersensible out of all sensory evidence. There is therefore a good reason why the mystery of Golgotha cannot be proven either scientifically or in any other historical way. This will be the significance of the newer spiritual science, that when all external science, all science based solely on the senses will have to admit that it no longer has access to the mystery of Golgotha, when even theology, insofar as it is critical, will behave unchristian, it will be spiritual science that will have to lead people to the mystery of Golgotha, but on a supersensible path, which we have often described.

Now we can ask ourselves: What was the situation of humanity when the mystery of Golgotha fell into the fourth post-Atlantean, the Greek-Latin cultural period? - Well, you know what this period means. Humanity develops over time in such a way that it also passes through the various members of human nature, so to speak. You know that in the Egyptian-Chaldean period, which preceded the year 747 BC, human beings were introduced through their development into what is called the sentient soul; in the Greek-Latin period, they were introduced into the intellectual or emotional soul, and since 1413, in our fifth post-Atlantean period, into the so-called consciousness soul. So we can say that the essence of the Greek-Latin culture from 747 BC to 1413 consists in educating humanity—if we may use Lessing's expression—to make free use of the intellectual or emotional soul.

Let us now ask ourselves: When was the middle of this period? The middle, because we can assume that if this period lasted from 747 BC, before the Mystery of Golgotha, to 1413, then it had a middle point where, up to that point, the intellectual or emotional soul had developed in an ascending manner and then began to develop in a descending manner. This point in time—you can easily calculate it—is the year 333 after the birth of Christ Jesus. 333 is therefore a very important period in human development, the middle of the Greco-Latin cultural era. 333 years before this middle point lies the birth of Christ Jesus, that is, what led to the Mystery of Golgotha.

We can only truly appreciate the whole situation of humanity if we ask ourselves: What would have happened if the Mystery of Golgotha had not occurred? Then we can truly appreciate the value of the Mystery of Golgotha for humanity when we ask what would have happened if the Mystery of Golgotha had not occurred. Of all the things that would have happened, the most important would have been the development of the human soul.

This was significantly changed by the occurrence of the Mystery of Golgotha. Something completely different happened than would otherwise have happened, and something enormously different happened. When we look at the mystery of Golgotha, in order to characterize this special event that gives meaning to the whole earth, we can regard the most important point of view as being that there is only a supersensible access to the mystery of Golgotha, that one can only come to it by supersensible means.

Why is that? It is because, even though in the fourth post-Atlantean period, around the year 333, human beings were approaching the highest flowering of the intellectual or emotional soul, between birth and death in their physical life they were still far from being able to understand the nature of the mystery of Golgotha with ordinary human powers. What matters is that we can develop and become very old: with the powers that we develop within ourselves as a result of our physical development between birth and death, we cannot comprehend the mystery of Golgotha.

That is also why even the contemporaries, the contemporaries who loved Christ Jesus, the disciples, the apostles, could only understand what was happening with Christ Jesus, who surrounded them, to the extent that they were supposed to understand, because they were endowed with a certain atavistic clairvoyance, as I have often said, and through their atavistic clairvoyance they had an inkling of the one who walked among them. But they did not have this through their own human powers. And then they also wrote down the Gospels, the Gospel writers, with the help of ancient mystery books. They wrote these powerful Gospels out of the ancient atavistic clairvoyant power, not out of the powers that had developed up to that point in a natural way, out of natural human powers.

But the human soul continues to develop even after it has passed through the gate of death. This human soul, which continues to develop even after it has passed through the gate of death, grows in its powers of understanding even after death; it learns more and more to understand.

Now, the peculiar thing is that the contemporaries of Christ, who had prepared themselves through their love for Christ for a life in Christ after death, only fully understood the mystery of Golgotha in the third century after the mystery of Golgotha through their own human powers. So those who lived with Christ as his disciples and apostles died, lived on in the spiritual world, and as they lived in the spiritual world, their powers grew, just as they grow here. Now, at death, we are not so far advanced that we have the same understanding as we will have two centuries after death. The contemporaries were actually only in the 2nd century, towards the 3rd century, when they came to understand, in the spiritual realm that human beings pass through between death and a new birth, what they had experienced here on earth two or three centuries earlier. And then, from the spiritual world, they inspired those people who were here on earth.

