Goetheanism as an Impulse for Man's Transformation
GA 188
12 January 1919, Stuttgart
VI. Goetheanism as an Impulse for Man's Transformation
Last night dear Frau Dr. Leyh died. I believe from the very fact of her expending so much energy in playing her part in this organisation during the last weeks of her life on earth, in spite of severe illness that made it hard for her to come up and down here—I believe that from the keenness with which she shared in our work you will have been able simply through these facts, particularly when you have so constantly seen her here, to feel what a delightful and precious personality has left us if one is to speak in the terms of outer space.
Those of our friends who tended her devotedly during the last days of her earthly life, who stood by her in friendship and devotion, have shown in every case of this standing-by, in all the help given her, how fond they had become of this personality. I need not dwell at length on what we all feel in our hearts. Those who have now had the opportunity of knowing this personality so well in her intimate circle, not only during her suffering of the last weeks but all through her spiritual striving, her wonderful spiritual struggles, which came to such a grand conclusion that even on her last day she was deep in many great ideas about our world-outlook—those with her in her intimate circle, and also those less intimately connected with her (as I said, I need not labour this) will send their thoughts towards the spiritual region
where henceforth our good friend will be. They will be following her and will use every moment possible to be together in spirit with one whom physically they have been permitted to be so closely connected with in the spirit of our world conception, in times when the friend who has gone could joyfully follow but also in times when she had to follow only with sorrow, what our Anthroposophical development wills.
In token of this, my dear friends, we will rise from our seats.
Yesterday I wanted to make it clear that, looked at from one side, the actual content, the deeper content, of the Christ impulse that has come into the world through the Mystery of Golgotha, has not been entirely imparted to mankind either all at once nor during the relatively long time that there has been a Christianity up to now. During the whole of the future, ever more and more of the content of the Christ impulse will be imparted to mankind; in fact there is deep truth in the saying of Christ Jesus; “For, lo, I am with you away even unto the end of the world.” And Christ did not mean that He would be inactive among men but that He would be revealing Himself actively, entering into their souls, giving souls encouragement, giving them strength; so that when these souls know what is happening within them they find the way, they are able to find the connection with the Christ and feel themselves strong for their earthly striving.
But just in this age of ours, this age of consciousness, it is necessary for all this to be clear, as far as may be today, and as I have said the content will flow forth in an ever clearer and richer stream for men. For this very reason it is already necessary today to make clear to ourselves what actually belongs to the revelation of the Christ impulse. To come to a right understanding on this point we must first be permeated by the knowledge that the human race has really developed, really changed, in the course of the earth period. One can best describe the change by saying that when we look back into very ancient times on earth, times long before the Mystery of Golgotha, we find on close scrutiny that the bodily nature of man was more spiritual than it is today. And it was this bodily nature of man that allowed the visions to arise which in a certain way revealed to atavistic clairvoyance the supersensible world. But this faculty, this force, for making oneself acquainted with the spiritual world by atavistic clairvoyance, became gradually lost to mankind. And just at the time when the Mystery of Golgotha was approaching there was indeed a crisis. This crisis showed that the force in connection with the revelation of the spiritual had sunk to its lowest degree in man's bodily nature.
Now from that point of time, from that critical point, there had to arise a strengthening of the soul and spirit, a strengthening of the power of soul and spirit, corresponding to the weakening of bodily power. Here in the earthly body we have to count on our body as an instrument. Man would simply not have been capable of acquiring in his soul and spirit the new strength necessary to meet the lowering of his bodily forces, had he net received help from a region that was not of the earth, a region outside the earth, had not something entered the earth from outside—namely, the Christ impulse. Man would have been too weak to make any progress by himself.
And this can be seen particularly clearly if we look at the nature of the old Mysteries. What purpose did these old Mysteries serve? On the whole it may be said: the great masses of our forefathers (which means of ourselves, for in our former life we were indeed the very men we now call forefathers) these men in very ancient days were furnished with a much duller consciousness than that of today. They were more instinctive beings. And the men of this instinctive nature would never have been able to find their way into a knowledge that is nevertheless necessary for man's good, for his support, for his growing powers of consciousness. And certain personalities initiated into the Mysteries, whose Karma called them to do so could then proclaim to the others who led a more instinctive life the truths that may be called the truths of salvation. This instruction, however, could only be given in those olden days out of a certain constitution of the human organism, the human being, a constitution no longer existing. The Mystery Ceremonies, the organisation of the Mysteries in their various stages, depended upon a man becoming a different person through the Mysteries. Today, this can no longer really be pictured because through external arrangements (recently I have given an account of these in the Egyptian Mysteries) (cf. R LII.) it is not possible at the stage we are in today. By bringing about certain functions, certain inner experiences of soul, the man's nature really became so transformed that the spiritual was liberated in full consciousness. But the pupil in the Mysteries was prepared to begin with in such a way that this spiritual did not become free in the chaotic condition that it does today in sleep; a man could really perceive in the spiritual. The great experience undergone by Mystery pupils was that after initiation they knew about the spiritual world as a man through his eyes and ears knows about the physical world of the senses. After that they were able to proclaim what they knew of the spiritual world.
But the time came when a man's nature could no longer be straightway transformed in this manner by such doings as those in the ancient Mysteries. Man did indeed change in the course of history. Something different had to come and the different thing that came was actually what at a certain stage man had experienced in the Mysteries, the inner resurrection, enacted as historical fact on Golgotha. Now this had happened historically. A man, Jesus—for outwardly as a man going about He was the man Jesus—had gone through the Mystery of Golgotha. Those who were His intimates knew, however, that after a certain time He appeared among them as a living being (how this was we will not go into today) and that therefore the resurrection is a truth.
Thus we may say: In the course of human evolution the fact once came about that at a certain place on earth the news was proclaimed that through a force coming from beyond the the earth, the Christ impulse, a man had triumphed over death: and thus the overcoming of death could actually be one of the experiences, one of the practical experiences, of earthly existence. And what was the consequence? The consequence was that in the historical evolution of man there had taken place something intellectually incomprehensible, something which should now develop in a special way, something belonging to the progress of man. For it is incomprehensible to the human intellect that a man should die, be buried and rise again. To save the evolution of the earth something therefore was necessary, something had to happen, in the physical course of earthly evolution that is incomprehensible to the understanding which can be employed quite well where nature is in question, but incomprehensible to the intellect that is applied to nature. And it is only honourable to admit that the farther men progress in the development of this intellect—and development in the consciousness age is pre-eminently development of the intellect—the more incomprehensible must the event of Golgotha become for this intellect that is above all directed to external nature. We can put it like this—anyone only conscious of the way the ordinary intellect is applied when directed to Nature, must in honesty gradually come to own that he does not understand the Mystery of Golgotha. But he must give himself a shake for nevertheless he must understand. This is what is essential—to give oneself a shake, and simply think oneself out above the sound human understanding. This is essential, it is something that necessarily must happen—to give oneself this shake so as in spite of all to learn to understand something apparently incomprehensible precisely for the highest human force.
There must be ever more and more a going back—the greater the development of the intellect upon which the flourishing of science depends, the more the understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha will have to retreat before the intellectual development. It was for this reason also that in a certain sense historically chosen for understanding the Mystery of Golgotha—in the way I have explained the Mystery of Golgotha to you—it was not the cultured Hebrews, nor the cultured Greeks, nor the cultured Romans, who as I said yesterday converted it into different conceptions, but above all it was the northern barbarians, with their primitive culture, who in their primitive souls received the Christ Who came to them just as He came to Jesus of Nazareth. Indeed in the sense of what I was discussing with you yesterday it may be said: The Christ came first to the man Jesus of Nazareth in the event of Golgotha. There mankind was shown—the mankind of the Hebrews, the mankind of the Greeks, mankind of the Romans—the most important of all happenings in earthly existence. But after that Christ came once again, united Himself with the men who peopled the East and the North of Europe, who by no manner of means possessed the culture of the Hebrews nor of the Greeks, nor of the Romans. There He did not unite Himself with individual man, there He united Himself with the folk souls of these tribes. Yesterday, however, we had to emphasise that these tribes gradually evolved. They had to a certain degree to overtake at a fifth stage what at a fourth stage had been accomplished by the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin peoples. And yesterday we dwelt on the fact that it was only at Goethe's epoch that the epoch of Plato was reached for this later time. In Goethe himself, for the fifth post-Atlantean period, the Platonism of the Greeks of the fourth post-Atlantean period was repeated. Yet in Goetheanism man still had not come to the point at which he already faced the entirely new form of grasping the Mystery of Golgotha, but, as I said yesterday, he was in a state of expectation.
This attitude towards the Mystery of Golgotha on the part of more recent mankind can be particularly well studied if one comes to a real understanding of the personality, but for the moment the personality of soul and spirit of Goethe. It is absolutely in accordance with Spiritual Science for us to ask the following question: Where do Goethe and those who belong to him, the various minds who were in connection with him, stand as the eighteenth century passed into the nineteenth; where does Goetheanism stand with regard to mankind's evolution, with regard to understanding the Christ impulse? We might first consider how Goethe actually stood within European evolution.
Now it will be well here to recall something I have often said to you during these years of catastrophe, it will be just as well to go back to the answer to the question—where are the European periphery tending with their American off shoots? We should not forget that whoever turns his gaze without prejudice to these civilisations on the periphery of Europe, knows that in what English culture consists, in the cultures too of France, Italy, the Balkans, as as there has been progression here, but even behind the culture of Eastern Europe, all this has been rayed out from the centre of Europe; all these cultures have been radiated out. Naturally it would be dreadfully prejudiced to believe that what today is Italian culture, Italian civilisation, is anything but what has been radiated throughout Italy from mid-Europe, but absorbed into the Latin nature, still there in the language and outer form. It would be shocking prejudice to think that English civilisation is intrinsically different from what has streamed out from mid-Europe, and actually merely appropriated again in its language and so on in another way, in reality far less than the Italian or French way. But all that France, England, Italy and, even in mare respects, what Eastern Europe is, has been rayed out from central Europe. And in this centre there has now remained what indeed we have just found left after the streaming out of these cultures, what has remained as the womb out of which Goetheanism has evolved. We are faced today by this fact, a fact to be calmly accepted, that what has rayed forth into the periphery is working with all its power to bring to naught, to
nullify, even where soul and spirit are in question, everything existing in mid-Europe from which it has streamed. There will come a time when the world will look in a quite different way from how it does today upon this monstrous phenomenon in human events, where the world is reedy to set up as idols fourteen corpses of western thought. At some future date mankind will realise that there came about what may be called the absolute desire to exterminate what thus radiated out in all directions. It goes without saying that the tragedy of this fact will bear its fruit.
For connected with this fact, we see appearing in a further step forward of Europe's evolution, with the exception of the period during recent decades when other forces may be said to have held sway, all that prepared a way for itself and developed throughout the centuries by reason of the personal characteristics of those who in the most various directions developed these civilisations—we see all this streaming forth from the whole of Central Europe. How little inclination mankind has today for forming unprejudiced judgment on this point: I think I may say that, at the time the last traces were to be found of what assured the matter a fully scientific basis, I myself actually stood in intimate connection with it; my old friend, Karl Julius Schröer, was studying the various dialects, the various languages and the various natures of those sections of the people looked upon as German nationals of North Hungary, of Siebenburg and formerly of the various districts in Austria. Whoever observes here all that refers to the unpretentious dictionary and grammar of the Zips-German of Siebenburg Saxony in Schröer's studies which, in personal collaboration with him in the studies he was then making concerning the spread of mid-European culture, I was permitted to comment upon, whoever does this may say that he was still connected with a knowledge unhappily no longer even noticed today amid the confusion and turmoil of events. But let us look at this Hungary where, you must know, purely Magyar culture has been-supposedly established in the course of recent decades, since the year 1867; let us look there, not with political unreality, political delusion, political hatred, let us look in conformity with the truth. It will then be discovered that in the regions that afterwards, later, were supposed to be magyarised as countries of the Magyars, men from the Rhine were moved in—like the Siebenburg Saxons, men from further west, like the Germans of Zips, men out of modern Swabia, like the Germans of Bana. All this is the leaven forming the basis of the Magyar culture over which is now simply poured what then in reality was only developed very late as Magyar culture. At the basis of this Magyar culture, however, though perhaps not in anything expressible in language, but rather in the feelings, in the experiences, in the whole national character, there has always flowed in what has for centuries come from Central Europe.
Astonishing as it is, were you just to take the whole of European history, you could make a study of this in all the periphery regions of Europe. In the east the Slav wave came up against what radiated from the centre, and what radiated from the centre was pushed aside by the Slav wave—in the west by the Latin wave. And through a tragic chain of events, having, however, an inner historical necessity, the periphery then turned against what still remained in the womb of the centre, turned in such a way that from this turning a fact becomes clear—it may be believed or not, it may easily be mocked or scoffed at or not—what remained in mid-Europe grew out of Goetheanism, grasped by soul ant spirit in its reality and its truth, all this no longer meets with any understanding in the best intelligence of the periphery. Of this it might be said: The actual substance of what is the essence of mid-Europe is spoken of everywhere, even in the American countries, as though people had no notion of it. People may have no notion of it, but world history will bring it to the surface. This is what can give one strength in a certain sense to be able to hold fast to it.
It is true, my dear friends, on Silvester eve I gave you here a picture worked out by a man who is well able to make a calculation about the future relations of central Europe. (see Z 269.) If everything is fulfilled, even if only part is fulfilled, of what the periphery countries are wanting, these relations cannot be otherwise. But out of all this, the extermination of which for external existence has been decided upon, indeed the extermination of which will be fulfilled above everything else during the next years, the next decades—for so it has been determined in the councils of the periphery powers—within all this there has been the last shaping of what we described yesterday; there was within it the last shaping of what is nevertheless important as a leaven for the evolution of men. It must flow in, this evolution simply must go on of which I gave you a picture in what has to do with the Magyars. This radiating will indeed continue.
