Social Life
GA 203
22 January 1921, Dornach
Translator Unknown
My dear friends,
On the basis of those things which we discussed here in the last lecture, I should now like to bring forward various details which may perhaps be of use to you as members of the Anthroposophical Movement for purposes of defence, whenever from some corner or other, attacks are made against our Anthroposophical Movement, and what must now appear in its train. In recent times, one sees these attacks appearing everywhere. To-day I will confine myself simply to attacks of a certain kind, but at the present moment attacks are being specially directed against our practical undertaking, against which has to come forth as such from the Anthroposophical Movement. Far and wide one can hear it said:—“Well, these people are now founding a ‘Kommende Tag,’ a ‘Futurum’;—what do they mean to do with these things? They only want to establish such practical things for the use of those who confess themselves as belonging to the Anthroposophical view of the world. Economic undertakings are therefore set on foot, in order that those who confess to an Anthroposophical world view may acquire a certain power, and in the first place an economic power.”
If those who make this reproach were to enter more closely into what lies at the basis of such undertakings and see how they proceed out of the whole spirit of the Anthroposophical Movement, such a reproach could not be made; but, on the other hand, one cannot deny that, even amongst those human beings who stand within our Anthroposophical movement, often things are said which contribute richly to the arising of such misunderstandings. It is quite impossible, according to the whole ways and methods by means of which what is here called Anthroposophy seeks to relate itself to the world, it is absolutely impossible that such a judgment can be in any way justified, but that will only be clear to those who can grasp the spirit of our whole Anthroposophical Movement. This Anthroposophical Movement reckons with all the forces present in the evolution of humanity. How often has it been emphasised that the development of humanity has to undergo certain points of transition, and that these turning points should be observed. I should just like to point to one such turning point, in order to show how little justified is the opinion that we may have any definite dogma or theory which we seek to bring to humanity.
It may of course, occur, as a kind of anomaly, a kind of out-growth of fanaticism amongst a few members, that they should think they have to advocate a definite dogma; and indeed, this may be considered right by many, but it does not lie in the spirit of the Anthroposophical Movement. For if, in the spirit of this Movement, we look back into human evolution, then we find that in olden times, those ancient times in which an instinctive clairvoyance was prevalent, the whole disposition of Man's soul was different; man assumed a quite different place in the world. What was striven for in those places which we often designate as the Mysteries, in those ancient epochs of human evolution? Let us for the present leave all details aside, and just try to grasp the meaning of the Mysteries.
Those who wore considered ripe and were found suitable for being received into the Mysteries during their earth-life—that means in the time between birth and death—participated in a certain instruction given them by the Guides in those Mysteries, and that instruction came from what the Leaders of the Mysteries had to impart concerning the super-sensible worlds. No Mystery-Leader made any secret of the fact that, in his opinion, the teachings in the Mysteries did not proceed only from human beings, but that, through the special rites carried on in those Mysteries, super-sensible beings, Divine Spiritual Beings were present during the celebration of the Mysteries, and with the assistance of those Gods present therein everything connected with it was given out. The essential point was this:—all the arrangements made in the Mysteries were of such a nature that they attracted, so to speak Divine Spiritual Beings, who, through the mouths of those who were the Leaders of the Mysteries, gave instruction to those who were the pupils therein.
In those olden times, everything was so organised socially, that not only were the arrangements made accepted by the Guides and Pupils of the Mysteries, but even by those who stood outside the Mysteries and who were not able to share in the life of the Mysteries. The whole arrangements made as social arrangements for humanity, were thus accepted.
One need merely think of old Egypt, and of how those who were the Leaders in the State received their directions from the Mysteries. The Mysteries were regarded as the self-understood place of direction for everything which had to occur within the social life.
To-day, my dear friends, one can also impart instruction, esoteric instruction, which can run in forms similar to those old Mystery-arrangements; but all that has quite another meaning to-day. That is because between our epoch and that ancient epoch, in reference to such things, a significant turning-point has occurred in the development of mankind. In those ancient times man was, as it were, destined to receive the instruction given through the Mysteries and through which he approached those Divine Spiritual Beings, during his life here,—between birth and death. Now things are different. We are living after that turning-point in human evolution, between birth and death. When these things altered, that which man then had to learn through the Mysteries between birth and death;—that, my dear friends, he now learns to-day, before he descends through conception or through birth into a physical body. He learns it according to his Karma, and according to the preparations he had gone through in a former life on earth. What man undergoes now in the Spiritual world, between the great Midnight Hour of existence and his next birth, is something which also includes that Spiritual instruction.
You will find what had to be said in another connection concerning these things, in a cycle which I gave in Vienna in 1914, on the life between Death and a New Birth; but that was only indicated there, was only touched upon with a few strokes. I will now try to characterise it more closely.
Man to-day experiences something akin to the old Mystery instruction, before he descends from the pre-existence condition into his physical body. That is a factor with which anyone must reckon, who through Spiritual knowledge, stands in reality to-day. We must not think of a man born to-day as he was thought of in olden times. In olden times he was so considered that one could say: “He descends on to the Earth and is destined to be initiated through the Mysteries into the knowledge of what he really is as a human being.”
The case is not like that to-day. That arrangement was made for human beings who had gone through a smaller number of earthly lives than has the man of to-day, who has, of course, taken far more into his soul in his many incarnations which made it possible for him to receive certain instruction on the part of the Divine Spiritual Beings in his pre-existent condition.
