Polarities in the Evolution of Mankind
GA 197
14 November 1920, Stuttgart
Lecture X
So far a number of different approaches have been used to consider the effective forces in human evolution which we must know about if we want to arrive at a proper understanding of current events. We must above all understand where the root causes lie that have led to the disastrous situation we are facing today. Only then can we find the right way of taking effective action ourselves, and work for the real progress of humankind. Unfortunately far too little attention is paid to the changes which those forces effective in human evolution have undergone in very recent times, compared to times that relatively speaking were not that long ago.
Perhaps I may again be permitted to take the great disaster that has happened in recent years as my starting point. This will lead us to the event I referred to in just a few words at the end of my last talk, to the specific Christ event that belongs to the first half of the 20th century, as I have mentioned a number of times.
Taking a genuinely unbiased view of the disastrous events and of their consequences that continue into the present and will still make themselves felt for a long time, we cannot fail to notice how much the whole fabric of the destiny of civilized humanity differs from earlier times. Let me point out immediately that large numbers of people, including those in authority, have not yet become fully aware of what has come upon us. They have been, and still are, acting in accord with the demands of earlier times and their actions are not at all in accord with the needs of the present age.
Again let me give an example, just by way of introduction as it were. We have a—well, they call it a ‘war’ behind us; a much greater war than any we know of in historical times. We have seen that at the time when the war started, something like a spectre from prehistoric times lived in the thoughts that were in people's minds, and that this spectre is still there in the minds of people today. We have seen that this spectre of ideas which has continued into the present from prehistoric times has given rise to opinions, all kinds of measures were taken, and people had no idea that really and fundamentallY something quite different was going on to what they imagined the events of the time to be.
Like earlier wars, the last one was a conflict between human beings; human beings were fighting each other. Unlike earlier wars, however, this war involved energies and forces coming from quite different sources than the form of energies used in earlier wars—energies deriving from the particular nature of human beings. We have seen a tremendous development of technology in recent times and the coming of this powerful technology has changed the whole situation, where the destiny fabric of human beings is concerned. This change determined the course of events in recent years. Yet there has been no corresponding change in people's ideas.
Let me present the major aspects of this. During the period preceding this disastrous war the human technology which had evolved in most recent times had reached a significant stage. Although people had no real awareness of this, human work—labour—had taken on quite a different form to what had gone before. You can get an idea of the different forms it took if you consider one of the fundamental aspects of modern technology, let us say coal-mining, in different countries in the civilized world. The amount of coal produced in the mines relates to the amount of energy gained by processing it; energies merely channelled and controlled by human beings that will then work more or less independently. I would say, therefore, that in recent times human work has come to consist more in stepping back and directing the actual work done by machines.
Considering the facts one will find, for instance, that during the period preceding the outbreak of war, 79 million 'horse power years' of that kind of energy were produced in Germany. These were energies controlled by humans, but in fact derived from coal-mining. They did not arise from something that human beings let spontaneously come forth from within them, but from completely external actions and processes. The energies expended in work are measured in units based on the work a horse does in a year. During the time immediately preceding the outbreak of war, Germany was producing '79 million horse power years of coal-derived energy per year.
What does this really mean? A very superficial comparison with the population figure for Germany shows that on average every single individual in Germany had a horse by his side. This means that the inhabitants of Germany did so much work in the field of technology that is was equivalent to every individual having a horse work for him all year long. The population figure was approximately 79 million, and the energy used was 79 million horse power years. The work done by machines, all kinds of machines, therefore had the same effect as if every individual had a horse to work for him. When war broke out, the potential was there for that much work to be done. A large proportion of this work was then used for the purposes of war, with the result that the purely technological effect of 79 million horse power Years was brought into action at the front.
Now let us take some other figures. For a start I will just add the fact that in 1870, a year when another great event68TN. The Franco-Prussian War 1870–71. took place the way people see it—and rightly so, as people see it—no 79 million horse Power years were produced. Energy production was then six whole millions and seven-tenths of a million, a very low figure compared to human energy output. Six and a half million in 1870, 79 million in 1912. Clearly this means a complete change in the human situation.
Let me give you some more figures. During the time preceding the disastrous war, France, Russia and Belgium together had 35 million horse power years available. Great Britain on the other hand had 98 million. Due to the geographical position of Great Britain those 98 million horse power years could not immediately be fully brought to bear in the war zone; it took some years until this was achieved. When war broke out, therefore, not only were human beings opposing each other, but 79 million horse power years had been pushed into the front lines by the Germans, or a total of more than 90 million by the Central Powers [Germany and Austria]. A large part of those energies were of course used in the war industries and therefore reached the front lines indirectly. Those energies were opposed by Great Britain's 98 million horse power years that could only be brought to bear gradually, and a to of 35 million available in Belguim, Russia and France. You can see now that it would be quite correct to say that, basically, the contribution made by human beings only gave a preliminary result in the initial stages. The army's general staff could order the troops to march; that could be planned and projected by trained minds. But when the front lines had been established for some years, the actual confrontation was between the horse power Years that technology had produced—and these were quite independent of human beings. Thus the relative size of something that had really been taken out of the sphere of human activity determined the fate of this [part of] human evolution. If you now take the following and add it to what has been already said you will see that forces independent of humanity, particularly the most recent achievements of technology, have been responsible for the events that occurred.
The efforts of human beings were of course limited to a channelling function, or at best to stopping some things from happening. But their directions, or else their failure to stop things from happening' caused forces to enter the field of battle that objectively speaking were not under their control. Some of these were able to overcome the others, as it were, on the basis of objective laws that had nothing to do with human beings. Add to this the fact that the United States intervened in the process. At the time when the other countries were able to field the number of horse power years I have mentioned, the Americans were in a position to mobilize 179 million horse power years. This gives you the relative figures for energies mobilized through technology; energies completely independent of anything human beings are capable of producing. Indirectly they are of course connected with ideas thought up by human individuals and so on. The things people have thought up have however been channelled in this direction, and in the war the situation then was that objective force met objective force and in the final instance this had to decide the issue. In very recent times human beings directed their destinies to such effect that when something occurred that in the past would have taken quite a different course, human actions had caused the forces of destiny to be surrendered to the powers that were active in the objects they themselves had produced. Humans are dependent on the earth's productivity where these forces are concerned. They are dependent on many factors that do not lie within their own skins.
This reveals one of the characteristic features of the present age. I have merely given the most striking example of it. Examples like this can be used to illustrate a point. Yet the things that happened there on a gigantic scale—we cannot merely say on a large scale, because it was gigantic—happen on a smaller scale in every day of the life we are given, for we have been delivered up to the products of technology. In 1912 a point had been reached in Germany where fertile human brains had created something outside themselves that did the same amount of work for every individual as a horse would have done. That is the characteristic feature of modern civilization, and we must take a good look at it.
What is alive in those forces with their own objective activity that human beings have created outside themselves in modern civilization; forces that work for them day by day and determine their destinies? Looking at these forces and the way they influence human destiny we perceive the power that we have come to call the power of Ahriman. Ahrimanic powers are alive in these things. Looking at it like this, you will have to admit that the power of these ahrimainc forces has increased at a tremendous rate. Just consider those two figures I have given: in 1870, six and a half million horse power years were available in Germany; that is not very much per human being. In 1912, 79 million horse power years were produced in Germany. That is the sum total of these things influencing not only economic life but the rest of our life as well. So you see what goes on in a world constructed by human beings, that is quite independent of what really lies in human nature. These forces are completely at odds with everything that came into effect when people faced each other as human beings, in the battles fought in the ancient Orient, for instance. Only luciferic forces were involved in those, and this still held true when the Tartar hordes invaded Europe, for example. We often do not realize how different the world has become for modern humanity and how quickly this has come about, relatively speaking.
Spiritual science working towards Anthroposophy is, moreover, called upon to consider the full implications of such a fact. So far I have merely described the outer aspect. We begin to see the inner aspect when we consider the powers which are active in this. In the past they were luciferic powers and now they are ahrimanic. Human beings find themselves in the middle between the two. First of all, however, we must get a definite idea as to what we mean by ‘ahrimanic’ and ‘luciferic’.
Consider what went on in human soul life in those past times when the great struggles in which human beings were involved were largelY determined by luciferic elements. At that time people looked at the phenomena in the world and, as you know, they looked at them in such a way that they perceived a certain number of elemental beings—let us say demonic spirits. Materialistic scientists call this the ‘age of vitalism’, saying that people introduced all kinds of water sprites, gnomes and so on into the phenomenal world. We know that spirits are indeed active in the phenomena of nature. Today, people see only dry-as-dust, prosaic natural phenomena. In the past, people perceived the spiritual entities, the essential spirit of natural phenomena. This is called superstition, nowadays. That is the view taken by the present age. We know, however, that the people of the past used those names to describe something real, which their minds perceived when they looked at the phenomena of nature. They saw elemental in everything nature presented to them. Thus we may say that however instinctive, dim and dreamlike their conscious awareness may have been, some illumination was received as to the nature of those elemental spirits. spirits
During the times that followed, perception of the spiritual essence of natural phenomena no longer came clearly to awareness when people looked at the natural world around them, that did not depend on them for its existence. The modern intellectual approach that we call a scientific attitude came into being. This only concerns itself with forces that can be abstracted from nature and made comprehensible through abstract ideas, in short, the things that may form the content of the human intellect.
I would say, however, that without people being aware of it a completely new world developed in a relatively short time—just take the time from 1870, when six and seven-tenths million horse power years were used in Germany, to 1912, when 79 million were used. This is a world that did not exist before. These forces are present in the human environment, and in major events like those we have seen in recent years. Human destiny actually depended on them, just as formerly it had depended on natural phenomena. These forces and energies also exist and take effect independent of human beings, just as the forces of nature are independent of human beings. Demons elemental powers—are active in them, but their effects on human beings differ from those of the elemental powers that human beings Perceived in the phenomena of nature in the past. Then, people would look at the phenomena of nature and say: ‘Elemental spirits are at Work in there.’ That had an effect on their conscious awareness; the soul came to an understanding with the phenomena Of nature, and the conscious mind could relate to those phenomena. Today's enlightened' minds consider it superstitious to look for spiritual Powers in natural phenomena. They have not the least idea that demonic spirits are active in the whole world of technology created by the human race. Nor will they find it easy to see this, because those powers are acting on the will—and I have often told you that the will is alseep. They work at an unconscious level, taking hold of the unconscious human mind. The consequence is as follows. In the past human beings had at least some awareness of demonic powers. Today demonic powers are restively stirring in all products of technology;69TN. Throughout this lecture Rudolf Steiner used an invented word, Technizismen (technicisms) for ‘products of technology’. their activities extend into the sphere of the human will, but human beings are not yet inclined to accept this. In the first place these things are at an unconscious level and in the second place people feel it would be superstitious to say that demonic spirits are active in the machines they have produced. They are active nevertheless. The spirits perceived in the phenomena of nature in older times were luciferic by nature; the spirits active in machines, in all products of technology, are ahrimanic by nature. Human beings are thus surrounding themselves with an ahrimanic world that is growing completely independent of them.
You will perceive the trend in human evolution. From a luciferic world that still influences their conscious minds and there determines their destinies, human beings are drifting into an ahrimanic world. And at present this is happening at quite a fast pace. This ahrimanic world acts on the human will, and the intellectualism of modern science does not enable people to gain immediate conscious awareness of the will. The great danger is that the ahrimanic world will take hold of the human will and human beings will completely lose their bearings among the demonic powers that are present in the products of technology.
In Eastern Europe present-day thinking has led to a desire to militarize the economy and make it into a vast machine. Even human beings are trained to be like machines, with human labour made into something quite separate from the human being. Behind it lies the will to call forth will demons, for it is their sphere into which people are sliding in Eastern Europe.
The road from the luciferic to the ahrimanic sphere—yes, it has to be said that the course of human evolution is going in that direction. Fundamentally speaking we are right in the middle of leaving the luciferic and sliding into the ahrimanic sphere. Luciferic elements are of course still present in many ways. The ahrimanic element is taking hold of people. The luciferic is more alive in feelings. The ahrimanic takes effect through the human intellect and comes to realization as it takes form in the products of technology.
And now the Christ event, which we may expect during the first half of the 20th century, enters into the situation to give human beings their bearings. The nature of this Christ event will be such that more people will be having objective experiences and will then know that the etheric Christ is walking on earth, the Christ who will represent the power that once walked on earth in the physical form of Christ Jesus, but now at the etheric level. If people come to know this Christ power, if they let it enter into them, they will find the right way of dealing with the forces influencing them that come from the ahrimanic powers which are now in the ascendant. The great problem of our time is that people slide into the ahrimanic sphere without having the support of the Christ force.
We are speaking of something very concrete and positive when we refer to this event that is entering into human evolution in the 20th century. In my first mystery [play] I referred to this as the reappearance of the Christ. I would also say that it is possible to perceive what will happen in human souls when they meet this Christ event in a living way.
The other day I was able to indicate in a public lecture70Stuttgart 10 November 1920, ‘Die Geisteskrisis der Gegenwart und die Krafte zum Menschheitsforschritt’ (The spiritual and cultural crisis of the present time and the forces that mean progress for humanity). To be published in GA 335. that the scientific thinking of the West, which is totally lacking in cohesive vision, reaches its limits when it comes to perceiving the nature of the human being. Science mostly grasps the non-living world. This is categorized and so on. Theories are developed concerning both the non-living and the living world. Darwinism does not go beyond the evolution of animals, however. The human being is then placed at the top of the tree, but this theory really does not include the human being. It is unable to perceive the nature of the human being.
The same applies to the comprehension of social concepts. I have shown that people really 'run on rails' when working in this field; their approach is ahrimanic, technical, and they do not go beyond this. They have got it all down in their books, where credits and liabilities are recorded. They fail, however, to consider the people involved. Those people want their dignity as human beings to be recognized, but no bridges are built between management and workers. Practical life fails to take account of the nature of the human being.
On one side all this is still more or less theoretical today—though perhaps we should not call it theory but rather the impotence of theory, of perception. On the other side we have something that is much to the fore in the social sphere today. The things that are not written down in the books are today making themselves felt in strikes and revolutionary movements. They show themselves in life and they arise out of the work done in industry, in commerce and so on, just as much as all kinds of goods result from industrial production. It is merely that this element, which is now causing unrest among the people, had not been included in the textbooks. It is therefore making itself felt in real life.
