Spiritual Science as a Foundation for Social Forms
GA 199
11 September 1920, Dornach
Lecture XVI
Quite a number of lectures have now been given by me on the changes that must necessarily take place in our whole civilization. First and foremost, what was said in this connection was expressed in such a way as to appeal to the will of men. We now live in a cycle of humanity's evolution in which people have to discover inner activity in order to contribute their share towards the necessary change. For human soul substance will have to stream into external life, into the objectivity of external life, and human beings themselves will have to bring about what should appear. In the present cycle of human development it is no longer possible to wait passively for divine powers, far removed from man, to step in and to do something for human evolution, without the participation of man himself.
The essential thing is to be in a position to understand such things by observing the individual phenomena of social life and the life of nature, but today, certain phenomena of social life shall be our topic. I would like to start with a quite definite fact. Let us suppose that someone announces himself; he may, for example, send his business card with the name “Edmund Miller” printed on it. Yet, on seeing this card with the name “Edmund Miller,” it would be foolish to assume that a miller was coming, a man who grinds corn. For the person announcing himself by this name may be a contractor, or a professor, or a court advisor, and so on. It would not be justified in such a case to deduce anything from the name “Miller.” Initially, it would perhaps be better to form no thoughts whatever, but just to wait and see what kind of a person conceals himself behind the name. Or, through certain other circumstances, we may already know something about the actual person, the real living entity concealed behind this name, “Miller.”
It is clear to us in this case that it would be quite wrong to infer from his name anything about the character of the approaching individual. If a person named “Smith” announces himself we would not think that he is a smith. This shows that in regard to those words we consider proper names, we feel the need to discover, by means of something that is not inferred from the name, what or whom we are dealing with.
Well, in this respect, even proper names have undergone a certain history. A person bearing the name Smith today no longer has anything to do with a real smith; a person called Miller has nothing to do with a miller. Yet these names originally arose at a time when name-giving such as is customary today did not exist, when people in a village would remark, “The smith said,—the miller said this or did that,”—or, “I saw the miller,”—and referred to the actual smith or miller. One who has lived in villages knows that people frequently do not refer to each other by proper names but say instead that they saw the smith, or the mason, or somebody else. Therefore, the name itself originally caused people to infer from the words what lay behind them.
All words, the whole language, will undergo the same development in the-course of evolution from the fifth to the sixth post-Atlantean epoch that proper names have undergone, a development which in their case we can clearly survey. Nevertheless, human beings today are still almost completely caught up in the whole of language; we basically acquire all our knowledge out of language. In actual fact, the general attitude towards nearly the whole compass of language is to infer the things from their words. Now, it is convenient to do so, but human evolution follows a different course, and in regard to such things we must have the same attitude that we adopt in regard to natural phenomena. They contain objective necessity. Objective necessity also exists where the causality of nature holds sway in the sphere of life, something that is experienced by many people with abstract superficiality. It happens frequently—I have often pointed this out—that people will say, “I never intended to do or say this; I meant it quite differently; I had this or that intention with regard to this matter.” But regardless of how pronounced the child's intention is not to get burned, when it reaches into fire, it will burn itself. Concerning the things of life, intentions that do not delve into life are not decisive; at most, only those intentions that do delve into life, or, certainly, facts, and the relationships of these facts that follow natural laws, are decisive.
People must become used to this way of thinking; based on spiritual science, this is, above all, necessary in the most eminent sense. And one must also get used to the thought: “As pleasant as it might be if one could just take words as they are, it is nevertheless a fact that the objective course and laws of human evolution point in a different direction.” They indicate that man's whole conception, his whole soul life, is becoming emancipated from words. Words are gradually becoming mere gestures that simply indicate the being or thing in question, no longer designating and explaining anything fully. If spiritual-scientific descriptions are to be taken seriously, for example, then something must come about for which people are often annoyed with me, namely, that one can no longer use words in the manner that words and sentences are customarily used at present. For if one sets forth spiritual-scientific facts, one is above all presenting facts of the future; something is represented that in future time will have to become the possession of mankind. In a certain sense, one has to anticipate something that is supposed to occur in the future. What is to happen in the future must be received into one's will. Therefore, one is obliged to give spiritual-scientific descriptions in such a way that even the words point like gestures to the essential reality lying behind them. Since our ideal today concerning the reconstruction of the social order will have to be born out of spiritual science, as I explained yesterday, it is necessary that, particularly in matters of social reconstruction, we speak from the above-mentioned viewpoint. This is precisely what people did not at all wish to comprehend, for instance, in my book, Towards Social Renewal. They absolutely wanted matters presented to them in the old style, matters that cannot be described in the old style since they are part of the future. And basically, what one is being faced with here can best be made evident by the fact that almost all the questions that, up to now, have been connected by one side or another to the expositions in Towards Social Renewal always proceed totally out of the old manner of thinking. No attempt is made to find one's way into the transformed new way of thinking.
Thus we may say that, particularly in the descriptions of social relationships of the future, it must become evident that we have to develop an emancipated soul life that no longer clings merely to words. One who follows my descriptions in the various fields of spiritual science, including the recent ones into the field of social life, will find that I am always at pains to describe a matter from many different sides. As a rule, I use two sentences instead of one, because the first sentence indicates the matter from one side, the other one from the other side. This is then supposed to call forth a desire in the listener or reader to approach the matter by transcending the words and sentences, as it were. This is what must be mentioned in reference to human soul life as far as the transformation of the meaning of human language is concerned. This is an important matter. It is important for the reason that the greatest part of what occurs today in regard to confusion of one's manner of thinking and conceptions comes about for no other reason than the fact that the objective laws and impulses of human evolution already demand that we free ourselves from language. Because of their easy-going habits of thinking, however, human beings do not wish to give up clinging to language. When such a phenomenon is clearly understood, it leads to a deeper insight into the whole course of human development. Indeed, from this transformation of our language or languages, we can actually build a bridge to profound spiritual facts. Naturally, this is more the case in one language than in another. But this is then a matter of the specific treatment of a language, of the meaning of words in a language in the individualized differentiated regions of human civilization, as I have pointed out.
We now live in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch of human civilization and are approaching the sixth condition of development. These evolutionary conditions are not of such a nature that a clear line could be drawn between one and the other epochs; instead, one epoch, bearing its own peculiarities, passes over into the next; and long before it arises, the future one casts its shadows—one could also say its lights—into the present. One must take hold of these lights if one wishes to participate in the evolution of humanity with one's soul.
Let us try and connect what might be termed the “suprahistorical” fact, namely, that we are supposed to work our way towards the sixth post-Atlantean epoch, with another fact known to all of us. It is this: With his spirit-soul entity, the human being descends out of a spiritual world to earthly incarnation through birth or conception. On earth, he then experiences the life between birth and death; then, he passes through the gate of death, and in so doing bears his soul-spiritual being once again into that environment of life which is definitely of a spiritual and soul nature.
Now we must clearly understand—and the significance of this for the art of education, for example, has also been outlined here recently—that we bring down from the spiritual world, at least in the form of effects, what we have experienced in this spiritual world. When we move in ordinary life from one locality to another, we take with us not only our clothes but also our soul-spiritual belongings. In like manner, one brings along into this world through conception and birth the consequences and effects of what has been undergone in the spiritual world. In the period that mankind has presently lived through, concerning which we know that it began around the middle of the fifteenth century A.D., man, through his spirit-soul entity, brought along forces of the soul life devoid of images, forces containing no pictures. It is for this reason that, above all, the intellectual life has arisen and has flourished. During this period, prior to descending through conception and birth into physical existence, the human being was endowed in a sense with something lacking in capacities, lacking in images. This explains the slight inclination mankind had for developing original creations of fantasy since the middle of the fifteenth century. Human fantasy is, in truth, only a terrestrial reflection of super-earthly imagination. The Renaissance does not contradict this, for just the fact that one had to resort to a “renaissance,” not a “naissance,” clearly shows that original forces of imagination were not present, only a fantasy that required fructification from earlier periods. In short, the fact is that the human soul was permeated in a certain sense with forces that are devoid of images.
Now begins the age—and in many respects, this is the real reason for the stormy character of our times—in which the souls who descend through conception and birth into earthly life bring along for themselves images from the spiritual world. When pictures are brought along out of spiritual existence into physical life, and if salvation is to arise for the human being and his social life, they must under all circumstances be united with the astral body, whereas the element lacking images only unites with the ego. It is predominantly the unfolding of the ego which has blossomed in humanity since the fifteenth century.
Now, however, the time is beginning when man has to feel: Within me there live pictures from my prenatal existence; during my earthly life, I have to make them come alive. I cannot accomplish this merely with my ego; I must work deeper into myself, and this must reach as far as my astral body.
Now, it is generally true that humanity resists the images indwelling in the astral body, images experienced prior to conception. In a way, human beings repel what is supposed to find its way out of the depths of their being into the astral body. The dry, prosaic attitude of the present time is one of its fundamental characteristics, and there are many broadly based movements that oppose an education whose concern it would be that the forces arising from the soul and trying to make themselves felt in the astral body will actually assert themselves. There are insipid, dry people who would really like to exclude any education by means of fairy tales, legends and anything illuminated by imagination. In our Waldorf School system, we have made it our priority that the lessons and instruction of the children entering primary education will proceed from pictorial descriptions, from the life-filled presentation of images, from elements taken from legends and fairy tales. Even what the children are initially supposed to learn about the nature and processes of the animal kingdom, the plant and the mineral kingdoms, is not supposed to be expressed in a dry, matter-of-fact manner; it is supposed to be clothed in imaginative, legendary, fairy tale-like elements. For what is seated deep within the child's soul are the imaginations that have been received in the spiritual world. They seek to come to the surface. The teacher or the educator adopts the right attitude towards the child if he confronts the child with pictures. By placing images before the child's soul, there flash up from its soul those images, or, strictly speaking, those forces of pictorialized representation which have been received before birth or, let us say, prior to conception.
If these forces are suppressed, if the dry, prosaic person guides the education of the child today, he confronts the child from earliest childhood with something that is actually not at all related to the child, namely, the letters of the alphabet. For our present letters have nothing to do anymore with the letters of earlier pictorial scripts. They are really something that is alien to the child; a letter should first be drawn out of a picture, as we try to do it in the Waldorf School. The child is confronted today with something devoid of a pictorial element; the young person, on the other hand, possesses forces in his body—naturally, I am referring to the soul when I am now speaking of “body,” for after all, we also speak of the “astral body”—forces seated in his body that will burst out elsewhere if they are not brought to the surface in pictorial representation. What will be the result of modern mistaken education? These forces do not become lost; they spread out, gain existential ground, and invade the thoughts, feelings and impulses of the will after all. And what kind of people will come into being from that? They will be rebels, revolutionaries, dissatisfied people; people who do not know what they want, because they want something that one cannot know. This is because they want something that is incompatible with any possible social order; something that they only picture to themselves, that should have entered their fantasy but did not; instead, it entered into their agitated social activities.
Therefore, we can say that people who, in an occult sense, do not have honest intentions in regard to their fellowmen, do not have the courage to admit to themselves: “If the world is in a state of revolt today, it is really heaven that is revolting.” It means the heaven that is held back in the souls of men, which then comes to the fore, not in its own form, but in its opposite—in strife and bloodshed instead of imaginations. No wonder that the individuals who destroy the social fabric actually have the feeling that they are doing good. For what do they sense in themselves? They feel heaven within themselves; only it assumes the form of a caricature in their soul.
This is how serious the truths are that we must comprehend today! To acknowledge the truths that matter today should be no child's play; such acknowledgment should be pervaded by the greatest earnestness. In general, it is no light task today to describe such things, for, in the first place, people do not care for them; secondly, they cling to words. Indeed, one who states that heaven is revolting in human souls is naturally taken literally by his words; people do not notice how he is trying to show that additional facts must be known, whereby the word “heaven” is related to something more than they are in the habit of connecting with the term. This is the same as not thinking of a miller who grinds corn when a “Mr. Miller” announces himself. The emancipation from language is definitely required in individual concrete cases if, in the sense that the laws of human evolution demand it, we wish truly to make progress.
