Lucifer and Ahriman
GA 191
2 November 1919, Dornach
Lecture II
The lecture yesterday will have shown you that if we are to acquire insight into the nature and evolution of man, we must be constantly mindful of the power and influence of Lucifer, of Christ, and of Ahriman.
These influences were, of course, already at work in earlier stages of cosmic evolution, but in spheres where it was unnecessary for man to have clear consciousness of their effects. On the other hand, the very purpose of our Fifth Post-Atlantean epoch is that man should become increasingly conscious of what takes effect through him in earthly existence. The unveiling of many more of the secrets of human life would be desirable at the present time if only there were greater willingness to face things frankly and objectively. For without the knowledge of certain facts of the kind indicated yesterday, it will not be possible for humanity to make progress either in the inner life or in the sphere of social life. Think only of something that is connected with the social problems we have recently been studying. It has been our aim to demonstrate the necessity for separating the spiritual life, and also the political life or life of rights, from the economic life. Our greatest concern is to create conditions throughout the world, or at least—for we cannot do more at present—to convince men of the necessity for conditions which would provide the foundation for a free spiritual life no longer dependent upon the other spheres of social life or as deeply entangled as it is to-day in the economic life on the one side and in the political life of the State on the other. Civilised mankind must either establish the independence of the spiritual life or face collapse—with the inevitable result of an Asiatic influence taking effect in the future.
Those who still do not recognise the gravity of the present situation in the world are also, in a certain respect, helping to prepare for Ahriman's incarnation. Many things in external life to-day bear witness to this. The Ahrimanic incarnation will be greatly furthered if men fail to establish a free and independent spiritual life and allow it to remain entangled in the economic or political life. For the Ahrimanic power has everything to gain by the spiritual life being even more closely intermingled with these other spheres. To the Ahrimanic power a free spiritual life would denote a kind of darkness, and men's interest in it, a burning, raging fire. The establishment of this free spiritual life is essential in order that the right attitude, the right relationship, may be adopted to Ahriman's incarnation in the future.
But there is still a strong tendency to-day to conceal the facts of which we spoke yesterday. The vast majority of people cast a veil over these things; they refuse to see them as they really are and allow themselves to be deceived by words which have no connection with reality. And very often, endeavours to shirk reality are described as “honest” and “well-meaning”.
Take, for example, the recently published letter of Romain Rolland, in which he says that men should not allow themselves to be deluded by erstwhile proclamations of the victorious powers concerning justice and the upholding of political rights. The treatment which Russia is receiving from the Entente has led him to speak in these terms. He says: No matter whether it be on the part of monarchies or republics—what has been said about rights and justice is so much phrase-mongering; the issue at bottom is one of power, and of power alone.
Now even this apparent approach to reality still betrays willingness to be deluded, for Romain Rolland is just as deluded as ever; the delusion is not one whit less. It could only be so if such men were to discard phrases and recognise that all these things for which they aspire are meaningless as long as they fail to realise that if the old unified State as such—whether a democracy, a republic or a monarchy—does not become threefold, this is simply a way of helping Ahriman's incarnation. Hence all these things, including this recent letter addressed to the world by Romain Rolland, amount to nothing more than rhetorical harangues. People do not grasp the reality, for reality can be grasped only when the necessity for spiritual knowledge and deep penetration into the nature of things is thoroughly understood.
You are all familiar with the much quoted verse: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a God.” Do men really take these lines in earnest? They utter them, but so often as mere phrases! No particular emphasis is laid on the tense: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a God.” “ Word” here must obviously have the meaning it bore in ancient Greece. It is not “word” as understood to-day—word as mere sound—but it is the inner, spiritual reality. In either case, however, it is the imperfect tense that is employed. The implication therefore is: “In the beginning the Word was; but it is no longer.” Otherwise the sentence would run: “Now is the Word; and the Word is not with God; it was with God, and a God was the Word but is so no longer.” This, moreover, is what stands in the Gospel of St. John; otherwise what would be the meaning of the words immediately following: “And the Word was made flesh and dwelt among us.” This indicates a further evolution of the Word. “Word” also means anything that man can acquire in the way of intellectual wisdom through his efforts and through his intelligence. But it must be quite clear to us that what “word” denotes here is not really the goal for which man must strive at the present time or in the immediate future. To express what is now the goal, we should have to say: “Let man seek for the Spirit that reveals itself in the Word; for the Spirit is with God, and the Spirit is a God.” Mankind must press on from the word to the spirit, to perception and knowledge of the spirit.
When I remind you of these first verses of the Gospel of St. John, you will realise what little inclination there is to-day to take such things in earnest and to surmount the arbitrary interpretations so often accepted in matters of the greatest moment. Human intelligence itself must be quickened and illumined by what is revealed in spiritual vision.—Not that actual seership is essential; what matters is that the fruits of spiritual vision shall be understood. I have repeatedly emphasised that to-day it is not the seer alone who can apprehend the truth of clairvoyant experience; this apprehension is within the power of everyone at the present time, because the spiritual capacities of men are sufficiently mature if they will but resolve to exercise them and are not too indolent to do so. But if the level befitting humanity is to be achieved, such things as were mentioned in the lecture yesterday must be taken in deep earnestness ! I used a trivial example to show you how easy it is to be deluded by figures and numbers. Is there not a great deal of superstition where numbers are concerned? What can in some way be counted is accepted in science. Natural science loves to weigh, to compute, and social science loves statistics—again a matter of computation and reckoning. It will be difficult indeed for men to bring themselves to admit that all knowledge of the external world acquired through measure and number is so much delusion.
To measure—what does it mean, in reality? It means to compare something with a given dimension, be it length or volume. I can measure a line if I compare it with a line twice, three times, four times, etc. smaller:

In such measurements, no matter whether of lengths or surfaces or weights, the qualitative element is entirely lacking. The number 3 always remains the same, whether one is counting sheep, human beings or politicians ! It is not a matter of the qualitative, but only of the quantum, the quantitative. The essential principle of volume and number is that the qualitative is left out of account. But for that very reason, all knowledge derived from the principles of volume and measure is illusion; and the fact which must be taken in all seriousness is that the moment we enter the world that can be weighed and measured, the world of space and time, we enter a world of illusion, a world that is nothing but a Fata Morgana as long as we take it to be reality. It is the ideal of present-day thinking to experience in connection with all the things of the external world of space and time, their spatial and temporal significance; whereas, in truth, what things signify in space and time is their external aspect only, and we must transcend space and time, penetrating to much deeper levels, if we are to reach the innermost truth, the innermost being of things. And so a future must come when men will be able to say: “Yes, with my intelligence I can apprehend the external world in the way that is the ideal of natural science. But the vista thus presented to me is wholly Ahrimanic.”—This does not mean that natural science is to be ignored or put aside; it is a matter of realising that this natural science leads only to the Ahrimanic illusion. Why, then, must man have natural science, in spite of the fact that it leads only to illusion? It is because in his earth-existence he is already on the descending curve of evolution. Of the Fourth Post-Atlantean epoch, the Greco-Latin epoch, it may be said that in respect of knowledge, man was relatively speaking at the zenith. But now, in the Fifth Post-Atlantean epoch, he is on the path of decline, he is a being growing physically weaker, and to perceive the world in the way the Greek perceived it would be too much for his strength.
That is something we are not told in history! Just imagine what modern historians would have to say about it—those worthy historians who describe Greece as if they were describing some region of their own time because they do not know that the Greeks looked out into nature with different eyes, listened with different ears from those of modern men. These historians do not tell us that modern human beings would suffer from constant headache or migraine if they were to see and hear in the outer world all that the Greeks saw and heard. The Greeks lived with infinitely greater intensity in the world of the senses. Our own apprehension of this world has already weakened. To be able to bear it, a Fata Morgana has to be and is presented to us. And not only what we perceive with the senses but on account of our scientific conceptions we “dream” about the external world—that, most emphatically of all, is a Fata Morgana. The greatest dreamers where the external world is concerned are precisely those who pride themselves on being realistic in their thinking. Darwin and John Stuart Mill are fundamentally dreamers. The dreamers are the very men who claim to be thorough-going realists.
But neither must we give ourselves up entirely to our own inner life and impulses. From the way things have developed in the movement represented by the “Theosophical Society”, many of you will have realised that cultivation of the inner life alone, as attempted by numbers of people to-day, does not lead to the goal befitting man in the present age. For the all too prevalent tendency is to make no free resolve of his own to transcend ordinary life and attain higher vision but rather to bring into prominence that in him which is not free. All kinds of hallucinatory tendencies, all kinds of faculties fraught with illusion come into play.
