The History and Actuality of Imperialism
GA 196
21 February 1920, Dornach
Lecture II
I have spoken to you about the historical origin of what today may be called imperialism, and you will have already noticed from what I said yesterday that it is essential to see how contemporary occurrences, which were once real factors in social life, are now merely leftovers from older times as far as reality is concerned. In olden times institutions and customs had their real meaning. To a certain extent they were realities. Realty has ended though. After passing through the stage of symbols, it has finally become a platitude.
In general we live in the age of platitudes. It is necessary, however, to realize that platitudes need a certain soil from which to grow, and on the other hand they are a preparation for something which is yet to come in human evolution. If the old realities had not transformed themselves into platitudes, that is, into something existing yet illusional, then the new reality could not come into being. The new could not come if for example a visible god appeared in human form as happened in the last years of the Roman empire. For the Roman emperors were, at least according to their pretensions, still gods. Nero, at least hypothetically, was a real god in human form. In the course of time such things have lost their meaning. They have passed through the stage of symbols and have become mere platitudes.
But the more things become platitudes, the more the terrain is prepared for a new reality—a spiritual life which is not derived from the sensible world, but from the super-sensible world; for a spiritual life which does not seek the divine-spiritual beings in human form, but as real, genuine beings amongst the visible people on earth. First must come the age of platitudes which must, however, be recognized as such. Then the development of a new spiritual life will be possible. In order to understand the contemporary world under such disagreeable conditions, one must direct one's attention toward the birth of a new spiritual life, fully conscious of the illusionary nature of what was formerly reality in human evolution.
It is only natural that people want to hold on to the old realities, even when they have become platitudes; for to realize that they have become platitudes causes a feeling of insecurity. They feel that there is no longer solid ground under their feet if such things have become platitudes. People love to deceive themselves, and when they recognize the deception as deception, they feel that they are adrift. They will no longer feel themselves to be adrift when they can really feel the solidity of the new spiritual life. And we live in the age when we will have to be participants in the fall of the platitude stage and will have to be participants in the rise of the [new] spiritual life. And this will be especially possible if all English-speaking peoples realize that the traditions they have preserved from olden times and of which they still speak have become platitudes, and how the reality beneath these platitudes is the economy, as I explained yesterday.
But a moment will come, a moment which is very important. At the moment when it is recognized that we are dealing with an economic life which only becomes “reputable” in the third or fourth generation and otherwise with platitudes, as I also explained yesterday. At that moment we will recognize the inanity of the human being who merely participates in physical life as though it were the only reality. This knowledge must dawn especially on the peoples of the west. The moment of realization must come when we can no longer defend all that we maintained till now. Reality for us is what we do for our stomachs and digestion. As long as we have not seen through the platitudes and recognized them for what they are, as long as we do not realize that the economy is the only reality, we will not be able to admit what it is necessary to admit. If we do realize all that, then human nature can do no other than to say: in order to be human we need a spiritual reality in addition to the physical reality of the economy.
That moment of truth must dawn. Human evolution can not advance further without this moment of truth. For the same reason that we go forward towards a new spiritual life, at present we must be immersed in the element of the platitude.
The peoples of the west have the greatest talent for this truth. All the prerequisites for the dawning of such truth is present in the peoples of the west, whereas the other European peoples have little disposition for such a truth to dawn on them with the necessary intensity. For them other conditions exist that prevent the illusions from being seen through so thoroughly, so radically, as they can be seen through by the English-speaking peoples. But once again we must keep the historical context in mind.
Consider for a moment that the various Central European tribes of Germanic origin were united since the time of Charlemagne's successors as the Holy Roman Empire, as I have already pointed out. That Holy Roman Empire was basically a network of pure symbols—all signs and symbols, which pointed to some kind of reality. It was not possible, however, to attain to full spiritual reality through the use of signs and symbols. The churches prevented it. Everything which the Middle Ages had to say about spiritual reality, and what the successors of the European confessions had to say about such a spiritual reality, had the character of the half-understood, the not-to-be-completely-understood. It had the character of colored light shining through the stained glass windows of the churches. The people recoiled when they approached the spiritual by means of the symbols; they recoiled in fear of a clear, sharp comprehension. On the contrary, they preferred to characterize the thing as being half unknown, which cannot be penetrated by knowledge.
It was also the case with social relationships. Studying the history of the Holy Roman Empire—and Swiss history is closely connected to it—we find that a lack of clarity was perpetuated from age to age. The lack of clarity in the social organism was perpetuated until finally in 1806 it became noticeable—even the Habsburgs realized it by then—that the Holy Roman Empire no longer made any sense. And the especially talented—that is negatively talented—Emperor Franz Joseph I abdicated the German crown. It lost the power to exist because no sense could be found behind the symbols. And the people of Central Europe were left with a striving in all directions, which contained but little concrete meaning.
Thus the founding of the Reich [empire] of 1870/71 with its inner contradictions. A German “empire” was created, but based on a false premise. The title “emperor” was invented. Perhaps in France under similar conditions the “empereur” would be understood, half-understood at least, because there was some substance left in the people; but in Germany a name existed which presumed that the people had a talent for mere names without meaning; that on one hand a talent for cultivating platitudes existed and on the other hand for the underlying reality of economic life. But that talent did not exist in Central Europe. And in order to understand what happened in Central Europe, history should not be studied based on abstract concepts, but on realities! We could ask the question: What happened in the German Reich between 1871 and 1914?
What people saw as happening from without was only an illusion. What was the reality? You see, with historical happenings something appears [draws on blackboard in red]; and beneath its surface something else appears [blue]. When the first thing disappears as an illusion, then the second thing, the reality, appears as its continuation.
One should not analyze, but look for the concrete reality. What developed in the German Reich during 1871 to 1914 was not apparent then, for the Reich itself was an illusion. The reality came later, it is what has been happening since November 1918; it is those who are presently in power. The fundamental character of the Wilhelmian age is Gustav Noske [Minister of War]. The fundamental character of what had been developing for decades only became apparent when the present rulers appeared. The German ex- emperor is defined by the so-called revolutionary rulers of the present. The state of affairs which existed beneath the surface in the previous decades, during which illusions were cherished, is the state of affairs which exists today in reality.
You can really study history when you seek involution in evolution, in that you look for what is happening beneath the surface. What was Russian tsarism in the 19th century in reality? What Russian tsarism was then has appeared in its reality today: Lenin and Trotsky, Bolshevism. That is the concrete reality of what was then an illusion. Tsarism was the lie that floated on the surface; but what tsarism really cultivated appeared in its true reality after tsarism itself was swept away. Lenin was nothing other than the tsar; after the tsar has been skinned what remains today is the reality: Lenin or Trotsky. And, continuing this analogy, if you were to skin people like Caprivi or Hohenlohe or Bethman Hollweg [German Chancellors from 1890 through 1917], Moske and Scheidemann [German politician in office from 1903 to 1918] and so on remain. These are the real figures; the others were mere illusions.
It is a question of not illustrating historical phenomena with abstract concepts, but of showing the historical realities. In history the definition of one fact will always be another fact, not an abstract concept. Therefore it is a question of studying realities. For we are living in an age when realities must be closely observed and revealed.
This phenomenon is particularly obvious if you study the constitution, the content of the secret societies which possess great power in the English-speaking countries, a power unsuspected by the general public. They are societies organized outwardly under very sympathetic rules, and have become ever more powerful during the fifth post-Atlantean epoch.
If you look back to England in 1720, you will find very few members of these secret societies. Members are usually merely tools, the really powerful people stand behind them. But there were very few members. But if we look at the statistics today, we find 488 Masonic lodges in London. Such lodges are excellent tools in the hands of the secret societies. In Great Britain there are 1,354 lodges, in the colonies and overseas 486, and then 836 lodges in the world of the so-called Royal Arch Chapter, which keeps even the external Masonic rituals secret.
It is a matter of observing the substantial content of what actually exists within these lodges, for that is what is used as tools by the groups in power. And it is also important to discern why these powerful circles have been so meaningful even until today. The real content goes back to the far past. Those who keep claiming that the contents of Freemasonry go back to the far past are not so very wrong, although the things presented as examples are often nebulous, perhaps even quackery. They go so far back that we can say that the time they started was during the first stage of imperialism when the god walked around in human form. At that time the things spoken and especially the things shown in these lodges today made some sense. Then they became symbolic. The sense is long gone. One can say that what goes on in the lodges today has almost no content. Only the symbols remain.
The symbols continued into the stage of platitudes, so that we have, especially in the English-speaking areas and the other areas dependent upon them, two layers of cultural fermentation side by side: the external, exoteric platitudes of public life, and in the secret societies the symbols, which are only kept as tradition without any attempt to reach back to their original meanings. Thereby the symbols have become platitudes in symbolic form, or symbols which are also platitudes in a different form. You have therefore the external exoteric platitudes of public life, expressed in normal human language and which are extensively used in parliaments and congresses. Then you have the use of symbols in the secret societies, whose members usually don't understand them—platitudes in symbolic form. It is important that alongside the external purely literal platitudes we also have the cultural ceremonial platitudes. For these ceremonial platitudes at least contain spiritual elements. And in the secret societies which possess a real ceremonial form, meaning those which go back to the original practices, it can happen that through their karma certain especially talented people do get to the bottom of the symbols. And sometimes a blind chicken finds a kernel of corn. Sometimes especially talented people discover the meaning of the rituals; then they are expelled from the secret society. But care is taken that they can no longer be dangerous for the secret society. For what is especially important for these societies is power, not insight. It is important for them to keep the secrets in their original form. And they posses a certain power in this traditional form. Why?