Here, we see how something that comes from the life before birth pushes into the social life. One who is familiar with these relationships knows that he has to recognize something that is actually heavenly in what appears on earth in a caricature. This is in regard to the social questions, but there is something else in addition.
During the age of intellectualism, which has developed predominantly since the middle of the fifteenth century, human beings have obtained very little from their life of sleep in the form of imaginations for their waking life. Even those who have somewhat more lively dreams tend to interpret them quite rationally and intellectually. In this direction, theosophists, for example, are rational and intellectual. I could not begin to describe in a small volume, only in a big one, how many people have come to me in the course of time and wished to have rational explanations for their dreams! What is important here is that even those imaginations that express themselves in dreams point to a deeper spiritual life. I have often said that the outward appearance of the dream does not matter at all; that has already emancipated itself from the actual content. The content which we receive and then interpret in words of a language, from which, in turn, we actually have to emancipate ourselves as well, is not the true course of the dream; it really has very little to do with the true course of the dream. The dream's content is represented in its dramatic sequence, in the way one image follows another, the way complications arise and are resolved; one can experience the same spiritual content in a number of different ways as a dream. One person comes and describes how he climbed a mountain; he ascended quite easily up to a certain point, then, he suddenly stood before an abyss and could not proceed. Another person relates that he was walking along a path; everything around him filled him with joy. Suddenly, when he reached a certain point in the road, a man with a #8224 came up 'to him and killed him. Here we have two completely different dream images. Yet the process concealed behind them may be exactly the same. It can express itself in one instance in the climb up the mountain and the feeling of confronting an abyss; in another instance, it can be expressed in a cheerful walk down a path until one confronts a person who intends to kill one. The content of the images is not important; it is the dramatic sequence of experiencing something that offers resistance. It is the dynamics behind the images that matters. The course taken by the forces can envelop itself in any number of images, indeed in hundreds of pictures!
We can only understand the spiritual world when we know that what appears in the physical world in the form of dreams, or what clothes itself in images from the spiritual world in such a manner that it resembles the physical world, is only an image. As long as one has the inclination, however, to interpret the images in a rationalistic, purely intellectual way, so long does one also occupy an intellectual standpoint in regard to the dream life of sleep. What matters here is that we understand this dream life of sleep as the expression of a deeper spiritual life. Then only do we comprehend it imaginatively; then we grasp the pictures as something that stands in place of the content.
Then we shall not turn against something that is beginning for the human being today, namely, making inner soul demands out of sleep in a manner similar to the demands made by the imaginations prior to birth or conception. For today we are beginning to sleep differently from the way sleep was experienced in the regular life of the intellectual age since the middle of the fifteenth century. Man brought along into the waking state little inclination for faculties that wish to experience, rather than interpret, the images.
We have now reached the point in human evolution where, out of sleep as well, we draw imaginations that seek to indwell not only our ego, where rationality reigns supreme, but also our astral body. If we work against this, we once more reject something that is trying to rise into consciousness out of the depths of the human soul; we also work against the whole course of mankind's evolution, and what matters here is that we do not oppose humanity's development but work in harmony with it. We do this in the first place by permeating our culture once again with as many elements as possible connected in some way with the spiritual world. Naturally, in regard to external life, it is important for us to imbue ourselves with what is grasped from the spiritual world; hence, that we also imbue ourselves with a true spiritual insight, to fill ourselves with something that in this physical world cannot be comprehended in terms of the physical world. The whole past epoch of human life was actually opposed to this. Consider a case that I have already mentioned a number of times.
It is true that Christianity confronts human beings in such a way that they can only grasp its essence, especially the nature of the Mystery of Golgotha, if they come round to a comprehension of something super-sensible. For one must envisage that Christ, a being Who formerly had not been connected with earth evolution, united with the human being, Jesus of Nazareth, and that super-sensible events took place. One must conceive of the fact that in regard to the event of Golgotha, even birth and conception differed from the way they take place in ordinary human circumstances. In short, the demand is made by Christology to understand the Mystery of Golgotha in a super-sensible sense.
There is an interesting passage in a book written by a modern naturalist94 Ernest Haeckel: Anthropogenie oder Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen, Leipzig, 1891, p. 871. where fulminations are uttered against the Immaculate Conception, where it is said that it is an impertinent insult to human reason to claim that an immaculate conception can occur.
Well, a modern rationalist, a purely intellectual person, can't help feeling this way. In a certain sense, what is intended out of the spiritual life is indeed an impertinent mockery of human reason. But the point is that we now live in an age where we must gradually begin to bring into waking life what has been spiritually experienced between falling asleep and waking in such a manner that our astral body can be impregnated and permeated with a pictorial element—not merely our ego, which is the seat of rationality, of intellectualism.
It is interesting that even the theology of the nineteenth century developed in such a way that it opposed Christology with rationalism, with pure intellectualism. Increasingly, modern theology felt called upon altogether to deny Christ as such, and to describe the humble man from Nazareth, the mere Jesus, as a human personality somewhat more outstanding than other human beings. One did not wish to make the effort to comprehend something super-sensible. What is to confront the human being supersensibly, what is to awaken him to the super-sensible realm, this one tried to grasp with concepts gained here in the sensory world.
A Protestant theologian,95 Max Christlieb: 1862–1916. with whom I once discussed this matter, told me after we had talked about it for some time, “Yes, we modern theologians should really not call ourselves Christians any longer, for we no longer have Christ. If the name ‘Jesuit’ had not been appropriated already, we should really claim it for ourselves.” This is not something that I am saying; it is something that a Protestant theologian of the modern school said to me as a confession of his own soul.
One who has insight into the whole character of our time, however, will understand that we must advance to a comprehension of the Mystery of Golgotha. Just because it is the central manifestation of our human evolution, it will tear us away from the earthly manner of thinking, and will draw us with might and main to understand something that is incomprehensible based an the earthly sense domain. Whoever wishes in everything to remain caught in the earthly sensory sphere would say, “The Immaculate Conception is an impertinent insult against human reason.”
One who understands the task of present-day man will say: I must accustom myself to such ideas. In that case, I must emancipate myself from the customary use of words today. When somebody by the name of Smith or Miller announces himself, I must not assume that he is coming with a hammer in hand or overalls powdered with flour. I must expect something quite different from what I might deduce from the words. Thus, I have to become used to emancipating myself from what was ingrained into the words by the merely physical life of the senses.
Today, the Mystery of Golgotha is in fact the first test for us to see whether we are willing to go along with the comprehension of something that extends beyond the physical-sensory sphere. We, therefore, can no longer content ourselves with a merely traditional, historical description of Christianity, we need instead a creative understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha. Out of spiritual science, we need inner strength of soul which, in a new way, approaches the Mystery of Golgotha and is in a position to comprehend the Mystery of Golgotha as a supersensory fact. Then, having positioned the Mystery of Golgotha into the central point of human thinking and feeling, we must make a new beginning especially in regard to education, and prepare the child in such a way that it does not suppress, does not have to suppress, the imaginations that seek to arise from the depths of the soul. We must meet the imaginations halfway by making pictures of our conceptions.
This is the deeper reason why, in the last issue of Soziale Zukunft (Social Future),96 In “Soziale Zukunft,” #5–7, Dornach, 1920. which is a magazine dealing with education, I described education and instruction as an art in the most eminent sense. In the field of pedagogy, teachers and educators must actually proceed in the way an artist does—indeed, they must proceed in a style surpassing that of an artist. It does not do to impose abstract principles in an abstract pedagogical sense. What matters is that one penetrates the being of man, and, through this comprehension of man's nature, arrives at the point of reading from the inner human being what one has to do in each case. An artist who is creating something cannot go by abstract rules. The purpose of aesthetics is not that of establishing rules for the artists. An artist cannot even go by what he has created yesterday when he creates something today. At every moment he must endeavor to be creative and original. This is how the teacher must be, in a still higher sense. One must not say based on a certain attitude of mind: "Well, if we are looking for teachers like that, we have to wait another three to four hundred years." The only reason that we do not have such teachers as yet is because we say things like this. We can have them the very moment that we have the strong power of faith in it; but it is the strong, not the passive, power of faith that is needed here. Therefore, what is important here is that when we return from sleep, upon awakening, we truly experience in the astral body and imprint into the etheric body what the astral body experiences from the moment of falling asleep until waking up. It can only take place through pictorializing the whole cultural life.
This pictorialization of the whole life of culture, this pictorialization that is demanded by the laws of humanity's evolution, will come into being when the whole spiritual life is left to the decision of those who participate in the spiritual life; when no instructions, no school regulations are laid down by a government which by its very nature stands outside the spiritual life. It is important here that the state does not hand down pedagogical regulations, school curriculums, and such like in an abstract manner. What matters is that one has human beings in an emancipated spiritual life who act out of their own free personality, and that one accomplishes with them what one can or wishes to accomplish with them.
The fact that the human being is presently beginning to bring along through conception and birth something that differs from what he brought with him since the middle of the fifteenth century, and the fact that he also brings something different with him out of sleep, both these facts demand that careful attention be given such matters, and that one really permeates oneself with the knowledge of such decisive facts. But from where can this knowledge be gained, if not from spiritual science? The external culture, today's science, certainly does not deal in any way with these matters. It ignores them; indeed, its present methods compel it to do so. I feel obliged to say that the present situation becomes most poignant when one observes the frequent and strange discrepancy between the inner requirements of humanity's evolution and the way in which people meet them. In recent times, the need has arisen to reckon with what flows into the human being from the spiritual world. Those who were intellectual, who did not reckon with what flows out of the spiritual world, made hypotheses about atoms, molecules, and the like. It was thought that bodies possessing volume point back to an atomistic formation, and so on. Out of the root causes of mankind's evolution, the need arose to grasp spiritual facts. And this instinct to grasp the spiritual expressed itself also in something, for example, like the Theosophical Society. One of its heroes is a certain Mr. Leadbeater who wrote an occult chemistry. What did he do in this book? He did something quite horrible, for he pictures the spiritual world in an atomistic sense; meaning, the materialistic manner of thinking is carried into the spiritual world.
I have recently mentioned this whole grotesque thing. Something very clever came about in the Theosophical Society. Someone wished to prove that here is one life; there is the next one (see drawing below). Now, it is so, isn't it, that something has to pass from the preceding life to the later one. One sees the body fall into decay. A proper materialist says that the body disintegrates and it is all over with man. A theosophist, however, wants another earth life to come; so, something must pass from one life to the other! The proper materialist says that all atoms unite with the earth. The theosophist also does not think in any other way than materialistically, but at the same time he tries to think “theosophically.” He wants something to pass from the first to the next life. So he says: “Of course, the atoms become one with the earth; one atom, however, remains and it passes through the whole period of existence between death and a new birth. There it appears again. This is the permanent atom.” One atom! Oh, the theosophists were especially proud then, when they discovered this “permanent” atom! They had no inkling that in this way they were carrying materialism into the spiritual world conception! Materialism induced them to believe that something—they never said what it was—of the many atoms that sink down into the ground is saved; and this fortunate, saved, permanent atom then reappears in the next incarnation. Much has been written about this permanent atom. It is nothing more than an example of the fact that something was borne into spiritual science that people could not rise above, namely, materialism. It permeates, by the way, the whole description of man, in the way it is frequently presented in the literature of the Theosophical Society. As I have often pointed out, they present the physical body as dense, the etheric body as thinner, the astral body as still thinner. Then come degrees of thinness, where even thinking and conceptions become quite thin. Yet, one is still dealing with something substantial, like mist; hence, although Buddhi and Atma are mists, they are still tangible as mists. One does not have the will power truly to discard materialism even in one's conceptual life; to pass from concepts of matter to concepts of the spirit.