It should be realised that just as external science becomes Ahrimanic, the higher development of a man's inner nature becomes Luciferic if he gives himself up to mystical experiences. The Luciferic tendency wakens and becomes especially powerful in everyone who, without the self-training described in the book Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and its Attainment, sets about any mystical deepening of the impulses already inherent in his nature. The Luciferic tendency shows itself in everyone who begins to brood over experiences of his inner life, and it is extremely powerful in present-day humanity. It takes effect in egoism of which most people are entirely unaware. One comes across so many to-day who are quite satisfied when they can say of something they have done, that they have no cause for self-reproach, that they did it to the best of their knowledge and according to their conscience. That is an entirely Luciferic attitude. For in what we do in life the point is not whether or not we have cause to reproach ourselves; what really matters is that we shall take things objectively, with complete detachment, and in accordance with the course of objective facts. And the majority of people to-day make no effort to achieve this objective understanding or to acquire knowledge of what is necessary for world-evolution.
Therefore spiritual science must emphasise the following:—That Ahriman is actually preparing for his incarnation; where we can recognise how he is preparing for it; and with what attitude it must be confronted.—In such questions the point is not to say: We do this or that in order that we may have no cause for self-reproach—but to learn to recognise the objective facts. We must come to know what is at work in the world, and act accordingly—for the world's sake.
It all amounts to this, that modern man only speaks truly of himself when he says that he hovers perpetually between two extremes: between the Ahrimanic on the one side, where he is presented with an outer delusion, a Fata Morgana, and, on the other, the Luciferic element within him which induces the tendency to illusions, hallucinations and the like. The Ahrimanic tendencies in man to-day live themselves out in science, the Luciferic tendencies, in religion, while in art he swings between the one extreme and the other. In recent times the tendencies of some artists have been more Luciferic—they are the expressionists; the tendencies of the others have been more Ahrimanic—they are the impressionists. And then, vacillating between all this, there are the people who want to be neither the one nor the other, who do not rightly assess either the Luciferic or the Ahrimanic but want to avoid both.—“Ahriman—no!—that I must not, will not do, for it would take me into the realm of the Ahrimanic; that I must not, will not do, for it would take me into the realm of the Luciferic!” They want to be virtuous, avoiding both the Ahrimanic and the Luciferic.
But the truth of the matter is that Lucifer and Ahriman must be regarded as two scales of a balance and it is we who must hold the beam in equipoise.
And how can we train ourselves to do this?—By permeating what takes Ahrimanic form within us with a strongly Luciferic element. What is it that arises in modern man in an Ahrimanic form? It is his knowledge of the outer world. There is nothing more Ahrimanic than this knowledge of the material world, for it is sheer illusion. Nevertheless if the Fata Morgana that arises out of chemistry, out of physics, out of astronomy and the like can fill us with fiery enthusiasm and interest, then through our interest—which is itself Luciferic—we can wrest from Ahriman what is his own.
That, however, is just what human beings have no desire to do; they find it irksome. And many people who flee from external, materialistic knowledge are misconceiving their task and preparing the best possible incarnation for Ahriman in earth-existence. Again, what wells up in man's inmost being to-day is very strongly Luciferic. How can we train ourselves rightly in this direction?—By diving into it with our Ahrimanic nature, that is to say, by trying to avoid all illusions about our own inner life and impulses and observing ourselves just as we observe the outer world. Modern man must realise how urgent it is to educate himself in this way. Anyone who has an observant eye in these matters will often come across circumstances of which the following is an example.
A man tells him how indignant he is with countless human beings. He describes minutely how this or that in a, in b, in c, and so on, angers him. He has not an inkling that he is simply talking about his own characteristics. This peculiarity in human beings was never so widespread as it is to-day. And those who believe they are free of it, are the greatest culprits. The essential is that man should approach his own inner nature with Ahrimanic cold-bloodedness and dispassion. His inner nature is still fiery enough even when cooled down in this way! There is no need to fear that it will be over-cooled.
If the right stand is to be taken to Ahriman's future incarnation, men must become more objective where their own impulses are concerned, and far, far more subjective where the external world is concerned—not by introducing pictures of phantasy but by bringing interest, alert attention and devotion to the things of immediate life.
When men find one thing or another in outer life tedious, possibly because of the education they have received or because of other circumstances, the path which Ahriman wants to take for the benefit of his incarnation is greatly smoothed. Tedium is so widespread nowadays! I have known numbers of people who find it irksome to acquaint themselves for example with banking procedure, or the Stock Exchange, or single or double entry in book-keeping. But that is never the right attitude. It simply means that the point has not been discovered where a thing burns with interest. Once this point is reached, even a dry cash-book can become just as interesting as Schiller's Maid of Orleans, or Shakespeare's Hamlet, or anything else—even Raphael's Sistine Madonna. It is only a question of finding the point at which every single thing in life becomes interesting.
What I have just said may make you think that all these matters are very paradoxical. But in reality they are not. It is man who is paradoxical in his relationship to truth. What he must realise—and this is a dire necessity to-day—is that he, not the world, is at fault. Nothing does more to prepare the path for Ahriman's incarnation than to find this or that tedious, to consider oneself superior to one thing or another and refuse to enter into it. Again it is the same question of finding the point where everything is of interest. It is never a matter of a subjective rejection or acceptance of things, but of an objective recognition of the extent to which things are either Luciferic or Ahrimanic, with the result that the scales are over-weighted on the one side or the other.
To be interested in something does not mean that one considers it justifiable. It means simply that one develops an inner energy to get to grips with it and steer it into the right channel.
As some of you may know—it is a long time ago now—a number of friends bought themselves books on mathematics. A kind of “sporting spirit” had crept into them! They bought the works of Lübsen1Heinrich Borchert Lübsen (1801–64). but it was not long before most of the volumes found their way to library shelves and the mathematical knowledge was not much in evidence! This, of course, is not meant as a hint to tackle the matter again—I am making no such suggestion. But to come to grips with something in which, to begin with, one is not interested at all, in order that a new understanding of world-existence may arise—that is of untold significance. For such things as I want to bring home to you in these lectures—how Lucifer and Ahriman intervene in the evolution of mankind side by side with the Christ Impulse—these things must be taken in all earnestness and their consequences rightly assessed.
Had there been no Luciferic wisdom, no understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha could have been acquired through the Gnosis in the early centuries of Christendom. Understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha diminished with the fading of the Luciferic wisdom. And where is there any evidence to-day of such understanding ? The fact that understanding cannot be found through external, Ahrimanic science is perceived by those who to some extent recognise its characteristics. Take, for example, a man like Cardinal Newman—a very significant figure in the sphere of religion during the second half of the nineteenth century. At his investiture as Cardinal in Rome, he declared that he could see no salvation for the religious development of mankind other than a new revelation!2See his speech in Rome, May 12th, 1879, when he had been raised to the rank of Cardinal. “... Hitherto the civil power has been Christian. Even in countries separated from the Church, as in my own, the dictum was in force, when I was young, that ‘Christianity was the law of the land’. Now, everywhere that goodly framework of society, which is the creation of Christianity, is throwing off Christianity. The dictum to which I have referred, with a hundred others which followed upon it, is gone, or is going everywhere; and by the end of the century, unless the Almighty interferes, it will be forgotten.” (The Life of John Henry Newman, by Wilfrid Ward. Vol. 2, p. 460.) But there it remained. He himself showed no special inclination to receive anything of the new spiritual life that can now stream into humanity out of the spiritual worlds. What he said remained in the sphere of abstraction.
In very truth humanity needs a new revelation. Of this there is evidence on all sides. There have been discussions recently about the deterioration in morals and in the general attitude to morality during the last four or five years. The conclusion reached is that denominational religious instruction must be introduced more intensively into the schools. But it cannot be emphasised often enough that this instruction was already being given and the times are supposed to have come under its influence. If the old denominational instruction is again to be introduced we shall simply be beginning the whole process over again. In a short time we shall be back where we were in 1914. It is in the highest degree important to realise that in the subconsciousness of human beings there are longings quite different in character from what comes to expression on the surface.
When we founded the Waldorf School in Stuttgart earlier this year, we were obliged to arrange for the religious instruction to be divided among the various clergy. A particular hour is devoted to religious instruction, which is given by a Catholic priest for the Catholic children and by an Evangelical pastor for the Evangelicals. I shall not speak of the difficulties that came from the side of the priests—that is a chapter by itself. What I do want to say, however, is that an immediate desire was expressed for religious teaching apart from any denomination. At first I thought that the attendance would be insignificant in comparison with the numbers attending the denominational instruction. But in spite of the fact that soon there will not be a single pulpit in Stuttgart from which invectives are not poured on Anthroposophy, a large number of children—five times as many as we expected—have asked for a kind of anthroposophical instruction in religion, and the class has had to be divided into two. Subjectively this may not be altogether welcome, for it may prove to be a rod for our own backs. But of that I do not want to speak. I want only to show that there is a longing for progress in human beings but that they are asleep and do not perceive that forces are keeping these longings in subjection. And moreover the courage to bring these longings to the surface is very largely lacking.