I have described for you the substantial content. But this content depends upon the people who are banded together in those societies. Just imagine how many people belong to the various lodges in the world. These people, when they enter the lodges, are confronted with the ceremonies, which are mannered as I described. But they are won for the lodges due to certain criteria. One of the most important criteria is the absolute indifference to the members' religious beliefs—although this criterion is sinned against in some cases. There are lodges, for example, which do not accept Jews. But they are ignorant of the basic principle, which is that people of all confessions are embraced, and individual beliefs are not touched. Also no attention is to be paid within the lodge to social class and other differences. In the correct lodges all are brothers, regardless of one being a lord and the other a worker—although this is also sinned against. Workers are not accepted in most lodges, only lords and others who are amenable to them. But that has nothing to do with the principle. Those who are within are totally united under the slogan: We are all brothers.
Then there are the degrees, which have nothing to do with the external social position of the members. The members are really united in a way which has nothing to do with their external social position. In our society people are divided firstly according to religion, whereas in the lodges the religions play no role. And secondly no one would claim that in the external social order men are all brothers. They are not brothers. In the lodges, however, those who belong to them are brothers.
Such things are really meaningful. It is not a matter of indifference under which viewpoints people come together in communities. When people of the same confession come together in a community, then in real life it is often a community dedicated to external power—dead power. But when they come together under the viewpoint that the faith they profess is a matter of indifference, it becomes a community with particularly strong spiritual power. That is why the Catholic Church, wanting to keep people under a more or less unified faith, must always reinforce its power by political means. It has always been more powerful the less it has insisted on its creed, and less powerful the more it has insisted on creed; the less the hierarchy, Rome, has demanded adherence to creed. For in society in general to make religion the central issue results in lack of power. A community can only be powerful when it attaches no importance to individual beliefs.
This is a particularly important reality in the age of platitudes. For side by side with the public platitudes stand to some extent the esoteric platitudes of the ceremonies, of the rituals. This is the real reason for present day social confusion. One can cite some strange examples for the platitudinous nature of the times. You know that in the middle of the nineteenth century there were two opposing parties in the English parliament—the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories. Whigs and Tories were in opposition. What kind of names were they? In the first half of the nineteenth century these names were seriously meant. The liberals were called Whigs, and no embarrassment was involved: the others were called Tories, also without embarrassment. But when these names were adopted during the dawn of the English parliament, what did they signify? The name Whigs was a cussword. When a Scottish group organized against a certain church discipline, in England they were called Whigs. And the platitude spread so far that a cussword became the group's official title. So the honorable Liberals acquired a name which was no longer a cussword. And the Tories—that name originated in Ireland. In the 17th, 18th century the papists were called Tories. Later that name, a cussword for Irish papists, became the official designation for the English conservatives. All this happened in the realm of names, in the realm of designations, in the realm of platitudes. Reality played no role here. This is of course superficial, but wherever you look you will find such things, first in the English- speaking world, then in the rest of the world, to the extent it has been infected.
But what is it that brings so many men together in the lodges under such laudable viewpoints? It doesn't really matter that there are a small number of doubtful personages as well. The principles matter. It is very meaningful that all those people come together in ceremonial platitudes, which however keep them together on a real spiritual foundation.
It is true however, that when someone is a powerful minister, say, and needs an under-secretary of state, he naturally prefers a brother Mason to someone else. It is even justified, because he knows him better and can work better with him. This kind of cooperation is justified under the circumstances in which it arose, but must cease now.
But what does it mean? It is certainly remarkable that just in the age of platitudes which reign in public life a spiritual community appears with decidedly worthy principles. The spiritual community is quite secret, not so much as concerns its possessions, but rather its internal objectives. Why is this the case? Because we are living in the age of platitudes and platitudes encourage the falsification of realities. And what happens? What is basically already in existence? An independent economy which no longer coincides with the platitudes; a spiritual life driven underground and a rights life wrapped in a toga of platitudes, which has as much meaning for the external world as jurisprudence, as the English judge dressed in his judicial finery. Just to the extent this judicial finery corresponds to reality, jurisprudence corresponds to the reality behind the scenes. A triformation in the realm of the platitude, a triformation of the untruth, but proof for the necessity of the threefold society.
You see, to want the threefold society means to replace the lie and the platitude with the truth, but the truth as reality, whereas at the present time the period has begun in which reality is not truth, but platitude. Of course one can force platitudes into spiritual life as well as civil rights, the state; but that doesn't work well in the economy. Now comes something about which I always receive objections in many public lectures. After I explain how one can achieve insight into the spiritual world by following the indications in my book “How to Attain Knowledge of the Higher Worlds,” after every third lecture someone stands up and says: “Yes, but how can one know that what he sees inwardly is real? There is such a thing as auto-suggestion. This whole spiritual world could be only an auto-suggestion! There is even the suggestion that when someone even thinks about lemonade he has a lemonade taste in the mouth.” I always answer that it's a matter of standing in reality. Of course the taste of lemonade can be suggested, but your thirst cannot be quenched that way. If you go sufficiently far, you will reach reality. You can have platitudes in the realm of spirituality, even in the rights-state, but platitudes in the economy do not work because you can't eat them, or at least can't be filled by them.
So actually in the age of platitudes of all the realities the only one remaining is the economy. And in the moment that illusion is recognized as illusion, that the platitude is recognized as platitude, a strong feeling of shame will arise: We humans possess reason, but we only use this reason to insure the economic basis of physical life, something which animals do without possessing reason. If with our reason we do not achieve anything except to support the economy—food and the things necessary for physical existence, then we are prostituting our reason, then we are using our reason to accomplish something which the animal does quite well without the luxury of reason. In the moment that self- knowledge dawns, that is, when the platitudes are recognized for what they are, the feeling of shame arises; and then the reversal—the awareness of the necessity for renewal of spiritual/cultural life.
This must however be prepared in the correct way—that a sufficiently large number of people see through the contemporary situation. What good does it do if people only deceive themselves as to what is real. What good does it do to believe Lloyd George [British Prime Minster 1916-1922] when one sees through the fact that everything he says is necessarily platitude? What good does it do if the whole world worshiped Woodrow Wilson, when ones sees through the fact that Wilsonian politics were platitudes? What good does it do to dwell on European conditions today based on inherited principles from the past which are no longer valid?
Symbols should also be viewed in their historical context. It should be clear that outward appearances express remarkable things. The Habsburgs, for instance, came from Alsace and passed through Switzerland always moving east. They got as far east as they would go when they became the apostolic kings of Hungary. But in this journey from west to east, the remarkable thing is that the western realities faded away in the east.
The Hohenzollerns didn't take such a long journey—only from Nuremberg to Berlin, but also from west to east. These historical signs are also real symbols which we should pay attention to. And we should pay attention to the realities beneath the platitudes of today. That is why it is impossible to find reality in public opinion today. Whoever has a sense for reality arrives at some remarkable things. When you look into the origin of things in public life that everyone in the whole world is imitating, things like Whigs and Tories, you find that they were originally cusswords, and it was necessary to take them seriously because serious names for what really existed could not be found. And that's the situation with many things nowadays. In public life we try to enclose words in a kind of mystical shroud, and don't realize it. We don't realize that we are living in the age of platitudes.
For example I know of a very interesting codex consisting of a collection of platitudes. When you open this codex you find remarkable sentences. For example: What is justice? Justice is a people's will—and so on. Yes, my dear friends, the law is the will of a people! People—but today “people” is thought to be a mere sum of individuals. But this sum is supposed to have a will. That is the kind of explanation given in the codex of platitudes. One has the impression that someone wished to enjoy the luxury of translating into platitudes everything existing in public life today. And do you know the title of this codex of platitudes? The State, and its author is Woodrow Wilson. This codex appeared in the 1890s. Now it was not Woodrow Wilson's intention to enjoy the luxury of collecting all the platitudes in one book; nevertheless it was accomplished. So little had what people think and say to do with reality that in their opinion Woodrow Wilson had compiled the sum of today's political wisdom—but which was in reality a codex of platitudes. A few years ago the platitude bug bit a German so soundly that he translated this fat book into German. I assume that it will also be translated into other languages, but I don't know.
Without seeing through these things, without observing everywhere the realities in these things, we will not get far. One doesn't advance today with small thinking. It is necessary to motivate ourselves to think big. We will discuss this further tomorrow.
Siebzehnter Vortrag
Ich habe zu Ihnen gesprochen über das geschichtliche Herkommen desjenigen, was man heute Imperialismus nennen kann, und Sie haben schon bemerkt aus dem, was ich gestern gesagt habe, daß es bei diesen Betrachtungen über Imperialismus im wesentlichen darauf ankommt, zu sehen, wie Erscheinungen der Gegenwart, welche im sozialen Leben einstmals durchaus reale Faktoren waren, ihrer Wirklichkeit nach jetzt nur noch Überbleibsel aus alten Zeiten sind. In alten Zeiten hatten die betreffenden Einrichtungen, die betreffenden Gepflogenheiten ihre reale Bedeutung. Sie waren gewissermaßen Realitäten. Die Realität hat aufgehört. Sie hat sich durch das Stadium des Symbols hindurchentwickelt und ist zuletzt zur bloßen Phrase geworden.