Read from this point of view what the so-called Church Fathers wrote in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, when inspiration in the true sense began, and you will come to understand what the Church Fathers wrote about Christ Jesus. What was inspired by the dead contemporaries of Christ Jesus began to be written in the 3rd century. These people in the 3rd century used remarkable language about Christ Jesus, language that is partly quite incomprehensible to people today—we will talk about these people today in a moment.

I want to cite one person, I could cite another, but I want to cite one who is so contemptuous of the present materialistic culture, one of whom this materialistic culture says spoke a terrible sentence: Credo quia absurdum est – I believe what is foolish, not what is reasonable. I would like to cite Tertullian.

When one quotes Tertullian, who lived at about the time when inspiration from above began to come from the dead contemporaries of Christ Jesus, and who, as far as he was able as a human being, was under this inspiration, when one really reads this Tertullian, one gets a peculiar impression. Of course, he wrote as he had to write according to his human constitution. One can well have inspirations, but they always show themselves as one is able to receive them. Thus Tertullian did not give the inspirations in their pure form; he gave them as he was able to express them in his human brain, firstly because he dwelt in a mortal body, and secondly because he was in a certain sense passionate and fanatical. He wrote as it came out, but it came out in a highly remarkable way when viewed from a true and correct point of view.

From this point of view, Tertullian appears as a Roman who was not particularly well educated in literature, but as a writer of great eloquence. One can even say that Tertullian was the first to do justice to the Latin language in Christianity. He was the first to find a way to infuse this most prosaic, unpoetic language, this purely rhetorical language, the Latin language, with such temperament and such holy passion that spiritual life truly lives in Tertullian's works, especially in “De carne Christi” , for example, or in the work in which he attempts to refute all the accusations made against Christians. They are written with a holy temperament and great eloquence. And this Tertullian, as a Roman – as can be seen in De carne Christi – was unprejudiced towards his own Roman identity. He found magnificent words in defending Christians against Roman persecution. He condemned the mistreatment inflicted on Christians to make them renounce their allegiance to Jesus Christ with such vehemence that he said: “Is not your behavior as judges toward Christians proof enough that you are unjust? You must change your entire judicial procedure, as you otherwise have it, and not apply it when you judge Christians. Otherwise, through your mistreatment, you force a witness not to deny; you force him to confess what is true, what he really means. With Christians, you do the opposite: you torture them so that they deny what they mean. You behave as judges toward Christians in a manner contrary to how you otherwise behave as judges. Otherwise, you want to learn the truth through mistreatment; with Christians, you want to learn the lie. And in a similar manner, in words that really hit the nail on the head, Tertullian spoke about many things.

It can be said that, in addition to being a courageous, powerful man who fully understood and exposed the hollowness of Roman paganism, he was also a man who, wherever he wrote, demonstrated his connection to the supernatural world. He spoke of the supernatural world in such a way that it was clear: this man knows what it means to speak of the supernatural world. He spoke about demons as he spoke about his acquaintances as human beings. And he spoke about demons, for example, in such a way that he said: Ask the demons whether Christ, whom the Christians claim to be a true God, is really a true God! Put a real Christian face to face with a possessed person through whom a demon speaks, and you will see: if you really make him speak, he will confess to you that he himself is a demon, for he speaks the truth. Tertullian knew that demons do not lie when questioned. But demons also tell you, when a Christian questions them correctly from his consciousness, that Christ is the true God. They only hate him because they fight against him. You will learn from the demon that he is the true God. - So Tertullian does not rely solely on the testimony of men, but also on the testimony of demons. He speaks of demons as witnesses who do not merely talk, but who also confess that Christ is the true God. Tertullian says all this of his own accord.

When one gets to know Tertullian as a writer, one really has every reason to ask: What was the deeper confession of the soul of Tertullian, who was moved by the inspiration you have just described? This deeper confession of Tertullian's soul is indeed instructive. For Tertullian already sensed something that was only to become apparent to humanity quite some time after Tertullian's day. Tertullian basically professed three truths about human nature. First, human nature is such that in the present time—that is, the time of Tertullian, at the end of the 2nd century AD—it is capable of bringing shame upon itself by denying the greatest event on earth. If man follows only himself, he will not attain the greatest event on earth. Secondly, his soul is too weak to comprehend this greatest event on earth. Thirdly, it is completely impossible for man, if he follows only what his mortal body allows him to do, to gain a relationship with the mystery of Golgotha.