Just think what the effect could be of knowledge such as that of the future incarnation of Ahriman, who is preparing for it by means I have been describing both yesterday and to-day. It is essential to inform ourselves objectively about these things in order that we may take the right stand towards what is going on around us in the way of preparation for the Ahriman-incarnation. Only if you apply deep and mature reflection to what has been said in these lectures about the Ahrimanic currents, will you be able to apprehend the gravity of the present situation.
Zwölfter Vortrag
Die gestrigen Betrachtungen werden Ihnen gezeigt haben, daß wir, um hineinzusehen in das eigentliche Getriebe des Menschenwerdens und Menschenwesens, gar sehr ins Seelenauge fassen müssen die Wirksamkeit der luziferischen Macht, der Christus-Macht, der ahrimanischen Macht. Es handelt sich darum, daß diese Mächte ja gewiß auch im bisherigen Verlauf der Weltenentwickelung gewirkt haben. Aber sie haben gewirkt in Sphären, die es nicht notwendig machten, daß der Mensch ein deutliches Bewußtsein habe von der Art und Weise der Wirksamkeit dieser Mächte. Das ist gerade der Sinn unseres fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraumes, daß der Mensch immer mehr und mehr ein Bewußtsein empfange von dem, was eigentlich dutch ihn im Erdendasein durchwirkt. Es würde auch im Grunde heute schon notwendig sein, viel, viel mehr von den Lebensgeheimnissen der Menschheit zu enthüllen, wenn die Menschheit geneigter wäre, die Dinge sachlicher und objektiver aufzunehmen. Aber ohne gewisse Erkenntnisse gerade nach der Richtung hin, die gestern gezeigt worden ist, wird die Menschheit weder im sozialen noch im innerlichen Leben zunächst vorwärtskommen können. Denn bedenken Sie nur einmal etwas, was zusammenhängt mit unseren durch Monate hindurch gepflogenen sozialen Betrachtungen. Die zielen darauf hin, den Nachweis zu führen von der Notwendigkeit, das geistige Leben neben dem Rechts- oder Staatsleben von dem bloß wirtschaftlichen Leben abzusondern. Vor allen Dingen zielen sie darauf hin, Verhältnisse über die Welt hin zu schaffen, oder wenigstens — mehr können wir ja zunächst nicht tun — Verhältnisse über die Welt hin als die richtigen zu betrachten, welche ein selbständiges Geistesleben begründen, ein Geistesleben, das nicht abhängig ist von den anderen Strukturen des sozialen Lebens, wie unser gegenwärtiges Geistesleben, das ganz drinnensteckt im Wirtschaftsleben auf der einen Seite und im politischen Staatsleben auf der anderen Seite. Entweder wird die heutige zivilisierte Menschheit sich dazu bequemen müssen, ein solches selbständiges Geistesleben hinzunehmen, oder die gegenwärtige Zivilisation muß ihrem Untergang entgegengehen und aus den asiatischen Kulturen muß sich etwas Zukünftiges für die Menschheit ergeben. Wer heute noch nicht glaubt, daß die Dinge so ernst liegen, der fördert auch in einer gewissen Richtung dasjenige, was Vorbereitung ist für die ahrimanische Zukunftsinkarnation. Es ist ja heute schon im Grunde genommen aus den Außendingen, aus den äußeren Tatsachen des menschlichen Lebens manches, was in bezug auf diese Wahrheit Aufschluß geben könnte, zu erkennen. Die ahrimanische Inkarnation wird dann ganz besonders gefördert werden, wenn man es ablehnt, ein selbständiges freies Geistesleben zu begründen, und das Geistesleben weiter drinnenstecken läßt in dem Wirtschaftskreislauf oder in dem Staatsleben. Denn diejenige Macht, welche das weitaus größte Interesse hat an einer solchen weiteren Verquickung des Geisteslebens mit dem Wirtschaftsleben und mit dem Rechtsleben, das ist eben die ahrimanische Macht. Die ahrimanische Macht wird das freie Geistesleben wie eine Art von Finsternis empfinden. Und das Interesse der Menschen an diesem freien Geistesleben wird diese ahrimanische Macht empfinden wie ein sie brennendes Feuer, ein seelisches Feuer, aber ein sie stark brennendes Feuer. Daher obliegt es geradezu dem Menschen, um die richtige Stellung, das richtige Verhältnis zur ahrimanischen Inkarnation in der nächsten Zukunft zu finden, dieses freie Geistesleben zu begründen. Aber es ist heute noch eine starke Neigung vorhanden, gerade die Tatsachen, von denen gestern gesprochen worden ist, zu verhüllen. Die weitaus größte Menge der Menschen verhüllt diese Dinge, weil sie einfach nicht hinschauen will auf das Wahre, auf das in den Dingen Wirkliche, weil sie sich täuschen lassen will durch Worte, die abseits liegen von den Wirklichkeiten. Manchmal ist dieses Streben, nur ja nicht heranzukommen an die Wirklichkeiten, ein sogenanntes ehrliches, ein gut gemeintes. Beachten Sie nur einmal so etwas wie den jetzt veröffentlichten Brief von Romain Rolland, in welchem Romain Rolland ausspricht, wie man nicht mehr sich blenden lassen solle durch dasjenige, was früher auf seiten der heutigen siegenden Mächte gesagt worden ist von Gerechtigkeit, von der Vertretung des Rechtes und so weiter. Er ist darauf gekommen, sich in solcher Weise auszusprechen, durch die Behandlung, welche Rußland erfährt von seiten der Ententemächte. Er sagt: Ganz gleichgültig, ob man es zu tun hat mit Königstümern, mit Republiken, dasjenige, was da gesprochen wird von Recht und Gerechtigkeit, ist ja doch nur eine Phrase, es handelt sich ja selbstverständlich doch nur um Macht.
Nun kann man sagen: Solch ein scheinbares Daraufkommen auf Wirklichkeiten wird sich doch immer wieder und wiederum bloß blenden lassen wollen; denn die Blendung ist bei Romain Rolland heute ebenso groß wie sie früher war; die Täuschung ist nicht geringer geworden. Die Täuschung würde erst dann geringer werden, wenn solche Menschen überhaupt über die Phrasen hinauskämen, wenn sie sehen würden, daß alles das nichts bedeutet, was sie in solcher Weise ersehnen, solange sie nicht wirklich begreifen, daß der alte Einheitsstaat als solcher, ganz gleichgültig welche Verfassung, welche Struktur er hat, ob er Demokratie oder Republik oder Monarchie oder irgend etwas ist, wenn er Einheitsstaat ist, wenn er nicht dreigeteilt ist, der Weg ist zur ahrimanischen Inkarnation. Und daher sind das alles nur Deklamationen, auch dieser neuerliche «Weltrundschreibebrief» von Romain Rolland. Die Menschen fassen nicht die Wirklichkeit, denn die Wirklichkeit kann man heute nur fassen, wenn man einsieht, wie die Dinge durch geistige Erkenntnis vertieft werden müssen. Und man muß in dieser Richtung wirklich gründlich in das Wesen der Dinge untertauchen.