Wir leben überhaupt in dem Zeitalter der Phrase. Nur handelt es sich darum, daß man einsieht, wie auch die Phrase einen gewissen Boden notwendig hat, auf dem sie wächst, und wie die Phrase auf der andern Seite vorbereitend ist für etwas, was in der Menschheitsentwickelung kommen muß. Würde alte Realität sich nicht verwandeln in Phrase, das heißt in etwas, was wie ein existierendes Ilusionäres ist, so würde sich nicht etwas ganz Neues als Realität geltend machen können. Neues könnte nicht kommen, würde zum Beispiel in unsere Zeit noch hereinragen der sichtbare, sinnlich wahrnehmbare Gott in Menschengestalt, wie das noch als letzter Ausläufer im alten Römischen Reiche vorhanden war; denn die römischen Kaiser waren, wenn das auch nicht mehr so voll empfunden wurde, wie es empfunden worden ist im Oriente drüben, sie waren dennoch ihren Prätentionen nach Götter. Nero war wenigstens der Annahme, der Hypothese nach ein wirklicher Gott in Menschengestalt. Diese Dinge haben im Laufe der Zeit ihre reale Bedeutung verloren. Sie sind durch das Stadium des Zeichens, des Sinnbildes gegangen und sind dann geworden zur bloßen Phrase.
Nun handelt es sich darum, daß, je mehr die Dinge zur Phrase werden, desto mehr sich der Boden vorbereitet für eine neue Wirklichkeit, das heißt für ein Geistesleben, das nun nicht aus der sinnlichen Welt, sondern aus der übersinnlichen Welt geholt wird, für ein Geistesleben, das die göttlich-geistigen Wesenheiten nicht in Menschengestalt finden will, sondern sie finden will als reale, wirkliche Wesenheiten unter den sichtbaren Menschen auf der Erde. Erst muß das Phrasenhafte da sein, muß dann aber auch erkannt werden. Dann wird es möglich, daß ein neues geistiges Leben sich wirklich entwickelt. Man muß also geradezu, wenn man die Gegenwart verstehen will aus solchen, sagen wir, unangenehmen Voraussetzungen heraus, sein Augenmerk richten können auf die Geburt eines neuen geistigen Lebens mit völligem Illusionärwerden dessen, was in der Entwickelung der Menschheit Realität war.
Es ist nur zu natürlich, daß die Menschen an den alten Realitäten festhalten wollen, auch wenn sie schon zur Phrase geworden sind; denn durchschauen, daß die Dinge zur Phrase geworden sind, das bewirkt in den Menschengemütern eine gewisse Unsicherheit. Man glaubt, wenn man sich gestehen muß, daß die alten Dinge zur Phrase geworden sind, daß man nicht mehr einen sicheren Boden unter den Füßen habe. Man liebt es, sich zu täuschen, weil man in dem Augenblicke, wo man die Täuschung als Täuschung hinnimmt, eben glaubt, in der Luft zu schweben. Man wird nur dann nicht mehr glauben, in der Luft zu schweben, wenn man die Festigkeit des neuen Geisteslebens wirklich erfühlen kann. Und wir leben eben in dem Zeitalter, in dem wir Teilnehmer werden müssen an der untergehenden Phrase und Teilnehmer werden müssen an dem aufsteigenden Geistesleben. Das wird insbesondere dadurch möglich werden, daß bei allen englisch sprechenden Menschen sich immer mehr und mehr herausstellen muß, wie dasjenige, was sie sich bewahrt haben traditionell aus früheren Zeiten und wovon sie noch reden, wie das durchaus Phrase ist und wie eine Realität unter dieser Phrase das wirtschaftliche Leben ist, wie ich es Ihnen gestern geschildert habe als einzige, wahrhaftige Realität, die unter der Phrase ist.
Aber ein Moment wird da eintreten, ein Moment, der von ganz besonderer Wichtigkeit ist. In dem Augenblicke, wo man empfinden wird, daß man es zu tun hat mit jenem wirtschaftlichen Leben, das ja in der dritten, vierten Generation «anständig» wird, wie ich gestern geschildert habe, und sonst mit Phrase, in diesem Augenblick wird man empfinden die Nichtigkeit des Menschen, der bloß - als in einer Realität im physischen Leben drinnensteht. Diese Erkenntnis muß insbesondere den westlichen Völkern aufdämmern. Es muß der Moment kommen, wo das Eingeständnis in der Seele Platz greift: An all dem, was wir reden, können wir nicht mehr festhalten. Die Realität unter uns ist dasjenige, was wir für den Magen und die Verdauung der Menschen erwerben und zubereiten. Solange man die Phrase noch nicht in ihrem Phrasencharakter durchschaut hat, solange man noch nicht weiß, daß die Wirtschaft die einzige Wirklichkeit ist, so lange wird man nicht zu dem notwendigen Geständnis kommen. Kommt man aber zu dem notwendigen Geständnis, dann kann die menschliche Natur nicht mehr anders, als sich sagen: Um Mensch zu sein, brauchen wir eine geistige Wirklichkeit zu der physischen Wirklichkeit des bloßen Wirtschaftens hinzu.
Dieser Moment der Erkenntnis muß aufdämmern. Ohne diesen Moment der Erkenntnis kommt die Menschheitsentwickelung nicht weiter. Gerade aus demselben Grunde, aus dem wir einem neuen Geistesleben entgegengehen, müssen wir in der Gegenwart in das Element der Phrase untertauchen.
Nun ist allerdings die stärkste Begabung, das stärkste Talent für diese Erkenntnis in den westlichen Völkern gegeben. In den westlichen Völkern sind alle Vorbedingungen gegeben, daß eine solche Erkenntnis wirklich aufdämmert, während zum Beispiel die andern Völker Europas wenig Anlage haben, daß unter ihnen eine solche Erkenntnis in der nötigen Intensität aufdämmert. Denn da herrschen vielfach andere Verhältnisse, welche verhindern, daß die Illusionen so gründlich, so radikal durchschaut werden, wie sie namentlich in der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung durchschaut werden können. Sie brauchen ja auch nur wiederum historische Verhältnisse ins Auge zu fassen.
Denken Sie sich einmal, daß die verschiedenen in Mitteleuropa lebenden Stämme germanischen Ursprungs vereinigt waren seit der Zeit der Nachfolger Karls des Großen, seit den sächsischen, seit den staufischen Herrschern als Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation, wie ich schon gesagt habe. Dieses Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation war im Grunde genommen ein ganzes Netz von lauter Symbolen. Es war alles in dem Charakter des Zeichens, des Symbolums. Man hatte bei allem nötig, dem man gegenüberstand, zurückzugehen vom Zeichen, vom Symbolum zu einer irgendwie gearteten Wirklichkeit. Man kam mit diesem Durchdringen durch das Zeichen, durch das Symbolum aber nicht zu einer vollen geistigen Wirklichkeit. Das verhinderten die Kirchen. Man kam gewissermaßen zu einem bloßen Schweben und Schwimmen in einer geistigen Wirklichkeit. Daher hat alles dasjenige, was das Mittelalter über eine geistige Wirklichkeit zu sagen hatte und was die Nachfolgeschaft der europäischen Bekenntnisse über eine solche geistige Wirklichkeit zu sagen hat, den Charakter des Halbbegriffenen, des Nicht-ganz-zu-Begreifenden. Es hat den Charakter des Lichtscheines, der durch bunte Fensterscheiben in die mittelalterlichen Kirchen fiel. Man schreckte zurück, wenn man von den Symbolen zum Geistigen kam, man schreckte zurück vor einer klaren, scharfen Erfassung. Man wollte im Gegenteil lieber die Sache so charakterisieren, daß sie dastand als ein halb Unbekanntes, das von der Erkenntnis nicht durchdrungen werden kann.
Und so ist es ja auch eigentlich mit den äußeren sozialen Verhältnissen gewesen. Wer mit innerem Sinn wirklich studiert die Geschichte dieses Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation — und die schweizerische Geschichte ist ja im Grunde genommen innig mit dieser Geschichte des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation verbunden -, der wird finden, daß Unklarheiten über Unklarheiten von Zeitalter zu Zeitalter sich fortpflanzen. Unklarheiten, durch die man die eigene soziale Organisation aufzunehmen, in ihr zu leben, sie zu begreifen versucht, bis man dann 1806 merkte - selbst die Habsburger merkten es damals —, daß das ganze Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation keinen Sinn mehr habe. Und der ja besonders begabte - das heißt negativ begabte - Kaiser Franz L. legte die deutsche Kaiserkrone dazumal nieder, nachdem er sich in der österreichischen Kaiserkrone zwei Jahre vorher einen persönlichen oder, wie man es in diesem Falle nennt, Haus-Ersatz geschaffen hatte. Es verloren die Sachen die Möglichkeit zu bestehen, weil man schließlich hinter diesem Symbolum keinen Sinn mehr finden konnte. Und es blieb für diese Menschen in Mitteleuropa nichts anderes zurück als ein Streben, ein Wollen, welches nach allem Möglichen ging, aber wenig konkreten Sinn in sich barg.
Daher die Reichsbegründung von 1870/71 mit dem inneren Widerspruch. Ein deutsches Kaisertum wurde geschaffen, aber aus keinen realen Verhältnissen heraus. Man erfand diesen Titel. In Frankreich hätte man vielleicht, wenn irgend etwas Ähnliches gelungen wäre, den «Empereur» wiederum verstanden, halb verstanden wenigstens, weil da noch etwas Substanz im Volke vorhanden war; aber innerhalb des deutschen Wesens war ein Name da, der vorausgesetzt hätte, daß man Talent gehabt hätte für bloße Namen, die nichts bedeuten; daß man Talent gehabt hätte auf der einen Seite, die Phrase zu pflegen, und auf der andern Seite eine darunterstehende, mit ihr zunächst nichts zu tun habende Realität eines Wirtschaftslebens oder so etwas dergleichen. Aber dieses Talent gab es in Mitteleuropa nicht. Und um zu verstehen, was sich in diesem Mitteleuropa entwickelte, muß man sich klar sein darüber, daß man eigentlich Geschichte nicht studieren soll in abstrakten Begriffen, sondern in Realitäten! Man kann eine Frage mit der Zielsetzung der Realität aufwerfen: Was ist es denn eigentlich, was unter dem deutschen Kaisertum von 1871 bis 1914 sich entwickelt hat? - Dasjenige, was da war, was die Leute außen gesehen haben, war ja nur eine Illusion. Was war die Wirklichkeit? Ja, sehen Sie, bei geschichtlichen Erscheinungen ist es so, daß irgendeine Sache auftritt (rot); unter’ihrer Oberfläche enthält sie eine andere Sache (blau). Wenn die erste Sache als Illusion verschwindet, dann erscheint die zweite in ihrer Wirklichkeit in der Fortsetzung.