My dear friends, we have to pre-suppose something of this nature to-day, when we see a child. When we meet a child to-day, we must realise that we no longer have the task of pouring into that child that which had to be poured in, in olden times. To-day it is our task to say: “This child has been taught, he has only laid a physical body around his already-instructed-soul; that which was his pre-birthly instruction from the Gods must make its way through the veils around that soul, it must be brought out.” That is how we should think to-day in the sense of pedagogy, if we are to think in the sense of true Anthroposophical Spiritual Science. It will then be clear to us that, fundamentally, all our instruction shall tend to remove those hindrances which lie around that which the child brings with him into this world from his pre-birthly existence. It is for that reason that, in our Waldorf Teaching, such significance is laid on the fact that the teacher should really regard the child before him as something like a riddle that he has to solve,—in whom he must seek that which the child is concealing in himself; he must not lay the chief importance on anything which he has undertaken to put into the child. He must never proceed in any dogmatic way, but all the time he has to consider the child itself as his teacher, and see how the child through its special behaviour, betrays the very way in which those veils are to be broken through; so that, from out of the child itself, that Divine instruction can come forth. So the Waldorf pedagogy and didactic consist in eliminating those veils which are around the child, so that the child can come to itself, and discover within itself its own Divine instruction. Therefore, we say we have no need to inoculate into the child anything we have conceived as a theory—no matter how beautifully it may be put in our books; we leave that to those who are still rooted in the ancient traditional religious Confessions. We leave that to those who want to make children Catholics or Evangelists or to those who want to make them Jews. That is not our way,—we do not even want to inoculate Anthroposophical pedagogy into the children. We simply want to use what we have learned as Anthroposophy, to make ourselves capable of evoking into being that living spirit which lives in the child from its pre-existence. We want through Anthroposophy to acquire a dexterity in teaching, and not a number of dogmas, which we teach the children. We want to become more dexterous ourselves; we want to evolve a didactic art, so as to make of the child what it has to become. We ourselves are quite clear that all the other knowledge which is to-day brought from the most diverse sides, may indeed instruct the head, but cannot make a person an artist in pedagogy; it does not affect the whole man, but simply the head. Anthroposophy grasps the whole human being and makes him a manipulator of that artistic dexterity, (as I might call it) which should be displayed to the pupils. Therefore, we use Anthroposophy in order to become more dexterous teachers, but not to bring it to the child. We are quite clear as to this:—the spirit does not consist of a number of ideas, of concepts; it is a living thing, and it appears in each individual child in a quite special and individual way, if only we ourselves are able to bring to its consciousness what each child brings to the Earth with its birth here. My dear friends, we would impoverish this Earth, if we only sought to bring to the children things which can be comprised in a sum of dogmas; while on the contrary we make the Earth richer if we cultivate and cherish that which the Gods have given to the child and which it brings with it to the Earth. That which is the living spirit then appears in ever so many human individualities;—not that which some wish to bring as Anthroposophy to these human children in order to make them uniform, but that which brings to life that living spirit which dwells in them. That is our object, and for that reason we have absolutely no interest in bringing Anthroposophical dogma to the children. That is one of the practical outcomes of Anthroposophical Spiritual Science.
This special didactic, this special pedagogic art, is quite different from anything which human beings have thought of till now, for they have only been able to think, for instance “I believe in a certain dogma; that therefore is the best which we can give to our children.” It does not interest us at all to bring any dogmas to the children, for we know that each child brings his own message when he appears on the Earth through the Gate of Birth, and we should destroy that message if we tried to meet it with dogma of any kind. The spirit does not need to be cultivated in an abstract way; when one is able to get it free and bring it to life, the living spirit itself is then there, instead of a series of dogmas.
All our “opinions” are only there as a means of awakening the living spirit in humanity and to keep it quite in a state of continual development; that is why it is quite a wrong idea spread abroad that in the Waldorf School or in anything else which we cultivate pedagogically, we wish to carry on Anthroposophy in a dogmatic way. We do not wish to do so in the Waldorf School, nor do we want to impress Anthroposophy dogmatically on any Science. On the contrary, in every single Science we want to bring out the individual nature of that Science. We are quite convinced that it is essential to create something in the world through Anthroposophy which will extinguish all dogma and bring out the individual nature of each particular sphere. From this point of view, it was needful that those attacks springing up from all corners should be repelled, whenever they turn on our bringing Anthroposophy as Dogma into any Science, or pedagogy.
And now, in what concerns our practical undertakings we find people saying, with remarkable unanimity during the last few weeks in Germany, as also in Switzerland and many other places,—because of the recent publications of the “Kommenden Tag” and the “Futurum,”—“Well, these undertakings are all conducted by Anthroposophists combining together so that they can have their own economic undertakings, and so on. Other people perhaps nay be admitted to these undertakings and concerns, but they will certainly have no voice in the administration,” and so on and so on. Now if we wanted to do things of this kind, it would contradict the very principle on which we stand, i.e. we have to keep the development of humanity in all its details clearly before our minds, and not ask for something absolutely complete and correct, but just ask ourselves: “What ought to take place to-day?” Then we must pay attention to the second turning-point in the evolution of humanity. To-day various affairs, but especially economic affairs are developed amongst humanity from a certain principle of inertia. Formerly these arrangements were born in a tiny circle, usually in a tiny territory. To-day, because they are as a rule State economic concerns, we find, in the place of the individual undertakings of the past, that we have imperial concerns, which have consequently become gigantic, although we find them now springing up from inertia. To-day one speaks of National Economy, thereby welding two things together, the peculiar Group-Spirit which holds a race together, a Group-Spirit is externally, I might say, embodied in the blood. Now the world-relationships have for a long time been of such a nature that, with every kind of Group-Community which expresses itself in the blood, modern economics can have nothing whatever to do,—that is, if they are to be based on sound relationships. So to-day, something is strongly expressed in an economic relationship when the Rhine boundaries are discussed, because it is desired to have on one side of the Rhine a different economic arrangement to what exists on the other side, because of the different racial and national considerations. These national considerations have all arisen from different forces, and to-day have nothing whatever to do with that which constitutes world-economy (Weltwirtschaft). These things have reached a certain crisis in the course of the last third of the 19th Century. Then only did these turning-points in evolution, in the evolution of humanity, become so obvious.