These three things are roughly the confession of Tertullian. From these three things, Tertullian spoke the words: “The Son of God was crucified; this is no shame, because it is shameful. He also died; that is why it is believable, because it is foolish.” ‘Prorsus credibile est, quia ineptum est’ — it is believable precisely because it is foolish. This sentence is found in Tertullian. The other sentence attributed to him by the world, ‘Credo, quia absurdum est’ — I believe because it is absurd — is nowhere to be found, neither in Tertullian nor in any other Church Father. But this sentence, which I have just quoted to you, was written at that time. Most people know nothing else of Tertullian than this sentence, which is not true. Thirdly: “And the buried man rose again,” says Tertullian, “because it is impossible. We must believe it because it is impossible.”

This threefold statement by Tertullian naturally appears to modern, highly intelligent people as something terrible. Just imagine a genuine, materialistically educated person of today who hears someone say: Christ was crucified; we must believe it because it is shameful. Christ died; we must believe it because it is foolish. Christ is truly risen; we must believe it because it is impossible. Imagine what kind of attitude a true monistic worldviewer of today can have toward such statements!

But what did Tertullian mean? Tertullian, precisely because of his inspiration for his time, became such a true judge of character, recognizing the state of human nature at that time. People were moving toward the following centuries of the fourth post-Atlantean, Greek-Latin cultural period. Exactly as many years as the Mystery of Golgotha preceded the middle of this period, 333 years, exactly as many years after this period, certain spiritual powers intended to lead the development of the earth in a completely different direction than it was then led because of the Mystery of Golgotha. 333 years after the year 333 is 666; that is the year of which the writer of the Apocalypse speaks with such passion. Read the relevant passages where the writer of the Apocalypse speaks of what refers to 666! According to the intentions of certain spiritual powers, something was to happen to humanity, and it would have happened if the mystery of Golgotha had not occurred. The downward path that had been destined for humanity from 333 onwards, as the culmination of the culture of the intellectual or emotional soul, would have been used to lead humanity into a completely different direction than it was supposed to take according to the intention of those divine beings who have been connected with it from the beginning, from the Saturn era onwards. This was to happen by means of something that was only to come later into humanity, the consciousness soul with its contents, being given to humanity as early as 666 through a kind of revelation. If this had been carried out, the intentions of certain beings opposed to human development but wanting to seize control of it would have been fulfilled, and humanity in 666 would have been surprised and endowed with the consciousness soul, as it will only be in a long time after our time.

For this is the basis of what the beings hostile to the gods who love humanity always do: they want to bring forward to an earlier time what they want to do to humanity at a later time, when humanity is not yet ready for it. What should have happened in the middle of our period that is, what is to happen only 1080 years after the year 1413, what is to happen only in the year 2493—when human beings will be ready in terms of consciously grasping their own personality—was to be instilled in human beings as early as 666 by Ahrimanic-Luciferic forces.

What did these beings want to achieve by this? They wanted to give human beings the conscious soul, but in doing so they would have implanted in them a nature that would have made it impossible for them to find their way to the spirit self, to the life spirit, and to the spiritual human being. They would have cut off their future path and claimed human beings for completely different paths of development.

History did not unfold as intended in this particular form, in this phenomenal, magnificent but diabolical form, but traces of it have nevertheless been left in history. They were able to take effect through things happening that one can only describe as follows: People do them on earth, but they actually always do them by being the handiwork of certain spiritual beings who carry them out through people. And so Emperor Justinian was also a henchman of certain beings when he, who was an enemy of everything that had come down from the high wisdom of Greek culture, closed the philosophical schools in Athens in 529, so that the last remnants of Greek scholarship with its high Aristotelian-Platonic knowledge were banished and fled to Persia. The Syrian sages had already fled to Nisibis earlier, when Zeno Isauricus had expelled similar Greek sages from Edessa in the 5th century. And so, around the year 666, the most select scholars who had come over from ancient Greece and who had no regard for the mystery of Golgotha gathered in the Persian academy of Gondishapur. And within the Academy of Gondishapur, those who were inspired by Luciferic-Ahrimanic forces taught.