I believe it is true to say that very few people really think about these things—which I also discussed at that recent public lecture. The 19th century has really been clouding the issue where these matters are concerned. During the 18th century some people, certainly the more radical thinkers, did begin to get an idea as to what was coming. The 19th century brought events which caused grand-scale confusion. Pierre Bayle71Bayle, Pierre, French philosopher. Statement has not been traced to date. made a very peculiar statement in the 18th century. He was one of the 18th-century materialists who were the forerunners of 19th-century materialism. His statement went as follows: ‘States will know honour and dishonour, ambition, egotism and so forth, but there cannot be a state in which Christian attitudes play an effective role; it is possible to have a state system in which the old heathen virtues and vices play a role, but there can be no such a thing as a Christian state.’ Those were the words of Pierre Bayle, a radical materialist, and there was more truth to his words than to those of the 19th-century idealists. Those idealistic thinkers pretended to themselves that states were Christian. The truth is that they were not. Consider the Christian beliefs of the Middle Ages, for those were foremost in Pierre Bayle's mind. Those beliefs were based on a denial of this earth. It was considered a virtue to rise to a life that was not of this world. The life that developed during the 18th century was largely concerned with earthly matters. ‘There can be no such thing as a Christian state’, Pierre Bayle said, and that in fact was the truth. People were lying when, in the 19th and early 20th century, they pretended to themselves and others that the modern states which had gradually evolved had the Christ spirit in them. They cannot be Christian. Something else emerged from this, however. Whether they stood in the pulpit, or heard the words that were spoken from the people felt utterly convinced that they were true Christians. In the same way people going to their work in government offices, putting on their medals or using the titles conferred on them by the state, imagined themselves to be Christian. They were not in fact Christians, for they held those very positions on account of the fact that they were not Christians. People got into the habit of living a lie; they got out of the habit of seeing the truth when it came to major aspects of life. The result was a nebulous atmosphere where it was not even possible to develop an unbiased view of the progressive ahrimanization of the world.
There has been a lot of talk about the campaign of lies we have had in recent years. Yet in all most important respects people have actually got used to such campaigns of lies. What reason is there to tell the truth now about the lies that were told during that disastrous war? After all, during the 19th century people got into a habit where their souls no longer wanted to know the truth, when it came to the things that are most important in their lives.
It is uncomfortable to face up to these things, and the problem is that people are not facing up to them. Apart from anything else, therefore, modern people are in the difficult position that has arisen because of their inner untruthfulness. This atmosphere will cause a particular mood to develop. Until now it has been mere theory in many respects, merely something we know, that human beings can no longer get through to each other; that the nature of the human being cannot be understood and that this failure to get through to others is also having an effect in the social sphere. All this will become deposited on the human soul. The influence of the external products of technology on the will is going to make the unconscious react with the conscious sphere. There will be no conscious awareness of this, of course, for the whole is at a subconscious level, but a mood will be created. This mood will emerge more and more over the next few decades, or rather years, taking hold of large numbers of people. You will be teaching children in your school and you will note that these children come up with feelings that their elders never had. Something like this has also existed in earlier ages, but it will happen to a much greater degree in the near future. Profound spiritual insight into the present age will be able to judge what is evolving from the depths of the souls of these young people. A great longing is going to come, a kind of longing for something that is lacking. Initially, theories could not be developed that embraced the true nature of the human being, and in the social sphere it proved impossible to include human gifts and talents in business ledgers. All this will condense into feelings and emotions. There will be people—we shall find them among the young in the next generations—who will feel like this: ‘Well, here I am. My form is different from that of other life forms around me. I do not look like an animal, an ox, a donkey, a weasel or an eagle. I look different, but I do not know what it is that looks different. I do not know what a human being is; I do not know what I am.’ Despondency and neurosis will invade the souls of the coming generation. This will be the mood of the age that teachers perceive when they give their lessons. It will be a mood that spreads far and wide. People are so superficial nowadays that is is difficult to talk to them about these things. To show what I mean let me remind you that during the 18th century people who had some perception of the soul of that age were speaking of a ‘Werther fever’. Goethe wrote his Werther72Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, Die Leiden des jungen Werther (The sorrows of Werther) 1775. Weimarer Ausgabe, 19. Bd.out of the whole mood of that age. Then another novel called Siegwart73Miller, Johann Martin. Siegwart, novel published in 1776 (2 y ears after Werther), very popular for a time. appeared. This had been written out of the Siegwart fever' of the second half of the 18th century. Those were the moods of the times, but they only affected a limited number of people. A mood will however arise in the souls of vast numbers of people that may be brought to expression as follows: ‘Well, what am I as a human being? What kind of life form am I as I walk around on two legs? I have a science that I have taken to great heights; have a life in the social sphere—yet both of them do not touch on the reality of what I am.' This mood will be the great question mark of the age, a question mark as to one's own nature as a human being’ It will prepare the eye of the soul so that it may perceive something that is difficult to describe but will nevertheless come to be the new Christ event. Out of that longing, the power will arise to see the Christ made evident. Outer want will become an inner want for the soul, and out of this inner want is to be born the vision of the Christ who will be walking unseen among human beings, and they will need to hold on to him to stop them from sliding from the luciferic into the ahrimanic sphere, in a way that is quite unthinkable.
What good is the whole of science to us if it cannot help us get a really concrete grasp of human life in its immediacy? It has to be clearly understood that human beings as they are today already have a whole number of earth lives behind them. We live through repeated earth lives. In earlier earth lives we ourselves have seen elemental powers at work in the phenomena of nature. We have brought the fruits of those earlier earth lives into our present life. Then, we knew that nature spirits around us determined our destines, and that we had those spirits within us. Today we consider nature entirely with the intellect, with the head, and the products of technology we ourselves have produced are considered in the same way. All we see are the contents of our intellect. But out of the many earth lives we have lived through—though we refuse to consider them nowadays—something is restlessly astir in us that I have called a great longing, a longing for something that is lacking. We have been human beings who looked at nature and saw the spirit; this enabled us to develop an inner feeling for the true nature of human beings. Now we have a science and a social awareness that do not get as far as the human being. Our past vision of the world around us has given us the potential capacity to feel ourselves to be human beings. Today we look into a nature empty of human beings, we do not penetrate as far as the human being. This will create a great need in the souls of people in the decades to come. This need in the souls of people is a positive power, and out of this positive power will be born the ability to see the Christ.
The old way of approaching the Christ has been destroyed by the theology of most recent times. Our modern theology has made the Christ into the ‘simple man of Nazareth’. Surely it will be impossible for human beings to relate to the Christ event today unless there is a renewal of life in the spirit.
The Catholic Church knew very well why it did not want the masses to have direct access to the Gospels. In theory, catholics are still not permitted to read the Gospels. The Albigenses, Waldenses and others who would not accept this were, of course, declared heretics because the church was only too well aware what would happen if the Gospels became accessible to the masses. In the first place there are four Gospels. The divine spirit reveals itself to humankind in those four forms. You cannot, however, use the intellect to present an event in four different ways the way it has been done in the Gospels, for then contradictions, will arise. The moment you deny the Gospels their reality, considering them to be the products of the human intellect, they inevitably become contradictory, full of contradictions. What has emerged, therefore, is the total destruction of any way in which the Mystery of Golgotha may be perceived.
Again people live with the lie that they are supposed to be Christians, and yet the source has been blocked and brought to nought because modern theology no longer has anything in it that is Christian. To regain Christianity we must acquire a new spiritual vision. Access has to be again gained to the treasure we have gathered in our souls, a treasure we have carried with us through many earth lives.
Our present life, the life we now find ourselves in, is also the starting point for future earth lives. The abstract thinking we use for mathematics, and the various moods of which the soul has concrete experience, are the inheritance of earlier earth lives. Everything we take in of the outside world in this earth life will provide the germ for faculties we shall have in future earth lives. In the past, people came to see elemental spirits active in the world of nature outside. When we were on earth before we looked at nature and gained an Impression of elemental spirits; this is now part of us. Today life is largely determined by what the ‘horse’ beside us is producing, by technical things. This enters into us. Unless we do something about it this will form the basis for future earth lives in us. New demons, the ahrimanic demons, are active in it. What a way of preparing oneself for future earth lives—to allow ahrimanic powers to take over! Machines create something in us that will be the economic life in future earth lives. The roar of cannon fire at the front is something we make part of ourselves, for it is something that was alive in those machines. And so it really is our intention to be quite unconscious when we rise again in our next earth life. But human beings are more than just intellect; they also have feelings and sensibilities. These have to cope with everything entering the soul from the products of technology, from machines.
There arises yet another feeling, one I have not yet described. I was speaking of the longing for something that is lacking. At the unconscious level the soul creates something out of the products of technology, out of the ahrimanic powers, and this acts into higher levels, entering our awareness in form of thoughts and ideas. Yet it arises in a form similar to fear. You will find that children you teach at school in the years and decades ahead will show this longing for something that is lacking, and also an indefinite but nevertheless tangible fear of life. This will show itself as a form of nervousness, in a nervy, fidgety character—you will find this very obvious. The first signs of it are already to be seen today.
The only way to counteract this is to fill your soul with the one thing that will give strength, a strength the earth itself cannot provide. This is the strength that has come to the earth from outside through the essential Christ who is about to appear again. It is a power we cannot gain from the earth. The earth provides technical power, the 79 million horses by our side. We must develop in our souls the strength that comes from the Christ. Otherwise we shall be filled with nothing but the power provided by the products of technology in our next life. The only cure for the nervousness that must show itself in the growing generation is to prepare ourselves for the Christ event that is to come in the first half of the 20th century.
Our age should not be described by the way it presents itself on the outside. We ought to base our description on the feelings that are paramount in human souls. It would be magnificent and important to say of our age that human beings developed an eye for what is alive in human beings. As a rule only external aspects are described. People like Paquet,74Paquet, Alfons, writer. Im korrunzinistischen Ruffland In communist Russia, appeared in 1919. for example—a writer who has been travelling in Eastern Europe—are in no position to give a true picture of what goes on in the hearts and minds of people who are already experiencing a great deal of the future; all such writers can do is describe things from the outside.
If spiritual science is to come alive in us it must be able to provide us with insight into the sphere of feelings and sensibilities. You do not know what life really is if you use abstract terms to speak of the Christ event that is to come; you only know what life really is if you speak of human souls moving ahead to meet this Christ event, partly with longing in their heart and partly with fear.
Surely it must be impossible for people, as they are today, to grasp such things as the way the fate of that disastrous war was sealed by ahrimanic forces quite independent of anything human beings were able to do? It was entirely determined by elements thought up in human brains that then became objective forces. It is impossible for modern people to get the right picture and assess the real effects of these things—unless they take account of spiritual science. Just think what it means that there were 79 million horse power years produced in Germany, 98 million in Great Britain, 35 million in Belgium, France and Russia, and finally the 179 million produced in the United States were added to this! We are speaking of something that takes no account of human nature, and those are the factors that truly determine human destiny today. Human beings have totally given themselves over to something that is no longer human. The statement that human insight does not go as far as the human being, now appears in a new light. Human beings remain limited to the non-human realm, even in the social sphere they will be limited to non-human aspects, unless they find the bridge that leads to the nature of the human being. That is how they fulfil their destiny today. They make their destiny partly dependent on elements that are no longer human; they produce elements which will partly determine human destiny, and yet human beings themselves will no longer be able to influence these elements. We ought no longer to be speaking of courage, of the brilliance of the general staff and the like when we want to speak of the way destinies are determined, but of the ratio of horse power years produced in different countries. Human destiny has to be discussed without reference to human beings. People will need tremendous strength to rise and face this human destiny which is determined by non-human elements and to call out: ‘The destiny of the human race must be determined by human beings again!’ That can only happen' of course, if people let the power of Christ enter into them. This power of Christ is approaching and it will restore them to their human powers. We can only become sure of ourselves as human beings if we walk the road created by the whole of technology, but do not let our lives be governed by the products of technology, and grow able to behold the Christ power that can become part of us and overcome all those products of technology.
These are the lessons to be learned today. These are the words that tell us how we can prepare ourselves for the Christ event. All the mediocre stuff that makes up the bulk of modern literature, all the empty talk one hears nowadays, will not help humanity to progress; it will only mean regression. Progress can solely and only be achieved with the things we gain by going down to the spiritual bedrock. And we will make no progress at all unless we become fully aware again of the seriousness of these things. It is necessary for us to understand that humanity has created a completely new world around itself today; human beings themselves have developed the energies and forces that now determine their destinies. This certainly does not merely mean the events of war. Step outside and you will see the factories that determine our destiny, and the same principle is to be found in ordinaly life; it is not limited to the destinies of 1914. Ahrimanic forces are producing those smoking chimneys. The human being no longer counts there.
Walking on past the factory we come to the church. The church still has it traditional message but this has grown abstract. It no longer has relevance in ordinary life. The church concerns itself with things that have no application in practical life. All this is luciferic, just as the things that go on in factories are ahrimanic.
The dreadful thing connected with the destiny of modern humankind is that in the places where people speak of the things of the spirit all ability has been lost to relate to real life. In a public lecture I recently gave75See also public lecture referred to in note 69. I spoke of American preachers coming to Switzerland and other neutral countries and saying something like this: ‘The League of Nations must be created, for it will be a great blessing for humankind; but it cannot develop from the ideas of statesmen. It will be necessary to win people's hearts instead, so that they will believe in the League of Nations.’ Anyone with an unprejudiced mind will realize that these gentlemen make very fine speeches; yet if that is enough to please us, and we find it sufficient to praise the beauty of those speeches, we fail to understand the signs of the times. Those may be honeyed words, but their sweetness does not penetrate to the hearts of the people. Those hearts are full of worry about the economic situation, and no bridge exists to words that take their origin in old religious persuasions. You cannot use them to create a League of Nations, nor can you do so with the words uttered by Woodrow Wilson, Clemenceau76Clemenceau, Georges. French physician and politician. and others. What matters today is that the two must be brought together, life must be imbued with spirit, and life must be taken forward to connect with the spirit. The Christ spirit from outside the earth entered into the flesh in Jesus, a human being, uniting itself with the physical world. The Christ who will be coming during the first half of the 20th century will not use the language of abstract religious confessions—oh no! He will use the language of everyday life. People who are all the time merely looking to unearthly mystical heights for moral uplift will not understand this language. The Christ will however be speaking of the spirit even when He is speaking about everyday life. The spirit will unite with everyday life in the same way as the Christ spirit came from spheres beyond this world, beyond the world of the senses, and united with the physical human being Jesus. Such is the new understanding we must gain for the Christ event; otherwise we shall not be able to appreciate its true value when it comes upon humankind.