Sie kennen gewiß ein Wort oder eine Reihe von Worten, die viel in der Welt wiederholt werden: «Im Urbeginne war das Wort, und das Wort war bei Gott, und ein Gott war das Wort.» Versuchen Sie einmal sich zurechtzulegen, ob die Menschen diese drei Zeilen wirklich ernst nehmen. Sie sprechen sie, aber sie sprechen sie vielfach als Phrase. Das mag Ihnen schon aus dem folgenden hervorgehen. Die meisten Menschen legen ja keinen besonderen Wert darauf, daß diese Zeilen ausgesprochen werden im Imperfektum:
wobei «Wort» zu gleicher Zeit die ältere, griechische Bedeutung haben muß. Es ist nicht das Wort, wie es heute verstanden wird von den Menschen, das bloße Laut-Wort, es ist das innerliche Geistige. Aber auch von diesem wird ja das Imperfektum gebraucht: «Im Urbeginne war das Wort, und das Wort war bei Gott, und ein Gott war das Wort». Also müßte man sagen: Da im Urbeginn das Wort war, ist es jetzt nicht mehr. — Sonst würde es heißen: Jetzt ist das Wort. Und das Wort ist nicht bei Gott, es war bei Gott. Und es war ein Gott das Wort. Es is/ also jetzt nicht mehr. — Es ist auch nicht mehr. Das steht ja im Johannes-Evangelium selber; denn was würde es denn sonst für eine Bedeutung haben, daß da steht «Und das Wort ist Fleisch geworden und hat unter uns gewohnet»? Es wird ja erzählt, was in der Weiterentwickelung des Wortes liegt. Und mit dem «Worte» ist auch alles dasjenige gemeint, was der Mensch durch seine Anstrengungen, durch seine Intelligenz als intellektuelle Weisheit gewinnen kann. Wir müssen uns klar darüber sein, daß alles, was der Mensch dutch das gewinnen kann, was hier mit dem Worte «Wort» wiedergegeben wird, nicht dasjenige ist, was gesucht werden soll durch den Menschen der Gegenwart und der nächsten Zukunft. Wollte man ein Gegenwärtiges ansprechen, dann müßte man eigentlich sagen: Es suche der Mensch den Geist, der sich im Worte offenbart. Denn der Geist ist bei Gott. Und der Geist ist ein Gott.Im Urbeginn war das Wort
und das Wort war bei Gott
und ein Gott war das Wort,
Vorzurücken hat die Menschheit von dem Worte zum Geiste, zu der Anschauung und Erkenntnis des Geistes. Indem ich Sie erinnere an so etwas wie die ersten Worte des Johannes-Evangeliums, können Sie sehen, wie wenig die Menschen der Gegenwart geneigt sind, diese Dinge wirklich ernst zu nehmen, wirklich über eine Willkürinterpretation der Dinge hinauszugehen. Es ist ja die reine Willkürinterpretation, die heute sehr häufig gerade für die ernstesten Dinge angenommen wird. Es handelt sich darum, zu erkennen, daß auch im Menschen selbst dasjenige, was die Intelligenz bedeutet, etwas hingerückt werden sollte und beleuchtet werden sollte durch dasjenige, was im geistigen Schauen sich offenbart, wobei es ja nicht immer auf geistiges Schauen ankommt, sondern auf Verständnis des geistig Geschauten. Denn ich habe es ja immer wiederum betont: Nicht etwa bloß der Hellseher kann heute einsehen die Wahrheit desjenigen, was hellsichtig erfahren wird, sondern jeder Mensch, weil für das geistige, das spirituelle Element des Menschen durchaus die Reife vorliegt, wenn die Menschen sich nur entschließen wollten, ihre Arbeitskraft wirklich zu gebrauchen, wenn sie nicht zu bequem wären dazu. Aber um zu diesen Dingen aufzusteigen, so daß der Mensch den entsprechenden Grad wirklich einnimmt, der ihm heute zugemessen ist, handelt es sich darum, solche Dinge wie diejenigen, in die die gestrige Betrachtung ausgeklungen ist, durchaus ernst zu nehmen. Ich habe Sie gestern aufmerksam darauf gemacht durch ein triviales Beispiel, wie leicht man durch die Zahl getäuscht werden kann. Aber herrscht denn nicht heute geradezu ein Aberglaube der Menschheit gegenüber der Zahl? Was gezählt werden kann in irgendeiner Weise, das gilt in der Wissenschaft. In der Naturwissenschaft liebt man das Wägen, das Zählen. In der sozialen Wissenschaft liebt man die Statistik, die auch nur ein Wägen und Zählen ist. Und wie schwer wird sich die Menschheit dazu entschließen, anzuerkennen, daß alles, alles, was uns überliefert wird von der Außenwelt durch Maß und Zahl, Täuschung ist.
Sehen Sie, was heißt messen ? Messen heißt, mit einem Maße irgend etwas vergleichen. Eine Linie kann ich messen, wenn ich sie mit einer kleinen Linie eins, zwei, drei und so weiter vergleiche. Wenn man so mißt, gleichgültig ob man Längen oder Flächen oder Gewichte mißt, bleibt ganz weg das Qualitative. Die Zahl drei ist immer dieselbe Zahl, ob Sie mit ihr abzählen Schafe oder Menschen oder Staatsmänner, die Zahl drei bleibt immer dieselbe; es kommt nicht auf das Qualitative an, es kommt nur auf das Quantum an. Und das ist gerade das Wesentliche bei Maß und Zahl, daß es nicht auf das Qualitative ankommt. Aber dadurch wird alles, was uns durch Maß und Zahl überliefert wird, zu einem Blendwerk, und dies müssen wir ernst nehmen, daß in dem Augenblicke, wo wir die Welt betreten, welche gemessen und gewogen werden kann, das heißt die Welt des Raumes und die Welt der Zeit, wie sie uns gegeben sind, wir herantreten an die Welt der Täuschung, an die Welt, die eine bloße Fata Morgana ist, solange wir sie so betrachten, als ob sie eine Wirklichkeit wäre. Das ist ja eigentlich das Ideal des gegenwärtigen Denkens, über alle Dinge der räumlichen und zeitlichen Außenwelt das zu erfahren, was sie im Raum und in der Zeit bedeuten, während in Wahrheit dasjenige, was die Dinge im Raum und in der Zeit bedeuten, eben nur ihre Außenseite ist, und wir gerade über Raum und Zeit hinweg in das Tiefere eindringen müssen, wenn wir zur Wahrheit, zur Wesenheit kommen wollen. Es wird also eine Zukunft kommen müssen, durch die sich der Mensch sagt: Ja, ich kann mit meiner Intelligenz die natürliche Außenwelt erfassen. Ich kann mit meiner Intelligenz so die Außenwelt erfassen, wie es zum Beispiel als Ideal heute vorschwebt der Naturwissenschaft. Aber diese Anschauung, die ich dadurch gewinne, ist die rein ahrimanische. — Das heißt nicht, man soll diese Naturwissenschaft verwerfen, man soll diese Naturwissenschaft nicht haben; aber man soll sich bewußt werden, daß man durch diese Naturwissenschaft bloß das ahrimanische Blendwerk erlangt. Warum denn? Warum soll man trotzdem diese Naturwissenschaft haben, trotzdem man durch sie nur das ahrimanische Blendwerk erlangt? Weil der Mensch in der Erdenentwickelung auf dem absteigenden Ast seiner Entwickelung ist. Er ist ein Wesen, das bereits im Niedergang ist. Wenn Sie unter den fünf nachatlantischen Zeiträumen den vierten nehmen, den griechisch-lateinischen, so kann man sagen: Da war der Mensch in bezug auf seine Erkenntnis verhältnismäßig im höchsten Punkte. Jetzt aber ist der Mensch bereits wiederum im Niedergang. Und während der Mensch im Niedergang ist - ich habe das von verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten her erläutert —, würde er, das bereits wiederum leiblich schwach werdende Wesen, es nicht vertragen, die Welt so wahrzunehmen, wie sie noch der Grieche wahrgenommen hat.

Das, sehen Sie, sagt keine «äußerliche Geschichte»! Was würden dazu die braven heutigen Historiker sagen, die Griechenland geradeso tradieren, als wenn sie irgendeine Gegend ihrer Zeitgenossen tradieren würden, weil sie nicht wissen, daß die Griechen aus anderen Augen in die Natur geschaut haben als die heutigen Menschen, daß sie aus anderen Ohren hinaus gehört haben in die Welt als die heutigen Menschen. Die heutigen Menschen - das sagen Ihnen die Historiker nicht — würden fortwährend Kopfschmerz oder Migräne haben, wenn sie dasjenige sehen und hören würden in der Außenwelt, was die Griechen gesehen und gehört haben. Ein viel intensiveres Außenleben der Sinneswelt hatten die Griechen. Wir sind bereits in bezug auf die Auffassung der Außenwelt abgestorben. Uns muß, damit wir es vertragen können, eine bloße Fata Morgana der Außenwelt vorgeführt werden. Und es wird uns eine bloße Fata Morgana der Außenwelt vorgeführt. Und am meisten ist dasjenige eine bloße Fata Morgana, was wir nicht bloß sehen mit unseren Sinnen, sondern was wir durch unsere Wissenschaft in unseren Vorstellungen über diese Außenwelt träumen. Die größten Träumer über die Außenwelt sind heute eigentlich diejenigen, die glauben, die Realistischen im Denken zu sein. Darwin oder John Stuart Mill, das sind richtige Träumer. Diejenigen, die glauben, gerade ganz realistisch zu sein, das sind die Träumer.
Aber wir können auch nicht uns ganz verlassen auf unser Inneres. Viele sind unter Ihnen, die könnten aus dem Verlaufe der Bewegung, die durch die Theosophische Gesellschaft gegangen ist, insofern diese Theosophische Gesellschaft eben die Theosophical Society ist, erkennen, wie das bloße Verfolgen des Inneren, wenn es so gemacht wird, wie es heute viele Menschen anstreben, auch nicht zu irgend etwas führt, wozu der Mensch heute geführt werden soll, wozu er sich selbst führen soll. Denn da wird vielfach angestrebt, daß der Mensch nicht in Freiheit durch seinen selbsteigenen Entschluß über das gewöhnliche Leben hinaus zu einer höheren Anschauung komme, sondern es wird vielfach gerade appelliert an den unfreien Teil des Menschen. Es werden allerlei halluzinatorische, allerlei Ilusionsfähigkeiten in Anspruch genommen.