If what should have come upon humanity in 666 – which, if it had come, would have led to the cutting off of later development and to the elevation of humanity to the consciousness soul already in the year 666 – had been successful, what was intended by the Academy of Gondishapur would have been accomplished, then in the 7th century, highly educated and, thanks to their high level of education, extraordinarily ingenious people would have emerged here and there, who would have migrated through West Asia, North Africa, Southern Europe, and Europe in general, spreading everywhere the culture of 666 that was intended by the Academy of Gondishapur. This culture was intended above all to place the individual entirely on the basis of his personality and to bring the conscious soul to full expression.

It was not possible for this to happen. The world had already taken on a different form from the one in which this could have happened. Therefore, the entire impetus that was to be given to Western culture by the Academy of Gondishapur was blunted. And instead of a wisdom emerging that would make everything we know today in the outer world seem like a mere trifle, instead of a wisdom emerging through inspiration in a spiritual way above all that which will gradually be conquered through experimentation and natural science until the year 2493, and which would have emerged through brilliant, magnificent scholarship, only the remnants of this remained in what Arab scholars brought to Spain. But it was already dulled. It did not come out the way it was intended; it became dull. And in its place remained Mohammedanism, Mohammed with his teachings, and Islam came in place of what should have emanated from the Academy of Gondishapur. The world had been led astray from this destructive direction by the mystery of Golgotha.

And it had been led astray by the fact that not only had the mystery of Golgotha already taken place, but that this mystery of Golgotha had taken place as an event that cannot be understood by ordinary human powers until death; whereby within Western humanity arose precisely what I described earlier: Inspiration from the dead took place, as we see in Tertullian and many others. This directed people's minds toward the mystery of Golgotha and thus toward something completely different from what should have emanated from the Academy of Gondishapur. This spread what prevented the high but devilish wisdom that the Academy of Gondishapur intended, but it prevented the spread of that wisdom for the good of humanity. Much of what had been inspired by the dead came out broken, but humanity was nevertheless spared from having to endure what it would have had to take into its soul if the Academy of Gondishapur had been successful in its endeavor.

But events such as those intended by the Academy of Gondishapur take place, so to speak, behind the scenes of the outer world's development. They take place in the supersensible realm. Human beings are related to them, but these events take place entirely in the supersensible realm. And we cannot judge such events, neither what was intended by the Academy of Gondishapur nor the event of Golgotha, solely on the basis of what happens on the physical plane. If we want to characterize such events, we must seek them in much, much greater depths than is usually thought.

Something of what should have happened at that time has been left behind by humanity and has been dulled by the emergence of the fantastic, pitiful Islam from something magnificent. Something has already happened to humanity. What happened was that at that time, humanity, upon which the impulse of Gondishapur had an effect, this neo-Persian impulse that brought back the Zarathustra impulse at the wrong time, that the whole of humanity, if I may say so, if I may express myself trivially, received an inner crack that reached into its physicality. At that time, humanity received an impulse that penetrated into the physical body, with which we continue to be born, the impulse that is actually the same as what I characterized earlier. That illness has been instilled in humanity, which, when it is lived out, leads to the denial of God the Father.

So understand me correctly: humanity, insofar as it is civilized humanity, has a thorn in its flesh today. And St. Paul speaks a great deal about this thorn. This humanity has a thorn in its flesh. St. Paul speaks of it prophetically. As a particularly advanced human being, he already had it in his time; the others did not actually receive it until the 7th century. But this thorn will spread more and more, becoming increasingly significant. If you meet someone today who is completely devoted to this thorn, this illness—for it is a thorn in the physical body, it is a real illness—then he will become an atheist, a denier of God, a denier of the divine. Every person who belongs to modern civilization has a predisposition to this atheism; it is only a question of whether he gives in to this predisposition. Human beings carry within themselves the illness that provokes them to deny the divine, whereas in fact it would follow from their nature to acknowledge it. This nature has, so to speak, been mineralized, turned back in its development, so that we all carry the illness of denying God within us.