But particularly in central Europe all that during the last decades has certainly been very little understood there, will have to be grasped. Something of the nature of what lies in the aims of the threefold ordering of social existence, as I have presented it, will have to be understood. It will be central Europe itself that will be called upon to understand this threefold ordering. And perhaps if this centre of Europe has no external state, if this centre of Europe is obliged to live tragically in chaos, there will then be the first beginnings of understanding that we have to overcome those old outlooks for which the periphery of Europe is at present struggling, for these old outlooks will be unable to be maintained even by the European periphery. The old concept of the state will vanish, it will give place to the separation into three parts. And what constitutes Goetheanism will indeed have to enter this external life. Whether or not it is given this name is immaterial. The essential thing is that Goethe's world-outlook foresees what simply must be made clear also where the forming of human society is concerned. But all this can be discovered only if we take the trouble to understand this representative, this most representative being of all Germans—Goethe. For he is such a perfect representative of the German nature just because he is so entirely without national Chauvinism or anything at all reminiscent of Chauvinism or nationalism, as understood today. There must be an attempt to understand this man who represents all that is new, this most modern man, at the same time this most fruitful of men in his being for all that is spiritual culture. It cannot be said that mankind have yet reached a high point in their comprehension of Goethe. In his environment Goethe felt very mush alone. And even were Goethe one of those personalities who accustom themselves to social intercourse, who even develop a certain adroitness and grace in society so that a possible relation is set up to their environment, even were this so, the real Goethe living in the inner circle of Weimar and later in outward appearance the stout Privy Councillor with the double chin—the man who inwardly lived in this stout Privy Councillor felt lonely. And in a certain way he may be said still to be alone today. He is alone for a quite definite reason and must feel himself alone. This feeling of cultural isolation, this feeling of his that he was not understood, perhaps underlay his remarkable saying of later years: “Perhaps a hundred years hence Germans will be different from what they are now, perhaps from scholars they will have grown into human beings.”
My dear friends, this saying must touch us in the very depths of our soul. For, you see, we may look at the last years of the eighties, for example. When after the death of the last of Goethe's grandchildren in Weimar the Archives of Goethe and Schiller and the Goethe Society were founded, these were founded by a gathering of men—truly I want to say it in the best sense of the word—by a gathering of scholars. In fact the Goethe cult was organised by men, by personalities, who really had not grown out of scholars into men. One may even go farther. You know how much I revere Herman Grimm, the art historian, the subtle essayist (cf. The Story of My Life, also E.N.43.) and I have never made any secret of my admiration nor spoken to you in any different way about my admiration for Herman Grimm. I have also unconditionally admitted to you that I consider what has come from Herman Grimm's pen about Goethe as the best book as biography, as monography, that has been written about him. But now take this book of Herman Grimm's; it is written out of a certain human affection and width of outlook, but take it as giving a picture of Goethe himself which arises when you have let the book have its affect upon you. What is this figure Goethe? It is just a ghost, a ghost rather than the living Goethe. If these things are taken earnestly and in a spirit worthy of them one cannot help feeling that should Herman Grimm meet Goethe today, or had he met Goethe during his life time, because he harboured fervent admiration for him in the tradition built up about Goethe, he would have been ready at any moment to say: Goethe is predestined to be the spiritual king not only of mid-Europe but of all mankind. Indeed Herman Grimm, had it come his way, would have even gone to great lengths to serve as herald, had it been a question of making Goethe king of all earthly culture. But neither can one get free of the other feelings Had Herman Grimm got into conversation with Goethe, or Goethe with Herman Grimm, Herman Grimm would hardly have found it possible to understand what was in the depths of Goethe's being. For what he portrays in his book, although undoubtedly the best he knew of Goethe, is nothing but the shadow thrown by Goethe on his surroundings, the impression he made upon his age. There is nothing here, not even the slightest suggestion, of what lived in Goethe's soul—but merely a ghost out of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and not what was living deep down in Goethe.
This is a remarkable phenomenon which must be pondered in the soul in all seriousness and with due consideration. And if we look away from all this well, not Goetheanism but Goethe-worship that even a hundred years after Goethe is in reality far more scholarly than human, if we look back at Goethe himself, beneath much of what is great, much of what is grandiose confronting us in Goethe, we see one thing above all. Much, curiously much in Goethe—just take The Mysteries Frau Dr. Steiner recited here a short time ago, take the Pandora, take the Prometheus Fragment, (cf. E.N. 36) or some other work, take the fact that The Natural Daughter is only the first part of an incomplete trilogy, or the fact that in this fragment there was expressed something of the very greatest that lived in Goethe, and you have the strange, the quite strange, fact that when Goethe set himself to express what was greatest he never brought it to a conclusion. This was because he was sufficiently honest, not outwardly to round off the matter, to bring it to perfection, as a poet, an artist, will even do, but simply to leave off when the inner source of strength became dry. This is the reason wily so much remained unfinished: But the matter goes further, my dear friends. The matter goes far enough for us to be able to say: In an external way Faust is certainly brought to a conclusion, but how much in Faust is inwardly unsound, how much in it is like the figure of Mephistopheles itself. Read what I have said about Faust and about the figure of Mephistopheles in the recently published booklet on Goethe, where I spoke of how Goethe in his Mephistopheles set up a figure that in reality does not exist, for In this figure the two figures of Lucifer and Ahriman merge into one another and interweave in a chaotic way. And in the course of the week you will see presented here the last scenes before the appearance of Helen, before the third Act of the second part of Faust, something completed in Goethe's advanced age, something, however, on the one hand impressive, deep, powerful, on the other hand though finished to outward appearance, inwardly quite unfinished. It contains everywhere hints of what Goethe was hankering after, which however would not come into his soul. If we regard Faust from the point of view of its human greatness we have before us a work of gigantic proportions; if we look from the point of view of the greatness that would have lived in it had Goethe in his time been able to bring forth all that lay in his soul, then we have a frail, brittle work everywhere incomplete in itself. (see R LV.)
What Goethe left to those coming after him is perhaps the most powerful testament. That they should not only acknowledge him, that they do not acknowledge him today as a great scholar, or even as a man of certain culture, is easy to understand but Goethe did not make our attitude to him as easy as that. Goethe has to live among us as if he were still alive; he must be further felt, further thought. What is most significant in Goetheanism does not remain where Goethe was, for in his time he was not able to bring it into his soul out of the spiritual, and only the tendency is everywhere present. Goethe demands of us that we should work with him, think with him, feel with him, that we should carry on his task just as though he were standing behind each one of us, tapping us on the shoulder, giving us advice. In this sense it may be said that the whole of the nineteenth century and up to our own time, Goethe has been given the cold shoulder. And the task of our time is to find the way back to Goethe. Strictly speaking nothing is more foreign to real Goetheanism than the whole earthly culture, external earthly culture, with the exception of the modicum of spiritual culture that we have—nothing is more foreign than the earthly culture of the end of the nineteenth century or even of the twentieth century. The way back to Goethe must be found through the Spiritual Science of Anthroposophy.
This can be understood only by one who can go straight for the question: where did Goethe stand actually and in reality? You have from Goethe the most honest human avowal (I spoke of this yesterday) that he started out from paganism as it also corresponded to Platonism. The boy erected for himself a pagan altar to Nature, then the man Goethe was most strongly influenced not by all that was derived from the traditional Christianity of the Church, this fundamentally always remained foreign to him because his world-outlook is a world-outlook of expectancy, of awaiting the new understanding of the mystery of Golgotha. Those who in the old, traditional sense embraced the faith of the Christian Church in comfort, or even wished within this Christian Church to carry through all manner of purely outward reforms, were not in reality, closely related to him inwardly, where soul and spirit are concerned. Actually he always felt as he did when, travelling with the two apparently good Christians Lavater and Baswdow; two men who represented a progressive but at the same time old ecclesiastical Christianity, he said: “Prophets to right, prophets to left and the worldling in the middle.” It was his actual feeling between two of his contemporaries that he thus gave voice to; as opposed to the Christians around him he was always the definite non-Christian for the very reason that he was to prepare mankind for the Christ mood of waiting.
And so we see three men in a remarkable war having the very greatest influence upon his spiritual culture. These three men are actually thorough worldlings in a certain sense; ordinary Christian ministers were not popular with Goethe. The three personalities having such a great influence upon him are, first Shakespeare. Why had Shakespeare such a decisive influence upon Goethe? This was simply because Goethe aimed at building a bridge from the human to the superhuman, not in accordance with any abstract rule, not out of an intellectuality open to influence, but out of what is human itself. Goethe needed to hold fast to the human so that within it he might find the passage over from the human to the superhuman. Thus we see Goethe making every effort to model, to form the human, to work out of the human as Shakespeare did to a certain degree. Look how Goethe took hold of The History of Godfried Von Berlichingen with the Iron Hand, Berlichingen's autobiography; how altering it as little as possible he dramatised this history and moulded the first figure of his Götz von Berlichingen; how then he formed a second figure out of him, this time more transformed, having more shape—then a third. In a way Goethe seeks his own straight forward path which holding to Shakespeare's humanity, but out of the human he is wanting to form the superhuman.
This he first succeeded in doing when, on his Italian travels (read his letters), he believes he can recognise from what is near to him, from the Greek works of art, how the Greeks pursued the same intentions, the divine intentions, according to which nature herself proceeds. He goes on his own path, his own individual, personal,true, path of experience. He could not accept what those around him said—he had to find his own way.
The second mind that had an enormous influence upon him, was that of a decided non-Christian, namely, Spinoza. In Spinoza he had the possibility of finding the divine in the way this divine is found a man wishing to make a road for himself leading from the human to the superhuman. Fundamentally Spinoza's thoughts bear the last impression of the intellectual age of the old Hebrew approach to God. As such, Spinoza's thoughts are very far from the Christ-impulse. Spinoza's thoughts, however, are such that the human soul as it were finds in them the thread to which to hold when seeking that way. There within men is my being, from this human being I seek to press on to what is superhuman. This way that he could follow, that he did not have to have dictated to him, that be could fellow while following Spinoza, this path Goethe in a certain sense, at a certain stage in his life, looked upon as his.
And the third of the spirits having the greatest influence upon him was the botanist Linnaeus. Why Linnaeus? Linnaeus for the reason that Goethe would have no other kind botanical science, no other science of the living being, but one which simply placed the living beings in juxtaposition, in a row as Linnaeus has done. Goethe would have nothing to do with the abstract thinking that thinks out all kinds of thoughts about plant classes, species and so on. What he considered important was to let Linnaeus work upon him as a man who placed things beside one another. For from a higher standpoint than that of the people who follow up the plants in an abstract way, what Linnaeus conscientiously placed next to each other as plant forms Goethe wanted to pursue after his own fashion, just as the spirit makes itself felt in this side by side arrangement.
It is just these three spirits who really could give Goethe what was lacking in the intimate circle of his life at the time, but was something he had to find outside; it is just these spirits who had the strongest influence upon him. Goethe himself had nothing of Shakespeare in him, for when he came to the climax of his art he created his Natural Daughter, which certainly contained nothing of Shakespeare's art but strove after something entirely different. He could, however, develop his inmost being only by educating himself in Shakespeare. Goethe's world-outlook had nothing in it of the abstract Spinoza; what was deep within Goethe, however, as his way to God could only be reached through Spinoza. Goethe's morphology had nothing of the placing side by side of the organic being, as in the case of Linnaeus, but, Goethe needed the possibility of taking from Linnaeus what he himself did not have. And what he had to give was something new.
Thus then did Goethe develop and came to his fortieth year, brought up on Shakespeare, Linnaeus and Spinoza; and having gone through what in the way of art Italy could show him he said when there about these works of art: “Here is necessity, here is God”. And as he lived in the spirit of his epoch there took place in him in a strong but unconscious way, also, however, to a certain extent consciously, what may be called his meeting with the Guardian of the Threshold.
And now, bearing in mind his passing the Guardian of the Threshold in the early nineties of the eighteenth century, compare words sounding like prayers to Isis in ancient Egypt, reminiscent of the old Egyptian Isis, such as those in the Prose-Hymn to Nature just recited to you by Frau Dr. Steiner—compare these words in which Goethe had still a quite pagan feeling, with those that as powerful imagination meet you in The Fairy tale of the Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily, there you have Goethe's path from paganism to Christianity. But there in pictures stands what Goethe became after going through the region of the Threshold, after he passed the Guardian of the Threshold. It stands there in pictures which he himself was unable to analyse for people in intellectual thoughts, which all the same are mighty pictures. Whither are we obliged to go if we wish to understand the Goethe who wrote the fairy tale of The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily? Consider what is written about the fairy tale of The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily in the little book on Goethe already mentioned. (see Goethe's Standard of the Soul) When we really look at this we are confronted by the fact that Goethe created this fairy story of The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily as a mighty Imagination, after passing the Guardian of the Threshold.
This fairy tale of The Green snake and the Beautiful Lily that has sprung from a soul transformed, sprang forth after the soul found the bridge from pagan experience as it still finds utterance in the Hymn in Prose. “Nature! we are surrounded and enveloped by her, unable to step out of her, unable to get into her more deeply. She takes us up unasked and unwarned into the circle of her dance, and carries us along till we are wearied and fall from her arms” . . . “Even the unnatural is Nature . . . Everything is her life; and death is merely her ingenious way of having more life . . .” and so on and so forth.
This pagan Isis mood is changed into the deep truths, not to be grasped at once by the intellect, lying in the mighty Imaginations of The Green Snake end the Beautiful Lily where Goethe set down uncompromisingly how all that man is able to find through the external science of Europe can only lead to the fantastic capers of a will-of-the wisp. He shows also, however, that what man develops within must lead him to develop the powers of his soul in such a way that the self-sacrificing serpent who sacrifices his own being to the progress of human evolution can became the model which enables the bridge to be built from the kingdom of the physical world of the senses to the kingdom of the superphysical; and between these there rises the Temple, the new temple, by means of which the supersensible kingdom may be experienced.
Certainly, in this fairy story of The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily there is no talk of Christ. But just as little as Christ asked of a good follower that he should always just be saying Lord, Lord! is he a good Christian who always says Christ, Christ! The manner in which the pictures are conceived, the way the human soul is thought out in its metamorphosis in this fairy story of The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily, the sequence of the thoughts, the force of the thoughts—this is Christian, this is the new path to Christ. For, why is this? In Goethe's day there were a number of interpretations of this fairy tale and since then in addition to those there have been many more. We have thought to throw light on to the fairy tale from the standpoint of Spiritual Science. My dear friends, I may, (here in this circle I may venture to speak out about this) I have the right to speak about this fairy tale. It was at the end of the eighties of the nineteenth century when the knot of this fairy tale untied itself for me. And I have never since forsaken the path that should lead farther and farther into the understanding of Goethe, with the help of the mighty Imaginations embodied In the fairy tale of The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily. It may be said that the intellect that leads us quite well in our search for scientific truths, this intellect that can quite well guide us in acquiring an external outlook on nature and its conditions, at this precise moment so favourable to such an outlook, when anyone wishes to understand the fairy tale, this intellect is found absolutely wanting. It is necessary here to let the intellect be fructified by the conceptions of Spiritual Science. Here you have, transformed for our age and its conditions, what is necessary to all mankind for understanding the Mystery of Golgotha.