A question we may ask even now is the following: ‘What will be the attitude of the people who are preaching official Christianity to the Christ event when it occurs during the first half of the 20th century?’ If we understand the Gospels rightly, they actually provide an example for us. The Gospels speak of ‘scribes and Pharisees’. Our judgement would be wrong if we were to place Adolf Harnack77Harnack, Adolf von. German theologian. among those who testify for the Christ; we only judge him rightly if we follow the example of the Gospels and place him among the scribes and Pharisees. And there are others of the same kind who must also be counted among them. It is essential to judge these things in the right way. We must get to the truth! The materialist Pierre Bayle said that a state could not be Christian, that states might know honour and dishonour, ambition and egotism, but that a Christian state was an impossibility. A social community in the name of Christ will however be possible, providing we do not insist on a political state but rather establish an independent life of the spirit. That can be Christian through and through. And this independent life of the spirit will be able to illumine the sphere of life where we have government and states, a sphere that simply cannot be Christian. The result will be that an economic life based on associations can develop; though this, too, cannot be Christian in itself. The people who are involved in it will be Christian, however. They will be filled with the Christ impulse. What we must do is to let people enter into an independent life of the spirit. Then it will be possible to make the whole of social life Christian.
First of all we must have truth, however. We shall not prosper with lies. These are the things we must come to accept today, inscribing them deeply in our hearts. If we fail to do so we will be siding with the people who follow Spengler and believe that we have to become barbarians. Yet it also will not help if we make the facile statement that Spengler is wrong. We would simply be lying to ourselves. We will only base ourselves on the truth if we say: 'The power has to be produced that will get us forward. This, however, can only be produced out of the living spirit, out of the spirit which spiritual science working towards Anthroposophy is seeking. Spiritual science has something that must enter into the impulses of the present age if we are to have a life of the spirit that is Christian again, a political life that once again is human and does not fail to encompass the human being, and an economic life that is controlled by human beings and not by horse power years. Those horse power years that human beings have at their side are an expression of the principle which governs destiny through the products of technology, through something that is outside human beings—something inhuman.
The events of recent years cannot be read as being due to human feelings and emotions. We must read the writing of the horse power years produced by technology, the terrible signs Ahriman is beginning to write into the evolution of humankind. A new understanding of the Christ must be found so that humanity may be led out of this situation.
Zehnter Vortrag
In den Betrachtungen, die wir hier angestellt haben, wurde von den verschiedensten Seiten her charakterisiert, mit welchen Wirkungskräften der menschlichen Entwickelung man sich bekanntmachen muß, wenn man richtig verstehen will, was heute geschieht, was vor allen Dingen in die gegenwärtige katastrophale Zeit hineingeführt hat und was notwendig ist, wenn man sich richtig in sie hineinstellen will mit einem kraftvollen Wirken im Sinne eines wirklichen Menschheitsfortschrittes. Es wird ja eben leider viel zu wenig das Augenmerk darauf gerichtet, wie sich die wirkenden Kräfte in der Menschheitsentwickelung in der neuesten Zeit gegenüber verhältnismäßig gar nicht so lange zurückliegenden Zeitläuften verändert haben.
Ich darf vielleicht auch heute noch einmal ausgehen von der großen Katastrophe der letzten Jahre, gerade um hinzulenken auf dasjenige Ereignis, auf das ich mit einigen Worten am Schlusse der letzten hier gehaltenen Betrachtungen hingewiesen habe, auf jenes besondere ChristusEreignis, das, wie ja öfter schon erwähnt worden ist, der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts angehört.
Wenn wir die katastrophalen Ereignisse mit all ihren Folgen, die in unsere heutige Zeit hereinragen und noch lange andauern werden, wirklich unbefangen beobachten, so müssen wir eben bemerken, wie verschieden, möchte ich sagen, das Schicksalsgefüge der zivilisierten Menschheit in dieser neuesten Zeit war gegenüber älteren Zeiten. Wir möchten allerdings gleichzeitig auch darauf hinweisen, wie bei einer großen Anzahl gerade maßgebender Menschen ein Bewußtsein von dem, was da heraufgezogen ist, noch nicht durchgedrungen ist, so daß die Handlungsweise auch maßgebender Persönlichkeiten heute eigentlich noch immer so ist, und vor allen Dingen in den letzten Jahren so war, wie es früheren Zeiten entspricht, wie es aber unserer Gegenwart ganz und gar nicht mehr entspricht.
Wir haben - ich erwähne das alles heute zunächst nur einleitend, gewissermaßen zum Exempel — einen, nun, man nennt es «Krieg» hinter uns, der größer war als irgendein Krieg der historischen Menschheitszeiten. Wir haben gesehen, daß in dem, was die Menschen als Gedanken gehabt haben beim Ausgangspunkte dieses Krieges, auch in dem, was die meisten Menschen heute noch immer als Gedanken haben, eigentlich etwas lebt wie ein Gespenst der Vorzeit. Man hat gesehen, daß aus diesem Ideengespenst, das aus der Vorzeit in die Gegenwart noch hereinragt, Urteile über dasjenige entstanden sind, was hat geschehen sollen. Es wurde gehandelt unter solchen Urteilen, es wurden diese und jene Maßnahmen getroffen und man hatte keine Ahnung, daß eigentlich im Grunde etwas ganz anderes geschieht als dasjenige, was in den Vorstellungen der Menschen von diesem Geschehen lebt.
In diesem Kriege standen ja einander gegenüber wie in früheren Kriegen gewiß auch Menschen, kämpfende Menschen. Was aber in früheren Kriegen nicht da war und was in diesem Kriege da war, das waren Energien, Kräfte, die von ganz anderem kamen als aus denjenigen menschlichen Eigenheiten heraus, aus denen die Kräfte in früheren Kriegen gekommen sind. Wir haben in der neuesten Zeit eine große, gewaltige Technik heraufziehen sehen und dieses Heraufziehen einer großen, gewaltigen Technik hat die ganze Situation im Schicksalsgefüge der Menschen geändert. Und die Tatsachen sind in den letzten Jahren so verlaufen, wie es dieser Veränderung entspricht. Aber die Vorstellungen der Menschen haben sich nicht in derselben Weise verändert.
Lassen Sie uns wichtigste Tatsachen dieses Gebietes einmal erwähnen: In der Zeit, die vorangeht der Kriegskatastrophe, war die menschliche Technik, wie sie sich in der neuesten Zeit herausgebildet hat, an einem bedeutsamen Punkte angelangt. Die menschliche Arbeit, oder vielleicht besser gesagt, das menschliche Arbeiten hat, ohne daß sich die Menschheit darauf ordentlich besinnen konnte, ganz andere Formen angenommen, als sie früher vorhanden waren. Man kann sich Vorstellungen machen von diesen andern Formen, wenn man ins Auge faßt etwas, was man als Grundlage bezeichnen muß für die moderne Technik, zum Beispiel die Kohlenförderung in den verschiedenen Staaten der zivilisierten Welt. In dem Maße, wie Mengen von Kohlen zu Tage gefördert werden, liegt ja dasjenige, was dann durch die technische Verarbeitung umgewandelt wird in Arbeitskräfte, die dann mehr oder weniger selbständig arbeiten, nur von dem Menschen dirigiert, so daß, möchte ich sagen, die menschliche Arbeit in der neuesten Zeit sehr stark zurückgetreten ist in die dirigierende Stellung und die Maschine arbeiten läßt.
Wenn man diese Sachlage überschaut, so kommt man zum Beispiel darauf, daß in der Zeit, die dem Kriegsausbruch vorangegangen ist, innerhalb Deutschlands an solchen Energien, die von den Menschen dirigiert wurden, die aber eigentlich abstammten von der Kohlenförderung, die also ein Ergebnis waren nicht desjenigen, was der Mensch innerlich in sich entspringen läßt, sondern ganz äußerlicher Vorgänge, ganz äußerlicher Maßnahmen, daß an solchen Energien in Deutschland ja aufgebracht wurden 79 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre. Man rechnet dasjenige, was an Energien angewandt wird, ja nach der Arbeit, die ein Pferd in einem Jahr leistet. So daß man also in Deutschland 79 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre an technischer Energie, die aus der Kohle stammte, hatte in der Zeit, die unmittelbar dem Kriegsausbruch voranging.
Was heißt das eigentlich? Wenn Sie das in einem ganz oberflächlichen Sinn vergleichen mit der Einwohnerzahl Deutschlands, so bedeutet das, daß jeder einzelne Mensch in Deutschland im Durchschnitt ein Pferd neben sich hatte, das heißt, daß von der Bewohnerschaft von Deutschland im Gebiete des Technischen so viel gearbeitet wurde, wie wenn jeder Mensch neben sich ein Pferd zur Arbeit gehabt hätte das ganze Jahr hindurch. Dadurch kommen dann, ebenso wie annähernd 79 Millionen Menschen vorhanden waren, 79 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre heraus. Also in dem, was Maschinen erarbeiten, Maschinen der verschiedensten Art, war das gegeben, was zustande käme, wenn an die Seite eines jeden Menschen ein Pferd gestellt und Arbeit verrichten würde. Diese Möglichkeit, solche Arbeit zu verrichten, war da, als der Krieg ausbrach. Und indem man einen großen Teil dieser Arbeit in den Dienst des Krieges stellte, war die Sache doch so, daß gewissermaßen vorgerückt wurde an die Front dasjenige, was das Ergebnis, das rein technische Ergebnis von 79 Millionen Pferdekraftjahren war.
Nehmen Sie dazu einige andere Zahlen. Ich will zum Beispiel nur die Zahl dazufügen zunächst, damit Sie ein deutlicheres Bild bekommen, daß im Jahre 1870, wo ja auch nach Ansicht der Leute ein großes Ereignis stattfand — und mit Recht nach der Ansicht der Leute -, daß da nicht 79 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre erzeugt wurden, sondern bloß 6 ganze und 7/10 Millionen, also etwas, was kaum irgendwie erheblich in Betracht kam gegenüber dem, was Menschen leisteten. 6 1/2 Millionen 1870, 79 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre 1912. Das bedeutet selbstverständlich eine Umänderung der ganzen menschlichen Situation.
Und nun nehmen Sie noch einige andere Zahlen dazu: In derselben Zeit, die der Kriegskatastrophe vorangegangen war, hatten zur Verfügung Frankreich, Rußland, Belgien zusammen 35 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre. Großbritannien allerdings 98 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre. Aber diese 98 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre konnten durch die besondere Lage Großbritanniens nicht sogleich in genügendem Maße an die Front hinkonzentriert werden, sondern erst im Laufe einiger Jahre. So standen also bei Ausbruch des Krieges nicht nur die Menschen einander gegenüber, sondern vorgeschoben an die Fronten waren 79 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre von Deutschland, etwas über 90 Millionen von den Mittelmächten; ein großer Teil davon war ja natürlich in den Dienst der Kriegsindustrie gestellt, also gewissermaßen indirekt an die Front geschoben worden; dem standen, nach und nach entwickelbar, in Großbritannien gegenüber 98 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre, von Belgien, Rußland und Frankreich zusammen 35 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre. Nun können Sie sich eine Vorstellung davon machen, daß es richtig ist, wenn jemand sagt: Im Grunde genommen war ja durch dasjenige, was Menschen waren, zunächst nur ein vorläufiges Resultat gegeben. Von dem Generalstab hing eigentlich bloß der Abmarsch ab; der konnte in einer gewissen geistvollen Weise ausgedacht werden. Aber nachdem einige Jahre die Fronten entwickelt waren, da standen, vom Menschen ganz unabhängig, technisch hervorgebrachte Pferdekraftjahr-Energien einander gegenüber. Und von der gegenseitigen Größe desjenigen, was also herausgenommen war eigentlich aus dem menschlichen Wirken, hing das Schicksal dieser Menschheitsentwickelung ab. Und wenn Sie zu dem, was ich gesagt habe, nun hinzunehmen das Folgende, dann werden Sie sehen, wie durch vom Menschen unabhängige Kräfte, namentlich durch dasjenige, was die Technik zutage förderte in der neuesten Zeit, die Dinge zustande gekommen sind, die sich eben zugetragen haben.
Durch dasjenige, was Menschen bewirken konnten - sie konnten ja nur dirigieren, höchstens Dinge verhindern —, aber durch das, was dirigiert oder nicht verhindert wurde, wurden dann objektiv vom Menschen losgelöste Kräfte ins Feld geführt, von denen die einen gewissermaßen die andern überwinden konnten nach objektiven, vom Menschen unabhängigen Gesetzen. Nehmen Sie das, was eingetreten ist, dazu, daß Amerika eingriff in die ganze Entwickelung. Amerika stand so, daß es in derselben Zeit, in der die andern die genannten Pferdekraftjahre ins Feld führen konnten, 179 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre mobil machen konnte. Da haben Sie das gegenseitige Verhältnis desjenigen, was an Kräften mobil gemacht werden konnte aus der Technik heraus, an Kräften, die ganz losgelöst sind von dem, was aus dem Menschen fließt, natürlich indirekt zusammenhängend mit dem, was die Menschen ausgedacht haben und so weiter. Aber dasjenige, was die Menschen ausgedacht haben, ist eben in diese Richtung hingelenkt worden, so daß zuletzt die Sache so stand, daß objektive Kraft der objektiven Kraft gegenüberstand, was zuletzt ganz selbstverständlich den Ausschlag geben mußte. Der Mensch hatte sein Schicksal vollständig so gelenkt in der neuesten Zeit, daß er, wenn so etwas eintrat, was früher in ganz anderer Weise ablief, ganz selbstverständlich dieses Schicksal ausgeliefert hatte an die Kräfte, die in seinen eigenen Produkten arbeiteten und in denen er abhängig ist von der Produktivität der Erde, von lauter Faktoren, die nicht innerhalb seiner Haut sind.