As we have just tried to explain, in olden times man entered physical existence uninstructed by the Gods, and he had to be taught through the Mysteries. To-day he enters already taught, and that which is in his soul has only to be brought to his consciousness. In ancient times, as regards the social and economic life of mankind, things were so arranged that a man was born into a definite social connection, into a certain group, according to just those forces which worked in him before his birth. It was not only the principle of physical heredity which lay at the basis of the oldest forms of inequality, which we find, for instance, in the oldest caste divisions;—in the old caste division the Leaders of the social orderings operated things according to the way in which man, before his birth or conception was destined for a certain Group of his fellow-human beings. In those times when fewer earthly incarnations lay behind the earthly soul, then, because of his fewer earthly incarnations on Earth, a man was born into a quite definite Group, and in that one definite Group alone could he develop socially. A man who, for instance, belonged to a certain caste in Old India, belonged to it because of what his soul had gone through in the Spiritual world; and, because of the small number of his incarnations, if he had been transferred to another caste he would have degenerated in his soul. It was not only the blood-inheritance which lay at the basis of the Caste system, but something which I must call Spiritual pre-determination. Man has long grown out of that. Between our Age and that old epoch there is in this respect another turning-point. People to-day still bear within them marks of a Group-nature, but that if simply a phantom-image. People are born into certain nations, and also into a certain class of society, but in the great number of people growing up in a certain epoch one can already see, even in childhood, that such a predetermination from a pre-earthly existence no longer prevails to-day. To-day human beings are instructed by the Gods in their pre-natal existence, and the stamp of a definite Group is no longer impressed upon them. The last relic of this still lingers in physical heredity. In a sense, one might say that to belong with one's consciousness to a Nationality is a piece of inherited sin and is something which should no longer play a, part in the soul of man.
On the other hand, there is the fact, which does play a definite role in our modern epoch, that man, as he grows up, grows away from all the Group-forms; yet within the economic life he cannot remain without a Group-education, because, with reference to the economic life, the individual can never be dominant. That which constitutes the Spiritual life, springs from the deepest part of man's inner being, within which he can acquire, not only a certain harmony of his capacities, but should perfect and maintain them through a certain schooling. But that which constitutes a judgement in the sphere of economics can never proceed from a single human being. I have given you instances of this, and I have shown you how an economic judgment suet always fall into error when it proceeds from one single man. I will give another example, taken from the second half of the 19th Century.
I have told you that at a definite time, in the middle and second half of the 19th Century, in Parliaments and other corporate bodies the discussions everywhere centered round the Gold Standard. Those speakers who at that time spoke in favour of a Gold Standard—you could have heard them everywhere,—were really clever people. I do a not say that ironically, because the people who at that time appeared as practical and Theoretical speakers in Parliaments and other assemblies really were very clever, and what they said really belongs to the best utterances of Parliament concerning the Gold Standard in the various Countries. But almost everywhere they pointed to one thing with great sagacity,—to the fact that the Gold Standard will set Free-Trade on its feet again, and do away with all Customs Duties. If one reads to-day what was then said about the beneficial effects of the Gold standard on Free-Trade, one has real joy in seeing how clever those people were; but, my dear friends, the very opposite appeared of what all the cleverest people said. As a consequence of the Gold Standard, prohibitive tariffs appeared everywhere. You see that the cleverness in the economic life which proceeded out of single personalities, was not able to help man. That could be proved in the most diverse spheres; because the fact is, that although what a man knows about nature or about another man makes him competent to judge as a single individual, no man is competent to judge as a single individual when it comes to the sphere of economics. A man cannot have a judgment on economic things in the concrete, as a single individual. An economic judgment can only arise when human beings unite together, associate together, and support each other mutually, when there is co-operation in their associations. It is not possible for a single man to have a sound judgment which can pass into economic activity.
Just the contrary happens when a man has a scientific judgment. In a scientific judgment, if it proceeds out of the whole man, he can give a comprehensive judgment; but in concrete economics and in economic trade the point is that one man knows one part, the second knows another part, the third knows something else. The producer in one department knows something, the consumer in the same department knows something else; what they each know must flow together, and then can arise a Group-judgment in the sphere of Economics. In other words, the old Forms are done away with, and a Group-judgment, a collective judgment must arise. Human beings must form themselves into Groups of their own accord, and these must comprise associations of the economic life. From the understanding of a necessary evolving force in evolution it comes about, that this associative life of economics must be taken up by humanity, and take the place of the old group-connections which are still propagated to-day in humanity as an inherited sin. When we consider this; we must indeed say:—As regards knowledge, in ancient times humanity came untaught to Earth, but in the Mysteries, they then received their wisdom. Now human beings descend to Earth instructed, and we have so to arrange our didactics that we can draw out of them that which the Gods have taught them.
In reference to the economic arrangements, formerly human beings were pre-determined, as it were; a stamp from the Gods was imprinted on them, and so they were born into a certain Caste, or into one Group or another. That is also past. To-day human beings are born without that stamp; they are in a sense put as single isolated individuals into humanity, and now they must bring ahout their own Group- forms by means of their Spirituality. It is really not a case of bringing such human beings as profess Anthroposophy; that simply depends upon what the Gods have taught them before their birth, and whether in their former incarnations they have been found ripe for that Divine instruction so that now we can draw forth Anthroposophy from them,—Anthroposophy is in far more people to-day than one thinks, but so many are too lazy to draw forth from themselves that which is in them, or perhaps their school instruction was so organised that the veils cannot be dissolved, and so they cannot attain their consciousness.