Man soll nicht analysieren, sondern man muß auf die Realität hinweisen, auf das Konkrete. Was unter dem deutschen Kaisertum von 1871 bis 1914 sich entwickelt hat, das zeigte sich nicht damals, als es ablief, denn das war die Illusion; die Wirklichkeit kommt hinterher, sie ist dasjenige, was sich seit dem November 1918 entwickelt; das sind die gegenwärtigen Machthaber. Der Grundcharakter des wilhelminischen Zeitalters ist Noske. Der Grundcharakter desjenigen, was sich da entwickelte seit Jahrzehnten, das kam erst heraus, als die gegenwärtigen Machthaber auftraten. Definiert wird der deutsche Exkaiser durch die sogenannten revolutionären Machthaber der Gegenwart. Die Zustände, die damals unter der Oberfläche lebten in den Jahrzehnten vor her, in denen man sich den Illusionen hingab, das sind die Zustände, die jetzt in der Wirklichkeit da sind.
Und so können Sie in Wirklichkeit Geschichte studieren, indem Sie in der Evolution die Involution aufsuchen, indem Sie dasjenige aufsuchen, was sich unter der Oberfläche entwickelt. Wie heißt denn dasjenige in Wirklichkeit, was im 19. Jahrhundert russischer Zarismus war? Dasjenige, was russischer Zarismus war, das heißt heute, wo es in seiner Wahrheit erschienen ist, Lenin und Trotzkij, Bolschewismus. Das ist die konkrete Wahrheit desjenigen, was damals bloß eine Illusion war. Der Zarismus ist bloß die an der Oberfläche schwimmende Lüge; dasjenige, was aber dieser Zarismus wirklich gepflegt hat, erschien, sobald er selbst weggefegt war, in seiner wahren Wirklichkeit. Lenin ist nichts anderes als erst der Zar; nachdem man ihm die Haut abgezogen hatte, da blieb dasjenige, was seine Wirklichkeit war, übrig, und das heißt heute Lenin oder Trotzkij. Und wenn Sie, dieses Bild fortsetzend, Leuten wie Caprivi oder Hohenlohe oder Bethmann Hollweg die Häute abziehen, so bleiben übrig Noske, Scheidemann und so weiter. Das sind die wirklichen Gestalten; die andern waren bloß daraufgestülpte Illusionen.
Es handelt sich darum, daß man in der Geschichte nicht durch abstrakte Begriffe und Ideen eine Erscheinung illustriert, sondern durch dasjenige, was in der Geschichte wirklich wird. Es wird immer in der Geschichte die Definition einer Sache eine andere Tatsache sein, nicht ein abstrakter Begriff. So handelt es sich darum, Realitäten zu studieren. Und so handelt es sich namentlich darum, sein Augenmerk darauf zu richten, welches die Realitäten sind; denn heute leben wir in dem Zeitalter, wo Realitäten durchschaut werden müssen, wo Realitäten restlos enthüllt werden müssen.
Diese Erscheinung zeigt sich ganz besonders, wenn Sie studieren die Konstitution, den Inhalt derjenigen Geheimgesellschaften, welche eine große Macht innerhalb der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung haben, eine Macht, welche man im breiten Publikum nicht ahnt. Das sind Gesellschaften, welche sich unter außerordentlich sympathischen äußeren Regeln zusammentun, Gesellschaften, welche gerade im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum eine immer größere und größere Macht erlangt haben.
Wenn Sie in das Jahr 1720 zurückblicken, so haben Sie in England ein paar Anhänger solcher Gemeinschaften. Anhänger sind in der Regel bloß die Werkzeuge, die eigentlich schiebenden Menschen stehen dahinter; aber auch Anhänger waren dazumal nur ein paar. Sehen wir heute die Statistik nach, so haben wir an freimaurerischen Gesellschaften, also solchen Gesellschaften, die ein gutes Instrument in den Händen der Geheimgesellschaften sind, in London 488 Logen, in ganz Großbritannien 1354 Logen, in den Kolonien und im Ausland als englische Logen 486; und daran angeschlossen das sogenannte Royal Arch Cap, also dasjenige, was schon die äußeren Usancen der Freimaurerei etwas geheimhält, 836 in der ganzen Welt.
Nun handelt es sich darum, erstens den substantiellen Gehalt desjenigen, was innerhalb dieser Logen existiert, ins Auge zu fassen als ein Instrument für die eigentlich schiebenden Mächte. Und dann handelt es sich darum, die Gründe aufzusuchen, warum diese Mächte eigentlich bis heute eine außerordentlich große Bedeutung gehabt haben. Der eigentlich substantielle Gehalt, der geht in Zeiten fernster Vergangenheit zurück. Und diejenigen, die immer wieder und wieder betonen, daß der Inhalt der Maurerei in Zeiten ferner Vergangenheit zurückgeht, die haben so ganz Unrecht nicht, wenn auch die Dinge, so wie sie dargestellt werden, oftmals nebulos, vielleicht sogar schwindelhaft sind. Aber das Zurückgehen in Zeiten ferner Vergangenheit beruht doch auf einem gewissen wahren Hintergrund. Es geht sogar in so ferne Vergangenheiten zurück, daß wir sagen können: Diese Vergangenheiten sind diejenigen des alten, ersten Stadiums des Imperialismus, wonach der Gott in Menschengestalt unter Menschen herumwandelte. Da hat dasjenige, was in diesen Logen heute gesprochen wird, namentlich aber was gezeigt wird, einen Sinn gehabt. Dann ist es zum Symbolum geworden. Der Sinn ist längst dahin. Man kann sagen, innerhalb derjenigen Logen, die heute existieren, ist von einem Wissen, vom Inhalte desjenigen, was getan oder gesagt wird, kaum irgend etwas vorhanden. Aber geblieben ist die Symbolik. Die Symbolik hat sich nun auch in das Stadium der Phrase herein fortgepflanzt, so daß wir namentlich in englisch sprechenden Gegenden und denjenigen Gegenden, die von ihnen abhängig sind, zwei Schichten von Kulturfermenten nebeneinander haben: die äußere, ganz exoterische, das öffentliche Leben beherrschende Phrase und in den Geheimgesellschaften das Symbolum, das nur traditionell bewahrt wird, von dem gar nicht angestrebt wird, es bis zu seinem wirklichen Urgrund zurückzuführen, das aber als Symbolum bewahrt wird. Dadurch wird das Symbolum zur Phrase in symbolischer Gestalt, oder zum Symbol, das auch Phrase wird, aber das in anderen Gestalten auftritt. Sie haben also die äußere exoterische Phrase des öffentlichen Lebens, die in der gewöhnlichen Menschensprache sich ausdrückt, die in den Parlamenten zum Beispiel ihr Wesen treibt, und dann haben Sie in den Geheimgesellschaften das Treiben mit der Symbolik, von der in der Regel auch diejenigen nichts verstehen, denen diese Symbolik überliefert wird. Es ist also etwas Phrasenhaftes in Symbolgestalt. Das ist wichtig, daß wir neben der äußeren rein wörtlichen Phrase die kulturelle Phrase haben, die zeremonielle Phrase. Denn diese zeremonielle Phrase birgt immerhin ein geistiges Element in sich. Und in Geheimgesellschaften, welche echte zeremonielle Formen haben, das heißt solche, die auf wirkliche Usancen zurückgehen, kann es vorkommen, daß durch ihr Karma besonders begabte Leute hinter den wirklichen Sinn dieser Symbole einmal kommen. Manchmal findet ja auch ein blindes Hühnchen ein Korn. Also es kann durchaus vorkommen, daß besonders begabte Leute hinter den Sinn der Zeremonien kommen; dann werden sie aus den betreffenden Geheimgesellschaften entfernt. Aber man sorgt dafür, daß sie diesen Geheimgesellschaften nicht mehr schädlich werden können. Denn dasjenige, was besonders wichtig ist für diese Geheimgesellschaften, ist die Macht, und nicht die Einsicht. Es handelt sich durchaus ja darum, die Geheimnisse in traditioneller Form zu bewahren. Und in dieser traditionellen Form haben sie eine gewisse Macht. Warum ?