For understanding the Mystery of Golgotha the intellect must first be re-forced; it must move itself, jerk itself. No jerk is needed for understanding external nature. It has become ever more impossible for Latin culture as well as for the German—for the Latin because it is too greatly decedent, for the German culture because up to now it has not sufficiently evolved—it has become ever more impossible out of mere intellectuality to school the soul so far that it can find the new way to the Mystery of Golgotha. When, however, you develop the possibility in you, can you re-shape the forces of the soul so that they begin in a natural inner speech to find the passage over to the pictorial for which Goethe strove, then you school the forces of your soul so that they find the way to the new comprehension of the Mystery of Golgotha. This is what is important.
Goethe's significance does not lie only in that he accomplished; it lies above all In what he does to our soul when we fully surrender ourselves to the profoundest depths of his being. Then gradually mankind will be able even consciously to find the path an which to pass the Guardian of the Threshold, the path Goethe fortunately, took while still, unconscious, and on that account was unable to finish just those works in which he wished to express all that was deepest in him. In this soul of Goethe's there lived a shimmering and glimmering of what was conscious and what was unconscious, what was attainable and what was out of reach. When we let such a poem as The Mysteries work upon us, or when we let Pandora work upon us, or any of the things Goethe left unfinished, we have the feeling that in this very incompletion there lies something that must free itself in the souls of those following after Goethe, something that will have to be completed as a great spiritual picture.
Goethe was lonely. Where it was a question of Goethe's real being he was lonely, lonely in his evolution. Goetheanism contains much that is hidden. But, my dear friends, even though the nineteenth century has not yet produced human beings out of scholars, whereas Goethe struggled through out of a scholarly to a human world-outlook, evolution must indeed go forward with the help of Goethe's impulse. I said yesterday and repeat today that the force bound up with the Mystery of Golgotha once united itself in a little known province of the Roman Empire with the man Jesus of Nazareth, and then with the Folk souls at central Europe after that, however, this force became inward. And out of what was weaving there inwardly in central Europe came such results as we find in Goethe and the whole of Goetheanism. But it is just the nineteenth century that has had a great share in letting Goetheanism lie in its grave. In every sphere the nineteenth Century has done everything possible to leave Goetheanism in its grave.
The scholars Who in Weimar founded the Goethe Society at the end of the eighties of the nineteenth century would much rather have belonged to those who buried Goetheanism than to those who could raise any thing of this Goetheanism from the deed. Quite certainly the time has not come for Goetheanism to be able to live yet for the external life. The time depends on what we have often spoken of, namely, on the renewal of the human soul through Spiritual Science. Whatever may come to this Europe that now in a certain sense would bring about its own death, the grave which above all, first of all, the lack of thought in modern culture is digging, this grave will nevertheless also be a grave from which something will rise again. I have already pointed to the fact that the Christ spirit united itself with the folk souls of middle Europe; Goetheanism arose in the bosom of these folk souls. A resurrection will come, a resurrection not to be conceived as political, a resurrection that will have a very different appearance—but resurrection it will be. Goetheanism, my dear friends is not alive, Goetheanism for outer culture is still resting in the move: Goetheanism must however rise again from the dead.
Let the building that we have sought to set up on this hill bear testimony to the sincerity of our purpose, with the necessary courage for the present time to undertake the bringing to life of G0etheanism. For this, it is true we should need the courage to understand and penetrate in its ungoethean way what has up till now called itself Goetheanism. We should have to learn to acclaim Goethe's spirit to the same degree as the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth have disowned it, denied it in every possible sphere. Then the path of knowledge acquired through Spiritual Science, a path that is to be found unconditionally, will be connected with the historical path of the resurrection of Goetheanism. But it will also be connected with what can come from this resurrection of Goetheanism, that is, the impulse towards a new understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha, that right understanding of the Christ which is necessary for our particular age. Perhaps the pathfinder of the Christianity necessary for mankind in the future will be recognised as the decidedly non-Christian Goethe who, like Christ Himself, did not ask for the constant repetition of “Lord, Lord . . .” but that man should carry his spirit in his heart, in his mind; and that in Goetheanism it should not always be a matter of “Christ, Christ . . .” but all the more that what has flowed into men as reality from the Mystery of Golgotha should be preserved in the heart, so that this heart should gradually change abstract and intellectual knowledge, the present knowledge about nature, into something by means of which the supersensible world is seen, so that men may be given the force for a deeper knowledge of the world and for a shaping of the social structure that is worthy of the human being.
Sechster Vortrag
Was ich gestern bemerklich machen wollte, das ist, von der einen Seite angesehen, daß der eigentliche Inhalt, der tiefere Inhalt des ChristusImpulses, der durch das Mysterium von Golgatha in die Welt gekommen ist, sich nicht mit einem Male, auch nicht in der relativ langen Zeit, in der es nunmehr schon ein Christentum gibt, der Menschheit ganz mitgeteilt hat, sondern daß in alle Zukunft hin immer mehr und mehr von dem Inhalt des Christus-Impulses der Menschheit sich mitteilen will; daß mit anderen Worten tief wahr ist das Wort des Christus Jesus: «Ich bin bei euch alle Tage durch die Zeitenwende hindurch.» Und nicht untätig meinte der Christus unter den Menschen zu sein, sondern tätig sich offenbarend, eingehend in ihre Seelen, aufmunternd die Seelen, stärkend die Seelen; so daß, wenn diese Seelen dasjenige wissen, was in ihnen vorgeht, sie den Weg finden, die Verbindung finden können mit dem Christus, sich stark innerhalb ihres Erdenringens fühlen können.
Zu alldem aber ist es notwendig, gerade für diese unsere Zeit des Bewußtseinszeitalters, soweit es heute schon der Fall sein kann —- und wie gesagt, der Inhalt wird immer klarer und reicher erfließen für die Menschheit -, sich heute schon klarzumachen, was denn eigentlich zu der Offenbarung des Christus-Impulses gehört. Um in diesem Punkte richtig zu verstehen, muß man erst durchdrungen sein von der Erkenntnis, daß das Menschengeschlecht wirklich sich im Laufe der Erdenzeiten entwickelt hat, verändert hat. Diese Veränderung, man kann sie am besten so charakterisieren, daß man sagt: Wenn man zurückblickt in sehr, sehr alte Erdenzeiten, weit zurückliegend vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha, da findet man, genauer zugesehen, die Leiblichkeit des Menschen noch geistiger, als sie heute ist. Und diese Leiblichkeit des Menschen war es, die aufsteigen ließ jene Visionen, welche atavistischem Hellsehen die übersinnliche Welt in einer gewissen Weise offenbarten. Aber diese Fähigkeit, diese Kraft, in atavistischem Hellsehen sich bekanntzumachen mit der geistigen Welt, ging nach und nach der Menschheit verloren. Und gerade zur Zeit, als das Mysterium von Golgatha hereinbrach, war eben eine Krisis. Da war die Krisis hereingebrochen, die da zeigte, daß die Leiblichkeit des Menschen am stärksten in ihrer Kraft abgenommen hatte mit Bezug auf die Offenbarung des Geistigen.
Nun mußte von jenem Zeitpunkte, von jener Krisis an, eine der Abschwächung der Leibeskraft entsprechende Verstärkung des SeelischGeistigen, der seelisch-geistigen Kraft eintreten. Aber hier im Erdenkörper müssen wir mit dem Werkzeuge unseres Leibes rechnen. Der Mensch wäre einfach nicht fähig gewesen, die Verstärkung seines Seelisch-Geistigen, die notwendig wurde mit dem Herabdämmern der Leibeskraft, zu erwerben, wenn ihm nicht Hilfe geworden wäre aus einer Region, die nicht die Erdenregion ist, sondern die außerirdisch ist, wenn nicht etwas von außerhalb der Erde auf die Erde hereingekommen wäre: eben der Christus-Impuls. Der Mensch wäre zu schwach gewesen, selbst vorzurücken.
Das aber zeigt sich ganz besonders, wenn man ins Auge faßt das alte Mysterienwesen. Wozu war denn dieses Mysterienwesen eigentlich? Im Ganzen kann man sagen: Die große und breite Masse unserer Vorfahren - das heißt von uns selbst, denn wir selbst waren in unserem vorigen Leben eben die Menschen, die wir unsere Vorfahren nennen -, war in sehr, sehr alten Zeiten mit einem viel dumpferen Bewußtsein behaftet als heute. Sie waren mehr instinktive Wesen. Und jene Menschen hätten sich in diesem instinktiven Wesen nicht hineinfinden können in eine Erkenntnis, die doch aber zum Heil des Menschen, zu seinem Aufrechterhalten, zu seinem werdenden Kraftbewußtsein nötig ist. Da konnten dann gewisse, durch ihr Karma dazu berufene Persönlichkeiten, die eben in die Mysterien eingeweiht wurden, den andern, die mehr ein Instinktleben führten, die Wahrheiten verkündigen, die man die Heilswahrheiten nennen kann. Aber diese Verkündigung war in den alten Zeiten nur möglich aus einer gewissen Konstitution des menschlichen Organismus, des menschlichen Wesens heraus, die heute nicht mehr vorhanden ist. Die Mysterienzeremonien, die Mysterienverrichtungen durch die verschiedenen Grade hindurch bestanden darinnen, daß der Mensch wirklich in den Mysterien ein anderer wurde. Das kann man sich heute nicht mehr gut vorstellen, weil es durch solche äußeren Verrichtungen — ich habe sie neulich für die ägyptischen Mysterien geschildert — heute in solchem Grade nicht möglich ist. Die Menschennatur wurde durch Erzeugung von gewissen Emotionen, von gewissen inneren Seelenerlebnissen, wirklich so umgestaltet, daß sich in völligem Bewußtsein das Geistige loslöste. Aber man bereitete zuerst den Zögling der Mysterien so vor, daß dieses Geistige sich nicht in solch chaotischem Zustande loslöste wie heute im Schlafe, sondern daß der Mensch im Geistigen wirklich wahrnehmen konnte. Das war das große Erlebnis, welches die Mysterienschüler durchmachten, daß sie nach ihrer Einweihung so wußten von der geistigen Welt, wie der Mensch durch seine Augen und Ohren von der physisch-sinnlichen Welt weiß. Dann konnten sie verkündigen, was sie von dieser geistigen Welt wußten.
Aber die Zeit rückte heran, in der die Menschennatur nicht mehr durch jene Verrichtungen, welche die der alten Mysterien waren, in dieser Weise so ohne weiteres umgestaltet werden konnte. Der Mensch änderte sich eben im Verlaufe der Geschichte. Es mußte etwas anderes kommen, und das andere, was da kam, war eben, daß eigentlich dasjenige, was auf einer gewissen Stufe der Mensch im Mysterium er lebte, die innere Auferstehung, als historische Tatsache auf Golgatha _ sich abspielte. Nun war also das ein geschichtliches Ereignis geworden. Ein Mensch, Jesus - denn als äußerlich herumgehender Mensch war er eben der Mensch Jesus —, war durch das Mysterium von Golgatha gegangen. Diejenigen, die seine intimen Schüler warten, wußten aber, daß er nach einer gewissen Zeit unter ihnen lebendig erschienen ist — die Art wollen wir heute nicht prüfen -, daß also die Auferstehung eine Wahrheit ist.
So kann man sagen: Es war einmal innerhalb des Laufes dieser Menschheitsentwickelung da die Tatsache, daß an einem Orte der Erde sich das zugetragen hat, daß durch die Kraft eines Außerirdischen, des Christus-Impulses, ein Mensch den Tod überwunden hatte, so daß die Überwindung des Todes unter den Erfahrungen, unter den Erlebnissen des Erdendaseins selber sein konnte. Damit aber war etwas geschehen in der geschichtlichen Menschheitsentwickelung, was gerade für den Verstand unbegreiflich ist, der sich jetzt besonders entwickeln sollte, der im Fortschritt der Menschen lag. Denn für den menschlichen Verstand ist das nicht begreiflich, daß ein Mensch stirbt, begraben wird und aufersteht. Zum Heile der Erdenentwickelung war daher etwas notwendig, mußte etwas im physischen Gange dieser Erdenentwickelung geschehen, was für den Verstand, der gerade gut _ anzuwenden ist in bezug auf das Naturdasein, unbegreiflich ist. Und eigentlich ist es ehrlich, zuzugeben, daß je weiter die Menschen in der Entwickelung dieses Verstandes vorrücken — und die Entwickelung im Bewußtseinszeitalter ist ja vorzugsweise die Entwickelung des Intellektuellen -, desto unbegreiflicher das Ereignis von Golgatha für den zunächst auf die äußere Natur gerichteten Verstand werden muß. So daß} man sagen kann: Derjenige, der nur sich bewußt ist der Handhabung des gewöhnlichen Verstandes, wie er auf das Naturdasein gerichtet ist, der muß sich ehrlicherweise nach und nach gestehen: er begreift das Mysterium von Golgatha nicht. Aber er muß sich einen Ruck geben, weil er es dennoch begreifen muß. Das ist das Wesentliche, sich einen Ruck geben zu können, über den gesunden Menschenverstand einfach hinauszudenken. Das ist das Wesentliche, das ist etwas, was als Notwendiges eintreten muß, sich diesen Ruck zu geben, um etwas scheinbar gerade für die höchste menschliche Kraft Unverständliches dennoch verstehen zu lernen.