All these things prove how closely human beings are tied to the old ways of thinking. Out of such considerations, anybody who honestly wishes to acknowledge spiritual science should take up the inner challenge to test himself as to how far he has freed himself from the old materialistic concepts; or, when he turns to something spiritual, to what extent he imagines this spiritual manner in materialistic pictures, not being aware of the fact that they are just pictures.
It is always a matter of being conscious of this. For if, say, I were to draw a picture of one of you on the blackboard, the picture could mean a lot to me, if the person in question were no longer present. But if I were then to imagine that the person in the picture would shake my hand, or would speak to me, in other words, that he would be the actual person, then I would be suffering from illusions! Therefore, one may naturally sensualize the spiritual in pictures, but one must always be aware of the fact that they are nothing but pictures.
In the case of words, too, people must realize more and more clearly that language is on the way to turning the word into a gesture, and that we should go no further than to allow the word to indicate something to us that no longer is contained in the word. All words will have to take the same direction that proper names have taken.
For philosophers, I have something even better to say. Philosophers of recent times have set up any number of theories. When I say, “The child is small,” they have a concept of “small;” they have a concept of “child.” The “is,” however, the copula of the two—what does it mean? Oh, much has been written about this copula even in the philosophical sense, not just from the grammatical or philological standpoint. Everything that has been written about it suffers from the fact that this verb, “is,” no longer has the meaning of which people speak. It has already emancipated itself from its meaning and the soul content has become a different one. Thus, people in fact philosophize about something that no longer lives in the soul in an alive sense.
This is just an incidental philosophical remark which perhaps doesn't have much significance, but it is supposed to draw your attention to the fact that something that is not noticed by the outer world is by no means noticed immediately by the philosophers. Nevertheless, it is often true that the philosophers are the last to notice the things that really occur in the world, and many of our philosophical systems lag considerably behind what exists outside of themselves!
By proceeding principally from the example of language, however, I have tried to show you quite concretely how present-day human development presents itself. What actually takes place in regard to human development can really only be seen by looking at super-sensible facts. Anthropology can no longer discover what actually takes place, only anthroposophy. This is the reason why anthroposophical cultural thinking must lie at the foundation of everything that constitutes work for the progress of mankind.
Sechzehnter Vortrag
[ 1 ] Von dem Umschwung, der sich notwendigerweise in unserer ganzen Zivilisation vollziehen muß, habe ich nun in einer ganzen Reihe von Vorträgen gesprochen. Und vor allen Dingen ist, was nach dieser Richtung hin gesprochen worden ist, so gesprochen worden, daß an den Willen der Menschen appelliert wird. Wir leben heute in einem Zyklus der Menschheitsentwickelung, in dem die Menschen die innere Aktivität finden müssen, um zu diesem notwendigen Umschwunge das ihrige beizutragen. Denn es wird menschliche Seelensubstanz sein, die in die Objektivität, in das äußere Leben wird überzufließen haben, und von den Menschen selbst wird getan werden müssen, was da erscheinen soll. Und man kann im heutigen Entwickelungszyklus der Menschheit nicht mehr in passiver Weise abwarten, daß von irgendwelchen, den Menschen ganz ferne stehenden göttlichen Mächten ohne menschliches Zutun eingegriffen werde in die menschliche Entwickelung.
[ 2 ] Nun handelt es sich darum, daß man in der Lage ist, solche Dinge an den einzelnen Erscheinungen des sozialen Lebens zu verstehen, auch des Naturlebens, aber wir reden heute von einzelnen Erscheinungen des sozialen Lebens. Ich möchte von einer ganz bestimmten Tatsache ausgehen. Nehmen wir einmal an, irgendwo läßt sich jemand melden, meinetwillen, er schickt seine Karte zunächst; darauf steht: Edmund Müller. Aber was wäre man für ein Mensch, wenn man, nachdem man diese Karte «Edmund Müller» bekommt, denken würde, es kommt ein Müller, der Korn zu Mehl mahlt! Denn vielleicht ist derjenige, der Edmund Müller heißt und sich melden läßt, sagen wir zunächst ein Baumeister oder Professor oder ein Hofrat oder sonst irgend etwas. Nicht wahr, niemand ist in einem solchen Fall berechtigt, aus dem Namen Müller irgend etwas herauszuholen, sondern es handelt sich darum, daß man vielleicht noch gar keine Gedanken faßt, sondern abwartet, was hinter dem Namen Müller steckt, oder aber, man weiß es aus irgendwelchen andern Lebenszusammenhängen heraus, welche Wesenheit, welche wirkliche Lebensentität hinter diesem Namen Müller steckt.
[ 3 ] Man sieht in einem solchen Falle ein, wie unrecht man haben würde, aus dem Namen Müller auf den Charakter der eintretenden Persönlichkeit zu schließen. Oder wenn sich irgend jemand meldet, der zum Beispiel «Schmied» heißt, so wird man auch nicht schließen, daß er ein Schmied sei oder dergleichen. Das heißt, wir haben denjenigen Worten gegenüber, die wir als Eigennamen empfinden, das Bedürfnis, durch etwas, was nicht aus dem Namen folgt, dahinterzukommen, mit was oder mit wem wir es eigentlich zu tun haben.
[ 4 ] Nun, auch Eigennamen haben in dieser Richtung eine bestimmte Geschichte durchgemacht. Jemand, der heute «Schmied» heißt, hat nichts mehr mit einem Schmied zu tun. Wer «Müller» heißt, hat nichts mehr mit einem Müller zu tun. Aber die Namen kommen doch ursprünglich davon her, daß in irgendeinem Dorfe in der Zeit, als es noch nicht eine solche Namengebung gegeben hat wie heute, man gemeint hat: der Schmied habe es gesagt; da hatte man aber den wirklichen Schmied gemeint. Oder der Müller hat es gesagt oder getan, oder: Ich habe den Müller gesehen. — Wer in Dörfern gelebt hat, weiß, daß man dort oftmals nicht mit Eigennamen die Leute bezeichnet, sondern daß man sagt: den Schmied oder den Baumeister oder so irgend jemanden habe man gesehen. Also da hatte ursprünglich der Name Veranlassung gegeben, aus ihm heraus, aus dem Worte heraus auf dasjenige zu schließen, was hinter den Worten steckt.
[ 5 ] Denselben Weg, welchen solche Eigennamen machen, bei denen wir diesen Weg schon in völliger Klarheit heute überschauen können, denselben Weg machen in der Zeit der Entwickelung, der wir entgegengehen, in der Zeit vom fünften in den sechsten nachatlantischen Zeitraum hinein, alle Worte durch, wird die ganze Sprache durchmachen. Dennoch stecken wir als Menschen heute noch fast über den ganzen Umfang der Sprache hinüber darinnen, unsere ganze Weisheit im Grunde aus der Sprache heraus zu nehmen. Im Grunde verhalten wir uns gegenüber dem weitaus größten Umfang der Sprache so, daß wir aus den Worten auf die Sache schließen, Man kann es nun bequem finden, aus den Worten auf die Sache zu schließen; aber der Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung ist eben ein anderer, und solchen Dingen gegenüber muß man sich so verhalten, wie auch, ich möchte sagen, den Naturerscheinungen gegenüber. In solchen Dingen gibt es objektive Notwendigkeiten. Objektive Notwendigkeiten gibt es ja auch gegenüber der Naturkausalität in dem Gebiete des Lebens, das viele Menschen bloß in einer luftigen Abstraktheit empfinden und auch ausleben. Kommt es doch - ich habe öfters davon gesprochen — sehr häufig vor, daß man sagt: Ja, ich habe dies oder jenes ja nicht gewollt, nicht gemeint, ich habe es anders gemeint, ich habe bei diesem oder jenem diese oder jene Absicht gehabt. - Aber wenn das Kind noch so sehr die Absicht hat, sich nicht zu verbrennen und greift in das Feuer, so verbrennt es sich eben doch. Über die Dinge des Lebens entscheiden nicht die Absichten, die nicht in das Leben untertauchen, sondern nur höchstens jene Absichten, die wirklich in das Leben untertauchen oder eben die Tatsachen und die gesetzmäßigen Zusammenhänge dieser Tatsachen.
[ 6 ] An diese Denkungsweise sich zu gewöhnen, das ist vor allen Dingen aus geisteswissenschaftlichen Untergründen heraus im eminentesten Sinne notwendig. Und so muß man sich auch daran gewöhnen, zu denken: So schön es auch wäre, wenn man in bequemer Weise bei den Worten bleiben könnte, so ist es doch so, daß der objektive Gang und die objektive Gesetzmäßigkeit der Menschheitsentwickelung anders sprechen, so sprechen, daß die ganze menschliche Auffassung, das ganze menschliche Seelenleben sich emanzipiert von den Worten, und daß die Worte immer mehr und mehr zu bloßen Gebärden werden, daß sie immer mehr zu dem werden, was hindeutet auf die betreffende Wesenheit, auf die betreffende Sache, was aber nicht mehr die betreffende Sache restlos bezeichnet, restlos etwa erklärt. Wenn man es ernst nimmt zum Beispiel mit geisteswissenschaftlichen Darstellungen, muß daher das eintreten, was man mir so häufig übelnimmt: daß man gar nicht mehr in derselben Weise die Worte gebrauchen kann, wie es in der Gegenwart üblich ist, die Worte und die Sätze zu gebrauchen. Denn, wenn man Geisteswissenschaftliches vertritt, so vertritt man ja heute im eminentesten Sinne eine Zukunftssache, so vertritt man etwas, was in der Zukunft Eigentum der Menschheit werden muß. Da muß man also in einer gewissen Beziehung vorausnehmen, was in der Zukunft eben eintreten soll. Man muß in seinen Willen dasjenige aufnehmen, was in der Zukunft einzutreten hat. Und so muß geisteswissenschaftlich so dargestellt werden, daß ja schon die Worte in einer gewissen Weise gebärdenhaft hindeuten auf das eigentlich Wirkliche, das dahinterliegt. Und da das, was wir heute im Sinne des sozialen Aufbaues denken, wie ich gestern auseinandergesetzt habe, aus dem Geisteswissenschaftlichen herausgeboren werden muß, so ist es auch notwendig, daß gerade bei den dem sozialen Aufbau dienenden Dingen von einem solchen Gesichtspunkt aus gesprochen werde. Das war zum Beispiel, was man bei meinen «Kernpunkten der sozialen Frage» durchaus nicht verstehen wollte. Man wollte durchaus im alten Stile irgend etwas dargestellt finden, was eben nicht im alten Stil dargestellt werden kann, weil es der Zukunft angehört. Und im Grunde genommen zeigt sich das, was hier vorliegt, am besten darinnen, daß eigentlich fast sämtliche Fragestellungen, die bis jetzt angeknüpft worden sind von dieser oder jener Seite an die Darlegungen der «Kernpunkte der sozialen Frage», immer ganz von der alten Denkweise ausgehen, daß gar nicht der Versuch gemacht wird, sich hineinzufinden in die umgewandelte, in die neue Denkweise.