Da weisen wir auf etwas hin, was charakteristisch ist für die neuere Zeit. Und das, was ich angeführt habe, ist ja nur der eklatanteste Fall. Man kann sozusagen die Sache an diesen eklatanten Fällen anschaulich machen. Aber dasjenige, was sich da im Riesenhaften — man kann nicht einmal sagen im Großen, sondern im Riesenhaften — zugetragen hat, es geschieht ja alltäglich im Kleinen unseres gesamten Schicksals, daß wir ausgeliefert sind an dasjenige, was die Technik macht. Denn in Deutschland war es im Jahre 1912 so weit gekommen, daß der Mensch aus seiner geistigen Produktivität herausgesetzt hat etwas, was so viel arbeitete, wie wenn neben ihm ein Pferd arbeitete. Das ist das Charakteristische der neueren Zivilisation, und dieses Charakteristische muß man scharf ins Auge fassen. Denn, was lebt denn in dem, was da der Mensch hinaussetzt innerhalb der neueren Zivilisation an objektiv wirksamen Kräften, die täglich für ihn arbeiten und die sein Schicksal bestimmen, was lebt darinnen? Darinnen lebt, indem wir das Verhältnis dieser Kraft zum Menschenschicksal selbst ins Auge fassen, diejenige Kraft, die wir gewohnt worden sind innerhalb unserer Betrachtungen die ahrimanische Kraft zu nennen. Darin leben die ahrimanischen Kräfte. Von diesen ahrimanischen Kräften, wenn Sie die Sache so ins Auge fassen, werden Sie sagen müssen: mit einer riesigen Schnelligkeit hat ihre Macht zugenommen. Denn Sie brauchen ja eben nur die zwei Zahlen zu vergleichen: 1870 arbeiteten in Deutschland 61/2 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre, was nicht so viel neben einem Menschen gibt; im Jahre 1912 arbeiteten in Deutschland 79 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre. Da haben Sie die ganze Summe desjenigen, was beeinflußt unser wirtschaftliches Leben, was aber auch beeinflußt unser ganzes übriges Leben. Da haben Sie, was in einer Welt vorgeht, die zwar der Mensch selbst konstruiert hat, die aber unabhängig von dem dasteht, was der Mensch eigentlich in sich hat. Diese Kräfte stehen ja im krassesten Gegensatze zu alledem, was zum Beispiel gewirkt hat dann, wenn Menschen einander gegenübergestanden haben so, wie in den alten orientalischen Kämpfen, wo nur luziferische Kräfte gewirkt haben, wo Menschen einander gegenübergestanden haben wie selbst noch, sagen wir, in den Tatareneinfällen in Europa und so weiter. Das macht man sich oftmals nicht klar, vor welcher neuen Welt der Mensch heute steht und wie schnell verhältnismäßig diese neue Welt heraufgezogen ist. Anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft hat aber dann dazu noch die Aufgabe, die ganze Tragweite einer solchen Tatsache ins Auge zu fassen. Denn das, was ich Ihnen da geschildert habe, ist ja nur die Außenseite. Wir kommen schon ins Innere, wenn wir auffassen dasjenige, was früher als luziferische und was jetzt als ahrimanische Kräfte sich geltend macht, zwischen denen der Mensch mitten darinnensteht. Aber wir müssen uns ja erst konkret die Vorstellung von dem bilden, was wir das Ahrimanische und das Luziferische nennen.
Gedenken Sie einmal desjenigen, was sich im menschlichen Seelenleben abspielte in jenen alten Zeiten, in denen vorzugsweise Luziferisches sich in den großen Menschheitskämpfen geltend machte. Da sahen die Menschen auf die Welterscheinungen hin und Sie wissen, daß die Menschen diese Welterscheinungen so ansahen, daß ihnen innerhalb derselben eine gewisse Summe von, sagen wir, Elementarwesen, dämonenhaften Wesen erschienen. Die materialistische Wissenschaft sagt, das wäre das Zeitalter des Vitalismus gewesen, die Menschen hätten hineingetragen in die Naturerscheinungen allerlei Nixen, Gnomen und so weiter. Aber wir wissen ja, daß tatsächlich in den Naturerscheinungen geistige Wesenheiten leben. Geradeso wie jetzt der Mensch nur die nüchternen, trockenen Naturerscheinungen sieht, so haben die Menschen jener alten Zeiten in den Naturerscheinungen die geistigen Entitäten gesehen, das Geistig-Wesenhafte. Heute nennt man das Aberglauben. Das ist nach dem Geschmack der Gegenwart. Aber wir wissen, daß die Menschen unter diesem Namen auf dasjenige, was sie geistig in den Naturerscheinungen geschaut haben, also auf etwas Wirkliches in ihrer Wahrnehmung hinwiesen. In alledem, was die Natur dem Menschen darbot, sahen diese Menschen solche elementarischen Wesenheiten. Man kann also sagen: In ihr Bewußtsein, mag das nun noch so instinktiv, dunkel, traumhaft gewesen sein, leuchtete etwas herein von diesen elementarischen Wesenheiten. |
Dann kamen die Zeiten, in denen das Bewußtsein getrübt wurde für diese Wahrnehmung des Geistigen in den Naturerscheinungen, in dem, was als Natur um den Menschen herum ohne sein Zutun zustande kommt. Und es entstand unsere moderne intellektualistische Auffassung desjenigen, was man heute Wissenschaftlichkeit nennt, wo man es nur zu tun haben will mit dem, was aus der Natur gezogen werden kann an solchen Kräften, die sich versinnlichen lassen durch abstrakte Ideen, kurz, dasjenige, was der Inhalt des menschlichen Intellekts sein kann.
Aber ich möchte sagen, ohne daß der Mensch es ahnt, ja sogar in einer verhältnismäßig kurzen Zeit — nehmen Sie eben die Zeit von 1870, wo in Deutschland wirksam waren 6”/io Millionen Pferdekraftjahre, bis 1912, wo dann wirksam waren 79 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre entwickelt sich da eine neue Welt, eine Welt, die nicht da war, die jetzt auch in der Umgebung des Menschen ist, von der das menschliche Schicksal sogar in so großen Ereignissen, wie die letzten Jahre sie gebracht haben, so abhängt, wie früher von den Naturerscheinungen das menschliche Schicksal abgehangen hat. Und in diesen Kräften, die da auch vorhanden sind und wirken ohne den Menschen, wie die Naturkräfte ohne den Menschen wirken, da sind nun geradeso die Dämonen, die Elementarmächte darinnen, nur wirken sie in anderer Weise auf den Menschen als diejenigen, die früher von den Menschen beobachtet wurden in den Naturerscheinungen. Die Menschen sahen die Naturerscheinungen an und konstatierten: Da drinnen wirken Elementarwesenheiten. — Das wirkte auf das Bewußtsein, das machte die Seele mit den Naturerscheinungen ab, das stellt einen Bewußtseinszusammenhang mit den Naturerscheinungen her. Heute ist der Mensch «aufgeklärt», und so wie er es als Aberglauben betrachtet, geistige Mächte in den Naturerscheinungen zu beobachten, so kommt er auch nicht darauf, zu ahnen, daß in dem, was er nun selber hergestellt hat, in dem ganzen Umfang der Technizismen, dämonische Wesenheiten drinnen wirken. Und er kann nicht so leicht daraufkommen, denn die wirken jetzt auf den Willen, von dem ich Ihnen sehr oft gesagt habe, daß er schläft. Die wirken im Unterbewußten, die ergreifen den Menschen im Unterbewußten. Und die Folge davon ist, daß, während der alte Mensch noch in der Betrachtung der Naturerscheinungen wenigstens in sein Bewußtsein etwas hineinnahm von den dämonischen Gewalten, heute in den Technizismen die dämonischen Gewalten rumoren; sie wirken im Menschenwillen weiter und der Mensch bequemt sich noch nicht, dieses anzuerkennen. Denn erstens ist es in seinem Unterbewußten, zweitens erscheint es ihm als Aberglaube, zu sagen, in den Maschinen, die er erzeugt, wirken dämonische Wesenheiten. Sie wirken aber trotzdem. Und während die Wesenheiten, die der Mensch sah in den alten Zeiten in den Naturerscheinungen, luziferischer Art waren, sind die Wesenheiten, die in den Maschinen, in den Technizismen wirken, ahrimanischer Natur. Der Mensch umgibt sich also mit einer ahrimanischen Welt, die ganz selbständig wird.
Sie sehen, welches der Sinn der Menschheitsentwickelung ist. Aus der luziferischen Welt heraus, die aber noch in sein Bewußtsein hineinwirkt und da sein Schicksal bestimmt, segelt der Mensch, und zwar gerade in der Gegenwart mit einer gewissen Raschheit, hinein in eine ahrimanische Welt. Eine große Gefahr ist vorhanden, daß diese ahrimanische Welt, weil sie auf seinen Willen wirkt, den er nicht in sein Bewußtsein unmittelbar heraufbekommen kann durch die intellektualistische Wissenschaft, den Willen des Menschen ergreift und er ganz direktionslos wird innerhalb der dämonischen Gewalten der Technizismen.
Dasjenige, was im Osten Europas geschieht, wo man aus der Denkweise der Gegenwart heraus gewissermaßen die Wirtschaft miliitarisieren will zu einer großen Maschine, wo auch noch die Menschen so ausgebildet werden wie sonst die Maschinen, wo die Menschenarbeit vom Menschen gänzlich losgelöst wird — was man da will, ist die Aufrufung von Willensdämonen, in deren Gebiet man da hineinsegelt.
Der Weg vom Luziferischen zum Ahrimanischen, das ist auch etwas, von dem man sagen muß, daß so der Gang der MenschheitsentwickeJung geht. Und wir stehen im Grunde mitten drinnen in diesem Herausgehen aus dem Luziferischen und dem Hineinsegeln in das Ahrimanische. Das Luziferische ist in vielfacher Weise natürlich vorhanden. Das Ahrimanische, es ergreift die Menschen. Das Luziferische lebt mehr in Gefühlen. Das Ahrimanische wirkt mehr durch den menschlichen Verstand und verwirklicht und verkörpert sich in den Technizismen.
Da hinein stellt sich nun, um dem Menschen eine Richtung zu geben, das Christus-Ereignis, das wir zu erwarten haben für die erste Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Dieses Christus-Ereignis wird darin bestehen, daß durch objektive Erlebnisse immer mehr und mehr Menschen wissen werden: Es wandelt auf Erden der ätherische Christus, derjenige Christus, der ätherisch die Macht darstellt, die einstmals in dem physischen Christus Jesus auf der Erde gewandelt ist. Und in dem Sich-Bekanntmachen mit dieser Christus-Macht, in dem Sich-Durchdringen mit dieser Christus-Macht liegt die Möglichkeit, in der richtigen Weise das notwendige Heraufziehen der ahrimanischen Mächte auf sich wirken zu lassen. Das Unglück unserer Zeit besteht darin, daß die Menschen hineinsegeln in das Ahrimanische, ohne durch die Christus-Kraft getragen zu sein.
Es ist also schon etwas sehr Positives, etwas sehr Konkretes, auf das man hinweist, wenn man von diesem Einschlag in die menschheitliche Entwickelung im 20. Jahrhundert spricht, den ich in meinem ersten Mysterium schon angedeutet habe als das Wiedererscheinen des Christus. Und man kann, ich möchte sagen, verfolgen dasjenige, was sich in den Menschenseelen abspielen wird, indem diese Menschenseelen entgegenleben diesem Christus-Ereignis.
Ich habe ja sogar im öffentlichen Vortrag neulich andeuten können, daß die jeder Weltanschauung entbehrende Wissenschaftlichkeit des Westens mit der Erkenntnis vor dem Menschen halt macht. Man begreift vorzugsweise das Unlebendige. Man systematisiert es und dergleichen. Man theoretisiert darüber und über das Lebendige. Der Darwinismus kommt aber nicht weiter als bis zur Entwickelung der Tiere. Er stellt dann an die Spitze den Menschen. Vor dem Menschen macht er eigentlich halt. Man kommt mit der Erkenntnis nicht bis zum Menschen.
Aber auch die Erfassung der sozialen Begriffe macht da halt. Ich habe gezeigt, wie die Praktiker eigentlich Routiniers geworden sind, wie sie bei dem Ahrimanisch-Technischen stehenbleiben. Das haben sie in ihren Büchern, darüber werden Aktiva und Passiva aufgezeichnet. Aber vor den Menschen, mit denen sie arbeiten, bleiben sie stehen. Diese Menschen machen gerade ihre Menschenwürde geltend, aber es wird keine Brücke hinübergeschlagen von demjenigen, der Arbeitsleiter ist, zu dem Arbeitenden. Auch das praktische Leben macht eigentlich vor dem Menschen halt. Erkenntnis macht vor dem Menschen halt das praktische Leben macht vor dem Menschen halt.
Das ist auf der einen Seite noch heute mehr oder weniger Theorie, oder sagen wir nicht Theorie: Unvermögen der Theorie, der Erkenntnis; auf der andern Seite etwas, was im sozialen Leben sehr zur Geltung kommt. Denn dasjenige, was man nicht in die Bücher geschrieben hat, das ist es, was sich heute in Streiks und revolutionären Bewegungen geltend macht. Damit hat man nicht gerechnet. Das ist in die Buchführung nicht übergegangen. Im Leben erscheint es und entwickelt sich ebensogut aus der Arbeit in der Industrie, aus der Arbeit im Handel und so weiter heraus, wie sich irgendwelche produzierten Artikel herausentwickeln. Nur hat man dasjenige, was heute rumort unter den Menschen, nicht in seine Kassenbücher und so weiter einbezogen. Das Leben aber hat es einbezogen und im Leben macht es sich geltend.