Je mehr die intellektuelle Entwickelung vorschreitet, von der die Blüte der Wissenschaft abhängt, desto mehr mußte für diese intellektuelle Entwickelung zurücktreten das Verständnis für das Mysterium von Golgatha. Aus diesem Grunde war es auch, daß es nicht die gebildeten Hebräer, nicht die gebildeten Griechen, nicht die gebildeten Römer waren, die zunächst gewissermaßen wie historisch auserlesen waren zu dem Verständnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha, in der Art, wie ich Ihnen das Mysterium von Golgatha auseinandergesetzt habe; die haben es umgesetzt in andere Vorstellungen, wie ich gestern ausgeführt habe, sondern es waren die primitiv gebildeten Barbaren des Nordens, welche in ihre primitv gebildeten Seelen hereinnahmen den Christus, der zu ihnen kam, so wie er zu dem Jesus von Nazareth gekommen ist. Man kann schon in dem Sinne, wie ich das gestern auseinandergesetzt habe, sagen: Der Christus kam zunächst im Ereignis von Golgatha zu dem Menschen Jesus von Nazareth. Da wurde zunächst die Menschheit hingewiesen — die Menschheit der Hebräer, die Menschheit der Griechen, die Menschheit der Römer —- auf das Wichtigste, was im Erdendasein geschah. Dann aber kam der Christus noch einmal, vereinte sich mit den Menschen, die den Norden, den Osten Europas bevölkerten, die keine solche Bildung hatten wie die Hebräer, wie die Griechen, wie die Römer. Da vereinigte er sich nicht mit einem einzelnen Menschen, da vereinigte er sich mit den Volksseelen dieser Volksstämme. Aber wir haben gestern auch betonen müssen: Diese Volksstämme entwickelten sich nach und nach. Sie mußten gewissermaßen auf einer fünften Stufe nachholen dasjenige, was auf einer vierten Stufe durchgemacht hatten die hebräisch-griechisch-lateinischen Völker. Und wir haben ja gestern betont, daß erst im Zeitalter Goethes das Zeitalter Platos mit Bezug auf eine spätere Stufe erreicht worden war. Mit Goetheanismus selber war für die fünfte nachatlantische Zeit der Platonismus des Griechentums, der für die vierte nachatlantische Zeit da war, wiedergekommen. Doch noch war man nicht so weit im Goetheanismus, daß man etwa schon der ganzen neuen Gestaltung der Auffassung des Mysteriums von Golgatha gegenüberstand, sondern, wie ich gestern sagte, in der Erwartung davon.
Diese Stimmung der neueren Menschheit gegenüber dem Mysterium von Golgatha, sie kann man insbesondere richtig studieren, wenn man die Persönlichkeit, aber jetzt die Geist-Seelenpersönlichkeit Goethes wirklich richtig versteht. Die Frage ist eine durch und durch geisteswissenschaftliche: Wo stehen Goethe und diejenigen, die zu ihm gehören, verschiedene Geister, die mit ihm in Verbindung waren, wo steht der Goetheanismus an der Wende des 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert mit Bezug auf die Menschheitsentwickelung, mit Bezug auf die Auffassung des Christus-Impulses? — Man könnte zunächst darauf hinblicken: Wie steht er eigentlich äußerlich drinnen in der europäischen Entwickelung, dieser Goetheanismus?
Da wird es gut sein, sich etwas zurückzurufen, was ich jetzt, die Jahre unserer katastrophalen Zeit hindurch, öfter zu Ihnen gesprochen habe, da wird es gut sein, sich zurückzurufen die Antwort auf die Frage: Woher kommen eigentlich die europäischen Peripheriekulturen mit ihrem amerikanischen Nachwuchs? - Wir dürfen nicht vergessen: Wer unbefangen den Blick auf diese europäischen Peripheriekulturen hinrichtet, der weiß, daß die Kultur Englands, Frankreichs, Italiens, des Balkans, so weit er vorwärtsgeschritten ist, dahinter aber sogar die Kultur des europäischen Ostens, ausgestrahlt ist von Europas Mitte; sie sind alle ausgestrahlt. Es wäre natürlich ein furchtbares Vorurteil, zu glauben, daß dasjenige, was heute italienische Kultur ist, etwas anderes ist als das, was von der Mitte Europas nach Italien ausgestrahlt ist, nur überzogen von dem lateinischen Wesen, das in der Sprache und in der äußeren Form geblieben ist. Es wäre ein furchtbares Vorurteil, zu glauben, daß die englische Kultur etwas anderes ist als dasjenige, was von Europas Mitte ausgestrahlt ist und eigentlich erst eingefaßt ist, auch wiederum durch Sprache und dergleichen, in anderes Wesen, sogar viel weniger als das italienische oder das französische Wesen. Aber alles dasjenige, was Frankreich, England, Italien, ja auch in vieler Beziehung was der europäische Osten ist, das ist ausgestrahlt aus Europas Mitte. Und in dieser Mitte ist dann zurückgeblieben dasjenige, was eben sich jetzt ergeben hat, nachdem die Kulturen ausgestrahlt sind, was geblieben ist als der Schoß, aus dem sich herausentwickelt hat der Goetheanismus. Wir stehen heute in der ohne Emotion hinzunehmenden Tatsache, daß dasjenige, was ausgestrahlt ist in die Peripherie, mit aller Macht daran arbeitet, zu vernichten, auch geistig-seelisch zu vernichten dasjenige, wovon es, als in Europas Mitte befindlich, ausgestrahlt ist. Es wird einmal die Welt dieses ungeheuerste Phänomen des Menschheitsgeschehens in einer ganz andern Weise ansehen als in unserer Gegenwart, wo sich diese Welt anschickt, vierzehn Gedankenleichen des Westens als Götzenbilder anzubeten. Es wird einstmals die Menschheit verstehen, daß dasjenige geschah, was man nennen kann das absolute Vernichtenwollen desjenigen, was ausgestrahlt ist nach allen Seiten. Die Tragik dieser Tatsache wird sich selbstverständlich erfüllen.
Denn in der Richtung dieser Tatsache liegt es, daß in einem weiteren Entwickelungsschritte für Europa dasjenige erscheint, was — mit Ausnahme der letzten Jahrzehnte, wo man sagen kann, daß eben andere Kräfte gewaltet haben - sich angebahnt und durch die Jahrhunderte entwickelt hat dadurch, daß von Europas Mitte überallhin ausstrahlten auch die persönlichen Züge derjenigen, welche die Kulturen nach den verschiedensten Seiten ausbilden. Oh, über diesen Punkt ist heute die Menschheit so wenig geneigt, ein unbefangenes Urteil sich zu bilden! Ich darf sagen, ich selbst stand ja in innigem Zusammenhange mit der Arbeit meines alten Freundes Karl Julius Schröer, als er damals die letzten Spuren, die zu finden waren, um der Sache eine vollständig gesicherte wissenschaftliche Basis zu geben, der verschiedenen Dialekte, der verschiedenen Sprachen, der verschiedenen Wesen der Volksteile studierte, die als die deutschen Volksteile Nordungarns, Siebenbürgens und sonst der verschiedenen Gegenden Österreichs zu betrachten sind. Wer da betrachtet alles das, was sich an die anspruchslosen Wörterbücher und Grammatiken der Zipser Deutschen, der Siebenbürgener Sachsen in den Schröerschen Studien anknüpfte, die ich in persönlichem Anteil mit ihm, als einem damaligen Erforscher der Ausbreitung der mitteleuropäischen Kultur, der er war, besprechen durfte, der darf sagen, daß Schröer noch zusammenhängt mit einem Wissen, das leider heute im Trubel, im Sturm der Ereignisse gar nicht mehr berücksichtigt wird. Aber man sehe hin auf dieses Ungarn, wo nämlich eine rein magyarische Kultur eingerichtet werden sollte im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte, seit dem Jahre 1867, man sehe hin, nicht mit politischer Unwahrheit und politischer Verblendung, politischem Haß, man sehe hin der Wahrheit gemäß: Dann wird man entdecken, daß in die Gegenden, die nachher als die Länder des Magyarentums magyarisiert werden sollten, eingezogen sind Menschen vom Rhein her als die Siebenbürgener Sachsen, Menschen von weiter westlich als die Zipser Deutschen, Menschen aus dem heutigen Schwaben als die Banater Deutschen. Das alles ist das Ferment, welches die Grundlage bildet für die magyarische Kultur, über die nur hinübergegossen ist dasjenige, was dann im Grunde genommen sehr spät erst sich gebildet hat als magyarische Kultur. Aber auf dem Grunde dieser magyarischen Kultur ist - wenn auch nicht in das, was durch die Sprache ausdrückbar ist, aber in die Gefühle, in die Empfindungen, in das ganze Volkstum — immer eingeflossen dasjenige, was durch Jahrhunderte aus Europas Mitte dahin gekommen ist.
So staunenswert dieses ist: für alle Peripheriegegenden Europas könnten Sie, wenn Sie nur die Gesamtgeschichte Europas nehmen, dasselbe studieren. Im Osten kam die slawische Welle entgegen dem, was von der Mitte ausgestrahlt ist, überzog das, was von der Mitte ausgestrahlt ist, mit der slawischen Welle; vom Westen kam die romanische Welle. Und durch eine tragische Verkettung, die aber eine innere geschichtliche Notwendigkeit hat, wandte sich dann die Peripherie gegen dasjenige, was in der Mitte im Schoß übriggeblieben ist; wandte sich so, daß aus diesem Wenden eine Tatsache ganz klar ist — das mag geglaubt werden oder nicht, darüber mag leicht gespottet oder gehöhnt werden oder nicht: Dasjenige, was zurückgeblieben ist in Europas Mitte, dasjenige, was aus dem Goetheanismus herausgewachsen ist, geistig-seelisch aufgefaßt in seiner Wirklichkeit und in seiner Wahrheit, das findet heute in der besten Durchschnittserkenntnis der Peripherie eben kein Verständnis noch. Und von dem könnte man sagen: Überall wird, bis in die amerikanischen Gegenden hinüber, von der eigentlichen Substanz des mitteleuropäischen Wesens so gesprochen, als ob man eben keine Ahnung davon hätte. Man kann keine Ahnung davon haben. Aber die Weltgeschichte wird das zutage fördern. Das ist dasjenige, was einem in gewissem Sinne eine Kraft geben kann, an dem festhalten zu können.
Gewiß, ich habe Ihnen am Silvesterabend hier ein Bild vorgeführt, das errechnet ist von einem Menschen, der gut rechnen kann, über die zukünftigen Verhältnisse Mitteleuropas. Nicht anders als so werden sie sein, wenn sich alles dasjenige erfüllt, wenn sich auch nur ein Teil von dem erfüllt, was die Peripherieländer wollen. Aber dieses Mitteleuropa, dessen Vernichtung beschlossen ist in bezug auf das äußere Dasein, dessen Vernichtung sich ja wahrscheinlich auch zunächst für die nächsten Jahre und Jahrzehnte erfüllen wird — denn so ist es beschlossen im Rate der Peripheriemächte -, das hatte in seinem Schoße die letzte Ausgestaltung dessen, was wir gestern charakterisiert haben; das hatte in seinem Schoße die letzte Ausgestaltung desjenigen, was dennoch wichtig ist als ein Ferment für die Menschheitsentwickelung. Es muß einfließen, es muß einfach diese Entwickelung sich fortsetzen, die ich Ihnen für das Magyarentum charakterisiert habe. Dieses Ausstrahlen wird sich schon fortsetzen.
Nur wird begriffen werden müssen, gerade in Mitteleuropa, dasjenige, was allerdings in den letzten Jahrzehnten wenig in Mitteleuropa begriffen worden ist: begriffen wird werden müssen etwas von der Art, wie es in den Intentionen liegt der Dreigliederung des sozialen Wesens, so wie ich sie Ihnen angeführt habe. Gerade Mitteleuropa wird dazu berufen sein, diese Dreigliedrigkeit zu begreifen. Und vielleicht, wenn dieses Mitteleuropa keinen äußeren Staat hat, wenn dieses Mitteleuropa im Chaos zu leben tragisch genötigt ist, dann erst wird man anfangen zu begreifen, daß überwunden werden müssen alte Anschauungen, für die jetzt die Peripherie Europas kämpft, weil diese alten Anschauungen auch von der Peripherie Europas nicht werden aufrechterhalten werden können. Der alte Staatsbegriff wird schwinden; er wird der Dreiteilung Platz machen. Und auch in dieses äußere Leben wird einziehen müssen dasjenige, was der Goetheanismus ist. Ob man es so nennt oder nicht, das ist ganz gleichgültig. Das Wesentliche ist, daß in Goethes Weltanschauung der Vorblick liegt auf dasjenige, was einfach auch in bezug auf die äußere soziale Gestaltung der Menschheit klarwerden muß. Aber dies alles kann man nur durchschauen, wenn man sich Mühe gibt, diesen Repräsentanten, diesen völligsten Repräsentanten des deutschen Wesens, Goethe, zu verstehen, der daher ein so völliger Repräsentant des deutschen Wesens ist, weil er so ohne allen nationalen Chauvinismus oder etwas ist, was nur an nationalen Chauvinismus oder an Nationalismus, wie man das heute auffaßt, erinnert. Man muß diesen Repräsentanten der neueren Zeit, diesen modernsten Menschen, zu gleicher Zeit diesen in seinem Wesen für die Geisteskultur fruchtbarsten Menschen, ihn muß man zu erfassen versuchen. In der Erfassung Goethes kann man nicht sagen, daß die Menschheit eigentlich besonders weit ist. Goethe fühlte sich selber innerhalb seiner Umgebung als ein Einsamer. Und wenn auch Goethe eine von denjenigen Persönlichkeiten war, solche Umgangsformen zu entwickeln — auch solche, wenn ich so sagen darf, Umgangsgeschicklichkeit und Umgangsgrazie zu entwickeln —, daß ein mögliches Verhältnis zu dieser Umgebung sich einstellte: der eigentliche Goethe, der in dem Inneren dieses in Weimar lebenden, später äußerlich als dicker Geheimrat mit dem Doppelkinn auftretenden Menschen, der innere Mensch, der in diesem dicken Geheimrat mit dem Doppelkinn lebte, der fühlte sich einsam. Und einsam in einer gewissen Beziehung ist er heute noch immer. Einsam ist er aus einem ganz bestimmten Grunde, und einsam mußte er sich fühlen. Solch ein Gefühl seiner Kultureinsamkeit, seines Nichtverstandenseins lag vielleicht zugrunde, als er in späteren Jahren das merkwürdige Wort aussprach: Die Deutschen werden vielleicht in einem Jahrhundert anders sein, als sie jetzt sind, sie werden vielleicht dann aus Gelehrten Menschen geworden sein.