[ 7 ] Und so können wir sagen: Vor allen Dingen muß sich bei der Darstellung sozialer Zusammenhänge der Zukunft zunächst zeigen, daß hineingetaucht werden muß in diese Emanzipation eines Seelenlebens, das nicht mehr an den Worten haftet. Wer meine Darstellungen auf den verschiedensten Gebieten des Geisteswissenschaftlichen, in letzter Zeit auch auf dem Gebiete des Sozialen, verfolgt, wird finden, daß ich stets bemüht bin, von den verschiedensten Seiten her eine Sache zu erklären, daß ich in der Regel statt eines Satzes zwei Sätze gebrauche, weil der eine Satz gewissermaßen von der einen Seite auf die Sache hindeutet, der andere Satz von der andern Seite, und dann in dem Zuhörer oder in dem Leser ein Gefühl davon hervorgerufen wird: er soll gewissermaßen über die Worte und über die Sätze hinausgehend an die Sache herankommen. Das ist dasjenige, was mit Bezug auf die Umwandlung der menschlichen Sprachbedeutung für das menschliche Seelenleben gesagt werden muß. Und das ist eine wichtige Sache. Sie ist deshalb wichtig, weil ein größerer Teil von dem, was heute in der Verwirrung der Denkweisen und Vorstellungen vorkommt, eigentlich von nichts anderem herrührt, als daß die objektiven, gesetzmäßigen Impulse der Menschheitsentwickelung schon verlangen, daß wir uns frei machen von der Sprache, daß aber die Menschen aus den bequemen Denkgewohnheiten heraus eben nicht loskommen wollen von dem Hängen an der Sprache. Und solch eine Erscheinung, klar aufgefaßt, sie führt dann zu einem tieferen Verständnis des ganzen Werdeganges der Menschheit. Wir können geradezu die Brücke schlagen zu hochgeistigen Tatsachen von dieser Umwandlung unserer Sprache oder unserer Sprachen. Natürlich ist es bei der einen Sprache mehr, bei der andern weniger der Fall. Aber das ist dann eine Sache der speziellen Behandlung der Sprache, der Sprachbedeutungen in den einzelnen, wie ich dargestellt habe, differenzierten Territorien der menschlichen Zivilisation.
[ 8 ] Nun stehen wir im fünften nachatlantischen Entwickelungszeitraum der Menschheit, und wir nähern uns dem sechsten nachatlantischen Entwickelungszustande. Diese Entwickelungszustände sind ja nicht so, daß man zwischen dem einen und dem andern ganz scharfe Grenzen ziehen kann, sondern der eine geht mit seinen Eigentümlichkeiten in den andern über, und der nächstfolgende wirft längst, bevor er entsteht, seine Schatten voraus, man könnte auch sagen: seine Lichter voraus. Man muß die Lichter erfassen, wenn man mit seiner Seele teilnehmen will an der Entwickelung der Menschheit. Die eine, gewissermaßen überhistorische Tatsache, daß wir uns entgegenzuarbeiten haben dem sechsten nachatlantischen Zeitraum, wollen wir einmal in Verbindung bringen mit der uns auch allen bekannten andern Tatsache, daß der Mensch mit seinem geistig-seelischen Wesen aus einer geistigen Welt zur irdischen Verkörperung heruntersteigt durch die Geburt oder durch die Empfängnis, daß er dann hier auf der Erde durchlebt das Leben zwischen der Geburt und dem Tode, daß er dann durch die Todespforte geht, und indem er durch die Todespforte geht, sein Geistig-Seelisches wiederum hinüberträgt in jene Lebensumgebung, die eben durchaus geistiger, seelischer Art ist.
[ 9 ] Nun müssen wir uns klar darüber sein - und wie bedeutsam das zum Beispiel gerade für die Erziehungskunst ist, das ist in dieser Zeit auch hier dargelegt worden -, daß wir herunterbringen aus der geistigen Welt, in den Wirkungen wenigstens, dasjenige, was wir in dieser geistigen Welt erlebt haben. Geradeso wie man sonst, wenn man einen Ort verläßt und vielleicht zu dem andern hingeht, außer seinen Kleidern noch sein Geistig-Seelisches aus dem alten Ort in den neuen hineinträgt, so bringt man auch aus der geistig-seelischen Welt durch Empfängnis und Geburt in diese Welt mit die Folgen, die Wirkungen dessen, was man in der geistigen Welt durchgemacht hat. Und in dem Zeitraume, den die Menschheit eben jetzt durchlebt hat, und von dem wir ja wissen, daß er etwa in der Mitte des i5. Jahrhunderts der nachchristlichen Zeit begonnen hat, in diesem Zeitraume brachte sich der Mensch mit sein geistig-seelisches Wesen mit bildlosen Kräften des Seelenlebens, bildlosen Kräften. Daher ist in diesem Zeitraume auch vorzugsweise das intellektuelle Leben entstanden und hat das intellektuelle Leben geblüht. Es ist also gewissermaßen dem Menschen in diesem Zeitraume, bevor er heruntergestiegen ist durch Empfängnis oder Geburt in das physische Leben, eingeprägt etwas Eigenschaftsloses, etwas Bildloses. Daher auch die geringe Anlage der Menschheit, die sich seit der Mitte des i5. Jahrhunderts entwickelt hat, für ursprüngliche Schöpfungen der Phantasie. Die Phantasie ist ja in Wahrheit nur eine irdische Widerspiegelung der überirdischen Imagination. Die Renaissance ist kein Gegenbeweis, denn gerade, daß man nicht zu einer Naissance, sondern zu einer Renaissance greifen mußte, beweist, daß eine ursprüngliche Phantasie nicht da war, sondern eine solche Phantasie, die die Befruchtung aus früheren Zeiten brauchte. Kurz, es ist so, daß die Seele in einer gewissen Weise mit Kräften durchzogen war, die bildlos sind. Und jetzt beginnt — und darinnen liegt vielfach der Grund für das Stürmische unserer Zeit -, jetzt beginnt die Zeit, in welcher die Seelen aus der geistigen Welt, indem sie durch die Empfängnis und die Geburt zum irdischen Leben heruntersteigen, sich Bilder mitbringen. Bilder, wenn sie mitgebracht werden aus dem geistigen Leben in dieses physische Leben herein, müssen unter allen Umständen, wenn Heil für den Menschen und für sein soziales Leben entstehen soll, unbedingt sich mit dem astralischen Leib verbinden, während sich das Bildiose nur verbindet mit dem Ich. Und es war vorzugsweise die Auslebung des Ich, welche in der Menschheit seit der Mitte des i5. Jahrhunderts geblüht hat. Jetzt aber beginnt die Zeit, wo der Mensch fühlen muß: In dir leben aus vorgeburtlichem Leben heraus Bilder, die mußt du in dir während des Lebens lebendig machen. Das kannst du nicht mit dem bloßen Ich, das muß tiefer in dich hineinwirken; das muß bis in den astralischen Leib hineinwirken.
[ 10 ] Nun ist es ja zunächst meistens so bei der Menschheit, daß sie widerstrebt diesem Hineinleben der vor der Empfängnis erlebten Bilder in den astralischen Leib. Die Menschen stoßen gewissermaßen das zurück, was sich aus den Tiefen ihres Wesens heraus in den astralischen Leib hineinleben soll. Die Nüchternheit, das Prosaische der neueren Zeit ist ja ein Grundcharakterzug, und es gibt heute sogar breite Strömungen, die sich dagegen wehren, daß man durch die Erziehung schon dafür sorgt, daß dasjenige, was aus der Seele aufsteigen und im astralischen Leib sich geltend machen will, auch wirklich zur Geltung komme. Es gibt trockene Nüchtlinge, welche die Erziehung durch Märchen, Legenden, durch das, was von der Phantasie durchstrahlt ist, eigentlich ausschließen möchten. In unserem Waldorfschulsystem haben wir gerade in den Vordergrund gestellt, daß der Unterricht und die Erziehung bei den die Volksschule betretenden Kindern ausgehen von bildhafter Darstellung, von einem lebendigen Hinstellen der Bilder, von Legendarischem, von Märchenhaftem. Und auch dasjenige, was die Kinder zunächst erfahren sollen über die Wesen und Vorgänge im Tierreich, im Pflanzenreich, im Mineralreich, soll nicht in trockener, nüchterner Weise gesagt werden, sondern das soll gekleidet werden in das Bildhafte, in das Legendarische, in das Märchenhafte. Denn was da tief drinnen sitzt in der Kinderseele, das sind die in der geistigen Welt empfangenen Imaginationen. Die wollen herauf. Und wenn der Lehrer oder der Erzieher sich richtig zum Kinde verhält, bringt er ihm Bilder entgegen. Und indem der Lehrer Bilder vor das kindliche Gemüt hinstellt, zucken herauf aus dem kindlichen Gemüte diejenigen Bilder, oder besser gesagt, die Kräfte der verbildlichenden Darstellung, die empfangen worden sind vor der Geburt oder, sagen wir, vor der Empfängnis.
[ 111 ] Wenn nun das unterdrückt wird, wenn der trockene Nüchtling heute erzieht und unterrichtet, dann bringt er schon von früher Jugend etwas, was schon eigentlich gar nicht dem Kinde verwandt ist, an das Kind heran: die Buchstaben. Denn die Buchstaben, wie wir sie heute haben, die haben nichts mehr mit alten Bilderbuchstaben zu tun, sind etwas dem Kinde im Grunde genommen Fremdes, das erst aus dem Bilde herausgeholt werden sollte, so wie wir in der Waldorfschule versuchen, es zu machen. Man bringt das Unbildliche an das Kind heran; das Kind aber hat da in seinem Leibe Kräfte - ich meine natürlich die Seele, wenn ich jetzt vom Leibe spreche, wir sagen ja auch der «Astralleib» —, das Kind hat in seinem Leibe Kräfte sitzen, welche es zersprengen, wenn sie nicht heraufgeholt werden in bildhafter Darstellung. Und was ist die Folge? Verloren gehen diese Kräfte nicht; sie breiten sich aus, sie gewinnen Dasein, sie treten doch in die Gedanken, in die Gefühle, in die Willensimpulse hinein. Und was entstehen daraus für Menschen? Rebellen, Revolutionäre, unzufriedene Menschen, Menschen, die nicht wissen, was sie wollen, weil sie etwas wollen, was man nicht wissen kann, weil sie etwas wollen, was mit keinem möglichen sozialen Organismus vereinbar ist, was sie sich nur vorstellen, was in ihre Phantasie hätte gehen sollen, da nicht hineingegangen ist, sondern in ihre sozialen Treibereien hineingegangen ist.
[ 12 ] Und so kann man sagen, daß diejenigen Menschen, die es in okkultistischer Weise nicht ehrlich meinen mit ihren Mitmenschen, sich nur nicht zu sagen getrauen: Wenn heute die Welt revoltiert, da ist es der Himmel, der revoltiert, das heißt der Himmel, der zurückgehalten wird in den Seelen der Menschen, und der dann nicht in seiner eigenen Gestalt, sondern in seinem Gegenteile zum Vorschein kommt, der in Kampf und Blut zum Vorschein kommt, statt in Imaginationen, Es ist daher gar kein Wunder, wenn jene Menschen, die sich an solchem Zerstörungswerk der sozialen Ordnung beteiligen, eigentlich das Gefühl haben, sie tun etwas Gutes. Denn was spüren sie in sich? Den Himmel spüren sie in sich; er nimmt aber nur karikaturhafte Gestalt an in ihrer Seele. So ernst sind die Wahrheiten, die wir heute einsehen sollen. Zu den Wahrheiten sich zu bekennen, um die es sich heute handelt, das sollte kein Kinderspiel sein, es sollte durchaus von dem allerallergrößten Ernst durchzogen sein. Es wird einem ja im allgemeinen nicht leicht, solche Dinge darzustellen, denn erstens liebt man sie doch nicht, zweitens hängen die Leute an Worten. Und derjenige, der sagt, der Himmel revoltiere in der Menschenseele, der wird selbstverständlich nach den Worten ausgelegt, und man merkt nicht, wie er sich erst bemüht, zu zeigen, daß man da noch etwas wissen muß, wodurch man mit dem Worte «Himmel» etwas anderes noch verbindet als das, was man mit dem Worte Himmel zu verbinden gewohnt ist, gerade so, wie man, wenn sich Herr Müller melden läßt, darunter auch nicht einen Müller, der Korn mahlt, zu verstehen hat. Dieses Emanzipieren von der Sprache ist im einzelnen konkreten Fall durchaus notwendig, wenn wir in dem Sinne, wie es die Gesetze der Menschheitsentwickelung verlangen, jetzt wirklich vorwärtskommen wollen.