This disease of denying God causes many things in human beings. Through this disease of denying God, a stronger bond of attraction is created between the soul of the human being and his body than existed before, and than actually lies in human nature itself. The soul is, as it were, more closely bound to the body. And while the soul, by its very nature, is not destined to participate in the fate of the body, it would thus have entered a path whereby it would participate more and more in the fate of the body, including the fate of birth, heredity, and death.

Nothing less did the wise men of Gondishapur want at that time—what certain secret societies in our time want again in a more amateurish form—than to make human beings very great for this earth, very wise, but with the inoculation of this wisdom to allow their souls to participate in death, so that when they passed through the gate of death, they would have no inclination to participate in spiritual life and subsequent incarnations. They wanted to cut off his further development altogether. They wanted to win him over for themselves for a completely different world, to preserve him from earthly life in order to dissuade him from what man is here on earth for, what he must first learn in slow, gradual development and through which he will come to the spirit self, the life spirit, and the spiritual human being.

The human soul would thus become acquainted with the earth more than was predestined for it. Death, which is predestined only for the body, would in a sense also have become the fate of the soul. This was counteracted by the Mystery of Golgotha. Thus, human beings became akin to death, but were preserved from this kinship with death by the Mystery of Golgotha. If, on the one hand, a certain current in world evolution has brought about a stronger relationship between the soul and the human body than was intended for human beings, then Christ, in order to keep the balance, has bound the soul more strongly to the spirit than was predestined. Thus, through the mystery of Golgotha, the human soul has been brought closer to the spirit than was predestined.

This enables us to see clearly how the mystery of Golgotha is connected with the innermost forces of human nature throughout the millennia. If we want to approach the mystery of Golgotha historically correctly, we must be able to compare the interrelationship that was predetermined for human beings by Ahriman and Lucifer, the interrelationship between body and soul, with the interrelationship between soul and spirit.

The Catholic Church, which was very strongly under [the influence of] the remnants of the impulse of the Academy of Gondishapur, dogmatically decreed in 869 at the Eighth Ecumenical Council in Constantinople that one should not believe in the spirit, because it did not want to enlighten everyone about the mystery of Golgotha, but rather to spread darkness over the mystery of Golgotha. The Catholic Church abolished the spirit in 869. The dogma that was established there states that one must not believe in the spirit, but only in the body and soul, and that the soul has something spirit-like within itself. But the fact that human beings really consist of body, soul, and spirit was abolished by the Catholic Church. This abolition took place in the Catholic Church directly under the influence of the impulse from Gondishapur. History is different from how it is often shaped for the domestic use of people who are easily led by one side or the other.

Human beings were thus made more spiritually related through the mystery of Golgotha. As a result, there are two forces within human beings: the force that makes them spiritually similar to death, and the force that frees them from death and leads them inwardly to the spirit.

What is this force? I have told you: it is a kind of illness, which is the denial of God in human beings. The predisposition is a kind of illness that we all carry within us in civilized humanity by virtue of our mere physical body. But to deny God is an illness, says spiritual science, but we have this illness within us. And if we understand each other correctly, we do not deny God until we find Him again through Christ. Just as our body has within itself a force of disease that tends toward the denial of God, so, as I have often explained, we have within ourselves, as a result of the mystery of Golgotha, a healing, salutary force, because we have the power of Christ within us. Now, Christ is for all of us in the truest sense of the word the Savior, the physician for that illness which can make human beings deny God. Christ is a physician for that. He is a physician for that hidden illness which I have now characterized for you.

Our time is in many ways a renewal of those times that took place partly through the mystery of Golgotha, partly through what happened in 333, and partly through what happened in 666. This has very specific effects. You can only understand the mystery of Golgotha correctly if you are clear about this: it cannot be understood with the powers that are given to human beings simply because they live physically in a physical body until death. Even the contemporaries of the apostles could only understand the mystery of Golgotha in the third century, long after their death, through their own powers as human beings. But all these things enter into the development; many things take place through all these things. And the following has taken place.