Ich habe Ihnen jetzt gewissermaßen den substantiellen Inhalt geschildert. Aber dieser substantielle Inhalt, der ist ja an die Menschen gebunden, die in diesen Geheimgesellschaften zusammengerottet werden. Denken Sie, wie viele Leute zu diesen verschiedenen Logen der Welt gehören. Diese Leute sind nun, indem sie in die Logen eintreten, gegenübergestellt dem Zeremoniellen, das so geartet ist, wie ich es Ihnen eben charakterisiert habe. Aber sie sind unter gewissen Gesichtspunkten für die Logen gewonnen. Und einer der wichtigsten Gesichtspunkte, unter denen sie für die Logen ursprünglich gewonnen sind —- wenn auch von verschiedenen Seiten gegen diese Gesichtspunkte besonders heute in der mannigfaltigsten Weise gesündigt wird, darauf kommt es aber für die Wirksamkeit dieser Logen nicht an -, einer der wichtigsten Gesichtspunkte, unter dem die Menschen in diesen Logen zusammengerottet sind, ist der der absoluten Indiskutabilität der religiösen Bekenntnisse. Gewiß, es wird dagegen gesündigt. Es gibt heute in der Welt Freimaurerlogen, die, sagen wir, keine Juden aufnehmen. Selbstverständlich, das gibt es; aber die verstehen eben nichts von dem Grundprinzip. Das Grundprinzip ist, Menschen aller Bekenntnisse in sich zu fassen. Das ist einer der Hauptgrundsätze also, auf den Inhalt desjenigen, was einer glaubt, nichts zu geben. Das andere ist, innerhalb der Logen nichts zu geben auf die äußeren Klassen- und sonstigen Unterschiede. Die Menschen, die innerhalb der richtigen Logen sind, sind alle untereinander Brüder, gleichgültig ob einer ein Lord oder der andere ein Arbeiter ist, nur, daß auch dagegen wieder gesündigt wird. Es werden in den meisten Logen keine Arbeiter aufgenommen, sondern nur Lords und diejenigen, die ihnen gefügig sind. Aber das hat mit dem Prinzip als solchem nichts zu tun. Diejenigen, die drinnen sind, die sind eben durchaus vereinigt unter der Devise: Alle sind Brüder. — Es gibt ja nur die Grade; die haben aber nichts zu tun mit der äußeren Schichtung, mit der sozialen Schichtung der Menschen. Dadurch sind die Menschen zusammengerottet unter Gesichtspunkten, die mit der äußeren sozialen Ordnung nichts zu tun haben, denn in unserer äußeren sozialen Ordnung haben wir durchaus die Menschen geschichtet erstens nach ihren Bekenntnissen, die da noch eine Rolle spielen - Bekenntnisse spielen in den wirklichen Logen keine Rolle -, zweitens wird man nicht behaupten können, daß die Menschen in der äußeren sozialen Ordnung Brüder sind. Sie sind nicht Brüder. In den Logen, diejenigen wenigstens, die drinnen sind, sind Brüder.
Aber solche Dinge, die haben eine gewisse reale Bedeutung. Es ist nicht gleichgültig, unter welchen Gesichtspunkten man Menschen zu Gemeinschaften zusammenfaßt. Wenn man Menschen unter einem gleichen Bekenntnisse zu einer Gemeinschaft zusammenfaßt, so ist das im realen Leben eine Gemeinschaft, die unter Umständen nur angewiesen ist auf die äußere Macht, auf die tote Macht. Wenn man Menschen zusammenfaßt unter dem Gesichtspunkte, daß das Glaubensbekenntnis gleichgültig ist, dann wird daraus eine Gemeinschaft mit einer besonders starken geistigen Macht. Daher hat die katholische Kirche immer müssen ihre Macht unterstützen durch politische Machtmittel, weil sie die Menschen, wenigstens annähernd, zusammenfassen will unter einem gewissen einheitlichen Bekenntnis. Sie ist immer um so mächtiger gewesen, je weniger es den Leuten auf das Bekenntnis ankam, je weniger es der Hierarchie, je weniger es Rom auf das Bekenntnis ankam. Denn im äußeren Leben, in den physischen sozialen Ordnungen das Bekenntnis als das Maßgebende machen heißt machtlos machen. Machtvoll kann nur eine Gemeinschaft auftreten, die nichts auf das Bekenntnis als solches gibt.
Dieses ist von einer ganz besonderen Wichtigkeit im Zeitalter der Phrase. Denn neben die öffentliche Phrase stellt sich gewissermaßen die esoterische Phrase, die des Zeremoniells, die des Kultus hin. Und aus diesen Untergründen heraus hat sich eigentlich die soziale Wirrnis der Gegenwart in Wahrheit ergeben. Man kann sehr merkwürdige Zeugnisse anführen für die Phrasenhaftigkeit des Zeitalters. Sie wissen, bis in die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts herein standen sich im englischen Parlamente gegenüber eine liberale Partei, die Whigs, und eine konservative Partei, die Tories. Whigs und Tories standen sich gegenüber. Was waren denn das eigentlich für Benennungen ? In der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts waren diese Benennungen im Grunde genommen ganz ernsthaftig gemeint. Die Liberalen nannte man Whigs, und man brauchte sich nicht einmal zu genieren dabei; die andern nannte man Tories, man brauchte sich auch nicht zu genieren dabei. Aber als diese Benennungen aufgekommen waren im Morgenrot des englischen Parlaments, was waren denn diese zwei Namen ? Der Name Whigs, er war ein Schimpfname. Er kam als Schimpfname auf. Als sich ein schottischer Bund bildete gegen die in Schottland verpönte englische Maßregel einer gewissen Kirchendisziplin, da rotteten sich schottische Leute zusammen, die man dann in England Whigs schimpfte. Also so weit ging die Phrase, daß man eine offizielle Benennung dadurch gewann, daß man einen Schimpfnamen umwandelte zu der offiziellen Benennung. Denken Sie sich, wie sich das alles abspielt über der Realität. Die Realität bestand darinnen, daß man die Mitglieder dieses schottischen Bundes in England Whigs nannte. Dann waren es die ganz ehrwürdigen Liberalen, die Whigs nicht geschimpft, sondern definiert wurden. Und die Tories — das war ein Name, der aus Irland gekommen war. So nannte man dort im 17., 18. Jahrhundert die Anhänger des Papismus. Dann war dieser Name, der ein Schimpfname für die irischen Papisten war, der öffentliche Name für die englischen Konservativen geworden. Das alles spielte sich ab im Reiche der Namen, im Reiche der Benennungen, im Reiche der Phrase. Die Wirklichkeit hatte damit gar nichts zu tun. Das ist ein Beispiel, das, ich möchte sagen, von der Oberfläche geholt ist. Aber für diese Erscheinung können Sie, zunächst in der englisch sprechenden Welt, dann aber in der ganzen übrigen Welt, insoferne sie angesteckt davon war und ist, überall die gleichen Erscheinungen finden.
Aber was ist denn das, daß sich so viele Menschen zusammentun unter Gesichtspunkten, die durchaus löblich sind, wie die Menschen, die in den Logen zusammengetan sind ? Es kommt ja dabei gar nicht darauf an, daß eine geringe Zahl von recht zweifelhaften Existenzen auch in den Logen sind. Es kommt dabei auf das Prinzip an. Das hat eine große Bedeutung, daß sich da unter den wirksamsten Gesichtspunkten Menschen zusammenfinden, und sich zusammenfinden in dem phrasenhaften Zeremoniell, in dem phrasenhaften Kultus, der nun seinerseits wiederum den Zusammenhalt dieser Menschen gibt aus realen geistigen Untergründen heraus.
Es ist ja doch so, daß wenn irgend jemand, sagen wir, ein mächtiger Minister ist und einen Unterstaatssekretär braucht, es ihm selbstverständlich lieber ist, wenn er seinen Bruder Maurer ernennen kann, als wenn er einen beliebigen andern zu ernennen hat. Es ist sogar berechtigt, denn den kennt er besser, mit dem kann er besser arbeiten. Es wird sogar in berechtigter Weise eine Zusammenrottung getrieben, die einmal für die Verhältnisse, in die sie hineingestellt ist, nicht einmal ungünstig ist, die aber aufhören muß, in dieser Weise zu wirken.
Aber was ist es denn eigentlich, was da auftritt? Es ist doch merkwürdig, daß gerade im Zeitalter der Phrase, die im öffentlichen Leben herrscht, daß in diesem Zeitalter der Phrase auftritt eine geistige Strömung, eine geistige Gemeinschaft mit entschieden wirksamen Prinzipien! Diese geistige Gemeinschaft hält sich recht sehr geheim, nicht so sehr ihrem Bestande nach, sondern ihrem eigentlichen inneren Impuls nach. Warum ist denn das eigentlich? Weil wir im Zeitalter der Phrase leben und die Phrase es gestattet, Wirklichkeiten zu fälschen. Denn was bildet sich denn da eigentlich heraus? Was ist denn im Grunde genommen schon da? Das zunächst auf sich gestellte wirtschaftliche Leben, mit dem die Phrase nicht mehr stimmt; das Geistesleben, das unterirdisch getrieben wird, und das Rechtsleben, das eben als Phrase in der Toga einherschreitet, ungefähr mit derselben Bedeutung für die äußere Welt als Jurisprudenz, wie der englische Richter im Richterornat dasitzt. So wie dieses Richterornat sich verhält zu dem, was da Wirklichkeit ist, so verhält sich die Jurisprudenz zu dem, was die dahinterstehende Wirklichkeit ist. Eine Dreigliederung im Reich der Phrase, eine Dreigliederung in der Unwahrheit, aber der Beweis für die Notwendigkeit der Dreigliederung.