Der Ausspruch muß einen wirklich in tiefster Seele berühren. Denn, sehen Sie, als nach dem Tode des letzten Goethe-Enkels in Weimar das Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv und die Goethe-Gesellschaft begründet wurden, da wurde dieses begründet durch eine Versammlung von Menschen - wahrhaftig, ich will es im besten Sinne des Wortes sagen -, durch eine Versammlung von Gelehrten. Der Goethe-Dienst wurde dazumal eingerichtet von Menschen, von Persönlichkeiten, die wahrhaftig noch nicht aus Gelehrten Menschen geworden waren. Ja, man kann noch weiter gehen. Sie wissen, wie sehr ich Herman Grimm, den Kunsthistoriker, den feinen Essayisten verehre, und ich habe aus dieser Verehrung nie einen Hehl gemacht und Ihnen in verschiedener Weise über die Verehrung, die ich Herman Grimm entgegenbringe, gesprochen. Ich habe Ihnen auch unbedingt gestanden, daß ich in dem Buche, das von Herman Grimm über Goethe herrührt, das Beste sehe, was in biographischer, monographischer Weise über: Goethe geschrieben worden ist. Aber nun nehmen Sie dieses Buch von Herman Grimm: Aus einer gewissen menschlichen Liebe und aus einem Weltblicke heraus ist es geschrieben; aber suchen Sie sich ein Bild von der Goethe-Gestalt zu machen, die dann vor Ihnen steht, wenn Sie dieses Buch auf sich haben wirken lassen! Wie ist diese Goethe-Gestalt? Ein Gespenst ist sie doch, ein Gespenst, nicht der lebende Goethe! Man kann das Gefühl nicht losbekommen, wenn man diese Dinge erust und würdig nimmt. Herman Grimm, würde er heute Goethe begegnen, oder wäre er zu seinen Lebzeiten Goethe begegnet, er würde, weil er in der Tradition, die sich auf Goethe aufgebaut hat, innigste Goethe-Verehrung aufgenommen hat, jederzeit bereit gewesen sein, zu sagen: Goethe ist prädestiniert dazu, der geistige König nicht nur Mitteleuropas, sondern der ganzen Menschheit zu werden. — Ja, Herman Grimm würde auch, wenn es auf ihn angekommen wäre, alles getan haben, um als Herold zu dienen, wenn es sich darum gehandelt hätte, Goethe zum König der Erdenbildung zu machen. Aber das andere Gefühl bekommt man nicht los: Wenn Herman Grimm nun angefangen hätte, mit Goethe etwa reden zu wollen oder Goethe mit Herman Grimm: Herman Grimm würde kaum Verständnis gefunden haben für das Innerste des Goetheschen Wesens. Denn was er in seinem Buche schildert, ist ganz gewiß das Beste, was er von Goethe gewußt hat, aber nichts anderes als der Schatten, den Goethe auf seine ganze Umgebung warf, der Eindruck, den er auf seine Zeit warf. Da ist nichts, aber auch gar nicht das geringste von dem, was in der Goethe-Seele lebte; ein Gespenst aus der Zeit des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, nicht dasjenige, was in Goethes Tiefen lebte.
Das ist eine merkwürdige Erscheinung, die muß man sich nur in allem Ernste und in aller Würde vor die Seele halten. Und blickt man jetzt von diesem - nicht Goetheanismus, sondern von dieser GoetheAnhängerschaft, die wahrhaftig auch hundert Jahre nach Goethe sehr viel mehr gelehrt als menschlich ist —, blickt man davon zurück auf Goethe selbst, dann erblickt man unter dem mancherlei Großen, unter dem mancherlei Grandiosen, das bei Goethe einem entgegentritt, vor allen Dingen eines. Nehmen Sie «Die Geheimnisse», die vor kurzem hier durch Frau Dr. Steiner rezitiert worden sind, nehmen Sie das Pandora-, das Prometheus-Fragment, nehmen Sie anderes, nehmen Sie den Umstand, daß «Die Natürliche Tochter» nur den ersten Teil einer Trilogie enthält, die nicht vollendet worden ist, nehmen Sie den Umstand, daß in diesem Fragment ein Größtes, das in Goethe lebte, sich ausdrückte: so haben Sie die merkwürdige, die ganz merkwürdige Tatsache, daß dann, wenn Goethe den Anlauf nahm, ein Größtes auszudrücken, er nicht zu Ende kam, weil er ehrlich genug war, nicht äußerlich, wie es ja auch Dichter, Künstler so machen, die Sache abzurunden, zu vollenden, sondern aufzuhören, wenn die innere Quellkraft versiegte. Daher so viel Unvollendetes. Aber die Sache geht doch noch weiter. Die Sache geht so weit, daß man sagen kann: Der «Faust» ist zwar in äußerlicher Beziehung abgeschlossen, aber wieviel ist im «Faust» innerlich morsch, wieviel ist im «Faust», was so ist, wie die Gestalt des Mephistopheles selber! — Lesen Sie, was ich über den Faust, über die Gestalt des Mephistopheles in dem kleinen Goethe-Büchelchen dargestellt habe, das vor kurzem erschienen ist, wo ich davon spreche, wie Goethe in Mephistopheles eine Gestalt hingestellt hat, die es eigentlich gar nicht gibt, indem die zwei Gestalten, Luzifer und Ahriman, durcheinandergeflossen sind und chaotisch durcheinanderwirbeln. Und im Laufe dieser Woche werden Sie hier dargestellt finden die letzten Szenen vor dem Auftreten der Helena, vor dem Beginn des dritten Aktes im zweiten Teile des «Faust»: etwas, was Goethe in hohen Jahren vollendet hat, etwas, was auf der einen Seite grandios, tief, gewaltig ist, auf der andern Seite aber, trotzdem es äußerlich fertig ist, innerlich ganz unfertig ist, überall Ansätze enthält von demjenigen, was in Goethes Sehnsuchten lag, in seine Seele aber nicht herein wollte. Sieht man «Faust» an auf seine menschgemäße Größe, so hat man ein gigantisches Werk vor sich, sieht man ihn an im Hinblick auf die Größe, die in ihm leben würde, wenn Goethe das alles hätte in seiner Zeit schon herausbringen können, was in seiner Seele selbst lag, so hat man ein morsches, brüchiges Werk vor sich, das überall in sich unvollendet ist.
Das ist vielleicht das kraftvollste Testament, das Goethe seinen Nachfahren hinterlassen hat, daß sie nicht nur sich zu ihm bekennen sollen wie ein Gelehrter heute, oder selbst wie ein Mensch, der gebildet ist in einer gewissen Weise. Das ist leicht, aber so leicht hat uns Goethe unsere Stellung zu ihm nicht gemacht. Goethe muß als ein Lebendiger unter uns leben und weiter gefühlt und weiter gedacht werden. Das wichtigste im Goetheanismus steht nicht bei Goethe, weil Goethe innerhalb seiner Zeit nicht in der Lage war, es aus dem Geistigen in seine Seele hereinzubringen, weil überall nur die Ansätze dazu da sind. Goethe fordert von uns, daß wir mit ihm arbeiten, mit ihm denken, mit ihm fühlen, daß wir seine Aufgabe, so wie wenn er überall hinter uns stünde und uns auf die Schulter klopfte und Rat erteilte, weiterführen. In diesem Sinne ist das ganze 19. Jahrhundert und bis in unsere Zeit herein, man kann sagen, von Goethe abgefallen. Und die Aufgabe unserer Zeit ist, den Weg zu Goethe wieder zurückzufinden. Im Grunde genommen ist dem wirklichen Goetheanismus nichts fremder als die gesamte äußere Erdenkultur vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts oder gar vom 20. Jahrhundert, mit Ausnahme von einigem Geistigen, was getrieben worden ist. Der Weg muß durch anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft zu Goethe zurückgefunden werden.
Das kann nur der verstehen, der recht auf die Frage einzugehen in der Lage ist: Wo stand eigentlich in Wirklichkeit Goethe? - Sie haben von Goethe das ehrlichste Menschheitsgeständnis - ich habe es gestern charakterisiert —, daß er eigentlich vom Heidentum ausging, wie es auch dem Platonismus seines Zeitalters entsprach. Der Knabe errichtet sich einen heidnischen Naturaltar. Der Mann Goethe empfängt dann die stärksten Einflüsse nicht von dem traditionell überkommenen christlichen Kirchentum, das ihm im Grunde immer fremd geblieben ist, denn seine Weltanschauung ist die Weltanschauung der Erwartung gegenüber der neuen Auffassung des Mysteriums von Golzatha. Diejenigen, die sich im alten traditionellen Sinne in bequemer Weise zu dem christlichen Kirchenglauben bekannten, oder selbst innerhalb dieses christlichen Kirchenglaubens allerlei bloß äußerliche Reformen durchführen wollten, sie waren ihm wahrhaftig nicht innerlich geistigseelisch verwandt. Er fühlte eigentlich immer so wie damals, da er es aussprach, als er mit zwei scheinbar guten Christen, mit Zavaier und Basedow eine Reise machte, mit zwei Menschen, die auf einem zwar fortgeschrittenen, aber doch alten Kirchenchristentum standen: «Prophete rechts, Prophete links, das Weltkind in der Mitten.» So fühlte er sich eigentlich, wenn er zwischen zwei Menschen in seinem Zeitalter war. Denn er sprach es ja auch aus: er war gegenüber den Christen, die in seiner Umgebung waren, stets der dezidierte Nichtchrist, gerade weil er die Menschheit vorbereiten sollte zu der erwartungsvollen Christus-Stimmung.
Und so sehen wir, daß auf seine Geisteskultur drei Menschen in einer merkwürdigen Weise den allergrößten Einfluß haben. Diese drei Menschen sind eigentlich durchaus Menschen, die in gewisser Weise Weltkinder sind. Gewöhnliche christliche Prediger würden für Goethe nicht gelegen gekommen sein. Die drei Persönlichkeiten, die auf ihn den größten Einfluß genommen haben, sind ja: Erstens Shakespeare; warum hat Shakespeare einen so maßgebenden Einfluß auf Goethe genommen? Einfach aus dem Grunde, weil Goethe darauf ausging, eine Brücke zu bauen von dem Menschlichen zu dem Übermenschlichen, nicht aus einer abstrakten Regelhaftigkeit, nicht aus einer durchlässigen Intellektualität heraus, sondern aus dem Menschlichen selbst heraus. Goethe brauchte das Festhalten an dem Menschlichen, um innerhalb des Menschlichen den Übergang zu finden vom Menschlichen zum Übermenschlichen. So sehen wir Goethe ringen, auszugestalten, zu formen das Menschliche, wie es Shakespeare bis zu einem gewissen Grade getan hat, aus dem Menschlichen herauszuarbeiten. Beobachten Sie doch, wie Goethe in die Hand nimmt «Die Geschichte Gottfriedens von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand», dessen Selbstbiographie; wie er, möglichst wenig verändernd, diese Geschichte dramatisiert, die erste Gestalt seines «Götz von Berlichingen» bildet; wie er dann eine zweite Gestalt, schon mehr umgestaltet, schon mehr geformt, daraus bildet, dann eine dritte Gestalt. Goethe sucht in einer Weise seine ehrlichen eigenen Wege, indem er anknüpft an Shakespeares Menschlichkeit, aber aus dieser Menschlichkeit die Übermenschlichkeit herausgestalten will.
Das kann er erst, als er auf seiner Italienreise — man lese seine Briefe — ' aus dem ihm Verwandten, aus den griechischen Kunstwerken glaubt erkennen zu können, wie die Griechen nach denselben Intentionen, göttlichen Intentionen verfuhren, nach welchen die Natur selbst verfährt. Er brauchte seinen wahren Weg, seinen individuellen, persönlich durchgemachten wahren Weg. Er konnte nicht an dasjenige glauben, was ihm seine Umgebung sagte; er mußte seinen Weg finden.
Der zweite Geist, der auf ihn einen ungeheueren Einfluß genommen hat, war ganz gewiß ein dezidierter Nichtchrist, nämlich Spinoza. In Spinoza hatte er die Möglichkeit, das Göttliche so zu finden, wie der Mensch dieses Göttliche findet, wenn er den Weg sich bahnen will aus dem Menschlichen ins Übermenschliche. Spinozas Gedanken sind im Grunde genommen die letzte Ausprägung, für das Zeitalter der Intellektualität, des alten hebräischen Sich-Gott-Näherns. Spinozas Gedanken stehen als solche dem Christus-Impuls ganz ferne. Aber Spinozas Gedanken sind so, daß die menschliche Seele in ihnen gewissermaßen die Fäden findet, um sich an ihnen zu halten, wenn sie jenen Weg sucht: Da drinnen im menschlichen Inneren, da ist mein Wesen; von diesem menschlichen Wesen suche ich zum Übermenschlichen weiterzudringen. -— Diesen Weg, den er verfolgen konnte, den er nicht bloß sich vorpredigen lassen mußte, den er verfolgen konnte, indem er Spinoza verfolgte, diesen Weg betrachtete Goethe in gewissem Sinne in einem gewissen Lebensalter als den seinigen.
Und der dritte Geist, der auf ihn den größten Einfluß nahm, war Linné, der Botaniker. Warum Linné? Linné aus dem Grunde, weil Goethe nicht wollte irgendeine andere botanische Wissenschaft haben, eine andere Wissenschaft von den Lebewesen als eine solche, welche die Lebewesen einfach so, wie es Linné getan hat, nebeneinander hinstellt in der Reihe. Alles abstrakte Denken, das allerlei Gedanken herausfindet über Pflanzenklassen, Pflanzengattungen und so weiter, das war Goethe nicht verwandt. Ihm war es darum zu tun, in Linné einen Menschen auf sich wirken zu lassen, der die Dinge nebeneinander stellte. Denn Goethe wollte von einem höheren Standpunkte aus als diejenigen, die in abstrakter Weise die Pflanzen betrachten, das, was Linné gewissenhaft nebeneinander gestellt hat als Pflanzenformen, in seiner Art verfolgen, so wie der Geist waltet dutch dieses Nebeneinanderstellen.
Gerade diese drei Geister, die im Grunde genommen Goethe dasjenige geben konnten, was nun nicht in seinem innersten Lebenszentrum war, sondern was er von außen bekommen mußte, gerade diese Geister sind es, die den stärksten Einfluß auf ihn gehabt haben. Goethe selber hatte nichts Shakespearisches, denn als er auf die Höhe seiner Kunst kam, schuf er seine «Natürliche Tochter», die wahrhaftig nichts von Shakespeares Kunst hat, sondern nach einer ganz andern Seite hin strebt; aber er konnte dieses sein innerstes Wesen nur dadurch entwickeln, daß er an Shakespeare sich heranbildete. Goethes Weltanschauung hat nichts von einem abstrakten Spinozismus, aber das, was Goethe in seinem Innersten hatte als seinen Weg zu Gott, konnte er nur an Spinoza gewinnen. Goethes Morphologie hat nichts von dem Nebeneinanderstellen der organischen Wesen wie bei Linné, aber Goethe brauchte es, bei Linn& nehmen zu können, was er selbst nicht hatte. Und dasjenige, was er dazu zu geben hatte, war neu.