We are in a completely different situation today than those who were contemporaries of Christ or who lived in the following centuries up to the 7th century. We are already living in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch and are well into it; we are living in the 20th century. The consequence of this is that when we are born as souls and enter the sensory world from the supersensible world, we experience something in the spiritual world centuries before. Just as those who were contemporaries of the Mystery of Golgotha came to a full understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha centuries later, we experience a kind of mirror image before we are born, centuries before we are born. However, this only applies to people today. By being born into the physical world, all people today carry something with them that is like a reflection of the mystery of Golgotha, like a mirror image of what was experienced in the spiritual world centuries after the mystery of Golgotha.

Now, of course, those who cannot see supersensibly cannot see this impulse directly, but everyone can experience the effect of this impulse within themselves. And when they experience it, they find the answer to the question: How do I find Christ?

The following experience is necessary for this. One finds Christ when one has the following experiences. First, the experience of saying to oneself: I want to strive for self-knowledge as far as I am able, as far as my own individual human personality allows. No one who honestly strives for this self-knowledge can say anything else today as a human being than: I cannot grasp what I am actually striving for. My comprehension falls short of what I am striving for; I feel powerless in the face of my striving. This experience is very important. Everyone who is honest with themselves and seeks self-knowledge should have this experience: a certain feeling of powerlessness. This feeling of powerlessness is healthy, because this feeling of powerlessness is nothing other than the sensation of illness, and one is all the more ill when one has an illness and does not feel it. By feeling the powerlessness to rise to the divine at any point in one's life, one feels within oneself the illness of which I have spoken, which is implanted in us. And by feeling this illness, one feels that the soul, through our body as it is today, would actually be condemned to die with it. Then, when one feels this powerlessness strongly enough, the change comes. Then comes the other experience, which tells us: But we can, if we do not devote ourselves to what we are capable of achieving through our physical powers alone, we can, if we devote ourselves to what the spirit gives us, overcome this inner death of the soul. We can have the opportunity to rediscover our soul and reconnect with the spirit. We can experience the futility of existence on the one hand and the glorification of existence from within ourselves on the other, when we overcome the feeling of powerlessness. We can feel the illness in our powerlessness, but we can [also] feel the Savior, the healing power, when we have experienced powerlessness and have become akin to death in our souls. By feeling the Savior, we feel that we carry something in our soul that can rise from death at any time in our own inner experience. When we seek these two experiences, we find Christ in our own soul.

This is an experience that humanity is moving toward. Angelus Silesius said it when he spoke these meaningful words:

The cross of Golgotha cannot redeem you from evil,
unless it is also erected within you.

It can be erected in man by feeling the two poles: powerlessness through his physical body, resurrection through his spirit. The inner experience that consists of these two parts is what truly points to the mystery of Golgotha. This is an event that cannot be dismissed by saying that one has no supersensible abilities. You don't need them for that. All you need is to really practice self-reflection and have the will to do so, the will to fight against the arrogance that is so common today, which prevents people from realizing that when they rely on their own strength, they become arrogant toward their own strength. If you cannot feel, in the face of your own arrogance, that your own powers render you powerless, then you cannot feel either death or resurrection, and you will never be able to understand Angelus Silesius's thought:

The cross of Golgotha cannot redeem you from evil,
unless it is also raised up within you.

But then, when we can feel powerlessness and restoration from powerlessness, we experience the good fortune of having a truly real relationship with Christ Jesus. For this experience is the repetition of what we experienced centuries before in the spiritual world. So we must seek it in its reflection here in the soul on the physical plane. Search within yourselves, and you will find powerlessness. Search, and after you have found powerlessness, you will find salvation from powerlessness, the resurrection of the soul to the spirit.

But do not be misled in this search by some of the things that are preached today as mysticism or even by certain positive confessions. When Harnack speaks of Christ, for example, what he says is not true, for the simple reason that what he says about Christ—read it through—can be said of God in general. You can say the same thing about the Jewish God, you can say the same thing about the God of the Muslims, about all of them. And many who want to be so-called “awakened” today say, “I experience God within me,” but they only experience the Father God, and that only in a weakened form, because they do not actually realize that they are sick and are only repeating traditional sayings. Johannes Müller does this, for example. But none of these people have Christ, because the Christ experience does not consist of experiencing God in the human soul, but of two things: experiencing death in the soul through the body, and the resurrection of the soul through the spirit. And the one who tells humanity that he does not merely feel God within himself—as the merely rhetorical theosophists claim—but who can speak of the two events, of powerlessness and of resurrection from powerlessness, is speaking of the real Christ experience. But he finds himself on a supersensible path toward the mystery of Golgotha; he finds within himself the forces that stimulate certain supersensible powers and lead him to the mystery of Golgotha.