Sie sehen, die Dreigliederung wollen heißt im Grunde genommen an die Stelle der Lüge, der Phrasen die Wahrheit setzen, aber die Wahrheit als Wirklichkeit, während in der Gegenwart die Epoche angebrochen ist, wo Wirklichkeit nicht die Wahrheit ist, sondern wo Wirklichkeit die Phrase ist und alles dasjenige, was von der Phrase abhängt. Man kann ja allerdings die Phrase treiben sowohl in der geistigen Welt wie auch in der Rechtswelt, in der Staatswelt; nur in der wirtschaftlichen Welt läßt es sich nicht gut machen. Denn da kommt doch das im Großen in Betracht, was mir bei mannigfaltigen öffentlichen Vorträgen immer wieder — die Dinge spielen sich ja immer wiederholt ab - eingewendet worden ist. Nachdem ich auseinandergesetzt habe, wie der Mensch durch die Verfolgung desjenigen, was in meinem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten ?» gesagt worden ist, dazu kommt, innerlich eine Anschauung der geistigen Welt, der geistigen Realität zu entwickeln, da steht nach jedem dritten Vortrag einer auf in der Diskussion und sagt: Ja, aber wie kann man wissen, daß, was man innerlich schaut, eine Realität ist? Es gibt doch Autosuggestion. Diese ganze geistige Welt könnte ja nur eine Autosuggestion sein! Es gibt doch sogar die Suggestion, daß man, wenn man bloß an Limonade denkt, einen Limonadegeschmack im Munde hat; da suggeriert man sich selber den Limonadegeschmack. Man hat gar keine Limonade da, aber man denkt bloß an Limonade, und man hat es als Geschmack. — Darauf sagte ich immer: Es kommt eben an auf das Stehen in der vollen Wirklichkeit. Gewiß, man kann sich den Limonadegeschmack suggerieren, aber man kann sich nicht die Stillung des Durstes auf diese Weise durch Gedanken suggerieren. Die Stillung des Durstes bleibt aus. - Wenn man also nur weit genug geht, dann führt die Sache schon zur Realität. Man kann Phrasen im Reich der Geistigkeit, man kann Phrasen sogar noch im Reiche des Rechtlichen, des Staatlichen haben, aber man kann Phrasen nicht gut im wirtschaftlichen Leben haben, weil man sie nicht essen kann oder wenigstens nicht satt wird davon.
Und so ist tatsächlich im Zeitalter der Phrase von den Realitäten die wirtschaftliche Realität gerade an den charakteristischesten Stellen zurückgeblieben. Und in dem Augenblicke — das muß ich noch einmal sagen -, in dem man erkennen wird, daß die Illusion eine Illusion ist, daß die Phrase eine Phrase ist, wird das große Schamgefühl auftauchen: Wir Menschen leben ja so, daß wir eine Vernunft haben, aber wir machen mit dieser Vernunft nichts anderes, als daß wir die wirtschaftlichen Unterlagen des physischen Lebens besorgen, welches die Tiere sogar ohne Vernunft zustande bringen. Wenn wir Menschen durch unsere Vernunft nichts anderes zustande bringen, als das wirtschaftliche Leben zu besorgen, Nahrung und alles dasjenige, was mit dem physischen Dasein zusammenhängt, dann prostituieren wir ja die Vernunft, dann brauchen wir unsere Vernunft, um etwas zu besorgen, was das Tier ganz gut ohne den Luxus der Vernunft besorgt. In dem Augenblicke, wo diese Selbsterkenntnis eintritt, das heißt, wo die Phrase als Phrase durchschaut wird, in diesem Augenblick wird das große Schamgefühl eintreten, und dann der Umschlag. Dann wird eintreten die Einsicht in die Notwendigkeit der Erneuerung der geistigen Welt.
Das muß aber in entsprechender Weise wirklich vorbereitet werden dadurch, daß eine genügend große Anzahl von Menschen die Verhältnisse der Gegenwart durchschaut. Denn was hilft es denn eigentlich, wenn die Menschen sich heute über dasjenige, was real ist, etwas vormachen? Was hilft es denn, an Lloyd George zu glauben, wenn man durchschauen kann, daß alles dasjenige, was aus seinem Munde kommt, notwendig bloß Phrase ist? Was hilft es denn, daß die Welt den Wilson angebetet hat, wenn man durchschauen kann, daß die ganze Wilsonsche Politik eine Phrasenpolitik war? Was hilft es denn, über europäische Verhältnisse heute nachzudenken aus denjenigen Prinzipien heraus, welche durch Jahrhunderte hindurch von alten Zeiten ererbte Prinzipien waren und für die heutigen Verhältnisse keine Kräfte mehr sein können?
Symbole sollte man auch in den geschichtlichen Erscheinungen sehen. Man sollte sich klar sein darüber, daß sich schon in den äußeren Erscheinungen merkwürdige Dinge ausdrücken. Die Habsburger — aus dem Elsaß sind sie hervorgegangen, durch die Schweiz sind sie nach Osten gerückt, immer weiter nach Osten. Am Östlichsten sind sie angekommen, als sie apostolische Könige von Ungarn geworden sind. Aber bei diesem Gang vom Westen nach dem Osten, da liegt das Eigentümliche vor, daß die westlichen Realitäten im Osten hinschwinden.
Die Hohenzollern haben keinen so weiten Weg gebraucht, bloß von Nürnberg bis Berlin, aber auch vom Westen nach Osten. Diese historischen Zeichen sind eben auch reale Symbole, die man wohl ins Auge fassen muß. Und ins Auge gefaßt muß werden, was heute unter der Phrase Realität ist. Deshalb kann auch unmöglich heute jemand aus dem, was im öffentlichen Urteile lebt, eine Realität noch herausgewinnen. Wer heute einen Sinn für Wirklichkeiten hat, der kommt eben auf sehr merkwürdige Dinge. Man versucht dasjenige, was im öffentlichen Leben auftritt, was überall in der Welt Nachahmung, Nacheiferung findet, die Whigs und die Tories, zu prüfen. Man sucht ihren Ursprung Schimpfnamen waren sie, und man hat nötig gehabt, sie ernsthaftig zu nehmen, weil man für diejenigen Realitäten, die da waren, ernsthafte Namen nicht gut hätte finden können. So geht es uns heute mit sehr vielem; mit ungeheuer vielem geht es uns heute so. Wir versuchen heute im öffentlichen Leben, Worte gar sehr in ein gewisses mystisches Dunkel zu hüllen, und wir merken es nicht. Wir merken nicht, wie wir im Zeitalter der Phrase leben.
Ich kenne zum Beispiel einen sehr interessanten Kodex von lauter zusammengestellten Phrasen. Wenn man diesen Kodex aufschlägt, so
findet man Sätze ganz merkwürdiger Art, wie zum Beispiel: Was ist das Recht? - Das Recht ist der Wille eines Volkes, —- und so geht es weiter. Ja, meine lieben Freunde: Das Recht ist der Wille eines Volkes...! Volk - für die Menschen der Gegenwart ist das nur eine Summe von einzelnen Menschen. Aber diese Summe soll nun einen Willen haben! Von solcher Art sind nun alle die Erklärungen, die in diesem Kodex der Phrasen gegeben werden. Man hat das Gefühl, daß da einmal jemand sich den großen Luxus gegönnt hat, alles dasjenige, was gegenwärtig existiert im öffentlichen Leben, in die Sprache der Phrase zu übersetzen und das als einen Kodex herauszugeben. Und wissen Sie, wie dieser Kodex der Phrasen heißt? «Der Staat», und sein Verfasser ist Woodrow Wilson. Und erschienen ist dieser Kodex der Phrasen in den neunziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts. In den neunziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts hat Woodrow Wilson sich nun nicht den Luxus machen wollen, die sämtlichen öffentlichen Phrasen zusammenzustellen — aber als Tatsache ist das gelungen. So wenig hat dasjenige, was die Leute in ihrer Phrasenhaftigkeit denken und sagen, noch zu tun mit dem, was wirklich entsteht. Nach seiner Meinung hat Woodrow Wilson herausgegeben die Summe der heutigen Staatsweisheit, in Wirklichkeit einen Kodex von lauter Phrasen. Vor einigen Jahren hat einen Deutschen so sehr der Hafer der Phrase gestochen, daß er nun dieses dicke Buch ins Deutsche übersetzt hat, so daß dieses Buch auch im Deutschen vorliegt. Ich setze voraus, daß es noch in andere Weltsprachen übersetzt sein wird, ich weiß es aber nicht.
Ohne diese Dinge zu durchschauen, ohne in diesen Dingen überall die Wirklichkeiten ins Auge zu fassen, kommen wir heute nicht weiter. Mit kleinen Gedanken kommt man heute nicht weiter. Es ist nötig, das Gemüt anzuspornen zu großen Gedanken. Davon wollen wir dann morgen weiter reden.
Seventeenth Lecture
I have spoken to you about the historical origins of what we now call imperialism, and you have already noticed from what I said yesterday that, in these considerations on imperialism, it is essentially important to see how phenomena of the present, which were once thoroughly real factors in social life, are now, in reality, only remnants of old times. In ancient times, the institutions and customs in question had real significance. They were, in a sense, realities. That reality has ceased to exist. It has evolved through the stage of symbolism and has ultimately become mere rhetoric.
We live in an age of phrases. But it is important to understand that phrases also need a certain foundation on which to grow, and that phrases also prepare the way for something that must come in the development of humanity. If old reality did not transform itself into phrase, that is, into something that is like an existing illusion, then something completely new could not assert itself as reality. Nothing new could come into being if, for example, the visible, sensually perceptible God in human form still existed in our time, as he did as a last remnant in the ancient Roman Empire; for the Roman emperors, even if this was no longer felt as strongly as it had been in the East, were nevertheless gods according to their pretensions. Nero was, at least according to assumption, according to hypothesis, a real god in human form. These things have lost their real meaning in the course of time. They have passed through the stage of the sign, the symbol, and have then become mere phrases.
Now the point is that the more things become phrases, the more the ground is prepared for a new reality, that is, for a spiritual life that is now drawn not from the sensory world but from the supersensible world, for a spiritual life that does not want to find the divine-spiritual beings in human form but wants to find them as real, actual beings among the visible human beings on earth. First the phrase must be there, but then it must also be recognized. Then it becomes possible for a new spiritual life to truly develop. If one wants to understand the present out of such, let us say, unpleasant premises, one must be able to direct one's attention to the birth of a new spiritual life with the complete illusion of what was reality in the development of humanity.