Der Mensch sollte sich aber sagen: So wie die äußere Wissenschaft ein Ahrimanisches wird, so wird die höhere Entwickelung des Inneren des Menschen einfach ein Luziferisches, wenn er dieses Innere so, wie er damit geboren ist, mystisch vertieft. — In jedem Menschen, der sich heute ohne jene Selbsterziehung, von der die Rede ist in dem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?», in die Hand nimmt, um das, was schon in ihm liegt, mystisch zu vertiefen, wacht auf das Luziferische, wird das Luziferische besonders mächtig. 'Aber das wird Ihnen ja bezeugen, daß in jedem Menschen heute, wenn er überhaupt nur anfängt nachzugrübeln über das Innere, das Luziferische auftritt. Dieses Luziferische ist heute eigentlich furchtbar mächtig in der gegenwärtigen Menschheit. Es prägt sich dieses Luziferische heute aus in einem Egoismus, den die meisten Menschen bei sich gar nicht bemerken. Denken Sie nur, wie oft trifft man heute Menschen an, die, wenn sie irgend etwas getan haben, zufrieden sind, wenn sie, wie sie oftmals sagen, die Sache so verrichtet haben, daß sie sich keinen Vorwurf zu machen haben, daß sie nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen die Sache gemacht haben. Das ist ein rein luziferischer Gesichtspunkt, der geltend gemacht wird. Denn es kommt bei dem, was wir im Leben tun, gar nicht darauf an, ob wir uns einen Vorwurf zu machen brauchen oder keinen Vorwurf zu machen brauchen, sondern es kommt darauf an, daß wir die Dinge objektiv, ganz abgesehen von uns objektiv erfassen, daß wir die Welt durchschauen, daß wir aus objektivem Tatsachenverlauf heraus die Dinge vollziehen. Und die meisten Menschen streben heute nicht nach einer objektiven Durchdringung der Sache, nach einem Erkennen, wie die Sachen aus dem weltgeschichtlichen Werden heraus zu geschehen haben.
Deshalb müssen wir gerade auf dem Boden der Geisteswissenschaft betonen, wie die Dinge objektiv sind: Daß also Ahriman seine Inkarnation vorbereitet, woran man erkennt, wie er sie vorbereitet, wie man sich als Mensch dazu zu stellen hat! Bei solchen Fragen kommt es wirklich nicht darauf an, daß wir uns sagen: Wir tun das oder jenes, damit wir uns keine Vorwürfe zu machen brauchen -, sondern wir müssen die objektiven Sachen erkennen lernen. Wir müssen dasjenige erkennen lernen, was in der Welt wirkt, und uns danach verhalten um der Welt willen.
Das alles aber zielt eigentlich darauf hin, daß der gegenwärtige Mensch sich nur dann richtig beurteilt, wenn er sagt, er schwebe eigentlich immer zwischen zwei Extremen, zwischen dem Ahrimanischen auf der einen Seite, das ihm ein äußerliches Blendwerk vorlegt, und zwischen dem Luziferischen im Inneren, das ihm die Neigung einimpft zu Illusionen, zu Halluzinationen und so weiter. Heute lebt der Mensch seine ahrimanischen Neigungen aus in der Wissenschaft, seine luziferischen in der Religion. Und im Künstlerischen pendeln die Menschen zwischen dem einen und dem anderen hin und her. In der letzten Zeit gab es solche Künstler, die mehr luziferische Neigungen hatten, andere waren solche, die mehr ahrimanische Neigungen hatten. Diejenigen, die mehr luziferische Neigungen hatten, sie wurden Expressionisten; die, welche mehr ahrimanische Neigungen hatten, wurden Impressionisten. Und zwischen alledem pendeln dann diejenigen, die eigentlich weder das eine noch das andere sein wollen, weder das Luziferische richtig beurteilen noch das Ahrimanische richtig beurteilen, sondern beides meiden wollen. Nur ja nicht Ahriman! — Das darf ich nicht tun, das will ich nicht tun, denn da komme ich ins Ahrimanische hinein. -— Das darf ich nicht tun, das will ich nicht tun, da komm ich in das Luziferische! — Und man will «ganz brav» sein, weder in das Ahrimanische noch in das Luziferische hineinkommen.
Ja, darum handelt es sich nicht, sondern es handelt sich darum, Ahrimanisches und Luziferisches zu betrachten wie zwei Waagschalen, die beide da sein müssen. Und den Waagebalken, der im Gleichgewichtszustande zwischen beiden ist, müssen wir darstellen. Das ist dasjenige, um was es sich handelt.
Und wie können wir uns zu einer solchen Sache erziehen? Indem wir das, was in uns ahrimanisch auftritt, sehr stark mit einem luziferischen Elemente durchdringen. Was tritt ahrimanisch auf im heutigen Menschen? Die Erkenntnis der Außenwelt. Das Allerahrimanischeste ist das materielle Erkennen der Außenwelt, denn diese ist nur ein bloßes Blendwerk. Können wir uns aber dafür begeistern, entwickeln wir Interesse dafür, interessiert es uns furchtbar, was da für ein Blendwerk entsteht aus Chemie, aus Physik, aus Astronomie und so weiter, dann bringen wir etwas, was eigentlich dem Ahriman gehören soll, durch unser eigenes luziferisches Interesse von Ahriman los.
Gerade das möchten die Menschen nicht. Den Menschen ist das sehr langweilig. Und viele, die eigentlich das äußere materielle Wissen fliehen, die verkennen ihre Aufgabe und bereiten dem Ahriman die allerbeste Inkarnation im Erdendasein. Und was in dem Inneren der heutigen Menschen aufquillt, das hat wiederum einen sehr stark luziferischen Charakter. Wie können wir nach dieser Seite uns richtig erziehen? Indem wir gerade mit unserem eigenen Ahrimanischen in uns hineingehen, das heißt versuchen, alle Illusionen über unser eigenes Innere zu vermeiden, und indem wir uns so nehmen, wie wir sonst die Außenwelt nehmen, also uns selber so betrachten, wie wir sonst die Außenwelt betrachten. Der heutige Mensch muß eigentlich erleben, wie er gar sehr nötig hat, sich zu so etwas erst zu erziehen. Wer einen gewissen Beobachtungssinn für solche Dinge hat, der trifft heute sehr häufig die folgende Tatsache im Leben an.
Ein Mensch kommt zu ihm und erzählt ihm, worüber er entrüstet ist bei dem Menschen A, bei dem Menschen B, bei dem Menschen C, bei unzähligen Menschen. Er schildert sehr genau, wie er entrüstet ist über dies und jenes bei dem Menschen A, bei dem Menschen B, bei dem Menschen C, und so weiter. Keine Ahnung hat er, daß alles, was er erzählt, seine eigenen Eigenschaften sind! Keine Ahnung haben die Menschen davon! Diese Eigenart der Menschen war nie so verbreitet wie in der Gegenwart. Und diejenigen, die glauben, daß es bei ihnen nicht so sei, bei denen ist es am allermeisten so. Es handelt sich darum, daß tatsächlich mit ahrimanischer Kaltblütigkeit, mit ahrimanischer Nüchternheit der Mensch sich heute seinem eigenen Inneren nahen sollte. Hitzig ist es immer noch genug, auch wenn es noch etwas abgekühlt wird, dieses eigene Innere der Menschen! Man braucht sich gar nicht zu fürchten, daß es zu stark abgekühlt wird. Und es ist schon so, daß die heutige Menschheit notwendig hat, um eine richtige Stellung zur künftigen Ahrimaninkarnation zu gewinnen, über das Innere objektiver zu werden, in das Äußere viel, viel Subjektives, aber nicht Phantasiegebilde, sondern Interesse, Aufmerksamkeit, Hingabe hineinzubringen, insbesondere aber auch Interesse, Hingabe an die Dinge des Lebens, des unmittelbaren Lebens.
Sehen Sie, sehr gut fördert man den Weg, den Ahriman nehmen will, um seine Inkarnation so günstig wie möglich zu gestalten, wenn man das oder jenes nach seiner Erziehung oder nach seinen sonstigen Lebensverhältnissen in bezug auf das äußere Leben langweilig findet. Denken Sie nur, wie viele Menschen heute dies oder jenes langweilig finden. Ich habe zum Beispiel unzählige Menschen kennengelernt, die finden es langweilig, sagen wir, sich mit den Usancen von Banken oder der Börse bekanntzumachen oder einfache und doppelte Buchführung zu betrachten. Dies ist aber nie richtig, irgend etwas absolut langweilig zu finden. Irgend etwas langweilig finden, heißt nur, den Punkt noch nicht gefunden zu haben, wo es brennend interessant ist; jedes trockene Kassenbuch kann, wenn man den Punkt findet, von dem aus es brennend interessant ist, genau ebenso interessant sein, wie die «Jungfrau von Orleans» von Schiller oder der «Hamlet» von Shakespeare oder irgend etwas, zum Beispiel die «Sixtinische Madonna» von Raffael. Es handelt sich nur darum, den Punkt zu finden, von dem aus alles im Leben interessant ist.