[ 13 ] Da sehen wir, wie in das soziale Leben dasjenige hineinschießt, was eigentlich aus dem vorgeburtlichen Leben stammt. Und wer die Zusammenhänge kennt, der weiß, daß er in dem, was hier auf der Erde in Karikatur erscheint, wiederum zu erkennen hat dasjenige, was eigentlich himmlisch ist. Das ist mit Bezug auf das Soziale. Aber es kommt noch etwas anderes dazu.
[ 14 ] In der Zeit des Intellektualismus, die sich also vorzugsweise entwikkelt hat seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts, bekamen die Menschen auch außerordentlich wenig mit aus dem Schlafesleben heraus an Imaginationen für das wache Leben. Selbst diejenigen, die etwas lebendigere Träume haben, sie haben ja die Neigung, diese Träume ganz rationalistisch, intellektualistisch zu erklären. Rationalistisch und intellektualistisch sind in dieser Richtung zum Beispiel die Theosophen. Wie viele Menschen im Laufe der Zeit zu mir gekommen sind und rationalistische Erklärungen ihrer Träume haben wollten, das wäre in einem kleinen Buche nicht zu beschreiben, nur in einem großen! Um was es sich da handelt, das ist, daß selbst jene Imaginationen, die sich im Traume darleben, auf ein tieferes Geistesleben weisen. Ich habe oft gesagt, beim Traume kommt es gar nicht an auf das Äußerliche; das hat sich schon emanzipiert vom eigentlichen Inhalt. Und was wir da an Inhalt empfangen und dann in Worte der Sprache umsetzen, von der wir uns eigentlich schon emanzipieren müssen, das ist nicht der wahre Verlauf des Traumes, das hat mit dem wahren Verlauf des Traumes eigentlich furchtbar wenig zu tun. Dasjenige, was der Trauminhalt ist, das ist die Dramatik des Traumes, wie ein Bild auf das andere folgt, wie sich Knoten schürzen und lösen, so daß man denselben geistigen Inhalt auf mancherlei Weise als Traum erleben kann. Der eine kommt und schildert, er sei einen Berg hinangestiegen, er konnte ganz gut bis zu einem gewissen Punkte hinansteigen, dann plötzlich steht er vor einem Abgrund, er kann nicht weiter. — Ein anderer erzählt: Er ging einen Weg, alles in der Umgebung freute ihn. Da trat plötzlich, als er an einen bestimmten Punkt des Weges kam, ein Mensch mit einem Dolch auf ihn zu, der ihn tötete. -— Zwei ganz verschiedene 'Traumbilder! Der geistige Vorgang, der dahintersteckt, kann aber ganz derselbe sein; er kann sich das eine Mal ausleben durch das Hinansteigen auf einen Berg und sich vor einem Abgrund fühlen, das andere Mal durch das Gehen eines Weges in Freude, bis man vor einem Menschen steht, der einen töten will. Auf den Inhalt der Bilder kommt es nicht an, sondern auf den dramatischen Verlauf, daß man irgend etwas durchmacht, das sich entgegenstellt. Auf diese Dynamik, die hinter diesen Bildern steht, darauf kommt es an. Derselbe Kräfteverlauf kann sich in die einen und in die andern Bilder hüllen und in hunderterlei Bilder kleiden. Erst dann verstehen wir die geistige Welt, wenn wir wissen, wie das, was hier in der physischen Welt sich als Träume darlebt, oder was aus der geistigen Welt heraus sich so verbildlicht, daß es der physischen Welt ähnlich ist, wie das eben nur Bild ist. Aber solange man die Neigung hat, die Bilder rationalistisch, rein vernunftgemäß auszulegen, so lange steht man auch dem Traumesleben des Schlafes gegenüber auf intellektualistischem Standpunkte. Und um was es sich handelt, das ist, dieses Traumesleben des Schlafes eben zu verstehen als den Ausdruck eines tieferen geistigen Lebens. Dann ist es erst imaginativ erfaßt; dann fassen wir die Bilder als dasjenige, was steht für den Inhalt. Und dann wenden wir uns nicht gegen dasjenige, was heute für den Menschen beginnt: aus dem Schlafe heraus in ähnlicher Weise innere seelische Forderungen zu stellen, wie die Imagination vor der Geburt beziehungsweise vor der Empfängnis. Denn wir beginnen heute auch anders zu schlafen, als im regulären Leben der intellektualistischen Zeit seit der Mitte des i5. Jahrhunderts geschlafen worden ist. Da brachte sich der Mensch wenig Neigung mit ins Aufwachen hinein für dasjenige, was die Bilder erleben will und nicht deuten. Jetzt sind wir an dem Punkte der Menschheitsentwickelung, wo wir auch aus dem Schlafe heraus die Imaginationen nehmen, die sich einleben wollen nicht bloß in unser Ich, wo die Ratio herrscht, sondern wo sich die Bilder hineinleben wollen in unseren astralischen Leib. Wenn wir dem entgegenarbeiten, so stoßen wir wiederum etwas zurück, was aus den Tiefen der Menschenseele in das Bewußtsein herauf will, und wir arbeiten dem ganzen Entwickelungsgang der Menschheit entgegen. Und es handelt sich auch da darum, daß wir nicht dem Entwickelungsgang der Menschheit entgegenarbeiten, sondern daß wir im Sinne dieses Entwickelungsganges der Menschheit arbeiten. Wir tun es, wenn wir erstens unsere Kultur wiederum durchziehen mit möglichst vielem, was mit der geistigen Welt in irgendeiner Weise zusammenhängt. Natürlich handelt es sich für das äußere Leben darum, daß wir uns mit dem durchdringen, was aus der geistigen Welt heraus erfaßt ist, daß wir uns also durchdringen mit einer wirklichen geistigen Erkenntnis, uns durchdringen mit etwas, was in dieser physischen Welt aus der physischen Welt heraus nicht begriffen werden kann. Dem war die ganze abgelaufene Periode des Menschenlebens eigentlich zuwider. Nehmen Sie einen Fall, den ich ja auch schon öfter angeführt habe.
[ 15 ] Nicht wahr, das Christentum trat so an die Menschen heran, daß sie es eigentlich in seinem Wesen nur verstehen können, namentlich, daß sie das Mysterium von Golgatha in seinem Wesen nur verstehen können, wenn sie sich zum Verständnisse eines Übersinnlichen bequemen. Denn vorgestellt muß werden, daß ein Wesen, das vorher nicht mit der Erdenentwickelung verbunden war, wie der Christus, sich mit dem Menschen Jesus von Nazareth verbunden hat, daß übersinnliche Vorgänge sich abgespielt haben; vorgestellt muß werden, daß schon Geburt und Empfängnis anders waren für dieses Ereignis von Golgatha als für gewöhnliche menschliche Vorgänge. Kurz, es werden Anforderungen gestellt aus der Christologie heraus, das Mysterium von Golgatha im übersinnlichen Sinne zu verstehen. Es gibt eine interessante Stelle bei einem neueren Naturforscher, wo gewettert wird gegen die «conceptio immaculata», wo gesagt wird: zu behaupten, daß es eine unbefleckte Empfängnis gibt, sei eine freche Verhöhnung der menschlichen Vernunft.
[ 16 ] Nun, das muß der moderne Rationalist, der rein intellektualistische Mensch schon so empfinden. In gewissem Sinne ist es ja eine freche Verhöhnung der menschlichen Vernunft, was aus dem geistigen Leben heraus gewollt wird. Aber es handelt sich darum, daß wir eben in einem Zeitalter leben, wo wir dazu übergehen müssen, das geistig Erlebte zwischen dem Einschlafen und Aufwachen so hereinzubringen auch in das wache Leben, daß unser astralischer Leib — nicht bloß unser Ich, was der Sitz der Ratio, des Intellektualismus ist —, daß unser astralischer Leib bildhaft durchsetzt, durchzogen werden kann. Und es ist interessant, daß selbst die Theologie des 19. Jahrhunderts sich so entwickelt hat, daß sie entgegengesetzt hat der Christologie den Rationalismus, den reinen Intellektualismus. Immer mehr und mehr hat sich die moderne Theologie dazu veranlaßt gefühlt, den Christus als solchen überhaupt zu verleugnen und den schlichten Mann aus Nazareth, den bloßen Jesus als eine etwas über die andern Menschen hervorragende menschliche Persönlichkeit hinzustellen. Man wollte sich nicht dazu bequemen, etwas Übersinnliches zu begreifen. Man wollte dasjenige, was eben übersinnlich an den Menschen herantreten soll, was einen aufwecken soll zum Übersinnlichen, das wollte man mit den Begriffen, die hier in der sinnlichen Welt gewonnen werden, begreifen.
[ 17 ] Ein protestantischer Theologe, mit dem ich einmal über diese Angelegenheit sprach, sagte mir, nachdem wir längere Zeit darüber gesprochen hatten: Ja, wir modernen Theologen, wir sollten uns eigentlich nicht mehr Christen nennen, denn wir haben eigentlich keinen Christus mehr; wenn der Name « Jesuit» nicht schon vergeben wäre, so müßten wir ihn für uns in Anspruch nehmen. — Das ist etwas, was nicht ich sage, sondern was mir als Geständnis seiner eigenen Seele einmal ein protestantischer Theologe der neueren Färbung sagte.
[ 18 ] Wer aber den ganzen Charakter unserer Zeit durchschaut, der wird eben verstehen, daß wir vordringen müssen zu einem solchen Erfassen des Mysteriums von Golgatha, das uns, gerade weil es die Zentralerscheinung unserer Menschheitsentwickelung ist, herausreißt aus dem irdischen Vorstellen und uns mit allen Kräften hinzieht, etwas zu begreifen, was aus dem Umfange des Irdisch-Sinnlichen heraus eben nicht zu begreifen ist. Wer bei allem an dem Umfang des Irdisch-Sinnlichen hängenbleiben will, der sagt: Die conceptio immaculata ist eine freche Verhöhnung der menschlichen Vernunft.
[ 19 ] Wer die Aufgabe des gegenwärtigen Menschen versteht, der sagt: Ich muß mir solche Vorstellungen aneignen. Dann allerdings muß ich mich emanzipieren von der heute gebräuchlichen Art der Worte, muß nicht nur, wenn sich mir einer namens Schmied oder Müller anmeldet, vermuten, daß der eine mit dem Hammer und der andere mit dem mehlbesprühten Mahlkittel komme, sondern ich muß etwas ganz anderes vermuten, als was ich aus den Worten deduzieren kann. So muß ich mich auch gewöhnen, mich zu emanzipieren von dem, was den Worten eingeprägt worden ist aus dem bloßen sinnlich-physischen Leben.
[ 20 ] Für uns heute ist das Mysterium von Golgatha in der Tat die erste Probe, ob wir mitgehen wollen zum Begreifen von etwas, was über die Sphäre des Physisch-Sinnlichen hinausgeht. Daher können wir uns auch heute nicht mehr begnügen mit einer bloßen traditionell-historischen Darstellung des Christentums, sondern wir brauchen ein schöpferisches Erfassen des Mysteriums von Golgatha, wir brauchen aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus innere Kraft der Seele, welche in einer neuen Weise an das Mysterium von Golgatha herankommt und dieses Mysterium von Golgatha als eine übersinnliche Tatsache zu begreifen in der Lage ist. Und dann müssen wir, wenn wir so das Mysterium von Golgatha in den Mittelpunkt des menschlichen Denkens und Empfindens und Fühlens stellen, den Anfang nehmen wiederum besonders bei der Erziehung und schon das Kind darauf vorbereiten, daß es nicht unterdrückt oder unterdrücken muß die Imaginationen, die aus den Tiefen der Seele herauf wollen. Wir müssen ihm entgegenkommen mit Verbildlichung der Darstellungen.