Und so wuchs denn Goethe heran, wuchs hinein in seine Vierzigerjahre, herangebildet an Shakespeare, Linné und Spinoza, durchgegangen durch die Anschauungen der Kunst, die sich ihm in Italien geboten hat, wo er gegenüber den Kunstwerken sprach: «Da ist die Notwendigkeit, da ist Gott.» Und wie es seiner Zeit gemäß war, ging in ihm in einer stark unbewußten Weise, aber auch bis zu einem gewissen Grade bewußten Weise, das vor sich, was man nennen kann seinen Vorübergang an dem Hüter der Schwelle. Und nun vergleichen Sie, wenn Sie sein Vorübergehen an dem Hüter im Beginne der neunziger Jahre des 18. Jahrhunderts ins Auge fassen, Worte, die wie.die Anbetungsworte an die Isis im alten Ägypten klingen, in diesem Ihnen eben durch Frau Dr. Steiner vorgetragenen Prosahymnus «Die Natur», wo Goethe noch ganz heidnisch fühlt, mit demjenigen, was Ihnen entgegentritt in einer gewaltigen Imagination im «Märchen von der grünen Schlange und der schönen Lilie»: dann haben Sie den Goetheschen Weg aus dem Heidentum heraus in das Christentum. Aber da steht in Bildern dasjenige, was dann Goethe nach seinem Durchgang durch den Schwellenort war, nach seinem Vorbeigang an dem Hüter der Schwelle; das steht in Bildern da, die er selber intellektuell gedankenmäßig den Leuten nicht zergliedern konnte, die aber doch gewaltige Bilder sind. Wozu ist man genötigt, wenn man den Goethe verstehen will, der das «Märchen von der grünen Schlange und der schönen Lilie» geschrieben hat? Vergleichen Sie das, was in dem schon angeführten Goethe-Büchlein steht über das «Märchen von der grünen Schlange und der schönen Lilie»: Solcher Tatsache steht man gegenüber, wenn man eben darauf hinblickt, daß Goethe dieses «Märchen von der grünen Schlange und der schönen Lilie» als eine gewaltige Imagination geschaffen hat nach seinem Vorübergang bei dem Hüter der Schwelle.
Dieses «Märchen von der grünen Schlange und der schönen Lilie», das ist entsprungen aus der verwandelten Seele, nachdem diese Seele überwunden hat das heidnische Empfinden, wie es sich noch ausspricht in dem Prosahymnus: Natur, wir sind von ihr umgeben und umschlungen. Ungebeten und ungewarnt nimmt sie uns in den Kreislauf ihres Tanzes auf und treibt sich mit uns fort, bis wir ermüdet sind und ihrem Arm entfallen... Auch das Unnatürliche ist Natur... Alles ist ihr Leben, und der Tod nur ihr Kunstgriff, viel Leben zu haben — und so weiter, diese heidnische Isis-Stimmung, sie verwandelt sich in die tiefen, jetzt nicht mit dem Verstande zu fassenden Wahrheiten, die in den gewaltigen Imaginationen des «Märchens von der grünen Schlange und der schönen Lilie» liegen, wo Goethe geradezu hinstellt, wie alles dasjenige, was der Mensch durch äußere empirische Wissenschaft finden kann, nur zu dem Irrlichtelieren der Irrlichter führen kann; wie aber dasjenige, was der Mensch in seinem Innersten entwickeln muß, ihn dazu führt, seine Seelenkräfte so auszubilden, daß ihm Vorbild sein kann die sich hinopfernde Schlange, die ihr eigenes Wesen hinopfert dem Entwickelungsgange der Menschheit, damit die Brücke gebaut werden kann zwischen den zwei Reichen des Sinnlichen und des Übersinnlichen, zwischen denen sich erhebt der Tempel, der neue Tempel, durch den man die Empfindung haben kann von dem übersinnlichen Reiche.
Gewiß, in diesem «Märchen von der grünen Schlange und der schönen Lilie» ist nicht von dem Christus die Rede. Aber ebensowenig wie der Christus verlangte von einem guten Anhänger, daß er immer nur sagte: Herr, Herr! -, ebensowenig ist derjenige nur ein guter Christ, der immer sagt: Christus, Christus! — Die Art, wie die Bilder gefaßt sind, die Art, wie die Menschenseele in ihrer Verwandlung gedacht ist in dem «Märchen von der grünen Schlange und der schönen Lilie», die Folge der Gedanken, die Kraft der Gedanken, die ist christlich, die ist der neue Weg zu Christus. Denn warum? Es gab schon zu Goethes Zeiten viele Interpretationen dieses Märchens; seither sind auch noch viele dazugekommen. Wir hatten versucht, in dieses Märchen hineinzuleuchten vom Standpunkte der Geisteswissenschaft. Ich darf hier, in diesem Kreise darf es ja ausgesprochen werden, über dieses Märchen sprechen. Es war am Ende der achtziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts, als mir - wenn ich mich trivial ausdrücken darf - zuerst der Knopf über dieses Märchen aufgegangen ist. Niemals habe ich wiederum den Weg verlassen, der immer weiter und weiter führen soll zum Verständnis Goethes an der Hand dieser gewaltigen Imaginationen, die in dem «Märchen von der grünen Schlange und der schönen Lilie» ausgeführt sind. Man darf sagen: Der Verstand, der uns ganz gut leitet, um naturwissenschaftliche Wahrheiten zu finden, der Verstand, der uns ganz gut leitet, um die äußere Naturanschauung gerade in ihrer Blüte in Gemäßheit der heutigen Zeit und ihrer Verhältnisse zu gewinnen, dieser Verstand versagt vollständig, wenn man dieses Märchen begreifen will. Da ist notwendig, daß man sich seinen Verstand befruchten läßt von den Vorstellungen der Geisteswissenschaft. Da haben Sie umgesetzt in unsere Zeit und ihre Verhältnisse dasselbe, was der ganzen Menschheit notwendig ist für das Verständnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha.
Für das Verständnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha muß der Verstand erst ausgebildet werden. Er muß sich einen Ruck geben. Für das Verständnis der äußeren Natur braucht er diesen Ruck nicht. Immer unmöglicher ist es geworden sowohl der lateinischen wie der germanischen Kultur - der lateinischen Kultur, weil sie zu stark in der Dekadenz, der germanischen Kultur, weil sie nicht bis zu dieser Entwickelung noch aufgestiegen ist —, aus der bloßen Intellektualität heraus die Seele so weit zu schulen, daß sie den neuen Weg zum Verständnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha finden kann. Wenn Sie aber die Möglichkeit in sich entwickeln, die Seelenkräfte so umzugestalten, daß Sie anfangen, als eine naturgemäße innere Sprache den Übergang zu der Bildhaftigkeit, nach der Goethe gestrebt hat, zu finden, dann schulen Sie Ihre Seelenkräfte so, daß Sie den Weg zu der neuen Erfassung des Mysteriums von Golgatha finden. Das ist dasjenige, worauf es ankommt.
Goethe ist nicht nur wichtig durch das, was er hervorgebracht hat, Goethe ist wichtig vor allen Dingen durch dasjenige, was er aus unserer Seele macht, wenn wir uns ganz hingebungsvoll in sein innerstes Wesen vertiefen. Dann kann die Menschheit nach und nach auch bewußt jenen Weg finden vorbei an dem Hüter der Schwelle, den Goethe noch zum guten Glück unbewußt gegangen ist, daher er gerade diejenigen Werke nicht vollenden konnte, in denen er sich am tiefsten aussprechen wollte. Ein Flimmern und Schimmern von Bewußtem und Unbewußtem, von Erreichbarem und Unerreichbarem lebte gerade in Goethes Seele. Wenn wir so etwas wie die «Geheimnisse» auf uns wirken lassen, wenn wir so etwas auf uns wirken lassen wie die «Pandora», wie alle diejenigen Dinge, die Goethe nicht vollendet hat, dann haben wir das Gefühl: In dieser Nichtvollendung liegt etwas, was sich loslösen muß in der Seele der Nachfahren Goethes, und was als großes Geistgebilde vollendet werden muß.
Goethe war einsam. In bezug auf das, was Goethe wirklich war, war Goethe einsam, einsam in seiner Entwickelung. Der Goetheanismus hat viel Verborgenes. Aber wenn auch das 19. Jahrhundert noch nicht erfüllt hat, daß aus Gelehrten Menschen geworden sind, während Goethe aus der Gelehrsamkeit zu einer menschlichen Weltauffassung sich durchgerungen hat, so muß gerade die Entwickelung mit Hilfe des Goethe-Impulses vorwärtsschreiten. Ich habe gestern gesagt und heute wiederholt: Die Kraft, die mit dem Mysterium von Golgatha verbunden ist, sie hat sich einmal in einer wenig bekannten Provinz des Römischen Reiches mit dem einen Menschen Jesus von Nazareth verbunden, dann mit den Volksseelen Mitteleuropas. Aber sie ist dann ins Innere gegangen. Und aus dem, was da in Mitteleuropa im Inneren webte, sind hervorgegangen solche Leistungen wie die Goethes und des ganzen Goetheanismus. Aber gerade das 19. Jahrhundert hat viel dazu getan, um den Goetheanismus im Grabe ruhen zu lassen. Auf allen Gebieten hat das 19. Jahrhundert alles getan, um den Goetheanismus im Grabe ruhen zu lassen.
Diejenigen Gelehrten, die am Ende der achtziger Jahre in Weimar die Goethe-Gesellschaft gegründet haben, sie haben sich viel eher zu Totengräbern des Goetheanismus geeignet als dazu, irgend etwas von diesem Goetheanismus aufzuerwecken. Die Zeit ist ganz gewiß für das äußere Leben nicht da, in welcher der Goetheanismus schon leben kann. Das hängt zusammen mit dem, was wir jetzt vielfach besprochen haben: mit der geisteswissenschaftlichen Erneuerung der Menschenseelen. Mag über dieses Europa, welches jetzt in einem gewissen Sinn seinen Selbstmord verüben will, was immer kommen: das Grab, welches vor allen Dingen in erster Linie die Gedankenlosigkeit der modernen Kultur gräbt, dieses Grab wird doch auch ein Grab sein, aus dem etwas aufersteht. Ich habe schon darauf hingedeutet: Mit den mitteleuropäischen Volksseelen hat sich verbunden der ChristusGeist; im Schoße dieser Volksseelen ist der Goetheanismus entstanden. Es wird eine Auferstehung kommen, eine Auferstehung, die man sich nicht politisch vorstellen soll, eine Auferstehung, die ganz anders aussehen wird, aber eine Auferstehung wird es sein. Der Goetheanismus lebt nicht, der Goetheanismus ruht noch im Grabe für die äußere Kultur. Der Goetheanismus muß aber auferstehen.
Es sei auch dafür ein Zeichen der Bau, den wir versucht haben, hier auf diesem Hügel zu errichten, daß wir uns ehrlich vornehmen, so mutig, als es in der Gegenwart notwendig ist, uns vornehmen, den Goetheanismus zur Auferstehung zu bringen. Dazu müssen wir allerdings den Mut haben, jenen Goetheanismus, der sich bisher so genannt hat, in seiner ungoethischen Weise zu verstehen und zu durchschauen und an Goethes Wesen selbst heranzutreten. Wir müssen ebenso lernen, Goethes Geist zu bejahen, wie ihn das Ende des 19. und der Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts verleugnet haben, verleugnet haben auf allen möglichen Gebieten. Dann wird zusammenhängen der Weg der geisteswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis, der im absoluten Sinne zu gewinnen ist, mit dem historischen Weg der Wiederauferweckung des Goetheanismus, aber auch mit dem Impuls, der aus dieser Auferweckung des Goetheanismus kommen kann, zu dem neuen Verständnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha, zu dem richtigen ChristusVerständnis, wie es für unsere Zeit notwendig ist. Den Wegweiser zu dem der Menschheit notwendigen Christentum der Zukunft wird unsere Zeit vielleicht gerade in dem dezidierten Nichtchristen Goethe finden, der so wie der Christus selber verlangt hat, daß man nicht immer sage: Herr, Herr - sondern seinen Geist in seinem Herzen und in seinem Gemüte trage; der als Goetheanismus nicht immer spricht: Christ, Christus, der aber um so mehr von dem, was als Realität in die Menschheit vom Mysterium von Golgatha ausgeflossen ist, im Herzen bewahrt, damit dieses Herz das abstrakte und intellektualistische Wissen, das Naturwissen der Gegenwart allmählich umwandele in dasjenige, durch welches man hineinschaut in die übersinnlichen Welten, um dem Menschen Kraft zu geben für eine tiefere Erkenntnis der Welt und für eine menschenwürdige Gestaltung der sozialen Struktur. Davon wollen wir dann ein nächstes Mal weiter sprechen.
Sixth Lecture
What I wanted to point out yesterday was that, viewed from one side, the actual content, the deeper content of the Christ impulse that came into the world through the Mystery of Golgotha, has not been communicated to humanity all at once, nor in the relatively long time that Christianity has now existed, but that in all future times more and more of the content of the Christ impulse will communicate itself to humanity; that, in other words, the words of Christ Jesus are deeply true: “I am with you always, even unto the end of the age.” And Christ did not mean to be inactive among human beings, but actively revealing himself, entering into their souls, encouraging them, strengthening them; so that when these souls know what is going on within them, they can find the way, find the connection with Christ, and feel strong within their earthly struggles.
But for all this, it is necessary, especially in our age of consciousness, as far as this is already possible today — and, as I have said, the content will flow ever more clearly and richly for humanity — to realize already today what actually belongs to the revelation of the Christ impulse. In order to understand this point correctly, one must first be imbued with the knowledge that the human race has truly developed and changed in the course of the Earth's history. This change can best be characterized by saying that when we look back to very, very ancient times on earth, far before the Mystery of Golgotha, we find, on closer inspection, that the physical body of the human being was more spiritual than it is today. And it was this physicality of the human being that gave rise to those visions which, in a certain way, revealed the supersensible world to atavistic clairvoyance. But this ability, this power to become acquainted with the spiritual world through atavistic clairvoyance, was gradually lost to humanity. And precisely at the time when the mystery of Golgotha broke in, there was a crisis. The crisis had broken in, showing that the physical nature of the human being had declined most strongly in its power in relation to the revelation of the spiritual.