Today, there is truly no need to despair of finding Christ in one's own immediate experience, for one has found him when one has found oneself again, but out of powerlessness. The whole feeling of nothingness that overwhelms us when we think about our own powers without arrogance must precede the Christ impulse. Clever mystics believe that if they can only say: “I have found the higher self, the God-self, in my ego,” that is Christianity. That is not Christianity. Christianity must be based on the following statement:

The cross of Golgotha cannot redeem you from evil,
unless it is also raised up within you.

One can already sense in the details of life how true what I am saying is, and one can then rise from these details of life to the great experience of powerlessness and resurrection from powerlessness. My dear friends, it would be wonderful, especially in our present time, if people would find the following, for example. There is certainly a tendency toward truth that lies deep within the human soul, and also a tendency to speak the truth. But it is precisely when we stand within this intention to speak the truth and then reflect on this speaking of the truth that we can take the first step on the path to feeling the powerlessness of the human body in relation to divine truth. The moment you really reflect on speaking the truth, you come across something very strange. The poet felt this when he said: When the soul speaks, alas, it is no longer the soul that speaks. On the path by which what we truly experience as truth in our soul becomes language, it is already becoming dulled. It is not yet completely killed in language, but it is already becoming dulled. And those who know language know that nothing other than proper names, which always designate only one thing, are correct designations for that thing. As soon as we have generalized names, whether they be nouns, verbs, or adjectives, we no longer speak the whole truth. The truth then lies in the fact that we are aware that, basically, we must deviate from the truth with every sentence.

In spiritual science, we try to rise above this confession: With every assertion, you are telling an untruth—by proceeding in a certain way that I have often described to you. I have often told you: In spiritual science, it is not so much what is said that matters — for that would fall just as much into this judgment of powerlessness — but how it is said. Try to follow—you can also do this in my writings—how each thing is characterized from the most diverse points of view, how an attempt is always made to characterize a thing from one side and from the other. Only then can one approach things. For anyone who believes that words themselves are anything other than eurythmy is very much mistaken. Words are merely eurythmy performed by the larynx and assisted by the air. They are simply gestures, except that they are not made with the hands and feet, but with the larynx. We must become aware that we are only pointing to something, and that we only gain a true relationship to the truth when we see in words indications of what we want to express, and when we live together as human beings in such a way that we are aware that indications live in words. This is one of the things that eurythmy aims to show, which makes the whole human being into a larynx, that is, expresses through the whole human being what is otherwise expressed only by the larynx, so that people in turn feel that even when they speak spoken language, they are only making gestures. I say “father,” I say “mother”: if I generalize everything, I can only express myself truthfully if the other person has settled into these things with me in the social element, if they understand the gesture. We rise from the powerlessness we already feel toward language, we celebrate resurrection from it, only when we understand that by opening our mouths we must already be Christian. What has become of the word, of the Logos in the course of evolution, can only be understood when the Logos is again connected with Christ, when we become conscious that Our body, by becoming the instrument of speech, forces the truth down so that it partially dies on our lips, and we revive it again in Christ when we become aware that we must spiritualize it, that is, think the spirit along with it, not accept language as such, but think the spirit along with it. We must learn this, my dear friends.