[ 21 ] Das ist der tiefere Grund, warum ich im letzten Heft der «Sozialen Zukunft», das ein Erziehungsheft ist, das Erziehen und Unterrichten im eminentesten Sinne als eine Kunst hingestellt habe. Wo so verfahren werden muß vom Lehrer und vom Erzieher, wie wirklich vom Künstler auch verfahren wird, ja sogar in einem höheren Stile so verfahren werden muß, wo es nicht geht, daß man in einer abstrakten Pädagogik abstrakte Grundsätze gibt, sondern wo es darauf ankommt, daß man in das Wesen des Menschen eindringt und durch dieses Eindringen in das Wesen des Menschen dazu kommt, aus dem Menschen heraus abzulesen, was man in jedem einzelnen Falle zu tun hat. Der Künstler kann nicht, wenn er irgend etwas bildet, nach abstrakten Regeln vorgehen. Eine Ästhetik hat eine ganz andere Aufgabe, als für den Künstler Regeln zu bilden. Der Künstler kann nicht einmal bei dem, was er heute schafft, sich nach dem richten, was er gestern geschaffen hat: Er muß in jedem Augenblick bestrebt sein, schöpferisch, ursprünglich zu sein. So muß es, in einem noch höheren Stile sogar, der Lehrer sein. Man darf nicht aus einer gewissen Gesinnung heraus sagen: Ja, wenn wir solche Lehrer haben wollen, da müssen wir noch drei-, vierhundert Jahre warten. — Daß wir sie nicht haben können, das rührt eigentlich nur davon her, daß wir so etwas sagen. Wir können sie in dem Augenblicke haben, wo wir die starke Kraft des Bekenntnisses dazu haben; aber eben die starke, und nicht die passive Kraft des Bekenntnisses ist nötig dazu. So handelt es sich darum, daß wir dasjenige, was der astralische Leib erlebt vom Einschlafen bis zum Aufwachen, dann, wenn wir herüberkommen im Aufwachen, nun im astralischen Leib wirklich darinnen erleben und dem Ätherleib einprägen. Das kann nur durch eine Verbildlichung des ganzen Kulturlebens geschehen.
[ 22 ] Diese Verbildlichung des ganzen Kulturlebens, diese von den Gesetzen der Menschheitsentwickelung geforderte Verbildlichung, sie wird nur dann eintreten, wenn das ganze Geistesleben in die freie Entscheidung derjenigen gestellt ist, die am Geistesleben beteiligt sind, wenn nicht Instruktionen, Schulvorschriften von dem ja notwendig außerhalb des Geisteslebens stehenden Staate gegeben werden. Denn da kann man alles mögliche Schöne und Gute verkündigen. Es handelt sich nicht darum, daß man in abstracto von Staats wegen pädagogische Verordnungen gibt, Lehrpläne aufstellt und dergleichen, sondern es handelt sich darum, daß man im emanzipierten Geistesleben drinnen die aus ihrer eigenen freien Persönlichkeit heraus handelnden Menschen hat, und daß man mit ihnen dasjenige leistet, was man mit diesen Menschen leisten will oder kann.
[ 23 ] Daß der Mensch gegenwärtig beginnt, anderes mitzubringen durch Empfängnis und Geburt, als er seit der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts mitgebracht hat, daß er auch beim Aufwachen anderes aus dem Schlafe heraus bringt, beides fordert, daß man aufmerksam auf solche Dinge hinschaut, daß man wirklich sich durchdringt mit dem Wissen von einer so einschneidenden Tatsache. Woher soll man denn ein solches Wissen von einer so einschneidenden Tatsache gewinnen, als aus der Geisteswissenschaft? Mit den Dingen, um die es sich da handelt, beschäftigt sich ja die äußere Bildung, die äußere Wissenschaft heute eben durchaus nicht. Sie geht an ihnen vorbei, und sie muß nach ihren Methoden an ihnen vorbeigehen. Und ich möchte sagen, am bittersten wird die Sache, wenn man sieht, wie merkwürdig diskrepant die inneren Forderungen der Menschheitsentwickelung oftmals zu dem stehen, was von der menschlichen Seite her diesen Forderungen entgegengebracht wird. Da trat eben in der neueren Zeit diese Forderung auf, mit dem zu rechnen, was aus der geistigen Welt hereinfließt in den Menschen. Und als man intellektualistisch war, als man nicht rechnete mit dem, was hereinfließt aus der geistigen Welt, hypothetisierte man Atome, Moleküle und so weiter. Man dachte sich, die Körper, die Volumen sind, die weisen zurück auf atomistische Gestaltungen und so weiter. Aus den Ursachen der menschlichen Entwickelung trat das Bedürfnis auf, Geistiges zu erfassen. Und dieser Instinkt, Geistiges zu erfassen, er lebte sich ja auch zum Beispiel in so etwas aus wie in der Theosophischen Gesellschaft. Aber einer der Helden dieser 'Theosophischen Gesellschaft ist zum Beispiel ein Mr. Leadbeater; der hat eine okkulte Chemie geschrieben. Was hat er dabei getan? Das Horrible hat er getan, daß er die geistige Welt nun atomistisch vorstellt, das heißt, die materialistische Art und Weise des Denkens wird in die geistige Welt hineingetragen.

[ 24 ] Ich habe neulich schon einmal das ganz Groteske hervorgehoben: Einmal trat nämlich etwas ganz besonders Gescheites in der Theosophischen Gesellschaft auf. Man wollte beweisen: Da ist ein Leben, da ist das nächste Leben (siehe Zeichnung). Nun, nicht wahr, da muß doch etwas herübergehen aus dem vorhergehenden in das nächste Leben. Den Leib sieht man verfallen. Der richtige Materialist sagt, der Leib verfällt, dann ist es aus mit dem Menschen. Ja, aber der 'Theosoph will doch, daß ein nächstes Erdenleben kommt; da muß etwas herübergehen! Der richtige Materialist sagt, alle Atome vereinigen sich mit der Erde. Der Theosoph dachte ja auch nicht anders als materialistisch, aber er wollte zu gleicher Zeit «theosophisch» denken; er wollte, daß da was herübergeht. Und da sagte er: Ja, die Atome, die fallen ja allein die Erde herein; ein Atom aber, das bleibt, und das geht durch die ganze Zeit durch in dem Leben zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt. Da erscheint es wiederum: das ist das permanente Atom. — Ein Atom! Da waren die Theosophen ganz besonders stolz, als sie dieses «permanente» Atom entdeckten! Sie hatten keine Ahnung davon, daß sie ja damit gerade den Materialismus in die spirituelle Weltauffassung hineintrugen! Dieser Materialismus hat sie dazu verführt, daran zu glauben, daß irgend etwas — was, das haben sie nie gesagt — von den vielen Atomen, die da in die Erde hineinsinken, daß eines gerettet wird; und dieses glücklich gerettete permanente Atom, das sei dann das, was im nächsten Erdenleben wiederum auftritt. Über dieses permanente Atom ist viel geschrieben worden. Es ist nichts anderes als ein Beweis dafür, daß in die spirituelle Wissenschaft hineingetragen werden sollte dasjenige, über das man nicht hinauskommen konnte: der Materialismus, der ja übrigens schon in der ganzen Darstellung des Menschen steckt, wenn man es so macht, wie es vielfach in der Literatur der Theosophischen Gesellschaft gemacht wird, wo eben, wie ich oftmals gesagt habe, der physische Leib dicht ist, dann der Ätherleib dünner, der Astralleib wiederum dünner. Und dann geht es schon in solche Dünnheiten über, daß auch das Denken und Vorstellen ganz dünn wird; aber man hat eben immer noch etwas Materielles, Nebelartiges; so daß Buddhi und Atma zwar Nebel sind, aber eben doch noch ein Nebel. Man hat nicht den Willen, den Materialismus wirklich abzulegen auch im Vorstellungsleben und aus dem Vorstellen des Materiellen zum Vorstellen des Spirituellen hinüberzugehen.
[ 25 ] Diese Dinge, die beweisen alle, wie eng verbunden die Menschen mit alten Vorstellungsweisen sind. Und eigentlich müßte aus solchen Betrachtungsweisen jeder, der ehrlich sich zur Geisteswissenschaft bekennen will, die innere Aufforderung schöpfen, sich zu prüfen, inwiefern er losgekommen ist von alten materialistischen Vorstellungen, oder inwiefern er durchaus, auch indem er sich irgend etwas Geistiges vorhält, dieses Geistige in materialistischen Bildern vorstellt und sich nicht bewußt ist, daß es eben Bilder sind.
[ 26 ] Es handelt sich immer darum, daß man sich dessen bewußt ist. Denn, wenn ich, sagen wir, einen von Ihnen hier auf diese Tafel zeichnen würde, so könnte ich von dem Bilde ja sehr viel haben, wenn der Betreffende nicht mehr da ist. Aber wenn ich mir vorstellen würde, daß der mir die Hand gibt, oder daß er zu mir spricht, also er das Wesen selber ist, so würde ich ein Phantast sein. So darf man sich natürlich das Geistige in Bildern versinnlichen, aber man muß sich immer klar sein darüber, daß man es mit sinnlichen Bildern zu tun hat. Bei den Worten aber müssen sich die Menschen immer klarer und klarer werden, daß die Sprache auf dem Wege ist, das Wort zur Gebärde zu machen, und daß wir nicht weitergehen sollen, als uns durch das Wort auf etwas, was nicht mehr im Worte liegt, hindeuten zu lassen. Denselben Weg, den die Eigennamen genommen haben, müssen alle andern Worte nehmen.
[ 27 ] Für Philosophen könnte ich da sogar noch etwas sehr Schönes sagen. Die Philosophen der neueren Zeit haben vielfach Theorien aufgestellt. Wenn ich sage: Das Kind ist klein — von dem «klein» haben sie eine Vorstellung, von «Kind» haben sie eine Vorstellung; aber das «ist», die Kopula dessen, was es eigentlich bedeutet —? Oh, es ist viel geschrieben worden über diese Kopula, auch im philosophischen Sinne, nicht bloß im grammatischen oder philologischen Sinne. Und alles, was geschrieben ist, krankt an dem einen, daß in der Tat dieses «ist» heute eben die Bedeutung, über die die Leute reden, nicht mehr hat, daß es sich auch von seiner Bedeutung emanzipiert hat, daß der Seelengehalt schon ein anderer geworden ist. Und so philosophiert man eigentlich über dasjenige, was nicht mehr lebendig in der Seele lebt.
[ 28 ] Das ist nur eine philosophische Zwischenbemerkung, die ja vielleicht weniger Bedeutung hat, die Sie aber darauf aufmerksam machen soll, daß dasjenige, was nicht bemerkt wird von der äußeren Welt, nicht etwa von den Philosophen gleich bemerkt wird. Im Gegenteil, es ist vielfach so, daß die Philosophen die letzten sind, die die Dinge, die sich in der Welt wirklich vollziehen, bemerken. Und viele unserer philosophischen Systeme hinken eigentlich hinter manchem andern, was außer ihnen noch da ist, beträchtlich nach!
[ 29 ] Ich wollte Ihnen, vorzugsweise ausgehend von dem Beispiel der Sprache, heute zeigen, wie ganz im Konkreten sich die Menschheitsentwickelung gegenwärtig darstellt. Man schaut nur hin auf das, was da eigentlich geschieht für die Menschheitsentwickelung, wenn man auf Übersinnliches schaut. Anthropologie kann nicht mehr dasjenige finden, was sich eigentlich abspielt, sondern allein Anthroposophie. Daher muß das anthroposophische Kulturdenken gerade dem zugrunde liegen, was heute Arbeit ist an dem Fortschritt der Menschheit.
Sixteenth Lecture
[ 1 ] I have now spoken in a whole series of lectures about the transformation that must necessarily take place in our entire civilization. And above all, what has been said in this direction has been said in such a way as to appeal to the will of human beings. We are now living in a cycle of human development in which people must find the inner activity to contribute their share to this necessary transformation. For it will be human soul substance that will have to flow over into objectivity, into outer life, and it will be up to people themselves to do what needs to appear there. And in the present cycle of human development, we can no longer wait passively for some divine powers, completely alien to human beings, to intervene in human development without human intervention.