In the practical sphere, and especially in the economic sphere, it would be absurd to bring human beings together simply because they are Anthroposophists. We study Anthroposophy in order to obtain insight into the way in which human beings are seeking, from out of their group consciousness, the group-formation which they must seek as a result of their former incarnations. They must be given the opportunity of forming Groups and of carrying out what lies in germ in the development of humanity. So you see it can never be a question of grouping together human beings because they live in a definite dogma, but those human beings who, through their previous life on earth are called upon to find themselves in groups, to those should be given the possibility of associating themselves in these groups. In these things, as soon as we pass from the abstract into the concrete, we find an extraordinary number of riddles,—I might almost say mysterious things; because, whether a man belongs to one group or another, is by no means a simple matter. The longing people now have for simplicity, shows itself in extraordinary ways. I have been informed of something concerning a lecture which the worthy Frohmeyer has just held, “Theosophy and Anthroposophy” in which he says at the end,—“his own personal relationship to Christianity reminds him of the well-known fact that it unfortunately always annoys these people that what is so great can yet he so simple.”
He means apparently that the Anthroposophists are annoyed that the great is so simple. That is, as simple as the laziness of the Rev. Frohmeyer would like to have it, for he will not endeavour to realise the greatness in all its differentiation. One always has to translate these things into their proper language. That is something which is our especial task; we must translate things into their true-speech.
Of course, there can be no question of throwing at anyone's head this doctrine of the instruction of man before his birth, of his being born into Groups in ancient times and no longer being born into Groups now-a-days; but we can permeate ourselves with these truths, and we shall then find a possibility of showing our methods as time goes on, of showing how far removed we are from introducing any dogma into our schools, or of bringing people into economic associations because they admit amongst themselves the truth of certain dogmas.
How strongly that is made a point of in our Waldorf school at Stuttgart, you can see from the simple fact that we have no interest in bringing Anthroposophy to the children. We want to have a method of instruction which can only be gained through Anthroposophy; but that is a purely objective affair. Those children, or rather their parents, who wish them to have instruction from a Catholic Priest in the Catholic religion—for them a Catholic priest can come to the Waldorf school;—and for those who want to he taught the Evangelical religious instruction, the Evangelical minister can come to the school. We place no hindrance whatever in the way of these men. But it became necessary in recent times, when so many parents, especially those from the proletariat, do not want their children instructed either in the Catholic or Evangelical views, to ask whether they perhaps would like their children to have a free religious instruction born of an Anthroposophical education. It then at once became evident that those who would otherwise have been educated without any religion whatever, and would not have entered any religious confession, were very numerous; but these came to a so-called Anthroposophical religious class which did not teach Anthroposophy, but was simply born of Anthroposophy. These children proved to be more industrious in their religious instruction than was the case with the others taught by the Catholic or Evangelistical clergy; but that we could not help, that was the business of the Catholic or Evangelical Priests. Gradually a number of children passed over from the one religious instruction to the other. I believe it was the Evangelical teacher who finally said:—“In the near future I shall have no one left in my class, they are all running away from me!” But that again was most certainly not our fault; there was never any question of teaching dogma of any kind to those children. We have no interest in doing that. We knew that if our method succeeded in removing the veils around the children, they would then have the best instruction,—that which was given to them in the Spiritual world before their descent on to the Earth. Of course, certain confessions are strongly interested in darkening this instruction, not to let it appear. Whoever e.g. can compare the extraordinary relation between what stands in the Papal Encyclical and what transpires in the Spiritual world knows that the Divine religious instruction which children enjoy before their descent is absolutely not what many religious confessions would like them to have to-day. This is especially to be noticed in the Catholic Church; because the Catholic Church, as compared with the Evangelical, has always preserved a more super-sensible influence through its ritual and Ceremonies. But super-sensible influence can appear in various ways, and one can say: it may be an error when it deviates from the truth, it may also be an error when it is the direct opposite of the truth.
Regarding now what concerns the practical undertakings,—naturally I cannot betray here what is discussed in our business meetings, which often last till 3:30. but I can give you the assurance, that in the meetings of the Futurum and Kommenden Tag, Anthroposophy is not discussed, but things of quite another nature. There are things which must be treated only in the most practical manner; how one should manage things in this or that sphere, etc. Here theoretic Anthroposophy plays no role, except that what is discussed should grasp the economic life in as clever a manner as one does when one makes ones thoughts mobile so that they can contact the reality, as happens through a living grasp of the Spirit of Anthroposophy.
One need therefore merely point out, that neither in the Statutes of the “Kommenden Tag” nor of the “Futurum,” are there any Anthroposophical dogmas,—merely economic things; the only question is how to make these undertakings better than similar undertakings to-day. That is one of the points which must be defended, because it is one of the attacks which now crop up from every corner, and will do, do so more and more, unless we put our affairs clearly and energetically before the world. What I have to say recently in Stuttgart is true; it has not yet been learnt in the Anthroposophical Movement how to be attentive to realities. Our opponents are different. They organise and will prove their organisation. We must unconditionally fail unless we are conscious of this, and can make as strong efforts for the good as are now being made for the bad.