It is only natural that people want to cling to old realities, even if they have become mere phrases; for seeing that things have become mere phrases causes a certain uncertainty in the human mind. People believe that if they have to admit that the old things have become mere phrases, they no longer have solid ground under their feet. People love to deceive themselves because, at the moment when they accept the deception as deception, they believe they are floating in the air. They will only stop believing they are floating in the air when they can truly feel the solidity of the new spiritual life. And we are living in an age in which we must participate in the declining phrase and in the rising spiritual life. This will become possible in particular because it must become increasingly clear to all English-speaking people that what they have preserved from earlier times and still talk about is nothing but phraseology, and that beneath this phraseology, economic life is the only true reality, as I described to you yesterday.
But a moment will come, a moment of very special importance. At the moment when one feels that one is dealing with that economic life which, as I described yesterday, becomes “decent” in the third or fourth generation, and otherwise with phrases, at that moment one will feel the futility of man, who merely stands within a reality in physical life. This realization must dawn on Western peoples in particular. The moment must come when the admission takes hold in the soul: we can no longer hold on to everything we talk about. The reality among us is what we acquire and prepare for the stomach and digestion of human beings. As long as one has not seen through the phrase for what it is, as long as one does not know that the economy is the only reality, one will not come to the necessary confession. But once we come to the necessary confession, human nature can no longer help but say: in order to be human, we need a spiritual reality in addition to the physical reality of mere economic activity.
This moment of realization must dawn. Without this moment of realization, human development cannot progress. Precisely for the same reason that we are moving toward a new spiritual life, we must immerse ourselves in the element of rhetoric in the present.
Now, however, the strongest gift, the strongest talent for this realization is found in the Western peoples. In the Western peoples, all the preconditions are in place for such a realization to truly dawn, while the other peoples of Europe, for example, have little predisposition for such a realization to dawn among them with the necessary intensity. For there are often other conditions that prevent illusions from being seen through as thoroughly and as radically as they can be seen through in the English-speaking population. You need only consider historical conditions again.
Just think that the various tribes of Germanic origin living in Central Europe were united since the time of Charlemagne's successors, since the Saxon and Staufer rulers, as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, as I have already said. This Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was basically a whole network of symbols. Everything was in the character of the sign, the symbol. In everything one encountered, it was necessary to go back from the sign, from the symbol, to some kind of reality. But this penetration through the sign, through the symbol, did not lead to a full spiritual reality. The churches prevented that. One ended up, in a sense, merely floating and swimming in a spiritual reality. That is why everything that the Middle Ages had to say about a spiritual reality, and everything that the successors of the European creeds have to say about such a spiritual reality, has the character of something half-understood, something not quite comprehensible. It has the character of the light shining through colorful window panes in medieval churches. People recoiled when they came from symbols to the spiritual; they recoiled from a clear, sharp grasp. On the contrary, they preferred to characterize things in such a way that they stood there as something half unknown, which cannot be penetrated by knowledge.
And this is actually how it was with external social conditions. Anyone who studies the history of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation with inner meaning—and Swiss history is, after all, intimately connected with the history of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation—will find that ambiguities upon ambiguities have been passed down from age to age. Uncertainties through which one tries to take in one's own social organization, to live in it, to understand it, until one finally realizes in 1806 — even the Habsburgs realized it at that time — that the entire Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation no longer made any sense. And the particularly gifted – that is, negatively gifted – Emperor Franz L. abdicated the German imperial crown at that time, after having created a personal or, as it is called in this case, a substitute for his house in the Austrian imperial crown two years earlier. Things lost their ability to exist because, in the end, no meaning could be found behind this symbol. And nothing remained for these people in Central Europe but a striving, a desire that sought everything possible but had little concrete meaning in itself.
Hence the founding of the empire in 1870/71 with its internal contradiction. A German empire was created, but not out of any real circumstances. This title was invented. In France, if something similar had been achieved, the “Empereur” might have been understood, or at least half understood, because there was still some substance left in the people; but within the German character there was a name that presupposed a talent for mere names that meant nothing; a talent, on the one hand, for cultivating phrases and, on the other, for a reality of economic life or something similar that had nothing to do with them. reality of economic life or something similar that initially had nothing to do with it. But this talent did not exist in Central Europe. And in order to understand what developed in this Central Europe, one must be clear that one should not study history in abstract terms, but in realities! One can pose a question with the aim of getting at reality: What actually developed under the German Empire from 1871 to 1914? What was there, what people saw on the outside, was only an illusion. What was the reality? Yes, you see, with historical phenomena, it is such that one thing appears (red); beneath its surface, it contains another thing (blue). When the first thing disappears as an illusion, the second appears in its reality in the continuation.
One should not analyze, but rather point to reality, to the concrete. What developed under the German Empire from 1871 to 1914 was not apparent at the time, because that was the illusion; reality comes afterwards, it is what has been developing since November 1918; that is the current rulers. The fundamental character of the Wilhelmine era is Noske. The fundamental character of what had been developing there for decades only came to light when the current rulers appeared. The former German emperor is defined by the so-called revolutionary rulers of the present. The conditions that existed beneath the surface in the decades before, when people indulged in illusions, are the conditions that now exist in reality.
And so you can study history in reality by looking for involution in evolution, by looking for what is developing beneath the surface. What is the real name for what Russian tsarism was in the 19th century? What Russian tsarism was, now that it has appeared in its true form, is Lenin and Trotsky, Bolshevism. That is the concrete truth of what was then merely an illusion. Tsarism is merely a lie floating on the surface; but what this tsarism really cultivated appeared in its true reality as soon as it was swept away. Lenin is nothing other than the Tsar; after his skin was flayed off, what remained was his reality, and that is what we now call Lenin or Trotsky. And if you continue this image and flay the skins off people like Caprivi or Hohenlohe or Bethmann Hollweg, what remains is Noske, Scheidemann, and so on. These are the real figures; the others were merely illusions superimposed upon them.
The point is that in history, one does not illustrate a phenomenon with abstract concepts and ideas, but with what actually happens in history. In history, the definition of a thing will always be another fact, not an abstract concept. So it is a matter of studying realities. And so it is a matter of focusing one's attention on what the realities are, for today we live in an age where realities must be seen through, where realities must be completely revealed.
This phenomenon is particularly evident when you study the constitution and content of those secret societies that wield great power within the English-speaking population, a power that is unimagined by the general public. These are societies that unite under extremely appealing external rules, societies that have gained ever greater power, especially in the fifth post-Atlantean period.
If you look back to the year 1720, you will find a few followers of such communities in England. Followers are usually merely tools, with the real movers and shakers behind them; but even then there were only a few followers. If we look at the statistics today, we find that there are Masonic societies, i.e., societies which are a good instrument in the hands of secret societies, 488 lodges in London, 1,354 lodges throughout Great Britain, and 486 lodges in the colonies and abroad as English lodges; and affiliated with these, the so-called Royal Arch Cap, which keeps the external practices of Freemasonry somewhat secret, 836 throughout the world.
Now it is a matter of first considering the substantial content of what exists within these lodges as an instrument for the actual driving forces. And then it is a matter of seeking the reasons why these forces have actually been of such extraordinary importance to this day. The actual substance goes back to times in the distant past. And those who repeatedly emphasize that the content of Freemasonry goes back to times in the distant past are not entirely wrong, even if the things as they are presented are often nebulous, perhaps even deceptive. But this going back to distant times is based on a certain true background. It even goes back so far that we can say: These past times are those of the old, first stage of imperialism, after which God walked among men in human form. At that time, what is spoken in these lodges today, but especially what is shown, had a meaning. Then it became a symbol. The meaning is long gone. One can say that within the lodges that exist today, there is hardly any knowledge of the content of what is done or said. But the symbolism has remained. The symbolism has now also propagated itself into the stage of phraseology, so that we have two layers of cultural ferments side by side, especially in English-speaking regions and those regions that are dependent on them: the outer, entirely exoteric phrase that dominates public life, and in the secret societies the symbol that is preserved only by tradition, which no one even attempts to trace back to its real origin, but which is preserved as a symbol. Thus the symbol becomes a phrase in symbolic form, or a symbol that also becomes a phrase, but appears in other forms. So you have the external, exoteric phrase of public life, which is expressed in ordinary human language and which, for example, runs rampant in parliaments, and then you have the goings-on in secret societies with their symbolism, which, as a rule, even those to whom this symbolism is handed down do not understand. So there is something phraseological in symbolic form. It is important that, alongside the external, purely verbal phrase, we have the cultural phrase, the ceremonial phrase. For this ceremonial phrase contains an intellectual element. And in secret societies that have genuine ceremonial forms, that is, those that go back to real customs, it can happen that, through their karma, particularly gifted people once discover the real meaning of these symbols. Sometimes even a blind chicken finds a grain of corn. So it can certainly happen that particularly gifted people discover the meaning of the ceremonies; then they are removed from the secret societies in question. But care is taken to ensure that they can no longer harm these secret societies. For what is particularly important to these secret societies is power, not insight. It is indeed a matter of preserving the secrets in their traditional form. And in this traditional form, they have a certain power. Why?