[ 2 ] Now it is a matter of being able to understand such things in the individual phenomena of social life, including natural life, but today we are talking about individual phenomena of social life. I would like to start from a very specific fact. Let us suppose that someone somewhere sends a card, for example, with the name Edmund Müller written on it. But what kind of person would you be if, after receiving this card, you thought that a miller was coming to grind corn into flour? For perhaps the person who is called Edmund Müller and has sent his card is, let us say, a builder or a professor or a court councillor or something else entirely. In such a case, no one is entitled to draw any conclusions from the name Müller, but rather one waits to see what lies behind the name Müller, or one knows from other contexts in life what kind of person, what real entity lies behind the name Müller.
[ 3 ] In such a case, one realizes how wrong it would be to draw conclusions about the character of the person entering from the name Müller. Or if someone introduces himself as “Schmied” (blacksmith), for example, one would not conclude that he is a blacksmith or anything of the sort. This means that when we encounter words that we perceive as proper names, we feel the need to discover, through something that does not follow from the name, what or who we are actually dealing with.
[ 4 ] Well, proper names have also undergone a certain history in this regard. Someone who is called “Schmied” today has nothing to do with a blacksmith. Someone called “Müller” has nothing to do with a miller. But the names originally come from the fact that in some village in the days when there was no such naming system as we have today, people thought: the blacksmith said it; but they meant the real blacksmith. Or the miller said or did it, or: I saw the miller. Anyone who has lived in villages knows that people there are often not referred to by their proper names, but that one says: one saw the blacksmith or the builder or someone like that. So originally, the name gave rise to inferring from it, from the word itself, what lies behind the words.
[ 5 ] The same path that proper names take, which we can already see clearly today, will be taken by all words during the period of development that we are approaching, in the time from the fifth to the sixth post-Atlantean epoch. The entire language will undergo this process. Nevertheless, as human beings today, we are still almost completely immersed in the entire scope of language, taking all our wisdom from language. Basically, we behave toward the vast majority of language in such a way that we infer the thing from the words. One may find it convenient to infer the thing from the words, but the course of human development is different, and one must behave toward such things as one does, I would say, toward natural phenomena. In such things there are objective necessities. Objective necessities also exist in relation to natural causality in the realm of life, which many people perceive and live out merely in an airy abstraction. It happens very often, as I have often said, that people say: Yes, I did not want this or that, I did not mean it, I meant something else, I had this or that intention in this or that case. But no matter how much a child intends not to burn itself and reaches into the fire, it will still burn itself. It is not intentions that do not immerse themselves in life that decide the things of life, but at most only those intentions that really immerse themselves in life, or rather the facts and the lawful connections between these facts.
[ 6 ] Getting used to this way of thinking is necessary above all from a spiritual-scientific point of view in the most eminent sense. And so one must also get used to thinking: As nice as it would be to be able to stick to words in a comfortable way, the objective course and objective laws of human development speak differently, in such a way that the entire human conception, the entire human soul life emancipates itself from words, and that words are becoming more and more mere gestures, that they are becoming more and more that which points to the entity in question, to the thing in question, but which no longer completely describes the thing in question, no longer completely explains it. If one takes spiritual scientific presentations seriously, for example, then what I am so often criticized for must occur: that one can no longer use words in the same way as is customary in the present, that one can no longer use words and sentences in the same way. For if one represents spiritual science, one represents today, in the most eminent sense, a thing of the future; one represents something that must become the property of humanity in the future. So in a certain sense one must anticipate what is to happen in the future. One must take into one's will what is to happen in the future. And so spiritual science must be presented in such a way that even the words themselves point in a certain manner to the actual reality that lies behind them. And since what we think today in terms of social structure, as I explained yesterday, must be born out of spiritual science, it is also necessary that things that serve social structure be discussed from this point of view. This was, for example, what people did not want to understand in my “Key Points of the Social Question.” They wanted to find something presented in the old style, something that cannot be presented in the old style because it belongs to the future. And basically, what we have here is best illustrated by the fact that almost all the questions that have been raised so far by one side or the other in response to the explanations in “Kernpunkte der sozialen Frage” are based entirely on the old way of thinking, that no attempt is made to find one's way into the transformed, new way of thinking.
[ 7 ] And so we can say: Above all, when describing the social relationships of the future, it must first be shown that it is necessary to immerse oneself in this emancipation of a spiritual life that no longer clings to words. Anyone who has followed my presentations in various fields of the humanities, and recently also in the social sciences, will find that I always strive to explain a subject from various angles, that I generally use two sentences instead of one, because one sentence points to the subject from one side, so to speak, and the other sentence from the other side, and then a feeling is evoked in the listener or reader: they should, as it were, go beyond the words and sentences and approach the matter itself. This is what must be said with regard to the transformation of the meaning of human language for the human soul. And that is an important thing. It is important because a large part of what occurs today in the confusion of ways of thinking and ideas actually stems from nothing other than the fact that the objective, lawful impulses of human development already demand that we free ourselves from language, but that people, out of comfortable habits of thinking, do not want to break away from their attachment to language. And such a phenomenon, clearly understood, then leads to a deeper understanding of the entire development of humanity. We can build a bridge to highly spiritual facts from this transformation of our language or languages. Of course, this is more the case with one language than with another. But that is then a matter of the special treatment of language, of the meanings of language in the individual, as I have described, differentiated territories of human civilization.
[ 8 ] We are now in the fifth post-Atlantean stage of human development and are approaching the sixth post-Atlantean stage. These stages of development are not such that one can draw sharp boundaries between one and the other, but rather one merges into the other with its own characteristics, and the next one casts its shadow ahead of it long before it emerges; one could also say: its light ahead of it. One must grasp the light if one wants to participate with one's soul in the development of humanity. Let us connect the one, in a sense supra-historical fact that we have to work against the sixth post-Atlantean period with the other fact known to all of us, that human beings with their spiritual-soul nature descend from a spiritual world into earthly embodiment through birth or conception, that they then live out their lives here on earth between birth and death, and then passes through the gate of death, and in passing through the gate of death, carries his spiritual-soul life back to that environment of life which is entirely spiritual and soul-like.
[ 9 ] Now we must be clear about this—and how significant this is, for example, for the art of education, as has also been explained here at this time—that we bring down from the spiritual world, at least in its effects, that which we have experienced in this spiritual world. Just as when one leaves one place and perhaps goes to another, one carries with one, apart from one's clothes, one's spiritual and soul life from the old place to the new, so too does one bring from the spiritual and soul world, through conception and birth, into this world the consequences, the effects of what one has gone through in the spiritual world. And in the period that humanity has just gone through, which we know began around the middle of the 15th century AD, human beings brought their spiritual and soul nature with them in the form of formless forces of soul life, formless forces. That is why intellectual life arose and flourished during this period. In a sense, something featureless, something formless, was imprinted on human beings during this period before they descended into physical life through conception or birth. This explains why humanity has had so little aptitude for original creations of the imagination since the middle of the 15th century. In truth, imagination is only an earthly reflection of the super-earthly imagination. The Renaissance is no counterproof, for the very fact that it was necessary to resort to a Renaissance rather than a Naissance proves that there was no original imagination, but rather an imagination that needed fertilization from earlier times. In short, the soul was in a certain way permeated with forces that are formless. And now—and this is often the reason for the turbulence of our times—the time is beginning in which souls, descending from the spiritual world into earthly life through conception and birth, bring images with them. When images are brought from spiritual life into this physical life, they must, under all circumstances, if healing is to arise for the human being and for his social life, connect themselves with the astral body, while the image-sphere connects itself only with the I. And it was primarily the expression of the I that flourished in humanity since the middle of the 15th century. Now, however, the time is beginning when human beings must feel: images from your pre-birth life live within you, and you must bring them to life within yourself during your life. You cannot do this with the mere ego; it must work deeper within you; it must work into the astral body.
[ 10 ] Now, it is usually the case with humanity that it resists this living into the astral body of the images experienced before conception. People reject, as it were, what should live into the astral body from the depths of their being. The sobriety and prosaic nature of modern times is a fundamental characteristic, and today there are even broad movements that resist the idea that education should ensure that what rises from the soul and wants to assert itself in the astral body actually does so. There are dry, sober people who would actually like to exclude education through fairy tales, legends, and everything that is imbued with imagination. In our Waldorf school system, we have emphasized that teaching and education for children entering elementary school should be based on pictorial representation, on bringing images to life, on legends, and on fairy tales. And even what children should initially learn about the beings and processes in the animal kingdom, the plant kingdom, and the mineral kingdom should not be told in a dry, sober manner, but should be clothed in imagery, in legends, in fairy tales. For what lies deep within the soul of the child are the imaginations received in the spiritual world. They want to come up. And if the teacher or educator behaves correctly toward the child, he presents him with images. And by placing images before the child's mind, those images, or rather the powers of imaginative representation that were received before birth or, let us say, before conception, spring up from the child's mind.
[ 111 ] If this is suppressed, if today's dry, sober educators teach and instruct, then they bring something to the child from an early age that is actually completely foreign to the child: letters. For the letters as we have them today have nothing to do with the old pictorial letters; they are something fundamentally foreign to the child, which must first be taken out of the picture, as we try to do in the Waldorf school. Something unformable is brought to the child; but the child has forces within its body – I mean, of course, the soul, when I speak of the body; we also speak of the “astral body” – the child has forces within its body that burst forth if they are not brought up in pictorial representation. And what is the result? These forces are not lost; they spread out, they gain existence, they enter into the thoughts, the feelings, the impulses of the will. And what kind of people do they produce? Rebels, revolutionaries, dissatisfied people, people who do not know what they want because they want something that cannot be known, because they want something that is incompatible with any possible social organism, something they have only imagined, something that should have entered their imagination but did not, and instead entered their social activities.
[ 12 ] And so one can say that those people who, in an occult way, are not honest with their fellow human beings, simply do not dare to say: When the world revolts today, it is heaven that revolts, that is, the heaven that is held back in the souls of human beings, and which then does not appear in its own form, but in its opposite, which appears in struggle and blood instead of in imagination. It is therefore no wonder that those people who participate in such destruction of the social order actually feel that they are doing something good. For what do they feel within themselves? They feel heaven within themselves; but it only takes on a caricatured form in their souls. Such is the seriousness of the truths we are called upon to recognize today. To profess the truths that are at stake today should not be child's play; it should be imbued with the utmost seriousness. It is generally not easy to describe such things, because, first of all, one does not love them, and secondly, people are attached to words. And anyone who says that heaven is revolting in the human soul will naturally be interpreted according to his words, and one does not notice how he first tries to show that there is something else to know, something that connects the word “heaven” to something other than what one is accustomed to associating with the word heaven, just as when Mr. Müller asks for the phone, one does not understand this to mean a miller who grinds grain. This emancipation from language is absolutely necessary in each specific case if we really want to move forward in the sense demanded by the laws of human development.
[ 13 ] Here we see how that which actually originates in pre-birth life intrudes into social life. And those who are familiar with the connections know that in what appears here on earth as caricature, they must recognize that which is actually heavenly. That is with regard to the social sphere. But there is something else to add.