Thus to-day I wanted to bring up one of the points in reference to which you will hear definite attacks against our practical undertakings. If you open your ears, and this is necessary (figuratively I mean), you will hear: and many things will have to be defended in this direction. I wanted to-day to say what could enthuse the soul when it becomes necessary to defend in this direction. This enthusing-of-the-soul can come, when we know what it meant in olden times that man came to Earth uninstructed by the Gods; he now comes instructed before birth and his whole life must be ordered thereto. Also what it means that man was formerly determined by the will of the Gods into Castes, Classes, Peoples, Tribes, etc. That disappeared after the turning-point which lies behind us. Man is now destined from Economic necessities to form Groups in Earth-life. That happens in Economic Associations. A right knowledge of the Earth-development of the Spiritual evolution of man and their connections, shows how what we call the “Three-fold Commonwealth” is not merely a political programme, but the result of what flows from a real knowledge of human evolution as a Necessity for the Present and the immediate Future.
Of these things, more tomorrow.
Sechster Vortrag
[ 1 ] Auf Grundlage derjenigen Dinge, die wir in der letzten Zeit hier besprochen haben, möchte ich nunmehr einzelnes vorbringen, was Ihnen als Angehörige der anthroposophischen Bewegung nützlich sein kann zur Verteidigung da, wo aus dieser oder jener Ecke heraus in besonderen Fällen diese anthroposophische Bewegung mit alledem, was jetzt in ihrem Gefolge auftreten muß, angegriffen wird. In der letzten Zeit sieht man überall Angriffe auftreten — es sind ja Angriffe genug da, aber ich will heute nur eine bestimmte Sorte charakterisieren -—, welche sich richten gegen unsere praktischen Unternehmungen, gegen das, was an Lebenspraxis herauswachsen muß aus der anthroposophischen Bewegung. Ja, man kann hören, wirklich in ausgedehntem Maße: Die Leute gründen einen «Kommenden Tag», die Leute gründen ein «Futurum», was wollen sie damit? — Sie wollen durch diese Begründungen ja doch nichts anderes, als auch solche praktische Dinge für Menschen einrichten, die sich zur anthroposophischen Weltanschauung bekennen. — Also es würden gewissermaßen auch ökonomische Begründungen deshalb unternommen, um gerade denen, die sich zur anthroposophischen Weltanschauung bekennen, eine gewisse Macht, wenn auch zunächst eine ökonomische Macht zu verschaffen.
[ 2 ] Wenn man sich genauer bekümmerte um das, was solchen Unternehmungen zugrunde liegt, wie sie hervorgehen aus dem ganzen Geist der anthroposophischen Bewegung, so würde solch ein Vorwurf eben doch nicht aufkommen können. Aber es ist andererseits nicht zu leugnen, daß auch von denjenigen Menschen, die innerhalb der anthroposophischen Bewegung stehen, oftmals Dinge gesagt werden, welche reichlich dazu beitragen, daß solche Mißverständnisse entstehen können. Es ist aber nach der ganzen Art und Weise, wie das, was hier Anthroposophie genannt wird, sich zur Welt stellen will, durchaus unmöglich, daß ein solches Urteil irgendwie berechtigt gefällt werden könnte. Das allerdings wird erst demjenigen klar, der den ganzen Geist gerade dieser anthroposophischen Bewegung ins Auge faßt.
[ 3 ] Diese anthroposophische Bewegung rechnet durchaus mit alledem, was als Kräfte in der Entwickelung der Menschheit liegt. Wie oft ist betont worden, daß die Entwickelung der Menschheit gewisse Wendepunkte durchmacht, und daß man diese Wendepunkte beobachten muß. Ich möchte zunächst auf einen solchen wichtigen Wendepunkt aufmerksam machen, um gerade daran zu zeigen, wie wenig berechtigt das Urteil sein kann, daß wir eine bestimmte Lehrmeinung, eine bestimmte Dogmatik an die Menschen heranbringen wollen.
[ 4 ] Gewiß, es kann, ich möchte sagen, wie eine Art Anomalismus, wie eine Art Auswuchs des Fanatismus sich bei dem einen oder anderen Anthroposophen geltend machen, eine bestimmte Lehrmeinung zu vertreten; vielleicht macht sich diese Anomalie sogar bei vielen geltend; aber im Geiste der anthroposophischen Bewegung liegt das nicht. Denn wenn wir aus dem Geiste dieser Bewegung heraus zurückschauen auf die Menschheitsentwickelung, so finden wir, daß in jenen älteren Zeiten, in denen das instinktive Schauen unter den Menschen verbreitet war, die ganze menschliche Seelenverfassung eine andere war, daß der Mensch sich überhaupt ganz anders in die Welt hineinstellte.
[ 5 ] Was wollten denn eigentlich diejenigen Stätten in den älteren Zeiten der Menschheitsentwickelung, die wir oftmals als Mysterien bezeichnet haben? - Lassen wir alles das, was Einzelheiten sind, weg und fassen wir den Sinn des Mysterienwesens auf.