Man kann doch schon sagen: über dasjenige, was ich Ihnen vorgebracht habe, auch neulich im öffentlichen Vortrage vorgebracht habe, denken ja im Grunde die wenigsten Menschen nach. In dieser Beziehung hat eigentlich das 19. Jahrhundert recht Nebuloses über den Menschen gebracht. Im 18. Jahrhundert gingen schon einigen, wenigstens radikalen Geistern einige Lichter auf über dasjenige, was sich da allmählich vorbereitete. Das 19. Jahrhundert hat dann die Ereignisse gebracht und großartige Verwirrungen angerichtet. Pierre Bayle hat im 18. Jahrhundert ein merkwürdiges Wort ausgesprochen. Er war einer der Materialisten des 18. Jahrhunderts, die aber schon die richtigen Vorläufer des Materialismus des 19. Jahrhunderts waren. Dieser Pierre Bayle hat das Wort ausgesprochen: In den Staaten werden Ehre und Schande herrschen, Ehrgeiz und Egoismus und so weiter, aber es kann keinen Staat geben, in dem christliche Seelenverfassung wirksam ist; es kann einen Staat geben, in dem die alten heidnischen Tugenden und Untugenden herrschen, aber es kann keinen christlichen Staat geben. — So sagt Pierre Bayle, der radikale Materialist, und er hatte mehr Recht als irgendeiner der idealistischen Geister des 19. Jahrhunderts, denn diese idealistischen Geister machten sich vor, daß Staaten christlich seien. Sie waren es ja nicht in Wirklichkeit. Studieren Sie das Christentum des Mittelalters, dasjenige Christentum, das zunächst Pierre Bayle meint. Das beruhte darauf, daß man die Erde eigentlich verneinte, daß man die Tugend darin sah, sich zu einem Leben zu erheben, das nicht irdisch war. Im 18. Jahrhundert entwickelte sich ein Leben, das vorzugsweise das Irdische pflegen wollte. Einen christlichen Staat kann es nicht geben, sagte Pierre Bayle, und eigentlich sagte er die Wahrheit. Und im 19. Jahrhundert und im Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts sagte man die Lüge, indem man sich selber und den andern Menschen weismachen wollte, es könnte dasjenige, was allmählich als moderne Staaten entstanden ist, durchchristet sein. Das können sie eben nicht sein. Aber etwas anderes entstand dadurch: Man war davon durchdrungen, wenn man auf der Kanzel stand, oder wenn man anhörte, was von der Kanzel heruntertönte, daß man recht christlich sei. Oder wiederum, wenn man in sein Amt ging, oder seine Orden anlegte, oder sich seiner Titel bediente, die einem der Staat gegeben hatte, bildete man sich auch ein, Christ zu sein. Man war es nicht in Wirklichkeit, denn daß man da drinnenstand, war dadurch gegeben, daß man eben kein Christ war. Man gewöhnte sich so in ein lügenhaftes Leben hinein, man gewöhnte sich ab, die wichtigsten Tatsachen des Lebens wahrheitsgemäß anzusehen. Und das erzeugte jene Nebelatmosphäre, welche gar nicht aufkommen ließ eine unbefangene Ansicht über das, was da allmählich heraufkam: die Ahrimanisierung der Welt.
Es ist viel geredet worden über die Lügenfeldzüge der letzten Jahre. Aber diese Lügenfeldzüge sind ja dasjenige, an das sich die Menschen in den wichtigsten Dingen in der neueren Zeit gewöhnt haben. Sie haben sich ja gewöhnt an das Lügen über die wichtigsten Dinge! Warum sollte denn über die Dinge, über die gelogen wurde während der Kriegskatastrophe, just die Wahrheit gesagt werden, wenn die Menschen doch gewohnt worden sind im 19. Jahrhundert, die Wahrheit über die wichtigsten Angelegenheiten ihres Lebens nicht mehr in den Bereich ihrer Seelenverfassung zu ziehen.
Es ist unbequem, diesen Dingen ins Antlitz zu sehen, aber das ist eben das Schlimme, daß diesen Dingen nicht geradenwegs ins Antlitz gesehen wird. So steckt der moderne Mensch neben anderem auch in der Not darinnen, die durch die innere Unwahrhaftigkeit heraufgekommen ist. Und aus dieser Atmosphäre heraus wird sich eine ganz bestimmte Stimmung entwickeln. Was in vieler Beziehung bis nun eigentlich bloß Theorie ist, bloß Erkenntnis ist: das Nichthingelangen des Menschen bis zum Menschen, das Stehenbleiben vor dem Menschen und auch dasjenige, was im sozialen Leben entwickelt wird als dieses Nichthingelangen bis zum Menschen, das wird sich auf die menschliche Seele ablagern. Dasjenige, was als die äußeren Technizismen auf den Willen wirkt, das wird gewissermaßen heraufreagieren aus dem Unterbewußten in das Bewußte. Es wird natürlich nicht ein Bewußtsein davon erzeugt werden können, denn es ist eben im Unterbewußten, aber eine Stimmung wird es erzeugen. Und immer mehr und mehr im Laufe der nächsten Jahrzehnte, ja im Laufe der nächsten Jahre wird diese Stimmung heraufkommen über eine große Anzahl von Menschen. Man wird in den Schulen Kinder unterrichten, man wird merken: Diese Kinder bringen Empfindungen herauf, die ja die Alten gar nicht hatten. Es ist ja in verschiedenen Zeitaltern relativ auch schon so etwas dagewesen, aber in erhöhtem Maße wird es in der nächsten Zeit der Fall sein. Und man wird nur aus tiefer geisteswissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis der Gegenwart heraus taxieren können, was da eigentlich aus den Untergründen der Seelen der heranwachsenden Menschen sich entwickelt. Eine große Sehnsucht wird sich entwickeln, so etwas wie eine sehnsüchtige Entbehrung. Denn dasjenige, was zunächst nur Unvermögen der Theorie ist, den Menschen zu erkennen, was Unvermögen des sozialen Lebens ist, in die Geschäftskalkulationen die Menschenbegabungen aufzunehmen, das wird sich verdichten zum Fühlen, zum Empfinden. Und Menschen werden erstehen — und man wird sie sehen in den heranwachsenden Generationen -, die empfinden werden: Ja, da stehe ich, ich habe eine Gestalt, anders als die andern Wesen, die um mich herum sind; ich schaue nicht aus wie die Tiere, wie ein Ochse, ein Esel, ein Wiesel, ein Adler, ich schaue anders aus, aber ich weiß nicht, was das eigentlich ist, was da anders ausschaut; ich weiß nicht, was ein Mensch ist, ich weiß nicht, was ich selber bin. — Melancholie und Hypochondrie werden sich über die Seelen der heranwachsenden Generation lagern. Man wird das in den Schulen bei der Erziehung, beim Unterricht bemerken können als eine Zeitstimmung. Es wird eine Zeitstimmung sein, die gewissermaßen ins Große geht. Die Menschen sind ja heute so furchtbar oberflächlich, daß man schwer über solche Dinge zu ihnen reden kann. Aber um mich Ihnen vergleichsweise begreiflich zu machen, möchte ich darauf aufmerksam machen, daß ja im 18. Jahrhundert diejenigen Menschen, die etwas von der Seele des Zeitalters verstanden, vom «Werther-Fieber» sprachen. Goethe hat ja nur aus dieser allgemeinen Seelenstimmung einer großen Anzahl von Menschen heraus seinen «Werther» geschrieben. Dann erschien ein Roman «Siegwart». Der war aus dem «Siegwart-Fieber» der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts heraus geschrieben. Das waren Zeitstimmungen, die sich allerdings nur bei einem beschränkten Kreise von Menschen geltend machten. Aber im weitesten Kreise wird solche allgemeine Stimmung in den Seelen heraufkommen, die man wird ausdrücken können: Ja, was bin ich als Mensch? Was ist das Wesen, das ich da selber bin, das auf zwei Beinen geht? Ich habe eine Wissenschaft, die ich ins Großartige getrieben habe; ich habe ein soziales Leben — aber beide machen eigentlich halt vor dem, was ich selber bin. — Diese Stimmung, die das große Zeitfragezeichen sein wird vor der eigenen menschlichen Wesenheit, wird vorbereiten die Seelenaugen für das Wahrnehmen desjenigen, was schwer zu schildern ist, was aber heraufkommt als das neue Christus-Ereignis. Denn man wird sehen aus der . Kraft, die aus dieser Sehnsucht hervorgeht, die Erscheinung des Christus. Die äußere Not wird sich in innere Seelennot verwandeln, und aus dieser Seelennot heraus wird Schauen geboren werden, Schauen des Christus, der übersinnlich unter den Menschen wandeln wird und an den sie sich werden halten müssen, damit sie nicht in unmöglicher Weise aus dem Luziferischen in das Ahrimanische hineinsegeln.
Was nützte uns denn alle Wissenschaft, wenn sie uns nicht dazu brächte, so ganz im Konkreten das unmittelbar menschliche Leben zu ergreifen! Wir müssen uns klar sein: Der Mensch, der heute dasteht, hat eine ganze Reihe von Erdenleben schon hinter sich. Wir leben ja in wiederholten Erdenleben. Diejenigen Menschen, welche die elementaren Gewalten in den Naturerscheinungen gesehen haben, die waren wir ja selbst in unseren früheren Erdenleben. Wir bringen die Ergebnisse dieser früheren Erdenleben in dieses Leben herein. Da haben wir gewußt: Um uns herum sind schicksalbestimmende Naturgeister. Diese tragen wir in uns. Heute schauen wir mit unserem bloßen Intellekt, mit unserem Kopf nur in die Natur hinaus, auch auf die Technizismen, die wir selber hervorbringen. Wir sehen nichts anderes als dasjenige, was Inhalt unseres Intellekts ist. Und dasjenige, was in uns rumort aus vielen Erdenleben, die wir durchlebt haben, was wir aber jetzt nicht sehen wollen, das ist schließlich das, was ich eben als große Sehnsucht, als sehnsüchtige Entbehrung bezeichnet habe. Wir waren ja einmal Menschen, die in die Natur hineingeschaut haben und das Geistige gesehen haben, wodurch wir in uns fühlen konnten, was eigentlich ein Mensch ist. Jetzt haben wir eine Wissenschaft, eine soziale Empfindung, die vor dem Menschen stehenbleibt. Wir tragen die Anlage in uns von unserem früheren Schauen unserer Umgebung, uns als Mensch zu fühlen. Wir schauen heute in die menschenleere Natur hinein, bleiben vor dem Menschen stehen. Das wird die große Seelennot der nächsten Jahrzehnte erzeugen. Diese Seelennot ist eine positive Macht und aus dieser positiven Macht herausgeboren wird die Fähigkeit entstehen, den Christus zu schauen.
Die alte Art, zum Christus sich zu verhalten, die allermodernste Theologie hat sie vernichtet. Denn, was ist unter dem Einfluß der modernen Theologie aus dem Christus geworden? Der «schlichte Mann aus Nazareth»! Kann denn heute überhaupt ein Verhältnis des Menschen zu dem Christus-Ereignis stattfinden, wenn nicht eine Erneuerung unseres Geisteslebens Platz greift?
Die katholische Kirche hat gut gewußt, warum sie niemals die Evangelien unter die Menge lassen wollte. Für die Gläubigen der katholischen Kirche ist ja heute theoretisch das Lesen der Evangelien noch immer verboten. Und die Albigenser, die Waldenser, welche sich diesem Verbot nicht fügen wollten, waren ja als Ketzer erklärt worden, weil man natürlich gut gewußt hat, was entsteht, wenn man die Evangelien der Menge übergibt. Da hat man zunächst vier Evangelien. In solch vierfacher Gestalt kann ja das Göttliche zu den Menschen sprechen. Aber nicht aus dem Intellekt heraus kann man dem Menschen ein Ereignis nahebringen auf vierfache Weise, wie es in den Evangelien geschildert ist. Da entwickeln sich dann die Widersprüche. In demselben Moment, wo man den Evangelien die Wirklichkeit abspricht, wo man sie als Produkte des menschlichen Intellekts ansieht, muß man sie widerspruchsvoll finden, da sind sie voller Widersprüche. Das, was da heraufgekommen ist, ist ja ein Vernichten aller Anschauung des Mysteriums von Golgatha.
Und wiederum lebt man unter der Lüge, daß man Christ bleiben soll und doch den Quell verschüttet und negiert, weil die moderne Theologie ja kein Christentum mehr in sich enthält. Um zum Christentum wieder zu kommen, muß man zu einer neuen Geistanschauung kommen. Es muß wiederum der Schatz gehoben werden können, den wir in unserer Seele angesammelt haben, den wir durch viele Erdenleben durchgetragen haben.
So wie wir dastehen im jetzigen Leben, ist ja dieses Leben der Ausgangspunkt zugleich für die folgenden Erdenleben. Aber wie in unseren Seelen als Erbschaft der früheren Erdenleben dasjenige lebt, was wir abstrakt in Mathematik und konkret in verschiedenen inneren Stimmungen in der Seele tragen, so lebt als Anlage das, was wir von der Außenwelt aufnehmen im jetzigen Leben, in die folgenden Erdenleben hinüber. Der alte Mensch hat von der Außenwelt aufgenommen seine von Elementarwesen durchsetzte Naturanschauung. Als wir früher auf derErde waren, haben wir dieNatur angeschaut und die Eindrücke von den Elementarwesen bekommen; das tragen wir in uns. Heute ist unser Leben im wesentlichen bestimmt von dem, was entsteht durch das «Pferd», das neben uns ist, wie ich es vorhin schilderte, durch die Technizismen. Das fließt in uns ein. Das gestalten wir in uns zu einem Fonds für die folgenden Erdenleben, wenn wir nichts anderes tun. Dadrinnen leben die neuen Dämonen, die ahrimanischen Dämonen. Wir präparieren uns ja gut für die folgenden Erdenleben, wenn wir uns überliefern den ahrimanischen Mächten! Das, was die Maschinen in uns sind, das bereiten wir vor als unser Wissenschaftsleben für die nächsten Erdenleben. Was der Kanonendonner an den Fronten war, was da gelebt hat in den Maschinen, das gliedern wir in uns ein. So wollen wir eigentlich unbewußt auferstehen in dem nächstfolgenden Erdenleben. Aber der Mensch ist eben nicht bloß ein Intellekt, er hat auch anderes in seinem Wesen: er hat Empfindungen, er hat Gefühle. Die müssen sich abfinden mit dem, was hereinkommt von den Technizismen, von den Maschinen.