I have now described to you, in a manner of speaking, the substantial content. But this substantial content is bound to the people who are gathered together in these secret societies. Think how many people belong to these various lodges around the world. By joining the lodges, these people are confronted with the ceremonial rituals that I have just described to you. But from certain points of view, they have been won over to the lodges. And one of the most important aspects under which they were originally won over to the lodges — even if these aspects are particularly violated in a variety of ways today, which is not important for the effectiveness of these lodges — one of the most important aspects under which people are gathered together in these lodges is the absolute indisputability of religious beliefs. Certainly, this principle is violated. There are Masonic lodges in the world today that, let us say, do not admit Jews. Of course, this is true; but they simply do not understand the basic principle. The basic principle is to accept people of all creeds. This is one of the main principles, therefore, not to give any importance to the content of what a person believes. The other is not to give any importance to external class and other differences within the lodges. The people who are in the right lodges are all brothers to each other, regardless of whether one is a lord and the other a worker, except that this principle is also violated. In most lodges, no workers are admitted, only lords and those who are obedient to them. But that has nothing to do with the principle as such. Those who are inside are thoroughly united under the motto: All are brothers. — There are only degrees, but these have nothing to do with external stratification, with the social stratification of people. As a result, people are grouped together according to criteria that have nothing to do with the external social order, because in our external social order we have definitely stratified people, firstly according to their beliefs, which still play a role there—beliefs play no role in real lodges—and secondly, one cannot claim that people in the external social order are brothers. They are not brothers. In the lodges, at least those who are inside, they are brothers.
But such things have a certain real significance. It is not irrelevant from what point of view people are grouped together into communities. If people are grouped together into a community on the basis of the same creed, then in real life this is a community that may only be dependent on external power, on dead power. If you group people together on the basis that their creed is irrelevant, then you end up with a community with a particularly strong spiritual power. That is why the Catholic Church has always had to support its power with political means, because it wants to unite people, at least to some extent, under a certain uniform creed. It has always been more powerful the less people cared about the creed, the less the hierarchy cared about the creed, and the less Rome cared about the creed. For in external life, in physical social orders, making the creed the decisive factor means making it powerless. Only a community that does not care about the creed as such can appear powerful.
This is of particular importance in an age of rhetoric. For alongside public rhetoric stands, as it were, esoteric rhetoric, that of ceremony and cult. And it is from these underlying sources that the social confusion of the present day has in truth arisen. One can cite very curious examples of the phraseology of the age. You know that until the middle of the 19th century, the English Parliament was divided between a liberal party, the Whigs, and a conservative party, the Tories. Whigs and Tories stood opposed to each other. What were these names actually? In the first half of the 19th century, these names were basically meant quite seriously. The liberals were called Whigs, and there was no need to be embarrassed about it; the others were called Tories, and there was no need to be embarrassed about that either. But when these names came into use in the dawn of the English Parliament, what were these two names? The name Whigs was a term of abuse. It originated as a term of abuse. When a Scottish alliance was formed against the English measure of a certain church discipline that was frowned upon in Scotland, Scottish people banded together and were then called Whigs in England. So the phrase went so far that an official name was gained by converting a derogatory name into the official name. Imagine how all this plays out in reality. The reality was that the members of this Scottish alliance were called Whigs in England. Then it was the very venerable liberals who were not called Whigs as a derogatory term, but were defined as such. And the Tories — that was a name that had come from Ireland. That's what they called the supporters of Papism there in the 17th and 18th centuries. Then this name, which was a derogatory term for Irish Papists, became the public name for English conservatives. All this took place in the realm of names, in the realm of designations, in the realm of phrases. Reality had nothing to do with it. This is an example that, I would say, is taken from the surface. But you can find the same phenomena everywhere, first in the English-speaking world, but then in the rest of the world, insofar as it was and is infected by it.
But what is it that causes so many people to come together under points of view that are thoroughly praiseworthy, such as the people who come together in lodges? It does not matter at all that a small number of rather dubious characters are also in the lodges. What matters is the principle. It is of great significance that people come together under the most effective points of view and come together in the phraseological ceremony, in the phraseological cult, which in turn gives these people cohesion from real spiritual foundations.
It is indeed the case that if someone, say, a powerful minister, needs an undersecretary, he would naturally prefer to appoint his brother, who is a bricklayer, rather than anyone else. It is even justified, because he knows him better and can work better with him. There is even a justified tendency toward mob rule, which is not even unfavorable in the circumstances in which it occurs, but which must cease to operate in this way.
But what is it actually that is happening here? It is strange that precisely in this age of empty phrases that prevail in public life, that in this age of empty phrases, a spiritual movement, a spiritual community with decidedly effective principles, should arise! This spiritual community keeps itself very secret, not so much in terms of its existence, but in terms of its actual inner impulse. Why is that? Because we live in an age of empty phrases, and empty phrases allow realities to be falsified. For what is actually emerging here? What is there, basically? First of all, there is economic life, which has become isolated and is no longer in tune with empty phrases; then there is spiritual life, which is driven underground; and finally there is legal life, which marches along in toga and wig, with about as much meaning for the outer world as jurisprudence, just as an English judge sitting in his judicial robes has. Just as this judge's robe relates to what is reality, so jurisprudence relates to the reality behind it. A threefold division in the realm of phrases, a threefold division in untruth, but proof of the necessity of the threefold division.
You see, to want threefold division basically means to replace lies and phrases with truth, but truth as reality, whereas in the present day we have entered an era where reality is not truth, but where reality is the phrase and everything that depends on the phrase. One can, of course, engage in rhetoric in the spiritual world as well as in the legal world and in the world of government; only in the economic world is it not possible to do so. For there, what has been repeatedly pointed out to me in numerous public lectures — for things always happen repeatedly — comes into play on a large scale. After I have explained how, by following what is said in my book How to Know the Higher Worlds, a person comes to develop an inner view of the spiritual world, of spiritual reality, after every third lecture someone stands up in the discussion and says: Yes, but how can one know that what one sees inwardly is a reality? There is autosuggestion. This whole spiritual world could just be autosuggestion! There is even the suggestion that if you just think about lemonade, you will have the taste of lemonade in your mouth; you suggest the taste of lemonade to yourself. You don't have any lemonade, but you just think about lemonade, and you have the taste. — To that I always said: It depends on where you stand in reality. Certainly, you can suggest the taste of lemonade to yourself, but you cannot suggest the quenching of your thirst in this way through thoughts. The thirst remains unquenched. - So if you go far enough, the matter leads to reality. You can have phrases in the realm of the spiritual, you can even have phrases in the realm of law and government, but you can't have phrases in economic life because you can't eat them, or at least you can't get full from them.
And so, in this age of phrases about reality, economic reality has actually fallen behind in the most characteristic areas. And at the moment—I must say this again—when people realize that the illusion is an illusion, that the phrase is a phrase, a great sense of shame will arise: we humans live in such a way that we have reason, but we do nothing with this reason except to secure the economic foundations of physical life, which animals achieve even without reason. If we humans, through our reason, achieve nothing more than to secure our economic life, food, and everything else connected with physical existence, then we are prostituting reason; then we need our reason to secure something that animals manage quite well without the luxury of reason. At the moment when this self-knowledge dawns, that is, when the phrase is seen for what it is, at that moment a great sense of shame will arise, and then the turning point will come. Then the insight into the necessity of renewing the spiritual world will dawn.
But this must be properly prepared by ensuring that a sufficiently large number of people understand the current situation. For what good does it do if people today delude themselves about what is real? What good does it do to believe in Lloyd George when you can see that everything that comes out of his mouth is necessarily just empty rhetoric? What good does it do that the world worshipped Wilson when one can see that his entire policy was nothing but empty rhetoric? What good does it do to think about European conditions today on the basis of principles that have been inherited from ancient times and can no longer be a force for today's conditions?
Symbols should also be seen in historical phenomena. One should be clear that strange things are already expressed in outward appearances. The Habsburgs originated in Alsace, moved eastward through Switzerland, and continued further and further east. They reached their easternmost point when they became apostolic kings of Hungary. But what is peculiar about this journey from west to east is that Western realities disappear in the East.
The Hohenzollerns did not have to travel so far, only from Nuremberg to Berlin, but also from west to east. These historical signs are also real symbols that must be taken into account. And what is meant by the phrase “reality” today must also be taken into account. That is why it is impossible today for anyone to extract a reality from what lives in public opinion. Anyone who has a sense of reality today comes across some very strange things. One tries to examine what is happening in public life, what is being imitated and emulated all over the world, the Whigs and the Tories. One seeks their origin. They were names of abuse, and it was necessary to take them seriously because one could not find serious names for the realities that existed. This is how we feel about many things today; we feel this way about an enormous number of things today. In public life today, we try to shroud words in a certain mystical obscurity, and we do not notice it. We do not notice how we live in an age of phrases.
I know, for example, a very interesting code consisting entirely of compiled phrases. When you open this code, you find sentences of a very strange kind, such as: What is law?
Law is the will of a people, — and so it goes on. Yes, my dear friends: law is the will of a people...! People — for the people of today, that is only a sum of individual human beings. “The law is the will of the people,” and so it goes on. Yes, my dear friends: the law is the will of the people...! People—for the people of today, that is just a sum of individual human beings. But this sum is now supposed to have a will! All the explanations given in this code of phrases are of this kind. One gets the feeling that someone once allowed themselves the great luxury of translating everything that currently exists in public life into the language of phrases and publishing it as a code. And do you know what this code of phrases is called? “The State,” and its author is Woodrow Wilson. This code of phrases was published in the 1890s. In the 1990s, Woodrow Wilson did not want to indulge in the luxury of compiling all the public phrases — but in fact he succeeded. What people think and say in their phraseology has so little to do with what is really happening. In his opinion, Woodrow Wilson published the sum total of today's state wisdom, which is in reality a code of pure phrases. A few years ago, a German was so bitten by the phrase bug that he translated this thick book into German, so that it is now also available in German. I assume that it will be translated into other world languages, but I don't know for sure.
Without understanding these things, without facing up to the realities in all these matters, we will not get anywhere today. Small thoughts will not get us anywhere today. It is necessary to inspire the mind to great thoughts. We will talk more about this tomorrow.