[ 1 ] Diejenigen, die für reif und geeignet befunden wurden, in die Mysterien aufgenommen zu werden, waren während ihrer Erdenzeit, also in der Zeit zwischen Geburt und Tod, einmal teilhaftig einer gewissen Belehrung, die ihnen gegeben wurde von den Leitern dieser Mysterien und die von dem kam, was diese Leiter der Mysterien über übersinnliche Welten mitzuteilen hatten. Kein solcher Mysterienleiter machte einen Hehl daraus, daß nach seiner Meinung innerhalb der Mysterien die Lehre nicht allein von den Menschen ausging, sondern daß durch die besonderen Kultushandlungen, die in den Mysterien vollzogen wurden, übermenschliche, göttlich-geistige Wesenheiten während der Mysterienhandlung anwesend waren, und daß mit Hilfe dieser, sagen wir anwesenden Götter die Belehrung und alles das, was damit zusammenhing, vollzogen wurde. Das Wesentliche dabei ist also, daß die Einrichtungen der Mysterien so waren, daß sie gewissermaßen anzogen göttlich-geistige Wesenheiten, die durch den Mund derer, die die Leiter der Mysterien waren, den Unterricht abgaben an die, welche die Schüler der Mysterien waren
[ 6 ] Es war alles in den älteren Zeiten innerhalb der Menschheit sozial so eingerichtet, daß nicht nur von denen, die Leiter oder Schüler der Mysterien waren, sondern durchaus auch von denen, die draußen, außerhalb der Mysterien waren und die nicht mitmachen konnten das Leben in den Mysterien, diese ganze Einrichtung als eine soziale Einrichtung akzeptiert wurde. Es war ja durchaus so - man braucht nur an Ägypten zu denken -, daß diejenigen, die die Lenker des Staatswesens waren, ihre Direktiven aus den Mysterien empfingen. Die Mysterien wurden als die selbstverständlichen Leitungsstätten angesehen für alles das, was innerhalb des sozialen Lebens zu geschehen habe.
[ 7 ] Heute kann man ja auch einen esoterischen Unterricht erteilen, welcher in Formen ablaufen kann, die ähnlich diesen alten Mysterieneinrichtungen sind, allein er hat doch einen anderen Sinn. Das ist es eben, daß zwischen unserer Zeit und zwischen der alten Zeit in bezug auf solche Dinge ein bedeutsamer Wendepunkt in der Menschheitsentwikkelung liegt. In dieser alten Zeit war der Mensch durchaus darauf angewiesen, diese Belehrung, die ihm durch die Mysterien gegeben werden sollte, diese Belehrung, durch die er gewissermaßen an göttlich-geistige Wesenheiten selbst herantrat, zu empfangen während der Zeit zwischen Geburt und Tod. Nun ist diese Sache anders geworden. Wir leben eben nach jenem Wendepunkt der Menschheitsentwickelung, in dem die Sache anders geworden ist. Dasselbe, was dazumal der Mensch zwischen der Geburt und dem Tode durch die Mysterien gelernt hatte, das lernt er heute, bevor er durch die Empfängnis oder Geburt in einen physischen Leib herabsteigt. Er lernt es nach seinem Karma, nach den Vorbereitungen in einem früheren Erdenleben. Also das, was der Mensch zwischen der großen Mitternachtsstunde des Daseins und der Geburt durchmacht, das ist etwas, was diese Belehrung zugleich einschließt.
[ 8 ] Sie werden das, was in anderen Zusammenhängen über diese Dinge gesagt werden muß, auch angedeutet finden in einem Zyklus, den ich 1914 in Wien gehalten habe über das Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt. Aber was dort nur angedeutet, worauf dort nur mit ein paar Strichen hingedeutet ist, das will ich nunmehr etwas näher charakterisieren.
[ 9 ] Also etwas dem alten Mysterienunterricht Ähnliches erlebt der Mensch heute, bevor er aus dem präexistenten Zustande in den physischen Leib herabsteigt. Das ist ein Faktum, mit dem derjenige rechnen muß, der durch Geist-Erkenntnis in der Wirklichkeit drinnensteht. Man kann heute nicht über den Menschen, der geboren wird, so denken, wie man in alten Zeiten gedacht hat. In alten Zeiten hat man gewissermaßen den Menschen so betrachtet, daß man sagte: Der Mensch steigt auf die Erde herunter und ist dazu berufen, durch das Mysterienwissen eingeweiht zu werden in das, was er eigentlich als Mensch ist. - So liegen die Dinge heute nicht. Das, was ich gesagt habe, war für Menschen, welche eine geringere Anzahl von Erdenleben durchgemacht hatten als die heutigen Menschen, die in ihren früheren Erdenleben viel in ihre Seele aufgenommen haben, was eben dazu führt, daß sie eine gewisse Unterweisung von seiten der göttlich-geistigen Wesenheiten in dem präexistenten Zustande durchmachen können.