Da kommt noch ein anderes Gefühl, als was ich vorhin geschildert habe. Ich sprach vorhin von dem Gefühl entbehrender Sehnsucht, sehnsüchtiger Entbehrung. Das, was da die Seele in dem Unterbewußten vereinigt aus Technizismen heraus, aus den ahrimanischen Mächten, das reagiert herauf, kommt ins Bewußtsein herein als Gedanken, Ideen, aber es kommt als etwas herauf, was ähnlich ist der Furcht. Und zu der sehnsüchtigen Entbehrung wird man heraufkommen sehen bei den Kindern, die man in der Schule haben wird in den nächsten Jahren und Jahrzehnten, eine unbestimmte, aber deshalb nicht weniger lebendige Furcht vor dem Leben, die sich in Nervosität äußern wird, die sich in einem zappeligen, nervösen Wesen äußern wird - ich meine es handgreiflich. In der Anlage ist dasjenige, was ich schildere, schon heute da.
Da gibt es nur das eine, daß die Seelen sich erfüllen mit demjenigen, was hier die Kraft gibt, die die Erde selber nicht hergeben kann, die Kraft, die der Erde von außen gekommen ist durch das Wesen des Christus, der nun wieder erscheinen wird. Das ist eine Kraft, die von der Erde selbst nicht kommen kann. Von der Erde kommt die Kraft der Technizismen, die 79 Millionen Pferde, die neben uns hergehen. In uns müssen wir ausbilden dasjenige, was von der Kraft des Christus kommt, damit wir nicht erfüllt sind bloß von der Kraft der Technizismen im nächsten Erdenleben. Es gibt keine andere Heilung für die Nervosität, die sich bei der aufwachsenden Generation geltend machen muß, als die Vorbereitung für das Christus-Ereignis von der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts.
Man muß unsere Zeit nicht schildern nach dem äußeren Anblick, sondern man muß sie schildern nach dem, was sich als die hervorragendsten Empfindungen geltend macht in den Menschen. Das großartig Wichtige in unserer Zeit wäre, daß die Menschen sich ein inneres Auge aneigneten für dasjenige, was in den Menschen lebt. Zumeist wird geschildert, was nur äußerlich ist. In solchen Gebieten, wie es zum Beispiel jetzt der europäische Osten ist, reisen Menschen wie Paquet und ähnliche, die gar nicht in der Lage sind zu sagen, was die Menschen da erleben, die schon viel von der Zukunft erleben, während sie nur reine Äußerlichkeiten schildern und so weiter.
Wenn Geisteswissenschaft etwas Lebendiges werden soll, dann muß sie uns hineinführen können in das Verstehen gerade des Empfindungshaften, gerade des Gefühlsmäßigen. Denn nicht dadurch, daß man in einigen Abstraktionen schildert, wie das Christus-Ereignis sein wird, lernt man das Leben wirklich kennen, sondern indem man die Menschenseelen schildert, die auf der einen Seite sehnsüchtig, auf der andern Seite sich fürchtend diesem Christus-Ereignis entgegenleben.
Wie kann denn der heutige Mensch so etwas verstehen wie die Besiegelung des Ausganges der Kriegskatastrophe durch ahrimanische Kräfte, ganz abgesehen von dem, was im Augenblick die Menschen machen konnten? Bestimmt nur durch dasjenige, was die Menschen ausgedacht haben und was objektiv geworden ist. Wie können denn die Menschen der Gegenwart das richtig beurteilen, in seiner Wirkungsweise richtig abschätzen, wenn sie nicht auf das Geisteswissenschaftliche eingehen? Bedenken Sie doch, was eine solche Tatsache bedeutet wie diese, daß zu den 79 Millionen Pferdekraftjahren von Deutschland, zu den 98 Millionen Pferdekraftjahren Großbritanniens, zu den 35 Millionen Pferdekraftjahren von Belgien, Frankreich und Rußland hinzukommen die 179 Millionen Pferdekraftjahre von Amerika! Also dadurch, daß wir sprechen von etwas, was ganz vom Menschen absieht, reden wir eigentlich von den maßgebenden Ursachen des gegenwärtigen menschlichen Schicksals. Der Mensch hat sich ja ganz ausgeliefert an dasjenige, was nicht mehr Mensch ist. Und jetzt betrachten Sie es in einem neuen Lichte, wenn gesagt wird, der Mensch bleibt mit seiner Erkenntnis vor dem Menschen stehen. Der Mensch bleibt nur im Unmenschlichen stehen, auch im Sozialen im Unmenschlichen stehen, indem er die Brücke nicht findet hinüber zum Menschen. Damit erfüllt der Mensch sein Schicksal. Er macht sein Schicksal auch abhängig von dem, was nicht mehr menschlich ist; er erzeugt auch dasjenige als schicksalbestimmend, woran er als Mensch keinen Anteil mehr hat. Man muß nicht mehr sprechen von der Tapferkeit, von dem Geiste, von der Genialität des Generalstabs und dergleichen, wenn man von dem Ausgang eines Schicksalbestimmenden spricht, sondern von den Verhältnissen der Pferdekraftjahre in den verschiedenen Ländern. Man muß vom Menschen absehen können, wenn man vom menschlichen Schicksal spricht. Es wird einer starken Kraft bedürfen, damit dieMenschen wiederum aufkommen und entgegenrufen diesem von dem Nichtmenschlichen bestimmten menschlichen Schicksal: Das Schicksal der Menschheit muß wiederum vom Menschen bestimmt werden! — Das kann aber nur geschehen, wenn die Menschen sich erfüllen mit der Christus-Kraft, die heranrückt, die sie wiederum ihren Menschenkräften zurückgeben wird. Seiner selbst gewiß als Mensch kann wiederum nur derjenige werden, der auf alledem, was da begründet worden ist an Technik, wandelt, der sich aber nicht beherrschen läßt von diesen Technizismen, sondern zu schauen vermag auch dasjenige, was ihn durchdringen kann als die Christus-Kraft, die siegen kann über all diese Technizismen.
Das sind Lehren, die wir heute aufnehmen müssen. Das sind die Worte, welche hinweisen darauf, wie wir uns vorbereiten sollen für das Christus-Ereignis. Mit all den Trivialitäten, die heute die öffentliche Literatur beherrschen, mit all dem Geschwätz, das heute auf der Tagesordnung ist, kommt die Menschheit nicht vorwärts, sondern nur rückwärts. Einzig und allein mit dem, was aus geistigen Untergründen herausgeholt wird, kommt die Menschheit vorwärts. Und ehe man nicht den Ernst von so etwas wiederum fühlen wird, eher kommt man nicht vorwärts. Und das ist notwendig, daß wir uns klar sind: Die Menschheit hat es einmal heute dazu gebracht, daß sie ringsherum eine Welt hat, eine ganz neue Welt, die Kräfte entwickelt, von denen ihr Schicksal abhängt. Und es sind ja wahrhaftig nicht bloß die kriegerischen Ereignisse. Denn wenn wir auf die Straße gehen und die Fabriken sehen, von denen unser Schicksal bestimmt ist, ist das ja dasselbe für den Alltag, nicht nur für die Schicksale von 1914. Das, was da ist in all den Fabriken, die da dampfen, das sind die ahrimanischen Gewalten — in ihnen hat der Mensch keine Geltung mehr.
Und wenn wir dann von der Fabrik ein Stückchen weitergehen, finden wir die Kirche. Was in der Kirche tradiert wird, ist ein Abstraktum geworden. Das hat längst keinen Bezug mehr zu diesem Leben da draußen. Das beschäftigt sich mit etwas, womit der Mensch nichts anfangen kann, wenn er der Lebenspraxis gegenübersteht. Das ist ebenso luziferisch, wie das in den Fabriken ahrimanisch ist.
Das ist wiederum etwas, was mit dem Schicksal der gegenwärtigen Menschheit zusammenhängt, furchtbar zusammenhängt: daß verloren worden ist da, wo man von dem Geistigen spricht, die Möglichkeit, mit diesem Geistigen in das Leben hineinzuweisen. Ich habe letzthin im öffentlichen Vortrag erzählt von den amerikanischen Pastorenrednern in der Schweiz und andern neutralen Ländern, die ungefähr sagen: Der Völkerbund muß entstehen, denn der wird Heil und Segen bringen für die Menschen; aber aus den Ideen der Staatsmänner wird der Völkerbund sich nicht entwickeln können. Also muß man die Herzen der Menschen gewinnen, damit sie sich zu dem Völkerbund bekennen. Wer einen unbefangenen Sinn hat, der wird wissen, daß es sehr schöne Reden sind, die die Herren halten; wer aber damit zufrieden ist und sich damit begnügt, die Schönheit dieser Reden zu loben, der versteht die Zeit auch nicht. Denn diese Worte könnten noch so honigreich sein, diese Süße dringt nicht zu den Herzen der Menschen. Die Herzen der Menschen sind heute voll von den Sorgen, die sie sich über das wirtschaftliche Leben machen, und keine Brücke ist da zu dem, was als Worte aus den alten Bekenntnissen herauskommt. Mit denen kann man ebensowenig einen Völkerbund machen wie mit den Worten, die von Woodrow Wilson, von Clemenceau und andern kommen. Dasjenige, um was es sich heute handelt, das ist das Zusammenbringen der beiden, das Durchdringen des Lebens mit dem Geiste und das Heranbringen des Lebens zum Geiste. Geradeso wie das außerirdische Christus-Wesen in dem Menschen Jesus Fleisch angenommen hat, sich mit der physischen Erde verbunden hat, so wird der in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts erscheinende Christus nicht in der Sprache der abstrakten Religionsbekenntnisse reden, o nein, sondern er wird in der Sprache des praktischen Lebens reden. Und diejenigen, die nur immer in weltfremden, mystischen Höhen die Erbauung der Seele suchen, die werden ihn nicht verstehen. Aber er wird vom Geiste reden, auch wenn er vom praktischen Leben redet. Es wird der Geist sein, der sich ebenso verbindet mit dem praktischen Leben, wie sich das überweltliche, übersinnliche Wesen Christus mit dem physischen Menschen Jesus verbunden hat. Wir brauchen ein solch neues Verständnis dieses ChristusEreignisses, sonst werden wir es nicht würdigen können, wenn es über die Menschen kommt.
Man kann schon heute die Frage aufwerfen: Wie werden sich eigentlich zu dem Christus-Ereignis von der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts diejenigen verhalten, die offiziell das Christentum predigen? Dazu ist ja allerdings beim richtigen Verständnis des Evangeliums eine Art von Vorbild geschaffen. Das Evangelium redet von den «Schriftgelehrten und Pharisäern». Man urteilt nicht richtig, wenn man in der Gegenwart auf die Seite der Christus-Bekenner den Adolf Harnack setzt; man urteilt nur richtig, wenn man ihn, folgend dem Evangelium, auf die Seite der Schriftgelehrten und Pharisäer setzt. Und ähnliche Leute mehr muß man auf diese Seite setzen. Denn es ist nötig, ein richtiges Urteil zu gewinnen. Zur Wahrheit müssen wir kommen! Der Maternalist Pierre Bayle hat gesagt: Ein Staat kann nicht christlich sein; Ehre und Schande herrschen in einem Staate, Ehrgeiz und Egoismus herrschen in einem Staate, aber ein christlicher Staat ist nicht möglich. — Aber eine christliche soziale Gemeinschaft wird möglich sein, wenn man sie nur nicht absolut staatlich haben will, wenn man ein freies Geistesleben begründen wird. Das wird Christus-durchdrungen sein können. Dann wird dieses freie Geistesleben den ChristusImpuls auch ausstrahlen können in dasjenige, was nimmermehr christlich sein kann, in das eigentliche Staatsleben. Dann wird sich auch ein wirtschaftliches Leben der Assoziationen geltend machen können, das als solches selbstverständlich nicht christlich sein kann; aber die Menschen, die darinstehen, die werden christlich sein. Sie werden vom Christus-Impuls durchdrungen sein, nur muß man die Menschen hineinkommen lassen ins freie Geistesleben. So wird das ganze soziale Leben christlich sein können.
Aber zur Wahrheit muß man erst kommen, nicht in der Lüge wird man wohlleben können. Das sind schon Dinge, die man heute aufnehmen muß, die man sich tief ins Herz schreiben muß. Denn wird man es nicht tun, so wird man auf der Seite derjenigen stehen, die den Spengler-Schülern folgen in dem Glauben, daß wir in die Barbarei hinein müssen. Mit einem leichtfertigen Bekenntnis, daß Spengler Unrecht hat, kommt man aber auch nicht weiter. Da belügt man sich nur. In der Wahrheit wird man nur stehen, wenn man sich sagt: Die Kraft muß erzeugt werden zum Vorwärtskommen. Die kann aber nur erzeugt werden aus dem lebendigen Geiste heraus, aus dem Geiste, der gesucht wird durch anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft. Sie hat dasjenige, was die Impulse unserer Zeit durchdringen muß, damit wir zu einem Geistesleben kommen können, das wiederum christlich ist, zu einem Staatsleben, das wiederum menschlich ist, das nicht vor dem Menschen halt macht, und zu einem wirtschaftlichen Leben, das wiederum von den Menschen geleitet wird, nicht von den Pferdekraftjahren, die neben ihnen stehen und die eben dasjenige ausdrücken, was aus den Technizismen heraus, aus dem Außermenschlichen und Unmenschlichen heraus das menschliche Schicksal bestimmt.
Was wir in den letzten Jahren erlebt haben, kann nicht aus den menschlichen Seelenverfassungen abgelesen werden, das muß aus den Pferdekraftjahren der Technizismen abgelesen werden, aus jener furchtbaren Schrift, die Ahriman beginnt in die Menschheitsentwickelung hineinzuschreiben. Dasjenige, was die Menschen daraus herausführen soll, das muß hergeholt werden aus einem neuen Christus-Verständnis.
Tenth Lecture
In the considerations we have made here, we have characterized from various angles the forces at work in human development that we must become familiar with if we want to understand correctly what is happening today, what has led us into the present catastrophic times, and what is necessary if one wants to position oneself correctly within it and work powerfully toward real human progress. Unfortunately, far too little attention is paid to how the forces at work in human development have changed in recent times compared to events that took place not so long ago.
Perhaps I may begin again today with the great catastrophe of recent years, precisely in order to draw attention to the event to which I referred briefly at the end of my last reflections here, to that special Christ event which, as has already been mentioned several times, belongs to the first half of the 20th century.