Now, from that point in time, from that crisis, a strengthening of the soul-spiritual, of the soul-spiritual power, corresponding to the weakening of the physical power, had to occur. But here in the earthly body, we have to reckon with the tools of our body. Human beings would simply not have been capable of acquiring the strengthening of their soul-spiritual life that became necessary with the decline of their physical strength, if they had not received help from a region that is not the earthly region, but is extraterrestrial, if something had not come to the earth from outside the earth: namely, the Christ impulse. Human beings would have been too weak to advance on their own.
This becomes particularly clear when we consider the ancient mystery teachings. What was the purpose of this mystery religion? In general, we can say that the vast majority of our ancestors—that is, ourselves, for we ourselves were the people we call our ancestors in our previous lives—were afflicted in very, very ancient times with a much duller consciousness than we have today. They were more instinctive beings. And those people, in their instinctive nature, could not find their way to a knowledge that is nevertheless necessary for the salvation of human beings, for their preservation, for their developing sense of power. Then certain personalities, called to this task by their karma, who had been initiated into the mysteries, were able to proclaim to the others, who led more instinctive lives, the truths that can be called the truths of salvation. But in ancient times this proclamation was only possible from a certain constitution of the human organism, of the human being, which no longer exists today. The mystery ceremonies, the mystery rites through the various degrees, consisted in the fact that the human being really became a different person in the mysteries. This is difficult to imagine today because such external rites — I described them recently in connection with the Egyptian mysteries — are no longer possible to such a degree today. Human nature was truly transformed through the creation of certain emotions, certain inner soul experiences, so that the spiritual detached itself in complete consciousness. But first the pupil of the mysteries was prepared in such a way that this spiritual did not detach itself in such a chaotic state as it does today in sleep, but that the human being could truly perceive the spiritual. This was the great experience that the mystery students went through, that after their initiation they knew about the spiritual world as much as human beings know about the physical-sensory world through their eyes and ears. Then they could proclaim what they knew about this spiritual world.
But the time came when human nature could no longer be transformed in this way through the practices of the ancient mysteries. Human beings changed in the course of history. Something else had to come, and what came was that what human beings had experienced at a certain stage in the mysteries, the inner resurrection, took place as a historical fact on Golgotha. Now this had become a historical event. A human being, Jesus — for as a human being walking around externally, he was indeed the human being Jesus — had passed through the mystery of Golgotha. Those who were his intimate disciples knew, however, that after a certain time he appeared alive among them — we will not examine the manner of this today — and that the resurrection is therefore a truth.
So we can say: Once upon a time, in the course of human evolution, there was a fact that in one place on earth, through the power of an extraterrestrial being, the Christ impulse, a human being had overcome death, so that the overcoming of death could be part of the experiences of earthly existence itself. But with this, something happened in the historical development of humanity that is incomprehensible to the intellect that was now to develop particularly, that lay in the progress of human beings. For the human intellect cannot comprehend that a human being dies, is buried, and rises again. For the good of Earth's development, something was therefore necessary; something had to happen in the physical course of Earth's development that was incomprehensible to the intellect, which is particularly well suited to nature. And it is actually honest to admit that the further human beings advance in the development of this intellect — and development in the age of consciousness is primarily the development of the intellectual — the more incomprehensible the event of Golgotha must become for the intellect that is initially directed toward external nature. So that one can say: Anyone who is only conscious of the use of ordinary intellect as it is directed toward natural existence must honestly admit to himself, little by little, that he does not understand the mystery of Golgotha. But he must make an effort, because he must understand it nonetheless. That is the essential thing, to be able to make an effort to think beyond common sense. That is the essential thing, that is something that must happen as a necessity, to make this effort in order to learn to understand something that seems incomprehensible even to the highest human power.
The more intellectual development progresses, on which the flowering of science depends, the more the understanding of the mystery of Golgotha had to recede for this intellectual development. For this reason, it was not the educated Hebrews, not the educated Greeks, not the educated Romans who were initially, as it were, historically chosen to understand the mystery of Golgotha in the way I have explained it to you; they translated it into other ideas, as I explained yesterday, but it was the primitively educated barbarians of the north who took into their primitively educated souls the Christ who came to them, just as he came to Jesus of Nazareth. In the sense I explained yesterday, we can say that Christ first came to the man Jesus of Nazareth in the event of Golgotha. There, humanity—the humanity of the Hebrews, the humanity of the Greeks, the humanity of the Romans—was first made aware of the most important thing that happened in earthly existence. But then Christ came again and united himself with the people who populated the north and east of Europe, who did not have the same education as the Hebrews, the Greeks, or the Romans. There he did not unite himself with a single human being, but with the souls of these tribes. But we also had to emphasize yesterday that these tribes developed gradually. They had to catch up, as it were, on a fifth stage what the Hebrew-Greek-Latin peoples had gone through on a fourth stage. And we emphasized yesterday that it was not until the age of Goethe that the age of Plato had been reached in relation to a later stage. With Goetheanism itself, the Platonism of Greek culture, which had been present in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, returned for the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. However, Goetheanism had not yet progressed to the point where it was already confronted with the completely new interpretation of the mystery of Golgotha, but, as I said yesterday, it was still awaiting this.
This mood of the newer humanity toward the mystery of Golgotha can be studied particularly well if one truly understands the personality, but now the spirit-soul personality, of Goethe. The question is a thoroughly spiritual scientific one: Where do Goethe and those who belong to him, various spirits who were connected with him, stand at the turn of the 18th to the 19th century in relation to human evolution, in relation to the understanding of the Christ impulse? — One could first look at this: How does Goetheanism actually stand outwardly within European evolution?
It would be good to recall something I have often said to you during these catastrophic years, it would be good to recall the answer to the question: Where do the European peripheral cultures with their American offspring actually come from? We must not forget that anyone who takes an unbiased look at these European peripheral cultures knows that the culture of England, France, Italy, and the Balkans, as far as it has advanced, has itself been spread from the center of Europe, and that even the culture of Eastern Europe has been spread from the center of Europe. It would of course be a terrible prejudice to believe that what is Italian culture today is something other than what has spread from the center of Europe to Italy, merely overlaid with the Latin essence that has remained in the language and in outward form. It would be a terrible prejudice to believe that English culture is something other than what has spread from the center of Europe and has actually only been incorporated, again through language and the like, into another essence, even much less than the Italian or French essence. But everything that France, England, Italy, and indeed, in many respects, the European East represent, emanated from the center of Europe. And in this center, what has now emerged after the cultures have spread, what has remained as the womb from which Goetheanism developed, has been left behind. We stand today before the fact, which must be accepted without emotion, that what has radiated out to the periphery is working with all its might to destroy, even spiritually and soulfully, that which it radiated out from the center of Europe. One day, the world will view this most monstrous phenomenon in human history in a completely different way than we do today, when the world is preparing to worship fourteen intellectual corpses of the West as idols. One day, humanity will understand that what happened was what can be called the absolute desire to destroy that which has spread in all directions. The tragedy of this fact will, of course, be fulfilled.
For it is in the direction of this fact that, in a further step in Europe's development, there appears that which — with the exception of the last few decades, when one can say that other forces have been at work — has been in the making and has developed through the centuries, in that the personal traits of those who have shaped cultures in the most diverse ways have also radiated out from the center of Europe. Oh, how little inclined humanity is today to form an unbiased judgment on this point! I can say that I myself was closely involved in the work of my old friend Karl Julius Schröer when he was studying the last traces that could be found in order to give the matter a completely secure scientific basis, the different dialects, the different languages, the different natures of the ethnic groups that were considered to be the German ethnic groups of Northern Hungary, Transylvania, and other parts of Austria. Anyone who looks at all the material that followed the modest dictionaries and grammars of the Zipser Germans and the Transylvanian Saxons in Schröer's studies, which I had the privilege of discussing with him personally as a researcher into the spread of Central European culture, can say that Schröer is still connected to a body of knowledge that, unfortunately, is no longer taken into account today in the turmoil and storm of events. But look at Hungary, where a purely Magyar culture was to be established over the last few decades, since 1867. Look at it, not with political untruth and political blindness, political hatred, but look at it according to the truth: Then you will discover that in the areas that were later to be Magyarized as the lands of Magyarism, people moved in from the Rhine as the Transylvanian Saxons, people from further west as the Zipser Germans, people from what is now Swabia as the Banat Germans. All this is the ferment that forms the basis of Magyar culture, over which has been poured only that which, in essence, developed very late as Magyar culture. But at the heart of this Magyar culture – even if not in what can be expressed through language, but in feelings, in emotions, in the entire folklore – there has always been an influence of what came there from the centre of Europe over the centuries.
As astonishing as this is, you could study the same thing for all the peripheral regions of Europe if you only took the overall history of Europe. In the east, the Slavic wave came against what emanated from the center, covering what emanated from the center with the Slavic wave; from the west came the Romanic wave. And through a tragic chain of events, which nevertheless had an inner historical necessity, the periphery then turned against what remained in the center; it turned in such a way that one fact is now quite clear — whether one believes it or not, whether one mocks or ridicules it or not: That which has remained in the center of Europe, that which has grown out of Goetheanism, understood spiritually and soulfully in its reality and truth, still finds no understanding today in the best average understanding of the periphery. And one could say that everywhere, even in America, people speak of the actual substance of the Central European character as if they had no idea what it was. They cannot have any idea. But world history will bring this to light. That is what can, in a certain sense, give one the strength to hold fast to it.
Certainly, on New Year's Eve here I presented you with a picture calculated by someone who is good at arithmetic, about the future conditions in Central Europe. That is how things will be if all of this comes to pass, if even only part of what the peripheral countries want comes to pass. But this Central Europe, whose destruction has been decided in terms of its external existence, whose destruction will probably also be accomplished in the next few years and decades — for this has been decided by the council of the peripheral powers — had in its womb the final form of what we characterized yesterday; had in its womb the final form of what is nevertheless important as a ferment for the development of humanity. It must flow in, this development that I have characterized for you for Magyarism must simply continue. This radiation will continue.
Only it will have to be understood, especially in Central Europe, what has been little understood in Central Europe in recent decades: something of the nature of the intentions behind the threefold social order, as I have explained to you. Central Europe in particular will be called upon to understand this threefold nature. And perhaps when this Central Europe has no external state, when this Central Europe is tragically forced to live in chaos, only then will people begin to understand that old views, for which the periphery of Europe is now fighting, must be overcome, because these old views cannot be maintained even by the periphery of Europe. The old concept of the state will disappear; it will give way to the tripartite division. And what Goetheanism is will also have to find its way into this external life. Whether one calls it that or not is completely irrelevant. The essential thing is that in Goethe's worldview, the focus is on what must also become clear in relation to the external social structure of humanity. But all this can only be understood if one makes an effort to understand this representative, this most complete representative of the German essence, Goethe, who is such a complete representative of the German essence because he is so free of all national chauvinism or anything that is reminiscent of national chauvinism or nationalism as it is understood today. One must try to grasp this representative of modern times, this most modern of men, who is at the same time the most fruitful man for intellectual culture in his very essence. In understanding Goethe, one cannot say that humanity has actually progressed very far. Goethe felt himself to be a lonely figure within his environment. And even though Goethe was one of those personalities who developed such manners—even, if I may say so, social skills and grace—that a possible relationship with this environment was established: the real Goethe, who lived inside this man living in Weimar, who later appeared on the outside as a fat privy councilor with a double chin, the inner man who lived inside this fat privy councilor with a double chin, felt lonely. And in a certain sense, he is still lonely today. He is lonely for a very specific reason, and he had to feel lonely. Such a feeling of cultural loneliness, of not being understood, may have been the reason why he uttered the strange words in his later years: “The Germans will perhaps be different in a century than they are now; they will perhaps then have become learned people.”
This statement must really touch one in the depths of one's soul. For, you see, when the Goethe and Schiller Archive and the Goethe Society were founded in Weimar after the death of Goethe's last grandson, they were founded by a gathering of people—truly, I mean this in the best sense of the word—by a gathering of scholars. The Goethe Service was established at that time by people, by personalities who had not yet truly become learned men. Yes, one can go even further. You know how much I admire Herman Grimm, the art historian, the fine essayist, and I have never made a secret of this admiration and have spoken to you in various ways about the admiration I have for Herman Grimm. I have also confessed to you that I consider the book by Herman Grimm about Goethe to be the best biographical monograph ever written about Goethe. But now take this book by Herman Grimm: it is written out of a certain human love and worldview; but try to form a picture of the figure of Goethe that stands before you when you have let this book sink in! What is this figure of Goethe like? He is a ghost, a ghost, not the living Goethe! One cannot shake off this feeling when one reads these things with respect and dignity. Herman Grimm, if he were to meet Goethe today, or if he had met Goethe during his lifetime, he would, because he had absorbed the deepest admiration for Goethe in the tradition that built on Goethe, have been ready at any time to say: Goethe is predestined to become the spiritual king not only of Central Europe, but of all mankind. Yes, Herman Grimm would also have done everything in his power to serve as a herald if it had been up to him to make Goethe the king of earthly creation. But one cannot shake the other feeling: if Herman Grimm had started talking to Goethe, or Goethe to Herman Grimm, Herman Grimm would hardly have found any understanding for the innermost essence of Goethe's being. For what he describes in his book is certainly the best he knew of Goethe, but nothing more than the shadow Goethe cast on his entire surroundings, the impression he made on his time. There is nothing, not even the slightest hint of what lived in Goethe's soul; a ghost from the 18th and 19th centuries, not what lived in Goethe's depths.