[ 10 ] So etwas muß man heute voraussetzen, wenn man dem Kinde gegenübertritt. Man hat heute nicht mehr die Aufgabe, in das Kind gewissermaßen hineinzugießen, was in alten Zeiten in es hineingegossen werden mußte. Man hat heute die Aufgabe, sich zu sagen: Das Kind :st belehrt, es hat nur seinen physischen Leib um die belehrte Seele herumgelegt, und es muß durch die Hülle durchgedrungen werden, es muß das herausgeholt werden, was vorgeburtliche Götterbelehrung ist. So müssen wir heute pädagogisch denken. Wenn wir im Sinne wirklicher anthroposophisch orientierter Geisteswissenschaft denken, so ist uns klar, daß wir im Grunde durch allen Unterricht nichts anderes tun können, als die Hindernisse hinwegräumen, die sich vorlagern vor dem Herauskommen dessen, was das Kind sich hier in die Welt aus dem vorgeburtlichen Leben mitbringt. Deshalb wird ja in unserer WaldorfschulPädagogik so unendlich großer Wert darauf gelegt, daß der Lehrer wirklich das Kind betrachtet als etwas, was vor ihm steht wie ein Rätsel, das er zu enträtseln hat, bei dem er darauf zu kommen hat, was es in sich birgt. Er hat durchaus nicht den Hauptwert darauf zu legen, irgend etwas, was er sich vorgenommen hat, in das Kind hineinzutrichtern, er hat niemals in irgendeiner Weise dogmatisch vorzugehen, sondern er hat das Kind selber als seinen Lehrmeister zu betrachten, nämlich zuzusehen, wie das Kind durch sein besonderes Verhalten verrät, wie die Hüllen zu durchdringen sind, damit aus dem Kinde selbst die Götterbelehrung herauskommt. So daß diese Waldorfpädagogik und -didaktik ja darinnen besteht, eben gerade dem Kinde die Hüllen hinwegzuschaffen, daß es zu sich selbst kommt, daß es das in sich entdeckt, was Götterbelehrung ist. Deshalb sagen wir uns: Wir haben gar nicht nötig, irgend etwas, was wir ausgedacht haben als Theorie, was noch so schön in Büchern steht, dem Kinde einzupfropfen. Das überlassen wir denjenigen, die in alten traditionellen Religionsbekenntnissen fußen und die Kinder zu Katholiken oder Evangelischen oder zu Juden machen wollen. Aber so ist es nicht. Wir wollen auch nicht eine anthroposophische Pädagogik den Kindern einpfropfen; wir benützen das, was wir als Anthroposophie kennen, nur dazu, uns geschickt zu machen, den lebendigen Geist, der in dem Kinde lebt aus der Präexistenz, zum Dasein zu rufen. Wir wollen eine Handhabung des Unterrichtes aus der Anthroposophie gewinnen, nicht eine Summe von Dogmen, die wir lehrhaft dem Kinde übermitteln. Wir wollen geschickter werden. Wir wollen eine didaktische Kunst entwickeln, um das aus dem Kinde zu machen, was es in der charakterisierten Weise werden soll. Wir sind uns klar darüber, daß alles andere Wissen, das heute von den verschiedensten Seiten her an den Menschen herangebracht wird, zwar den Kopf belehrt, daß es aber nicht den Menschen zum pädagogisch-didaktischen Künstler macht, weil es nicht den ganzen Menschen ergreift, sondern eben nur den Kopf. Anthroposophisches ergreift den ganzen Menschen, macht ihn zu einem Handlanger derjenigen «Kunstgriffe», möchte ich sagen, die in der eben gekennzeichneten Weise mit der Schülerschar vorgenommen werden müssen. Daher benutzen wir Anthroposophie, um geschickte Lehrer zu werden, nicht aber, um sie den Kindern beizubringen. Denn wir sind uns klar darüber: Der Geist ist ein Lebendiges, nicht eine Summe von Begriffen, von Ideen, und er erscheint aus jedem Kinde auf eine individuell besondere Art, wenn wir in der Lage sind, das ins Bewußtsein zu bringen, was es durch die Geburt hereinträgt auf diese Erde. Wir würden diese Erde verarmen machen, wenn wir das, was in einer Summe von Begriffen besteht, dem Kinde beibringen wollten. Dagegen machen wir die Erde reicher, wenn wir in dem Kinde das, was ihm die Götter gegeben haben, was es hier auf die Erde mit herunterbringt, hegen und pflegen. Da erscheint, was lebendiger Geist ist, in so und so viel Menschenindividuen, nicht das, was die eine Anthroposophie an diese Menschenindividuen heranbringt, um sie angeblich zu uniformieren. Also den lebendigen Geist zum Leben zu bringen, das ist es, um was es sich dabei handelt. Daher haben wir gar kein Interesse, irgendeine anthroposophische Dogmatik an die Kinder heranzubringen.
[ 11 ] Das ist die eine praktische Einrichtung, welche hervorgegangen ist aus anthroposophischer Geisteswissenschaft. Diese besondere Didaktik, die didaktische Kunst ist durchaus verschieden von alledem, wovon die Menschen sich bisher Vorstellungen gemacht haben, weil sie sich gar nichts anderes denken können als: Ich glaube an eine bestimmte Dogmatik, also ist es das beste, den Kindern auch diese Dogmatik beizubringen. — Das interessiert uns gar nicht, den Kindern eine Dogmatik beizubringen, weil wir wissen, daß das Kind eine Botschaft mitbringt, wenn es durch die Geburt ins Dasein tritt, und daß man diese Botschaft verderben würde, wenn man ihm eine Dogmatik entgegentrüge. Der Geist braucht nicht in abstrakter Weise kultiviert zu werden. Wenn man imstande ist, ihn durch Anthroposophie zu lösen, ihn zum Dasein zu bringen, dann ist er als lebendiger Geist da, nicht als eine Summe von Lehrmeinungen. Diese Lehrmeinungen sind eben nur als ein Mittel da, um den lebendigen Geist in der Menschheit zu wecken und in fortdauernder Entwickelung zu halten. Deshalb ist es ungerecht, wenn der Glaube verbreitet wird, daß wir in der Waldorfschule oder in irgend etwas, was wir pädagogisch einrichten, dogmatische Anthroposophie treiben wollen. Wir wollen weder dogmatische Anthroposophie treiben, noch den einzelnen Wissenschaften irgendwie Anthroposophie aufdrücken. Im Gegenteil, wir wollen auch in den einzelnen Wissenschaften die Individualität dieser Wissenschaft zur Geltung bringen. Wir sind uns durchaus klar darüber, daß es sich darum handelt, gerade mit der Anthroposophie etwas in die Welt zu schaffen, was alle Dogmatik auslöscht, was gerade überall, auf allen Gebieten die Individualität in die Welt bringt. Von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus mußte dieser aus allen Ecken heraus pfeifende Angriff zunächst zurückgewiesen werden, wenn es sich darum handelt, daß auf irgendeinem Wissenschaftsgebiete oder auf dem Schulgebiete wir Anthroposophie als Lehrmeinung in die Welt hineintragen wollten.