If we observe the catastrophic events with all their consequences, which extend into our present time and will continue for a long time to come, with a truly unbiased eye, we cannot help but notice how different, I would say, the fate of civilized humanity has been in this latest period compared to earlier times. At the same time, however, we would also like to point out that a large number of influential people are not yet aware of what is coming, so that the actions of influential personalities today are still, and have been especially in recent years, in keeping with earlier times, but are completely out of step with our present.
We have—I mention all this today only by way of introduction, as an example, so to speak—a, well, what is called a “war” behind us that was greater than any war in the history of mankind. We have seen that in what people thought at the beginning of this war, and also in what most people still think today, there is actually something living like a ghost of the past. We have seen that this ghost of ideas, which still looms over the present, has given rise to judgments about what should have happened. People acted on the basis of these judgments, this or that measure was taken, and no one had any idea that something completely different was actually happening than what lived in people's ideas about these events.
In this war, as in previous wars, people certainly stood opposite each other, fighting people. But what was not there in previous wars and what was there in this war were energies, forces that came from something completely different than the human characteristics from which the forces in previous wars came. In recent times, we have seen the emergence of a great and powerful technology, and this emergence of a great and powerful technology has changed the entire situation in the fabric of human destiny. And the facts of the last few years have unfolded in a manner corresponding to this change. But people's ideas have not changed in the same way.
Let us mention the most important facts in this area: In the period preceding the catastrophe of war, human technology, as it had developed in recent times, had reached a significant point. Human work, or perhaps better said, human labor, had taken on completely different forms than those that had existed previously, without humanity being able to properly reflect on it. One can get an idea of these other forms by considering something that must be regarded as the basis of modern technology, for example, coal mining in the various civilized countries of the world. To the extent that quantities of coal are extracted, what is then transformed by technical processing into labor power, which then works more or less independently, directed only by humans, so that, I would say, human labor has receded greatly in recent times into a directing position and lets the machine do the work.
If one considers this situation, one comes to the conclusion, for example, that in the period preceding the outbreak of the war, within Germany, such energies directed by humans, but which actually originated from coal mining, which were therefore not the result of what humans produce internally, but rather of entirely external processes, entirely external measures, that 79 million horsepower years were generated in Germany. The amount of energy used is calculated according to the work a horse does in a year. So in Germany, 79 million horsepower years of technical energy derived from coal were available in the period immediately preceding the outbreak of war.
What does that actually mean? If you compare that in a very superficial sense with the population of Germany, it means that every single person in Germany had, on average, a horse at their disposal, i.e., that the inhabitants of Germany worked as much in the technical field as if every person had had a horse at their disposal for work throughout the entire year. This means that, just as there were approximately 79 million people, there were also 79 million horsepower years. In other words, what machines of various kinds were able to produce was equivalent to what would have been achieved if every person had had a horse at their side to perform the work. This capacity to perform such work existed when the war broke out. And by putting a large part of this work at the service of the war, the result was that what was sent to the front was, in a sense, the result, the purely technical result of 79 million horsepower years.
Take a few other figures. I would just like to add the figure, for example, so that you can get a clearer picture that in 1870, when, in the opinion of the people, a great event took place — and rightly so, in the opinion of the people — that not 79 million horsepower years were produced, but only 6 million and 7/10 million, which was hardly significant compared to what humans were capable of achieving. 6 1/2 million in 1870, 79 million horsepower years in 1912. This obviously represents a complete transformation of the entire human situation.
And now take a few other figures: In the same period preceding the catastrophe of war, France, Russia, and Belgium together had 35 million horsepower years at their disposal. Great Britain, however, had 98 million horsepower years. But due to Great Britain's special situation, these 98 million horsepower years could not be concentrated at the front in sufficient numbers immediately, but only over the course of several years. So when war broke out, it was not only people who faced each other, but 79 million horsepower years from Germany and just over 90 million from the Central Powers were pushed to the front lines; a large part of this was, of course, put into the service of the war industry, and thus indirectly pushed to the front; this was gradually developed to 98 million horsepower years in Great Britain and 35 million horsepower years in Belgium, Russia, and France combined. Now you can imagine that it is correct when someone says: Basically, what people were at that time only produced a preliminary result. The General Staff was really only responsible for the departure; that could be thought out in a certain ingenious way. But after a few years, when the fronts had developed, there were two sides facing each other, completely independent of human beings, with horsepower-years of energy produced by technology. And the fate of this development of humanity depended on the relative size of what had been taken out of human activity. And if you now add the following to what I have said, you will see how, through forces independent of human beings, namely through what technology has brought to light in recent times, the things that have just happened have come about.
Through what human beings were able to bring about—they could only direct, at most prevent things—but through what was directed or not prevented, forces objectively detached from human beings were brought into play, some of which were able to overcome others, so to speak, according to objective laws independent of human beings. Take what happened when America intervened in the whole development. America was in a position where, at the same time that others were able to bring the aforementioned horsepower years into play, it was able to mobilize 179 million horsepower years. There you have the mutual relationship between the forces that could be mobilized through technology and forces that are completely detached from what flows from human beings, naturally indirectly connected with what human beings have devised and so on. But what people have devised has been directed in this direction, so that in the end the situation was such that objective power stood opposite objective power, which ultimately had to tip the scales. In recent times, humans had steered their destiny so completely that when something like this happened, which used to happen in a completely different way, they had quite naturally surrendered this destiny to the forces at work in their own products and in which they are dependent on the productivity of the earth, on factors that are entirely outside their control.
Here we point to something that is characteristic of recent times. And what I have mentioned is only the most striking case. One can, so to speak, illustrate the matter with these striking cases. But what has happened on a gigantic scale — one cannot even say on a large scale, but on a gigantic scale — happens every day on a small scale in our entire destiny, in that we are at the mercy of what technology does. For in Germany in 1912, it had come to the point where human beings had created something out of their intellectual productivity that worked as hard as if a horse were working beside them. That is the characteristic feature of the newer civilization, and we must take a hard look at this characteristic feature. For what lives in what man has set forth within the newer civilization as objectively effective forces that work for him daily and determine his destiny, what lives in that? Within it lives, when we consider the relationship of this force to human destiny itself, the force that we have become accustomed to calling the Ahrimanic force in our observations. The Ahrimanic forces live in it. When you consider these Ahrimanic forces in this way, you will have to say that their power has increased with tremendous speed. For you need only compare the two figures: in 1870, 6.5 million horsepower-years were worked in Germany, which is not so much compared to a human being; in 1912, 79 million horsepower-years were worked in Germany. There you have the total sum of what influences our economic life, but also what influences our entire remaining life. There you have what is happening in a world that man himself has constructed, but which is independent of what man actually has within himself. These forces stand in stark contrast to everything that has been at work when people have faced each other, for example, as in the ancient Oriental battles, where only Luciferic forces were at work, where people faced each other as they did, say, in the Tatar invasions of Europe and so on. People often do not realize what a new world humanity is facing today and how quickly this new world has come about. Anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, however, has the additional task of grasping the full significance of this fact. For what I have described to you is only the outer aspect. We get to the inner side when we understand what used to be called Luciferic forces and what are now called Ahrimanic forces, with humans standing in the middle between them. But first we have to form a concrete idea of what we call Ahrimanic and Luciferic.
Think back to what was happening in human soul life in those ancient times when Luciferic forces were predominantly at work in the great struggles of humanity. People looked at the phenomena of the world, and you know that they saw these phenomena as containing within them a certain number of, let us say, elemental beings, demonic beings. Materialistic science says that this was the age of vitalism, that people projected all kinds of nymphs, gnomes, and so on into the phenomena of nature. But we know that spiritual beings actually live in natural phenomena. Just as people today see only the sober, dry natural phenomena, so the people of those ancient times saw spiritual entities, the spiritual essence, in natural phenomena. Today we call this superstition. That is to the taste of the present day. But we know that under this name, people were referring to what they saw spiritually in natural phenomena, that is, to something real in their perception. In everything that nature offered to human beings, these people saw such elemental beings. So we can say that something of these elemental beings shone into their consciousness, however instinctive, dark, or dreamlike it may have been.
Then came the times when consciousness became clouded for this perception of the spiritual in natural phenomena, in what comes into being around human beings as nature without their intervention. And so arose our modern intellectualistic view of what we now call science, where we want to deal only with what can be extracted from nature in the form of forces that can be sensed through abstract ideas—in short, that which can be the content of the human intellect.
But I would like to say that, without humans realizing it, even in a relatively short period of time — take the period from 1870, when 6 million horsepower-years were in use in Germany, until 1912, when 79 million horsepower years were in effect, a new world developed, a world that did not exist before, that is now also in the environment of human beings, on which human destiny depends even in such great events as those of recent years, just as human destiny used to depend on natural phenomena. And in these forces, which are also present and active without humans, just as the forces of nature are active without humans, there are now demons, elemental forces, only they act on humans in a different way than those that were previously observed by humans in natural phenomena. People looked at natural phenomena and stated: Elemental beings are at work here. This had an effect on consciousness, which identified the soul with natural phenomena, thus establishing a connection between consciousness and natural phenomena. Today, humans are “enlightened,” and just as they consider it superstition to observe spiritual forces in natural phenomena, they do not suspect that demonic beings are at work in what they themselves have created, in the whole scope of technology. And they cannot easily come to this realization, because these beings now work upon the will, which I have often told you is asleep. They work in the subconscious, they seize people in the subconscious. And the result is that, while the old man, in his contemplation of natural phenomena, at least took something of the demonic forces into his consciousness, today the demonic forces rumble in the technical devices; they continue to work in the human will, and man does not yet deign to acknowledge this. For, first, it is in his subconscious, and second, it seems to him superstitious to say that demonic beings are at work in the machines he has created. But they are at work nonetheless. And while the beings that people saw in natural phenomena in ancient times were of a Luciferic nature, the beings that are at work in machines and technical devices are of an Ahrimanic nature. Man thus surrounds himself with an Ahrimanic world that becomes completely independent.
You can see what the meaning of human evolution is. Out of the Luciferic world, which still influences his consciousness and determines his destiny, man is sailing, especially in the present, with a certain speed into an Ahrimanic world. There is a great danger that this Ahrimanic world, because it acts on the will that humans cannot bring directly into their consciousness through intellectual science, will seize the will of humans and they will become completely directionless within the demonic forces of technicism.
What is happening in Eastern Europe, where the current mindset is to militarize the economy into a large machine, where people are being trained like machines, where human labor is being completely detached from human beings—what they want there is to summon demons of the will, into whose domain they are sailing.
The path from the Luciferic to the Ahrimanic is also something about which one must say that it is the course of human evolution. And we are basically in the midst of this emergence from the Luciferic and sailing into the Ahrimanic. The Luciferic is naturally present in many ways. The Ahrimanic takes hold of people. The Luciferic lives more in feelings. The Ahrimanic works more through the human intellect and realizes and embodies itself in technicalities.
In order to give human beings a direction, the Christ event, which we are to expect in the first half of the 20th century, now comes into play. This Christ event will consist in the fact that, through objective experiences, more and more people will know that the etheric Christ is walking on earth, the Christ who etherically represents the power that once walked on earth in the physical Christ Jesus. And in becoming acquainted with this Christ power, in becoming permeated by this Christ power, lies the possibility of allowing the necessary emergence of the Ahrimanic powers to affect us in the right way. The misfortune of our time consists in the fact that people are sailing into the Ahrimanic without being carried by the Christ power.
So there is already something very positive, something very concrete, that can be pointed to when we speak of this impact on human development in the 20th century, which I already hinted at in my first mystery as the reappearance of Christ. And I would say that we can follow what will happen in human souls as they live in opposition to this Christ event.I was even able to hint at this in a recent public lecture, that the scientific nature of the West, which lacks any worldview, stops short of the knowledge of the human being. People prefer to understand the inanimate. They systematize it and the like. They theorize about it and about the living. But Darwinism does not go beyond the development of animals. It then places humans at the top. It actually stops before humans. Knowledge does not reach humans.
But even the understanding of social concepts stops there. I have shown how practitioners have actually become routine workers, how they remain stuck in the Ahrimanic-technical realm. They have this in their books, where assets and liabilities are recorded. But they stop short of the people they work with. These people are asserting their human dignity, but no bridge is built between the work manager and the worker. Practical life also stops short of human beings. Knowledge stops short of human beings; practical life stops short of human beings.
On the one hand, this is still more or less theory today, or let's not say theory: the inability of theory, of knowledge; on the other hand, it is something that is very evident in social life. For what has not been written in books is what is asserting itself today in strikes and revolutionary movements. This was not expected. It did not make it into the books. In life, it appears and develops just as much from work in industry, from work in trade, and so on, as any manufactured article develops. Only what is rumbling among the people today has not been included in the cash books and so on. But life has included it, and in life it asserts itself.
One can already say that very few people think about what I have presented to you, and what I also presented recently in a public lecture. In this respect, the 19th century has actually brought about a great deal of confusion about human beings. In the 18th century, at least some radical minds began to see some light about what was gradually being prepared. The 19th century then brought the events and caused great confusion. Pierre Bayle uttered a remarkable statement in the 18th century. He was one of the materialists of the 18th century, but they were already the true precursors of 19th-century materialism. This Pierre Bayle uttered the words: “In states, honor and shame will reign, ambition and egoism and so on, but there can be no state in which the Christian constitution of the soul is effective; there can be a state in which the old pagan virtues and vices reign, but there can be no Christian state.” — So says Pierre Bayle, the radical materialist, and he was more right than any of the idealistic minds of the 19th century, for these idealistic minds pretended that states were Christian. They were not in reality. Study the Christianity of the Middle Ages, the Christianity that Pierre Bayle initially refers to. It was based on the denial of the earth, on the belief that virtue lay in rising to a life that was not earthly. In the 18th century, a way of life developed that preferred to cultivate the earthly. There can be no Christian state, said Pierre Bayle, and he was actually telling the truth. And in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, people told a lie by trying to convince themselves and others that what had gradually emerged as modern states could be thoroughly Christian. But they cannot be. But something else arose as a result: when one stood in the pulpit, or when one listened to what was being preached from the pulpit, one was convinced that one was a good Christian. Or, again, when one took up one's office, or donned one's medals, or made use of the titles that the state had given one, one also imagined oneself to be a Christian. You weren't really, because the fact that you were standing there meant that you weren't a Christian. You got used to a life of lies, you got used to not looking at the most important facts of life truthfully. And that created the foggy atmosphere that prevented an unbiased view of what was gradually coming up: the Ahrimanization of the world.