This is a strange phenomenon, which must be considered with all seriousness and dignity. And if we now look back from this—not Goetheanism, but this Goethe following, which even a hundred years after Goethe is truly much more learned than human—if we look back at Goethe himself, then we see, among the many great things, among the many grandiose things that confront us in Goethe, one thing above all else. Take “The Secrets,” which was recently recited here by Dr. Steiner, take the Pandora fragment, the Prometheus fragment, take other things, take the fact that “The Natural Daughter” contains only the first part of a trilogy that was never completed, take the fact that in this fragment something great that lived in Goethe, expressed itself: you have the remarkable, the very remarkable fact that when Goethe made the attempt to express something great, he did not finish because he was honest enough not to round things off externally, as poets and artists do, but to stop when the inner source of energy dried up. Hence so much that is unfinished. But it goes even further. It goes so far that one can say: Faust is indeed complete in an external sense, but how much is rotten within Faust, how much is there in Faust that is like the figure of Mephistopheles himself! Read what I have written about Faust, about the character of Mephistopheles, in the little Goethe booklet that was recently published, where I talk about how Goethe created a character in Mephistopheles who does not actually exist, by merging the two characters, Lucifer and Ahriman, and stirring them up chaotically. And in the course of this week you will find here the last scenes before the appearance of Helena, before the beginning of the third act in the second part of Faust: something that Goethe completed in his old age, something that is grandiose, profound, and powerful on the one hand, but on the other hand, despite being outwardly complete, is completely unfinished on the inside, containing everywhere hints of what lay in Goethe's longings but did not want to enter his soul. If one looks at Faust in terms of its human greatness, one sees a gigantic work; if one looks at it in terms of the greatness that would have lived in it if Goethe had been able to bring out everything that lay in his soul in his own time, one sees a rotten, fragile work that is unfinished in every respect.This is perhaps the most powerful testament that Goethe left to his descendants, that they should not only profess their allegiance to him as a scholar today, or even as a person who is educated in a certain way. That is easy, but Goethe did not make our position towards him so easy. Goethe must live among us as a living being and continue to be felt and thought about. The most important thing in Goetheanism is not found in Goethe, because Goethe was not able to bring it from the spiritual realm into his soul within his lifetime, because only the beginnings of it are there. Goethe demands that we work with him, think with him, feel with him, that we continue his work as if he were standing behind us, patting us on the shoulder and giving us advice. In this sense, the entire 19th century and up to our time, one might say, has fallen away from Goethe. And the task of our time is to find our way back to Goethe. Basically, nothing is more foreign to true Goetheanism than the entire external culture of the late 19th century or even the 20th century, with the exception of some spiritual elements that have been pursued. The path back to Goethe must be found through anthroposophically oriented spiritual science.
This can only be understood by those who are able to answer the question: Where did Goethe actually stand? You have heard Goethe's most honest confession about humanity — I characterized it yesterday — that he actually started from paganism, as was also in keeping with the Platonism of his age. The boy builds himself a pagan altar to nature. The man Goethe then receives his strongest influences not from traditional Christianity, which always remained foreign to him, for his worldview is one of expectation toward the new understanding of the mystery of Golgotha. Those who, in the old traditional sense, conveniently professed the Christian faith, or even wanted to carry out all kinds of merely external reforms within this Christian faith, were truly not related to him in their inner spiritual soul. He actually always felt the same way as he did when he said it while traveling with two seemingly good Christians, Zavaier and Basedow, two people who stood on advanced but nevertheless old church Christianity: “Prophets on the right, prophets on the left, the child of the world in the middle.” That was how he actually felt when he was between two people of his age. For he also said it openly: he was always the decided non-Christian towards the Christians in his environment, precisely because he was supposed to prepare humanity for the expectant mood for Christ.
And so we see that three people had the greatest influence on his intellectual culture in a remarkable way. These three people are actually people who are, in a certain sense, children of the world. Ordinary Christian preachers would not have been suitable for Goethe. The three personalities who had the greatest influence on him are: First, Shakespeare; why did Shakespeare have such a decisive influence on Goethe? Simply because Goethe set out to build a bridge from the human to the superhuman, not out of abstract regularity, not out of a permeable intellectuality, but out of the human itself. Goethe needed to hold fast to the human in order to find the transition from the human to the superhuman within the human. Thus we see Goethe struggling to shape and form the human, as Shakespeare did to a certain extent, to work it out from the human. Observe how Goethe takes up “The Story of Gottfried von Berlichingen with the Iron Hand,” his autobiography; how, changing as little as possible, he dramatizes this story, forming the first figure of his “Götz von Berlichingen”; how he then forms a second figure, already more transformed, already more shaped, and then a third figure. Goethe seeks his own honest path in a way by drawing on Shakespeare's humanity, but wanting to shape superhumanity out of this humanity.
He is only able to do this when, on his trip to Italy — one should read his letters — he believes he can recognize in the Greek works of art, which are close to him, how the Greeks proceeded according to the same intentions, divine intentions, according to which nature itself proceeds. He needed his true path, his individual, personally experienced true path. He could not believe what his surroundings told him; he had to find his own way.
The second spirit that had an enormous influence on him was certainly a decided non-Christian, namely Spinoza. In Spinoza, he found the possibility of finding the divine in the way that man finds the divine when he wants to pave his way from the human to the superhuman. Spinoza's thoughts are, in essence, the ultimate expression of the age of intellectuality, of the ancient Hebrew approach to God. As such, Spinoza's thoughts are very far removed from the Christ impulse. But Spinoza's thoughts are such that the human soul finds in them, as it were, the threads to hold on to when it seeks that path: there, within the human interior, is my essence; from this human essence I seek to advance to the superhuman. This path, which he could follow, which he did not have to simply have preached to him, which he could follow by following Spinoza, Goethe regarded in a certain sense at a certain age of his life as his own.
And the third spirit that had the greatest influence on him was Linnaeus, the botanist. Why Linnaeus? Linnaeus because Goethe did not want any other botanical science, any other science of living beings than one that simply placed living beings side by side in rows, as Linnaeus did. All abstract thinking that came up with all kinds of ideas about plant classes, plant genera, and so on, was foreign to Goethe. He wanted to let Linnaeus influence him, a man who placed things side by side. For Goethe wanted to pursue, from a higher standpoint than those who view plants in an abstract way, what Linnaeus had conscientiously placed side by side as plant forms, in his own way, as the spirit works through this juxtaposition.
It was precisely these three minds that were able to give Goethe what was not in his innermost core, but what he had to get from outside, and it was precisely these minds that had the strongest influence on him. Goethe himself had nothing Shakespearean about him, for when he reached the height of his art, he created his “Natural Daughter,” which truly has nothing of Shakespeare's art, but strives toward something entirely different; but he could only develop this innermost essence of himself by studying Shakespeare. Goethe's worldview has nothing of abstract Spinozism, but what Goethe had in his innermost being as his path to God, he could only gain from Spinoza. Goethe's morphology has nothing of the juxtaposition of organic beings as in Linnaeus, but Goethe needed to take from Linnaeus what he himself did not have. And what he had to add was new.
And so Goethe grew up, grew into his forties, educated by Shakespeare, Linnaeus, and Spinoza, having gone through the views of art that presented themselves to him in Italy, where he said of the works of art: “There is necessity, there is God.” And as was customary at the time, what can be called his passage before the guardian of the threshold took place within him in a strongly unconscious manner, but also to a certain extent consciously. And now, if you consider his passing before the guardian at the beginning of the 1890s, compare words that sound like words of worship to Isis in ancient Egypt, in the prose hymn “Nature” just recited to you by Dr. Steiner, where Goethe still feels quite pagan, with what confronts you in a powerful imagination in the “Fairy Tale of the Green Snake.” Steiner, where Goethe still feels quite pagan, with what you encounter in a powerful imagination in the “Fairy Tale of the Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily”: then you have Goethe's path out of paganism and into Christianity. But there, in images, is what Goethe was after his passage through the threshold place, after his passing by the guardian of the threshold; it is there in images that he himself could not intellectually dissect for people, but which are nevertheless powerful images. What must one do if one wants to understand Goethe, who wrote the “Fairy Tale of the Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily”? Compare what is written in the Goethe booklet already mentioned about the “Fairy Tale of the Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily”: One is confronted with this fact when one considers that Goethe created this “Fairy Tale of the Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily” as a powerful imagination after his passage through the guardian of the threshold.
This “fairy tale of the green snake and the beautiful lily” sprang from the transformed soul after it had overcome its pagan sensibility, as expressed in the prose hymn: Nature, we are surrounded and enveloped by her. Uninvited and unwarned, she takes us into the cycle of her dance and carries us away until we are weary and fall from her arms... Even the unnatural is nature... Everything is her life, and death is only her trick to have much life — and so on, this pagan Isis mood transforms itself into the profound truths that cannot now be grasped by the intellect, which lie in the powerful imaginings of the “fairy tale of the green snake and the beautiful lily” , where Goethe shows us that everything that man can find through external empirical science can only lead to the will-o'-the-wisps of the will-o'-the-wisps; but that what man must develop in his innermost being leads him to train his soul forces so that he can take as his model the self-sacrificing snake, which sacrifices its own being to the development of humanity, so that a bridge can be built between the two realms of the sensual and the supersensible, between which rises the temple, the new temple, through which one can have a sense of the supersensible realm.
Certainly, this “fairy tale of the green snake and the beautiful lily” does not speak of Christ. But just as Christ did not demand of a good follower that he always say, “Lord, Lord!”—just as a good Christian is not one who always says, “Christ, Christ!” The way the images are conceived, the way the human soul is conceived in its transformation in the “Fairy Tale of the Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily,” the sequence of thoughts, the power of thoughts—that is Christian, that is the new path to Christ. Why? Even in Goethe's time there were many interpretations of this fairy tale; since then many more have been added. We have tried to shed light on this fairy tale from the standpoint of spiritual science. I may speak here, in this circle, about this fairy tale. It was at the end of the 1880s when, if I may express myself trivially, the button on this fairy tale first popped open for me. I have never strayed from the path that leads ever further and further to an understanding of Goethe through these powerful images expressed in the “Fairy Tale of the Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily.” It can be said that the intellect that guides us so well in finding scientific truths, the intellect that guides us so well in gaining an understanding of external nature, especially in its heyday in accordance with the present time and its circumstances, this intellect fails completely when one tries to understand this fairy tale. It is necessary to allow one's intellect to be fertilized by the ideas of spiritual science. You have translated into our time and its conditions what is necessary for the whole of humanity to understand the mystery of Golgotha.
In order to understand the mystery of Golgotha, the intellect must first be trained. It must give itself a jolt. It does not need this jolt in order to understand external nature. It has become increasingly impossible for both Latin and Germanic cultures—Latin culture because it is too deeply entrenched in decadence, Germanic culture because it has not yet risen to this level of development—to train the soul out of mere intellectuality to such an extent that it can find the new path to understanding the mystery of Golgotha. But if you develop within yourselves the ability to transform your soul forces so that you begin to find, as a natural inner language, the transition to the imagery that Goethe strove for, then you will train your soul forces in such a way that you will find the way to a new understanding of the mystery of Golgotha. That is what matters.
Goethe is not only important because of what he produced; Goethe is important above all because of what he does to our soul when we immerse ourselves wholeheartedly in his innermost being. Then humanity can gradually find its way past the guardian of the threshold, which Goethe fortunately passed unconsciously, which is why he was unable to complete the works in which he wanted to express himself most deeply. A flickering and shimmering of the conscious and unconscious, of the attainable and unattainable, lived in Goethe's soul. When we allow something like the “Secrets” to affect us, when we allow something like “Pandora” to affect us, like all those things that Goethe did not complete, then we have the feeling that in this incompleteness there is something that must be released in the souls of Goethe's descendants and that must be completed as a great spiritual creation.
Goethe was lonely. In relation to what Goethe really was, Goethe was lonely, lonely in his development. Goetheanism has much that is hidden. But even if the 19th century has not yet fulfilled the potential of scholars to become human beings, while Goethe struggled his way from scholarship to a human worldview, it is precisely this development that must advance with the help of the Goethe impulse. I said yesterday and repeated today: the power connected with the mystery of Golgotha once connected itself in a little-known province of the Roman Empire with the one man Jesus of Nazareth, then with the souls of the people of Central Europe. But then it went inward. And from what was weaving inwardly in Central Europe, achievements such as those of Goethe and of the whole Goethean movement emerged. But the 19th century did much to keep Goetheanism in the grave. In all fields, the 19th century did everything to keep Goetheanism in the grave.
The scholars who founded the Goethe Society in Weimar at the end of the 1880s were much more suited to being the gravediggers of Goetheanism than to reviving anything of it. The time is certainly not yet ripe for Goetheanism to live in the outer world. This is connected with what we have discussed many times: the spiritual renewal of the human soul. Whatever may come to this Europe, which in a certain sense now wants to commit suicide, the grave that is being dug, first and foremost by the thoughtlessness of modern culture, will also be a grave from which something will rise again. I have already pointed this out: the Christ spirit has connected itself with the souls of the peoples of Central Europe; Goetheanism arose in the womb of these souls. There will be a resurrection, a resurrection that should not be imagined in political terms, a resurrection that will look completely different, but it will be a resurrection. Goetheanism is not alive; Goetheanism still rests in the grave of outer culture. But Goetheanism must rise again.
Let the building we have attempted to erect here on this hill also be a sign that we sincerely intend, as courageously as is necessary in the present, to bring about the resurrection of Goetheanism. To do this, however, we must have the courage to understand and see through the Goetheanism that has called itself that until now, with its un-Goethean ways, and to approach Goethe's essence itself. We must learn to affirm Goethe's spirit, just as the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries denied it, denied it in every possible field. Then the path of spiritual scientific knowledge, which is to be gained in the absolute sense, will be connected with the historical path of the revival of Goetheanism, but also with the impulse that can come from this revival of Goetheanism, to a new understanding of the mystery of Golgotha, to the right understanding of Christ, as is necessary for our time. Our time will perhaps find the signpost to the Christianity of the future that is necessary for humanity precisely in the decidedly non-Christian Goethe, who, like Christ himself, demanded that people should not always say, “Lord, Lord,” but should carry his spirit in their hearts and minds; who, as Goetheanism, does not always speak of Christ, but who, as a result, preserves in his heart all that has flowed out of the mystery of Golgotha into humanity as reality, so that this heart gradually transforms the abstract and intellectual knowledge, the natural knowledge of the present age, into a new understanding of the abstract and intellectual knowledge, the natural knowledge of the present age. what has flowed out into humanity as reality from the mystery of Golgotha, so that this heart may gradually transform the abstract and intellectual knowledge, the natural knowledge of the present, into that through which one looks into the supersensible worlds, in order to give human beings the strength for a deeper understanding of the world and for a humane shaping of the social structure. We will continue to talk about this next time.