[ 14 ] In the age of intellectualism, which has developed mainly since the middle of the 15th century, people have gained very little from their sleep life in terms of imagination for their waking life. Even those who have somewhat more vivid dreams tend to explain them in a completely rationalistic, intellectualistic way. Theosophists, for example, are rationalistic and intellectualistic in this sense. How many people have come to me over the years wanting rationalistic explanations of their dreams—that could not be described in a small book, only in a large one! What this means is that even those imaginations that come to life in dreams point to a deeper spiritual life. I have often said that in dreams, the external is not important at all; it has already been emancipated from the actual content. And what we receive as content and then translate into the words of language, from which we must actually emancipate ourselves, is not the true course of the dream; it has very little to do with the true course of the dream. The content of the dream is the drama of the dream, how one image follows another, how knots form and untangle, so that the same mental content can be experienced in many different ways as a dream. One person comes and describes how he climbed a mountain; he was able to climb quite well up to a certain point, then suddenly he stands in front of an abyss and cannot go any further. Another person tells the story: He was walking along a path, enjoying everything around him. Suddenly, when he reached a certain point on the path, a person with a dagger approached him and killed him. Two completely different dream images! But the mental process behind them can be exactly the same; one time it can be acted out by climbing a mountain and feeling like you're standing on the edge of a precipice, another time by walking along a path in joy until you come face to face with someone who wants to kill you. It is not the content of the images that matters, but the dramatic sequence of events, the fact that one goes through something that opposes one. It is the dynamic behind these images that matters. The same forces can be wrapped up in one image or another and clothed in hundreds of different images. Only then can we understand the spiritual world, when we know how what lives here in the physical world as dreams, or what emerges from the spiritual world in such a way that it resembles the physical world, is only an image. But as long as one has the tendency to interpret images rationally, purely according to reason, one will continue to view the dream life of sleep from an intellectual standpoint. And what is at stake here is precisely understanding this dream life of sleep as the expression of a deeper spiritual life. Only then is it grasped imaginatively; only then do we grasp the images as that which stands for the content. And then we do not turn against what is beginning for human beings today: to make inner spiritual demands out of sleep in a similar way to the imagination before birth or before conception. For today we are also beginning to sleep differently than in the regular life of the intellectualistic age since the middle of the 15th century. At that time, people had little inclination upon awakening for what the images want to experience and not interpret. Now we are at the point in human development where we also take the imaginations out of sleep, imaginations that want to settle not only in our ego, where reason reigns, but where the images want to settle in our astral body. If we work against this, we push back something that wants to rise up from the depths of the human soul into consciousness, and we work against the entire course of human development. And it is also important that we do not work against the course of human development, but that we work in accordance with this course of human development. We do this when we first of all permeate our culture with as much as possible that is connected in some way with the spiritual world. Of course, in our outer life it is a matter of permeating ourselves with what has been grasped from the spiritual world, of permeating ourselves with real spiritual knowledge, with something that cannot be understood in this physical world from the physical world. The entire past period of human life was actually contrary to this. Take a case that I have already mentioned several times.
[ 15 ] Isn't it true that Christianity approached people in such a way that they could only understand its essence, namely that they could only understand the mystery of Golgotha in its essence, if they were willing to understand something supersensible? For it must be imagined that a being who was not previously connected with the development of the earth, such as Christ, connected himself with the man Jesus of Nazareth, that supersensible processes took place; it must be imagined that even the birth and conception were different for this event on Golgotha than for ordinary human processes. In short, Christology demands that we understand the mystery of Golgotha in a supersensible sense. There is an interesting passage in a recent work by a natural scientist who rails against the “conceptio immaculata,” saying that to claim that there was an immaculate conception is a brazen mockery of human reason.
[ 16 ] Well, the modern rationalist, the purely intellectual person, must feel that way. In a certain sense, what is desired from spiritual life is indeed a brazen mockery of human reason. But the point is that we live in an age where we must learn to bring the spiritual experiences we have between falling asleep and waking up into our waking life in such a way that our astral body—not just our ego, which is the seat of reason and intellectualism—can be permeated and imbued with images. And it is interesting that even 19th-century theology developed in such a way that it opposed Christology with rationalism, with pure intellectualism. More and more, modern theology has felt compelled to deny Christ as such and to portray the simple man from Nazareth, the mere Jesus, as a human personality who was somewhat superior to other human beings. People did not want to bring themselves to understand anything supernatural. They wanted to understand what is supposed to approach humans in a supernatural way, what is supposed to awaken them to the supernatural, using concepts gained here in the sensory world.
[ 17 ] A Protestant theologian with whom I once discussed this matter said to me, after we had talked about it at length: Yes, we modern theologians should no longer call ourselves Christians, for we no longer have Christ; if the name “Jesuit” were not already taken, we would have to claim it for ourselves. — That is not something I say, but something a Protestant theologian of the newer school once said to me as a confession of his own soul.[18] But anyone who sees through the whole character of our time will understand that we must advance to such an understanding of the mystery of Golgotha that, precisely because it is the central phenomenon of our human evolution, it tears us out of earthly thinking and draws us with all our strength to comprehend something that cannot be comprehended within the scope of the earthly-sensory. Those who want to remain stuck in the realm of the earthly and sensory say: The conceptio immaculata is a cheeky mockery of human reason.
[ 19 ] Those who understand the task of the present human being say: I must acquire such ideas. Then, however, I must emancipate myself from the way words are commonly used today; I must not assume that when someone named Smith or Miller comes to my door, one will come with a hammer and the other with a flour-sprinkled smock, but I must assume something completely different from what I can deduce from the words. So I must also accustom myself to emancipate myself from what has been imprinted on words from mere sensory-physical life.
[ 20 ] For us today, the mystery of Golgotha is indeed the first test of whether we want to go along with understanding something that goes beyond the sphere of the physical and sensory. Therefore, we can no longer be satisfied with a mere traditional-historical presentation of Christianity, but we need a creative grasp of the mystery of Golgotha. We need inner strength of soul from spiritual science, which approaches the mystery of Golgotha in a new way and is able to understand this mystery of Golgotha as a supersensible fact. And then, when we place the mystery of Golgotha at the center of human thinking, feeling, and sensing, we must begin again, especially in education, and prepare children so that they do not suppress or have to suppress the imaginings that want to rise up from the depths of the soul. We must meet them halfway with pictorial representations.
[ 21 ] This is the deeper reason why, in the last issue of “Soziale Zukunft” (Social Future), which is a magazine on education, I presented education and teaching in the most eminent sense as an art. Where teachers and educators must proceed in this way, as artists actually do, indeed must proceed in a higher style, where it is not possible to give abstract principles in abstract pedagogy, but where it is important to penetrate into the essence of human beings and, through this penetration into the essence of human beings, to learn from human beings themselves what is to be done in each individual case. When creating something, the artist cannot proceed according to abstract rules. Aesthetics has a completely different task than to establish rules for the artist. The artist cannot even base what he creates today on what he created yesterday: he must strive at every moment to be creative and original. The teacher must be the same, even in a higher style. One must not say out of a certain attitude: Yes, if we want teachers like that, we will have to wait another three or four hundred years. The fact that we cannot have them stems solely from the fact that we say such things. We can have them the moment we have the strong power of conviction to do so; but it is precisely the strong, and not the passive power of conviction that is necessary for this. So it is a matter of experiencing what the astral body experiences from falling asleep to waking up, when we come over in waking, now really experiencing it in the astral body and imprinting it on the etheric body. This can only be done through a visualization of the whole of cultural life.
[ 22 ] This visualization of the whole of cultural life, this visualization demanded by the laws of human evolution, will only come about when the whole spiritual life is placed in the free decision of those who are involved in spiritual life, when instructions, school regulations are imposed by the state, which necessarily stands outside spiritual life. For there one can proclaim all kinds of beautiful and good things. It is not a question of the state issuing educational decrees, drawing up curricula, and the like in the abstract, but rather of having people within an emancipated spiritual life who act out of their own free personality, and of accomplishing with them what one wants or can accomplish with these people.
[ 23 ] The fact that human beings today begin to bring with them through conception and birth something different from what they have brought with them since the middle of the 14th century, that they also bring something different with them when they wake up from sleep, both require that we pay close attention to such things that one really penetrates oneself with the knowledge of such a decisive fact. Where else can one gain such knowledge of such a decisive fact than from spiritual science? The things in question are not dealt with at all by external education or external science today. They pass them by, and according to their methods they must pass them by. And I would say that the matter becomes most bitter when one sees how strangely the inner demands of human development often discrepate from what is offered to these demands from the human side. In recent times, the demand arose to take into account what flows into human beings from the spiritual world. And when people were intellectual, when they did not take into account what flows in from the spiritual world, they hypothesized atoms, molecules, and so on. They thought that bodies, which are volumes, refer back to atomistic structures and so on. The causes of human development gave rise to the need to grasp the spiritual. And this instinct to grasp the spiritual also found expression, for example, in something like the Theosophical Society. But one of the heroes of this ‘Theosophical Society’ is, for example, a Mr. Leadbeater, who wrote a book on occult chemistry. What did he do? He did something horrible: he presented the spiritual world in an atomistic way, that is, he carried the materialistic way of thinking into the spiritual world.
[ 24 ] I recently highlighted something quite grotesque: something particularly clever happened in the Theosophical Society. They wanted to prove that there is one life and then the next life (see drawing). Well, surely something must pass over from the previous life into the next. We see the body decay. The true materialist says that when the body decays, that is the end of the human being. Yes, but the theosophist wants there to be a next life on earth; something must pass over! The true materialist says that all atoms unite with the earth. The theosophist thought no differently than the materialist, but at the same time he wanted to think “theosophically”; he wanted something to pass over. And so he said: Yes, the atoms fall into the earth, but one atom remains, and that passes through all of time in the life between death and a new birth. There it appears again: the permanent atom. — An atom! The theosophists were particularly proud when they discovered this “permanent” atom! They had no idea that they were introducing materialism into the spiritual worldview! This materialism led them to believe that something — they never said what — of the many atoms that sink into the earth would be saved; and this happily saved permanent atom would then be what reappears in the next earthly life. Much has been written about this permanent atom. It is nothing more than proof that what could not be overcome should be introduced into spiritual science: materialism, which, incidentally, is already inherent in the entire representation of the human being, if one does it as is often done in the literature of the Theosophical Society, where, as I have often said, the physical body is dense, then the etheric body is thinner, and the astral body is even thinner. And then it goes over into such thinness that even thinking and imagining become very thin; but one still has something material, something foggy, so that buddhi and atma are fog, but still fog. One does not have the will to truly abandon materialism even in one's imaginative life and to pass from imagining the material to imagining the spiritual.
[ 25 ] All these things prove how closely people are bound to old ways of thinking. And actually, from such considerations, everyone who honestly wants to profess spiritual science should draw the inner urge to examine themselves to what extent they have freed themselves from old materialistic ideas, or to what extent, even when they hold something spiritual before themselves, they imagine this spiritual in materialistic images and are not aware that they are just images.
[ 26 ] It is always a matter of being aware of this. For if I were to draw one of you here on this board, I could derive a great deal from the picture if the person in question were no longer here. But if I were to imagine that he was shaking my hand or speaking to me, that he was the being himself, I would be a fantasist. Of course, one may sensualize the spiritual in images, but one must always be clear that one is dealing with sensory images. When it comes to words, however, people must become increasingly clear that language is on the way to turning words into gestures, and that we should not go further than allowing words to point us to something that is no longer contained in the words themselves. All other words must follow the same path that proper names have taken.
[ 27 ] For philosophers, I could even say something very beautiful. The philosophers of modern times have put forward many theories. When I say: The child is small — they have an idea of “small,” they have an idea of ‘child’; but the “is,” the copula of what it actually means —? Oh, much has been written about this copula, also in a philosophical sense, not just in a grammatical or philological sense. And everything that has been written suffers from the fact that this “is” no longer has the meaning that people talk about today, that it has also emancipated itself from its meaning, that the content of the soul has already become something else. And so one actually philosophizes about that which no longer lives in the soul.
[ 28 ] This is just a philosophical aside, which may be of little significance, but which is intended to draw your attention to the fact that what is not noticed by the external world is not immediately noticed by philosophers either. On the contrary, it is often the case that philosophers are the last to notice the things that are really happening in the world. And many of our philosophical systems actually lag considerably behind many other things that exist outside them!
[ 29 ] Today I wanted to show you, preferably using the example of language, how the development of humanity is currently presenting itself in concrete terms. One only has to look at what is actually happening in human development when one looks at the supersensible. Anthropology can no longer find what is actually happening, only anthroposophy can. Therefore, anthroposophical cultural thinking must be based precisely on what is being done today for the progress of humanity.