Much has been said about the campaigns of lies in recent years. But these campaigns of lies are what people have become accustomed to in the most important matters in recent times. They have become accustomed to lying about the most important things! Why should the truth be told about the things that were lied about during the catastrophe of war, when people in the 19th century had become accustomed to no longer allowing the truth about the most important matters of their lives to enter the realm of their soul?
It is uncomfortable to look these things in the face, but that is precisely the terrible thing, that these things are not looked at squarely. Thus, among other things, modern man is stuck in the predicament that has arisen from inner untruthfulness. And out of this atmosphere, a very specific mood will develop. What in many respects is actually only theory, only knowledge: the failure of man to attain humanity, the standing still before man, and also that which is developed in social life as this failure to attain humanity, will be deposited on the human soul. That which acts upon the will as external technicalities will, in a sense, react upward from the subconscious into the conscious. Of course, it will not be possible to create an awareness of this, because it is in the subconscious, but it will create a mood. And more and more over the course of the next decades, indeed over the course of the next few years, this mood will arise among a large number of people. Children will be taught in schools, and it will be noticed that these children are bringing forth feelings that the older generation did not have at all. Something like this has already existed to a relative extent in different ages, but it will be the case to a greater extent in the coming period. And it will only be possible to assess what is actually developing from the depths of the souls of growing human beings through a deep spiritual understanding of the present. A great longing will develop, something like a longing deprivation. For what is initially only an inability of theory to recognize human beings, an inability of social life to take human talents into account in business calculations, will condense into feeling, into sensation. And people will arise—and we will see them in the growing generations—who will feel: Yes, here I stand, I have a form, different from the other beings around me; I do not look like the animals, like an ox, a donkey, a weasel, an eagle, I look different, but I do not know what it is that looks different; I do not know what a human being is, I do not know what I myself am. Melancholy and hypochondria will settle over the souls of the growing generation. This will be noticeable in schools, in education and in teaching, as a mood of the times. It will be a mood of the times that will, in a sense, spread widely. People today are so terribly superficial that it is difficult to talk to them about such things. But to make it comparatively understandable to you, I would like to point out that in the 18th century, those people who understood something of the soul of the age spoke of “Werther fever.” Goethe wrote his “Werther” solely out of this general mood of a large number of people. Then a novel called “Siegwart” appeared. It was written out of the “Siegwart fever” of the second half of the 18th century. These were moods of the times, which, however, only prevailed among a limited circle of people. But in the widest circles, such a general mood will arise in people's souls, which can be expressed as: Yes, what am I as a human being? What is the essence of myself, walking on two legs? I have a science that I have developed to greatness; I have a social life — but both actually stop short of what I myself am. — This mood, which will be the great question mark of the age before our own human nature, will prepare the eyes of the soul to perceive that which is difficult to describe, but which is emerging as the new Christ event. For we will see from the . the power that emerges from this longing, the appearance of Christ. The outer distress will be transformed into inner soul distress, and out of this soul distress will be born a vision, a vision of Christ, who will walk among human beings in a supersensible way and to whom they will have to hold fast so that they do not sail in an impossible way from the Luciferic into the Ahrimanic.
What use is all our science if it does not lead us to grasp human life in its concrete reality? We must be clear about this: the human being standing here today has already lived a whole series of earthly lives. We live in repeated earthly lives. Those human beings who saw the elemental forces in natural phenomena were ourselves in our previous earthly lives. We bring the results of these previous earthly lives into this life. We knew then that there were nature spirits around us that determined our fate. We carry these within us. Today, with our bare intellect, with our heads, we look only at nature, even at the technicalities that we ourselves produce. We see nothing other than what is contained in our intellect. And what stirs within us from the many earthly lives we have lived, but which we do not want to see now, is ultimately what I have just described as a great longing, as a longing deprivation. We were once people who looked into nature and saw the spiritual, through which we could feel within ourselves what it actually means to be human. Now we have a science, a social sensibility that stops short of the human being. We carry within us the predisposition from our former way of looking at our surroundings to feel ourselves as human beings. Today we look into nature, which is devoid of human beings, and stop short of the human being. This will cause great spiritual distress in the coming decades. This spiritual distress is a positive force, and out of this positive force will arise the ability to see Christ.
The old way of relating to Christ has been destroyed by the most modern theology. For what has become of Christ under the influence of modern theology? The “simple man from Nazareth”! Can there be any relationship between human beings and the Christ event today unless there is a renewal of our spiritual life?
The Catholic Church knew very well why it never wanted to let the Gospels fall into the hands of the masses. For the faithful of the Catholic Church, reading the Gospels is still theoretically forbidden today. And the Albigensians and Waldensians, who refused to submit to this prohibition, were declared heretics, because it was well known what would happen if the Gospels were handed over to the masses. First, there are four Gospels. In this fourfold form, the divine can speak to people. But it is not through the intellect that one can convey to people an event in four ways, as described in the Gospels. This is where the contradictions arise. At the very moment when one denies the reality of the Gospels, when one regards them as products of the human intellect, one must find them contradictory, for they are full of contradictions. What has emerged is a destruction of all perception of the mystery of Golgotha.
And again, we live under the lie that we should remain Christians, yet we cover up and deny the source, because modern theology no longer contains Christianity. In order to return to Christianity, we must arrive at a new spiritual view. We must once again be able to uncover the treasure that we have accumulated in our souls, which we have carried through many earthly lives.
Just as we stand in our present life, this life is also the starting point for the following earthly lives. But just as what we carry in our souls as a legacy from previous earthly lives lives on in the abstract in mathematics and in the concrete in various inner moods, so what we take in from the outer world in our present life lives on as a predisposition in the following earthly lives. The old human being absorbed his view of nature, which was permeated by elemental beings, from the outside world. When we were on earth in the past, we looked at nature and received impressions from the elemental beings; we carry these within us. Today, our life is essentially determined by what arises from the “horse” that is beside us, as I described earlier, through technology. This flows into us. We shape this within ourselves into a fund for our subsequent earthly lives, if we do nothing else. Within this live the new demons, the Ahrimanic demons. We are preparing ourselves well for our subsequent earthly lives if we surrender ourselves to the Ahrimanic forces! What the machines are within us, we prepare as our scientific life for the next earthly lives. What was the thunder of cannons on the battlefields, what lived in the machines, we incorporate into ourselves. This is how we actually want to rise again unconsciously in the next earthly life. But human beings are not merely intellect; they also have other aspects to their nature: they have sensations and feelings. These must come to terms with what comes in from technology and machines.
There is another feeling besides the one I described earlier. I spoke earlier of the feeling of longing deprivation, of longing deprivation. That which the soul unites in the subconscious from technicalities, from the Ahrimanic forces, reacts upward, enters consciousness as thoughts, ideas, but it comes up as something similar to fear. And this longing deprivation will become apparent in the children we will have in school in the coming years and decades, an indefinite but no less vivid fear of life, which will manifest itself in nervousness, in a fidgety, nervous nature — I mean this literally. What I am describing is already present today in embryonic form.
There is only one thing: that souls fill themselves with that which gives strength here, which the earth itself cannot give, the strength that has come to the earth from outside through the being of Christ, who will now appear again. This is a strength that cannot come from the earth itself. From the earth comes the strength of technicalities, the 79 million horses that walk beside us. We must develop within ourselves that which comes from the power of Christ, so that we are not filled only with the power of technology in our next life on earth. There is no other cure for the nervousness that must assert itself in the growing generation than preparation for the Christ event of the first half of the 20th century.
We must not describe our time according to its outward appearance, but according to what is asserting itself as the most outstanding feelings in human beings. The most important thing in our time would be for people to acquire an inner eye for what lives in human beings. Most of the time, only what is outwardly visible is described. In areas such as Eastern Europe today, people like Paquet and others travel around who are completely incapable of describing what people there are experiencing, who are already experiencing much of the future, while they describe only pure outward appearances and so on.
If spiritual science is to become something living, it must be able to lead us into an understanding of precisely what is perceptible, precisely what is emotional. For it is not by describing in abstract terms what the Christ event will be like that we really get to know life, but by describing the human souls that are living toward this Christ event, on the one hand longing for it and on the other hand fearing it.
How can people today understand something like the sealing of the outcome of the catastrophe of war by Ahrimanic forces, quite apart from what people could do at the time? Surely only through what people have thought up and what has become objective. How can people today judge this correctly, assess its effects correctly, if they do not engage with spiritual science? Consider what it means that the 79 million horsepower years of Germany, the 98 million horsepower years of Great Britain, the 35 million horsepower years of Belgium, France, and Russia are added to the 179 million horsepower years of America! So by talking about something that has nothing to do with human beings, we are actually talking about the decisive causes of the present human destiny. Human beings have completely surrendered themselves to that which is no longer human. And now consider this in a new light when it is said that human beings, with their knowledge, remain standing before other human beings. Man remains only in the inhuman, even in the social realm, because he cannot find the bridge to humanity. In this way, man fulfills his destiny. He also makes his destiny dependent on that which is no longer human; he also creates as destiny that in which he, as a human being, no longer has any part. One must no longer speak of the bravery, the spirit, the genius of the general staff and the like when speaking of the outcome of a fateful event, but rather of the conditions of horsepower in the various countries. One must be able to disregard the human being when speaking of human destiny. It will take a strong force for human beings to rise up again and call out against this human destiny determined by the non-human: The destiny of humanity must once again be determined by human beings! — But this can only happen if human beings fill themselves with the Christ force that is approaching, which will in turn give them back their human powers. Only those who walk on all that has been established in technology, but who do not allow themselves to be dominated by these technicalities, but are able to see what can penetrate them as the Christ force that can triumph over all these technicalities, can become certain of themselves as human beings.
These are teachings that we must take up today. These are the words that point to how we should prepare ourselves for the Christ event. With all the trivialities that dominate public literature today, with all the chatter that is the order of the day, humanity is not moving forward, but only backward. Only with what is brought forth from spiritual depths can humanity move forward. And until we feel the seriousness of this again, we will not move forward. And it is necessary that we be clear about this: Humanity has once again brought itself to a point where it is surrounded by a world, a completely new world, which is developing forces on which its destiny depends. And it is truly not just the events of war. For when we go out into the streets and see the factories that determine our destiny, it is the same for everyday life, not just for the destinies of 1914. What is there in all those factories, steaming away, are the Ahrimanic forces — in them, human beings no longer have any validity.
And when we walk a little further from the factory, we find the church. What is handed down in the church has become an abstraction. It has long since lost all connection with life out there. It deals with something that human beings cannot relate to when they are confronted with the practicalities of life. This is just as Luciferic as what is Ahrimanic in the factories.
This is again something that is connected, terribly connected, with the fate of the present human race: that where people speak of the spiritual, the possibility of pointing to this spiritual in life has been lost. I recently spoke in a public lecture about American pastors in Switzerland and other neutral countries who say something like this: The League of Nations must come into being, for it will bring salvation and blessing to humanity; but the League of Nations cannot develop out of the ideas of statesmen. Therefore, we must win the hearts of the people so that they will commit themselves to the League of Nations. Anyone with an unbiased mind will know that these gentlemen are making very beautiful speeches; but anyone who is satisfied with this and content to praise the beauty of these speeches does not understand the times. For these words may be as honeyed as they like, but their sweetness does not penetrate to the hearts of people. People's hearts today are full of worries about economic life, and there is no bridge to what comes out of the old confessions in the form of words. It is just as impossible to create a league of nations with these words as it is with the words of Woodrow Wilson, Clemenceau, and others. What is at stake today is bringing the two together, permeating life with spirit and bringing life to spirit. Just as the extraterrestrial Christ being took flesh in the human being Jesus and connected himself with the physical earth, so the Christ appearing in the first half of the 20th century will not speak in the language of abstract religious creeds, oh no, but he will speak in the language of practical life. And those who seek edification of the soul only in unworldly, mystical heights will not understand him. But he will speak of the spirit, even when he speaks of practical life. It will be the spirit that connects itself with practical life just as the supermundane, supersensible being Christ connected himself with the physical human being Jesus. We need such a new understanding of this Christ event, otherwise we will not be able to appreciate it when it comes upon humanity.
One can already ask today: How will those who officially preach Christianity actually respond to the Christ event of the first half of the 20th century? However, a kind of model has been created for this in the correct understanding of the Gospel. The Gospel speaks of the “scribes and Pharisees.” It is not right to judge Adolf Harnack in the present day as being on the side of those who profess Christ; it is only right to judge him, following the Gospel, as being on the side of the scribes and Pharisees. And more people like him must be placed on this side. For it is necessary to arrive at a correct judgment. We must come to the truth! The maternalist Pierre Bayle said: A state cannot be Christian; honor and shame reign in a state, ambition and egoism reign in a state, but a Christian state is not possible. — But a Christian social community will be possible if one does not want it to be absolutely state-run, if one establishes a free spiritual life. That will be able to be permeated by Christ. Then this free spiritual life will also be able to radiate the Christ impulse into that which can never be Christian, into the actual life of the state. Then an economic life of associations will also be able to assert itself, which as such cannot of course be Christian; but the people who live in it will be Christian. They will be permeated by the Christ impulse, but people must be allowed to enter into free spiritual life. In this way, the whole of social life will be able to be Christian.
But one must first come to the truth; one cannot live well in a lie. These are things that must be accepted today, that must be written deep in one's heart. For if one does not do so, one will stand on the side of those who follow Spengler's disciples in the belief that we must go into barbarism. But we will not get anywhere with a frivolous confession that Spengler is wrong. That is just self-deception. We will only stand in the truth if we say to ourselves: The power to move forward must be generated. But this power can only be generated from the living spirit, from the spirit that is sought through anthroposophically oriented spiritual science. It has what is needed to permeate the impulses of our time so that we can arrive at a spiritual life that is Christian, a state life that is human and does not stop at the human being, and an economic life that is guided by human beings and not by the horsepower years that stand beside them and express precisely what what determines human destiny out of technicisms, out of the non-human and inhuman.
What we have experienced in recent years cannot be read from the human soul states; it must be read from the horsepower years of technicisms, from that terrible writing that Ahriman is beginning to write into human evolution. What is to lead people out of this must be brought forth from a new understanding of Christ.