I do not know whether tomorrow will allow me to draw public attention to such a matter. I would like to do so, but I would first like to express it here. If I have to repeat it tomorrow, please do not take offense. I would first like to say here what I have said publicly in various places. You see, one can make a remarkable discovery. I want to illustrate this with a specific example. I have carefully studied the truly fascinating essays written by Woodrow Wilson, lectures on American history, American literature, and American life. It can be said that Woodrow Wilson provides a magnificent, powerful description of the American development as it is currently taking place from the American East to the West. He describes it as a true American, and these lectures, reproduced in essays, are very captivating. They are called “Only Literature”; by reading these essays, one gets to know the American character, for Woodrow Wilson is the most typical American. Now I have compared—and the comparison can be made quite objectively—some of the essays by Woodrow Wilson with statements by, for example, Herman Grimm, a man who is a thoroughly typical German of the 19th century, a typical Central European of the 19th century, a man who, because of his style of writing, is just as likable to me as I find Woodrow Wilson thoroughly unsympathetic. But that is just my personal opinion. I love Herman Grimm's writing style, and I find Woodrow Wilson's writing style completely repugnant, but one can be completely objective about this: the typical American Woodrow Wilson simply writes brilliantly, magnificently, especially about the development of the American people. And then something else came to mind when I compared essays by Woodrow Wilson and Herman Grimm, in which both wrote about the method of history. You can take sentences from Woodrow Wilson and they correspond almost word for word to sentences written by Herman Grimm, and you can translate sentences from Herman Grimm into Woodrow Wilson's essays – they are completely identical. Any borrowing is out of the question! I am not suggesting that there has been any borrowing; that is completely out of the question. This is where one can learn, without resorting to bourgeois philistinism, that when two people say the same thing, it is not the same thing. - For now it becomes a problem: what is so strange about the fact that Woodrow Wilson describes his Americans in a way that is actually much more vivid and suggestive than Herman Grimm ever did in his method of history, and yet in his description he speaks [like] in sentences by Herman Grimm? Where does this come from? It really becomes a problem.

Now, if you look into it, you find the following. If you follow Herman Grimm's style, everything he wrote, you see that every sentence is personally fought for, every sentence is personally fought for. Everything takes place in the light of 19th-century culture, but from the most immediate consciousness. Woodrow Wilson writes brilliantly, but he is possessed by something in his own subconscious. There is a demonic obsession at work. There is something in his subconscious that tells him what to write. The demon, which naturally manifests itself in a particular way in a 20th-century American, speaks through his soul. This is what makes it great and powerful.

Today, when lazy humanity so often says, when reading something somewhere: “I read that there and there too,” where they only focus on the content, today is the time when humanity must learn that it is no longer so much the content that matters, but who says something; that one must know the person from what he says, because words are only gestures and one must know who makes these gestures. That is what humanity must live into. Here lies a terribly great mystery of the most ordinary life, my dear friends. There is a difference between fighting for each sentence in one's personal ego and having it entered in some way from below or above or from the side. Entering it has an even more suggestive effect, because in contrast to what has been fought for, one must fight for each sentence oneself. And the time is approaching when we will no longer have to look at the mere literal content of what we have before our souls, but when we will have to look above all at those who say this or that; not at the outer physical personality, but at the whole human-spiritual context.

When people today ask, “How can I find Christ?”, then one must give such an answer, for Christ cannot be attained through any kind of speculation or convenient mysticism, but only if one has the courage to place oneself directly in the midst of life. And in such a case, you must also feel the powerlessness that the body has placed you in by becoming the vehicle of language; and afterwards, the resurrection of the spirit in the word. That is it. Not only “the letter kills, the spirit gives life,” which is often misunderstood, but even the sound kills, and the spirit must first bring it back to life by concretely connecting with Christ and the mystery of Golgotha in one's individual experience. In this first step, one finds Christ: searching, not merely looking at the content of beautiful words here and there — people are accustomed to that today — but searching for the human connections, searching for how the words emerge from the place from which they are spoken. This becomes more and more important. If some among us would consider this, we would not so often experience people coming and saying: He spoke in a completely anthroposophical or theosophical way; just read it again! It does not matter what words are used, but rather the spirit from which they come. We do not want to spread words with anthroposophy, but a new spirit, the spirit that must be the spirit of Christianity from the 20th century onwards.

That, my dear friends, is what I wanted to add. I am happy that I was able to follow up on what I said here eight days ago and that I was able to speak to you again about these matters that affect us all, and I hope that we will be able to continue these branch reflections here in Zurich again in the very near future. In this sense, we always remember, even when we are physically separated from one another: as anthroposophists, we are together in our souls, and in this sense we want to remain together in the spirit of humanity, which should reign and work among us.