Von dem, was ich eben gesagt habe, könnten Sie vielleicht denken, die Sache sei doch recht paradox. Sie ist es aber nicht. Der heutige Mensch nur ist paradox in seinem Verhältnis zur Wahrheit. Der heutige Mensch hat es vielmehr nötig, recht, recht stark vorauszusetzen, daß er etwas nicht kann, nicht daß die Welt das Betreffende nicht kann. Und nichts bereitet Ahriman den Weg für seine künftige Inkarnation besser vor, als dies oder jenes langweilig zu finden, sich zu gut zu finden für das eine oder andere, nicht mitmachen zu wollen das eine oder das andere. Es handelt sich eben überall darum, den Punkt zu finden, von dem aus das eine oder das andere eben interessant ist. Das, worum es sich heute handelt, ist nicht, daß wir subjektiv ablehnen oder akzeptieren die Dinge, sondern daß wir objektiv erkennen, inwiefern in dem einen oder in dem anderen Ahrimanisches oder Luziferisches ist, so daß der Waagebalken nach der einen oder anderen Seite zu stark ausschlagen kann. Etwas interessant finden, bedeutet ja noch nicht, es berechtigt zu finden, sondern es bedeutet nur, daß man eine innere Kraft entwickelt, um sich zusammenzuschließen mit dem Betreffenden und es gerade in das richtige Fahrwasser zu bringen.
Sie wissen — es ist jetzt schon lange her -, da hat eine Anzahl von Freunden sich Mathematikbücher gekauft. Da hatte sich ein gewisses «theosophisches Sportprinzip» eingeschlichen. Man hat sich vielfach die Lübsenschen Bücher für Mathematik gekauft. Die meisten haben sie dann nach einiger Zeit in ihre Bibliotheken gestellt, denn das mathematische Wissen ist nicht sehr stark aufgetaucht. Ich will selbstverständlich damit nicht sagen, daß Sie jetzt gleich wieder darangehen sollen, solche Dinge zu machen; das mute ich Ihnen nicht zu, ich will Sie nicht wiederum gerade zu dem mahnen. Aber etwas in Angriff zu nehmen, was einen zunächst gar nicht interessiert, um gerade die Möglichkeit zu finden, von irgendeinem Punkte aus zu einem neuen Verständnis des Weltendaseins zu kommen, das ist von einer ungeheueren Bedeutung. Und heute hat der Mensch so etwas schon notwendig. Denn solche Dinge sind ernst und gewichtig zu nehmen, wie die, die ich Ihnen in diesen Betrachtungen nahebringen wollte: auf welche Weise Luzifer und Ahriman eingreifen neben dem Christus-Impuls in die Entwickelung der Menschheit.
Sehen Sie, wäre die luziferische Weisheit nicht gewesen, so hätte man nicht durch die Gnosis der ersten Jahrhunderte ein Verständnis errungen für das Mysterium von Golgatha. Denn als die luziferische Weisheit in die Dekadenz kam, da kam allmählich auch das Verständnis für das Mysterium von Golgatha in Abnahme. Und heute? Ja, wo soll man es denn suchen, dieses Verständnis für das Mysterium von Golgatha? Daß man es nicht finden kann durch die äußere ahrimanische Wissenschaft, das geht denjenigen Menschen auf, die die äußere ahrimanische Wissenschaft etwas durchschauen. Nehmen Sie eine solche Persönlichkeit wie den Kardinal Newman, der eine große Bedeutung hat für die religiöse Entwickelung in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Bei seiner Einkleidung als Kardinal in Rom hat er die Worte ausgesprochen, er sehe kein Heil für die religiöse Entwickelung der Menschheit, es sei denn, es käme eine neue Offenbarung! — Aber dabei ist es geblieben. Er hat keine besondere Neigung gezeigt, etwas von dem zu empfangen, was als neues Geistesleben aus den geistigen Welten jetzt in die Menschheit hereindringen kann. Es blieb beim bloßen Abstraktum!
Die Menschheit braucht eine neue Offenbarung. Das können wir auf allen Gebieten sehen. Da werden heute Diskussionen gepflogen, in denen gesagt wird, daß die moralische Verfassung der Menschheit in den letzten vier bis fünf Jahren Schaden genommen hat. Daraus wird dann gefolgert, man müsse nun wiederum den konfessionellen Religionsunterricht intensiver in die Schulen einführen. Demgegenüber kann man nicht oft genug betonen: Der war ja da, der konfessionelle Religionsunterricht, und die heutigen Zeiten sind ja gerade unter seinem Einfluß gekommen. Wenn jetzt wiederum das Alte eingeführt werden soll, dasjenige, was die Konfessionen heraufgetragen haben, dann können wir ja den ganzen Prozeß noch einmal anfangen. Dann werden wir ja in einiger Zeit wiederum da sein, wo man 1914 war, wenn man die alten Einrichtungen wieder erneut pflegt. Man sollte gar sehr sehen, daß schon im Unterbewußtsein der Menschen etwas ganz anderes da ist an Sehnsuchten, als dasjenige, was sich an der Oberfläche äußert.
Als wir in Stuttgart die Waldorfschule gründeten, da waren wir ja genötigt, den Religionsunterticht so einzurichten, daß er von den entsprechenden Pfarrern erteilt wird. Wir sondern die Stunde für den Religionsunterricht aus, der katholische Pfarrer erteilt für die Katholiken, der evangelische Pfarrer für die Evangelischen den Religionsunterricht. Nun will ich nicht davon sprechen, welche Schwierigkeiten von seiten der Pfarrer gekommen sind. Das ist ein Kapitel für sich. Aber ich will davon sprechen, daß gleich aufgetaucht ist die Sehnsucht, man solle nun auch einen Religionsunterricht außerhalb des konfessionellen erteilen. Zunächst dachte ich, die Teilnahme werde sehr unbedeutend werden gegenüber der am konfessionellen Unterricht. Trotzdem nun in Stuttgart bald keine Kanzel mehr sein wird, von der aus nicht gewettert wird über die anthroposophische Bewegung, haben sich eine große Anzahl Kinder, viel mehr, jedenfalls fünfmal so viel als wir erwarten konnten, für eine Art anthroposophischen Religionsunterricht gemeldet, der in zwei Abteilungen erteilt werden muß. Das ist etwas, was uns subjektiv gar nicht angenehm zu sein braucht, denn es kann uns natürlich den Strick drehen. Aber davon will ich heute nicht sprechen. Ich wollte nur zeigen, daß in den Menschen tatsächlich die Sehnsucht vorhanden ist nach einem Vorwärts, daß die Menschen aber schlafen und nicht sehen, wie Gewalten niederhalten dieses Menschheitssehnen. Und dann fehlt zumeist doch der Mut, wirklich dieses Menschheitssehnen an die Oberfläche des Lebens zu tragen.
Aber bedenken Sie, was eine solche Einsicht wirken könnte, wie die von der künftigen menschlichen Inkarnation des Ahriman, der sie vorbereitet gerade durch solche Dinge, wie ich sie gestern und heute geschildert habe. Es ist notwendig, daß wir uns über diese Dinge objektiv unterrichten, damit wir die richtige Stellung gewinnen können zu alldem, was rings um uns vorgeht an Vorbereitungen für die künftige Ahrimaninkarnation. Nur wenn Sie reichlich und reiflich überlegen, was wir über solche ahrimanische Strömungen in diesen zwei Betrachtungen gesagt haben, dann werden Sie den Ernst der Sache ins Auge fassen können.
Twelfth Lecture
Yesterday's reflections will have shown you that in order to see into the actual workings of becoming human and of human existence, we must look very deeply into the soul's eye at the activity of the Luciferic power, the Christ power, and the Ahrimanic power. The point is that these powers have certainly been at work in the course of world evolution up to now. But they have worked in spheres where it was not necessary for human beings to have a clear awareness of the nature and manner of these forces' activity. This is precisely the meaning of our fifth post-Atlantean epoch: that human beings should become more and more aware of what is actually working through them in their earthly existence. It would actually be necessary today to reveal much, much more of the secrets of human life if humanity were more inclined to take things in a more objective and factual way. But without certain insights, especially in the direction indicated yesterday, humanity will not be able to make any progress, either in its social or inner life. For just consider something that is connected with our social observations of the past few months. These aim to prove the necessity of separating spiritual life from legal or state life and from mere economic life. Above all, they aim to create conditions throughout the world, or at least — for the time being, that is all we can do — to regard as right those conditions throughout the world which establish an independent spiritual life, a spiritual life that is not dependent on the other structures of social life, such as our present spiritual life, which is completely embedded in economic life on the one hand and in political state life on the other. Either today's civilized humanity will have to resign itself to accepting such an independent spiritual life, or the present civilization must face its downfall and something future for humanity must emerge from the Asian cultures. Anyone who does not yet believe that the situation is so serious is also promoting, in a certain sense, what is preparing the way for the future incarnation of Ahriman. Even today, there are already many things in the external world, in the external facts of human life, that could provide insight into this truth. The Ahrimanic incarnation will be particularly encouraged if we refuse to establish an independent, free spiritual life and allow spiritual life to remain stuck in the economic cycle or in the life of the state. For the power that has by far the greatest interest in such a further amalgamation of spiritual life with economic life and with legal life is precisely the Ahrimanic power. The Ahrimanic power will perceive free spiritual life as a kind of darkness. And the interest of human beings in this free spiritual life will be felt by the Ahrimanic power as a burning fire, a soul fire, but a fire that burns strongly. Therefore, it is incumbent upon human beings to establish this free spiritual life in order to find the right position, the right relationship to the Ahrimanic incarnation in the near future. But today there is still a strong tendency to conceal precisely those facts that were spoken of yesterday. The vast majority of people conceal these things because they simply do not want to look at the truth, at what is real in things, because they want to be deceived by words that are far removed from reality. Sometimes this striving to avoid reality is supposedly honest and well-intentioned. Just consider, for example, the recently published letter by Romain Rolland, in which he says that we should no longer allow ourselves to be blinded by what the victorious powers of today used to say about justice, the representation of rights, and so on. He came to express himself in this way because of the treatment Russia is receiving from the Entente powers. He says: It doesn't matter whether one is dealing with monarchies or republics, what is said about law and justice is just empty rhetoric; of course, it's all about power.
Now one might say: Such an apparent focus on reality will always be blinded again and again, for Romain Rolland's blindness is as great today as it was in the past; the deception has not diminished. The deception would only diminish if such people were to go beyond mere phrases, if they could see that all this means nothing what they long for in this way, as long as they do not really understand that the old unitary state as such, regardless of its constitution, its structure, whether it is a democracy or a republic or a monarchy or anything else, if it is a unitary state, if it is not divided into three parts, is the path to the incarnation of Ahriman. And therefore, all of this is just rhetoric, including this recent “world circular letter” from Romain Rolland. People do not grasp reality, because reality today can only be grasped if one understands how things must be deepened through spiritual knowledge. And one must really immerse oneself thoroughly in the essence of things in this direction.
You are surely familiar with a word or a series of words that are repeated often in the world: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word.” Try to decide for yourself whether people really take these three lines seriously. They speak them, but they often speak them as a phrase. This may already be apparent to you from the following. Most people do not attach any particular importance to the fact that these lines are spoken in the imperfect tense:
where “word” must have the older, Greek meaning. It is not the word as it is understood today by people, the mere sound of a word, it is the inner spiritual. But even this is expressed in the imperfect tense: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and a God was the Word.” So one would have to say: Since the Word was in the beginning, it is no longer. — Otherwise it would mean: Now the Word is. And the Word is not with God, it was with God. And there was a God, the Word. It is therefore no longer. — It is also no longer. This is stated in the Gospel of John itself; for what other meaning would it have if it said, “And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us”? It tells us what lies in the further development of the Word. And by “Word” is meant everything that man can gain through his efforts, through his intelligence as intellectual wisdom. We must be clear that everything that human beings can gain through what is expressed here by the word “Word” is not what should be sought by people of the present and the near future. If one wanted to address the present, one would actually have to say: Let human beings seek the Spirit that is revealed in the Word. For the Spirit is with God. And the spirit is a God.In the beginning was the Word
and the Word was with God
and a God was the Word,
Humanity must advance from the word to the spirit, to the perception and knowledge of the spirit. By reminding you of something like the first words of the Gospel of John, you can see how little people today are inclined to take these things seriously, to really go beyond an arbitrary interpretation of things. It is pure arbitrary interpretation that is very often accepted today, especially for the most serious things. It is a matter of recognizing that even in human beings themselves, what intelligence means should be shifted and illuminated by what is revealed in spiritual vision, whereby it is not always a matter of spiritual vision, but of understanding what is seen spiritually. For I have always emphasized that it is not only clairvoyants who can see the truth of what is experienced clairvoyantly, but every human being, because the spiritual element in human beings is fully mature, if only people would decide to really use their working power and not be too comfortable. But in order to rise to these things, so that human beings really attain the level that is appropriate for them today, it is necessary to take things like those discussed yesterday very seriously. Yesterday I drew your attention to a trivial example of how easily one can be deceived by numbers. But is there not today a veritable superstition among mankind regarding numbers? Anything that can be counted in any way is valid in science. In the natural sciences, weighing and counting are loved. In the social sciences, people love statistics, which is also just weighing and counting. And how difficult it will be for humanity to decide to acknowledge that everything, everything that is handed down to us from the outside world through measurement and numbers, is deception.
See, what does measuring mean? Measuring means comparing something with a measure. I can measure a line by comparing it with a small line, one, two, three, and so on. When you measure in this way, regardless of whether you are measuring lengths, areas, or weights, the qualitative aspect is completely ignored. The number three is always the same number, whether you use it to count sheep or people or statesmen; the number three always remains the same; it does not depend on the qualitative, it depends only on the quantity. And that is precisely the essential thing about measurement and numbers, that it does not depend on the qualitative. But this makes everything that is handed down to us through measurement and numbers a deception, and we must take this seriously: that the moment we enter the world that can be measured and weighed, that is, the world of space and time as it is given to us, we approach the world of illusion, the world that is a mere mirage as long as we regard it as if it were reality. This is actually the ideal of present-day thinking, to learn about all things in the spatial and temporal external world what they mean in space and time, whereas in reality what things mean in space and time is only their outer aspect, and we must penetrate beyond space and time into the deeper realm if we want to arrive at the truth, at the essence. So a future will have to come in which human beings say: Yes, I can grasp the natural external world with my intelligence. I can grasp the external world with my intelligence in the way that, for example, is the ideal of natural science today. But the view I gain through this is purely Ahrimanic. That does not mean that we should reject natural science, that we should not have natural science; but we should become aware that through natural science we attain only the Ahrimanic illusion. Why is that? Why should we have natural science even though we attain only the Ahrimanic illusion through it? Because human beings are on the downward branch of their development on Earth. They are beings that are already in decline. If you take the fourth of the five post-Atlantean epochs, the Greco-Latin epoch, you can say that human beings were then at the highest point in terms of their knowledge. But now human beings are already in decline again. And while human beings are in decline — I have explained this from various points of view — they, as beings who are already becoming physically weak, would not be able to tolerate perceiving the world as the Greeks still perceived it.

You see, this is not what “external history” says! What would the respectable historians of today say, who pass on the traditions of Greece as if they were passing on the traditions of any other region of their own time, because they do not know that the Greeks looked at nature with different eyes than people today, that they listened to the world with different ears than people today. People today—and historians don't tell you this—would have constant headaches or migraines if they saw and heard in the outside world what the Greeks saw and heard. The Greeks had a much more intense external life of the sensory world. We are already dead in terms of our perception of the external world. In order to be able to tolerate it, we must be presented with a mere mirage of the external world. And we are presented with a mere mirage of the external world. And most of what we see is a mere mirage, not only what we see with our senses, but also what we dream through our science in our ideas about this external world. The greatest dreamers about the outside world today are actually those who believe themselves to be realistic in their thinking. Darwin or John Stuart Mill are real dreamers. Those who believe themselves to be completely realistic are the dreamers.
But we cannot rely entirely on our inner selves either. Many of you, from the course of the movement that has gone through the Theosophical Society, insofar as this Theosophical Society is indeed the Theosophical Society, can recognize how the mere pursuit of the inner life, when done as many people strive to do today, does not lead to anything that human beings today should be led to, or to which they should lead themselves. For in many cases the aim is not that human beings should come to a higher view of life in freedom through their own decisions, but rather that the unfree part of the human being should be appealed to. All kinds of hallucinatory and illusory abilities are called upon.
But human beings should say to themselves: just as external science becomes Ahrimanic, so the higher development of the inner life of human beings simply becomes Luciferic if they mystically deepen this inner life as they were born with it. — In every human being who today, without the self-education spoken of in the book How to Know Higher Worlds, takes it upon themselves to mystically deepen what is already within them, the Luciferic awakens and becomes particularly powerful. 'But this will prove to you that in every human being today, if they even begin to ponder their inner life, the Luciferic appears. This Luciferic is actually terribly powerful in humanity today. It manifests itself today in a selfishness that most people do not even notice in themselves. Just think how often you meet people today who, when they have done something, are satisfied if, as they often say, they have done the thing in such a way that they have nothing to reproach themselves for, that they have done the thing to the best of their knowledge and belief. That is a purely Luciferic point of view that is being asserted. For what we do in life does not depend on whether we have something to reproach ourselves for or not, but on whether we grasp things objectively, quite apart from ourselves, whether we see through the world, whether we do things based on objective facts. And most people today do not strive for an objective understanding of things, for a recognition of how things have to happen out of world historical development.
That is why we must emphasize, especially on the basis of spiritual science, how things are objective: that Ahriman is preparing his incarnation, how we can recognize how he is preparing it, and how we as human beings must relate to it! In such questions, it really does not matter that we say to ourselves: We do this or that so that we do not have to reproach ourselves — rather, we must learn to recognize objective things. We must learn to recognize what is at work in the world and behave accordingly for the sake of the world.But all this actually points to the fact that the present human being can only judge himself correctly when he says that he is actually always hovering between two extremes, between the Ahrimanic on the one hand, which presents him with an external illusion, and between the Luciferic within, which instills in him the tendency toward illusions, hallucinations, and so on. Today, people live out their Ahrimanic tendencies in science and their Luciferic tendencies in religion. And in the arts, people swing back and forth between the two. In recent times, there have been artists who had more Luciferic tendencies, and others who had more Ahrimanic tendencies. Those who had more Luciferic tendencies became Expressionists; those who had more Ahrimanic tendencies became Impressionists. And between them all are those who do not really want to be either one or the other, who cannot judge either the Luciferic or the Ahrimanic correctly, but want to avoid both. Just not Ahriman! — I mustn't do that, I don't want to do that, because then I'll fall into Ahriman. — I mustn't do that, I don't want to do that, because then I'll fall into Lucifer! — And one wants to be “very good,” neither falling into Ahriman nor into Lucifer.
Yes, that is not the point. The point is to view the Ahrimanic and the Luciferic as two scales that must both be there. And we must represent the balance beam that is in equilibrium between the two. That is what it is all about.
And how can we educate ourselves to do this? By permeating what appears in us as Ahrimanic with a very strong Luciferic element. What appears as Ahrimanic in people today? The knowledge of the external world. The most Ahrimanic thing is the material perception of the external world, because this is merely an illusion. But if we can become enthusiastic about it, if we develop an interest in it, if we are terribly interested in what kind of illusion arises from chemistry, physics, astronomy, and so on, then we bring something that actually belongs to Ahriman away from Ahriman through our own Luciferic interest.
This is precisely what people do not want. People find this very boring. And many who actually flee from external material knowledge misunderstand their task and prepare the very best incarnation for Ahriman in earthly existence. And what wells up inside people today has, in turn, a very strong Luciferic character. How can we educate ourselves properly in this regard? By going deep into our own Ahrimanic nature, that is, by trying to avoid all illusions about our own inner being, and by taking ourselves as we otherwise take the outer world, that is, by looking at ourselves as we otherwise look at the outer world. People today really need to experience how necessary it is to educate themselves in this way. Anyone who has a certain sense of observation for such things will very often encounter the following fact in life today.
A person comes to him and tells him what he is indignant about with person A, person B, person C, countless people. He describes in great detail how indignant he is about this and that with person A, person B, person C, and so on. He has no idea that everything he is talking about are his own characteristics! People have no idea about this! This characteristic of human beings has never been as widespread as it is today. And those who believe that this is not the case with them are the ones who are most affected by it. The point is that today, with Ahrimanic cold-bloodedness, with Ahrimanic sobriety, human beings should approach their own inner being. There is still enough heat, even if it has cooled down a little, in people's inner lives! There is no need to fear that it will cool down too much. And it is indeed the case that in order to gain the right attitude toward the future incarnation of Ahriman, humanity today needs to become more objective about its inner life and to bring much, much subjectivity into its outer life, but not fantasies, rather interest, attention, devotion, and especially interest and devotion to the things of life, of immediate life.
You see, one promotes the path that Ahriman wants to take in order to make his incarnation as favorable as possible if one finds this or that boring in one's education or other circumstances of life in relation to the outer life. Just think how many people today find this or that boring. For example, I have met countless people who find it boring to familiarize themselves with the customs of banks or the stock market, or to look at simple and double-entry bookkeeping. But it is never right to find anything absolutely boring. Finding something boring just means that you haven't yet found the point where it becomes fascinating; any dry cash book can be just as interesting as Schiller's “The Maid of Orleans” or Shakespeare's “Hamlet” or anything else, such as Raphael's “Sistine Madonna,” if you find the point where it becomes fascinating. It is simply a matter of finding the point from which everything in life is interesting.
From what I have just said, you might think that the matter is quite paradoxical. But it is not. It is only modern man who is paradoxical in his relationship to truth. Modern man has a strong need to assume that he cannot do something, rather than that the world cannot do it. And nothing prepares the way for Ahriman's future incarnation better than finding this or that boring, considering oneself too good for one thing or another, not wanting to participate in one thing or another. It is a matter of finding the point from which one thing or another is interesting. What matters today is not that we subjectively reject or accept things, but that we objectively recognize the extent to which there is something Ahrimanic or Luciferic in one thing or another, so that the scales can tip too far to one side or the other. Finding something interesting does not mean finding it justified, but only that one has developed an inner strength to connect with it and bring it into the right channel.
You know — it was a long time ago — a number of friends bought mathematics books. A certain “theosophical sporting principle” had crept in. Many of them bought Lübsen's books on mathematics. Most of them then put them in their libraries after a while, because the mathematical knowledge did not come to the fore very strongly. Of course, I am not saying that you should start doing such things again right away; I would not expect that of you, nor do I want to urge you to do so. But to tackle something that does not interest you at first, precisely in order to find a way to gain a new understanding of the world from some point of departure, is of tremendous importance. And today, human beings really need something like this. For such things are to be taken seriously and weightily, as I have tried to show you in these reflections: how Lucifer and Ahriman intervene alongside the Christ impulse in the development of humanity.
You see, if it had not been for Luciferic wisdom, the Gnosis of the first centuries would not have brought about an understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha. For when Luciferic wisdom fell into decadence, understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha gradually declined. And today? Yes, where are we to look for this understanding of the mystery of Golgotha? Those who see through the outer Ahrimanic science realize that it cannot be found there. Take a personality such as Cardinal Newman, who was of great significance for religious development in the second half of the 19th century. When he was invested as cardinal in Rome, he said that he saw no salvation for the religious development of humanity unless a new revelation came! — But that was all. He showed no particular inclination to receive anything of what can now penetrate into humanity from the spiritual worlds as a new spiritual life. It remained a mere abstraction!
Humanity needs a new revelation. We can see this in all areas of life. Discussions are taking place today in which it is said that the moral constitution of humanity has suffered damage in the last four to five years. From this it is concluded that confessional religious instruction must now be reintroduced more intensively into schools. In contrast, it cannot be emphasized enough that denominational religious instruction was there, and today's times have come under its influence. If the old is to be reintroduced, that which the denominations have brought about, then we can start the whole process all over again. Then, in a short time, we will be back where we were in 1914 if we revive the old institutions. We should be very aware that there is something completely different in people's subconscious longings than what is expressed on the surface.
When we founded the Waldorf School in Stuttgart, we were obliged to organize religious instruction in such a way that it was given by the appropriate ministers. We set aside a separate hour for religious instruction, with the Catholic priest teaching the Catholics and the Protestant pastor teaching the Protestants. Now, I don't want to talk about the difficulties that arose on the part of the pastors. That's a chapter in itself. But I want to talk about the fact that the desire immediately arose to also offer religious education outside of the confessional. At first, I thought that participation would be very insignificant compared to denominational instruction. Nevertheless, even though there will soon be no pulpit in Stuttgart from which to rail against the anthroposophical movement, a large number of children, many more, at least five times as many as we could have expected, have signed up for a kind of anthroposophical religious instruction, which must be given in two sections. This is something that we do not need to find subjectively pleasant, because it can, of course, turn against us. But I do not want to talk about that today. I just wanted to show that there is indeed a longing in people for progress, but that people are asleep and do not see how forces are holding down this longing of humanity. And then, for the most part, the courage is lacking to really bring this human longing to the surface of life.
But consider what such an insight could achieve, such as that of the future human incarnation of Ahriman, who is preparing it precisely through such things as I have described yesterday and today. It is necessary that we educate ourselves objectively about these things so that we can gain the right position in relation to everything that is happening around us in preparation for the future incarnation of Ahriman. Only if you think deeply and thoroughly about what we have said in these two reflections about such Ahrimanic currents will you be able to grasp the seriousness of the matter.