[ 12 ] Was nun unsere praktisch-wirtschaftlichen Betätigungen betrifft, so ist es ja gerade in den letzten Wochen, und zwar mit einer merkwürdigen Einhelligkeit sowohl drüben in Deutschland wie auch in der Schweiz als auch in anderen Orten bei Gelegenheit der letzten Veröffentlichungen des «Kommenden Tages» und des «Futurums» hervorgetreten, daß die Leute sagten: Da sollen lauter Anthroposophen vereinigt werden, damit diese nun auch ökonomische Einrichtungen haben und dergleichen; den anderen Leuten wird höchstens der Zutritt gestattet, aber es wird ihnen keine besonders bedeutsame Stimme in der Verwaltung gelassen und so weiter. - Das widerspräche, wenn wir so etwas wollten, nun gerade dem Prinzip, auf dem wir stehen: daß wir die Entwickelung der Menschheit in allen Einzelheiten wirklich ins Auge fassen und uns darnach richten, nicht etwas absolut Richtiges wollen, sondern uns fragen: Was muß gerade heute geschehen? — Und da müssen wir dann auf den zweiten Wendepunkt in der Entwickelung der Menschheit aufmerksam machen. Okonomische, wirtschaftliche Einrichtungen werden ja heute überall noch aus einem gewissen Trägheitsprinzip in den Menschen herausgeboren. Sie wurden früher aus einem kleinen Kreise herausgeboren in kleine Territorien hinein; sie werden jetzt dadurch, daß die Staaten ökonomische Unternehmungen geworden sind, daß an die Stelle der einzelnen Unternehmungen die Unternehmerimperien getreten sind, ins Riesenhafte ausgedehnt, und werden zu diesen heute nur mehr aus der Trägheit entspringenden Unternehmungen. Man redet heute von «Volkswirtschaft», man schmiedet also zwei Dinge zusammen. Jener eigentümliche Gruppengeist, der ein Volk zusammenhält, er ist ja äußerlich, ich möchte sagen, verleiblicht in dem Blute. Nun sind die Weltenverhältnisse längst solche geworden, daß mit jener Art von Gruppenzusammengehörigkeit, die sich im Blute ausdrückt, das heutige Wirtschaften auch nicht das allergeringste mehr zu tun haben kann, wenn gesunde Verhältnisse walten. Es ist heute etwas, was im eminentesten Sinne krankhafte wirtschaftliche Verhältnisse ausdrückt, wenn, sagen wir, um die Rheingrenze gestritten wird, weil man jenseits des Rheines eine andere Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft haben will als diesseits des Rheines, und zwar aus volkhaften Vorausserzungen heraus. Diese volkhaften Voraussetzungen waren aus ganz anderen Kräften heraus entstanden, sie haben nichts mehr zu tun mit dem, was heute Weltwirtschaft ist. Diese Dinge sind eigentlich erst im Laufe des letzten Drittels des 19. Jahrhunderts in eine besondere Krise eingetreten. Da wurde erst so recht bemerklich, welcher Wendepunkt in der Entwickelung der Menschheit da eigentlich zugrunde liegt.
[ 13 ] Der Mensch ist, das haben wir ja gerade auseinandergesetzt, in alten Zeiten gewissermaßen unbelehrt von den Göttern in das physische Dasein eingetreten, mußte durch die Mysterien belehrt werden. Heute tritt er belehrt ein, und es muß nur das, was in seiner Seele ist, ihm zum Bewußtsein gebracht werden. In alten Zeiten war in bezug auf das soziale, das wirtschaftliche Zusammenleben eben einfach die Menschheit so eingerichtet, daß der Mensch in den sozialen Zusammenhang, in die Gruppe hineingeboren worden ist. Er war in die Gruppe hineingeboren nach den Kräften, die in ihm gewirkt haben vor der Geburt. Es war nicht allein das Prinzip der physischen Vererbung, das zum Beispiel den ältesten Formen der Menschenungleichheit, den Kasteneinteilungen zugrunde gelegen hat. In den ältesten Kasteneinteilungen war es durchaus so, daß die Leiter der sozialen Ordnung sich gerichtet haben nach der Art und Weise, wie der Mensch vor seiner Geburt oder vor seiner Empfängnis vorbestimmt wurde für eine bestimmte Gruppe unter den Menschen. Der Mensch war wirklich in den Zeiten, in denen noch weniger Erdeninkarnationen in seinem vorhergehenden Dasein lagen, durch diese wenigen Inkarnationen in einer ganz bestimmten Weise in Gruppen hineingeboren, und innerhalb dieser Gruppen nur konnte er sich sozial entfalten. Wer im alten Indien einer bestimmten Kaste angehörte, würde, wenn er in einer anderen Kaste hätte leben sollen, wegen seiner früheren Inkarnation und dessentwegen, was er vor seiner Geburt in der geistigen Welt durchgemacht hatte, zugrunde gegangen sein. Diesen Kasten lag eben nicht nur Blutsvererbung zugrunde, sondern etwas, was auch geistige Prädetermination war. Darüber ist der Mensch hinausgewachsen. Zwischen unserer Zeit und jener Zeit liegt nun wiederum auch in dieser Beziehung ein Wendepunkt. Die Menschen tragen heute eigentlich nur noch als Scheingebilde die Merkmale der Gruppenhaftigkeit an sich. Die Menschen werden in Nationen hineingeboren, sie werden auch noch in eine gewisse Klassenschichtung hineingeboren; aber in dem Maße, in dem sie dann heranwachsen in einem bestimmten Zeitalter, zeigt es sich schon verhältnismäßig früh in der Kindheit, daß eine solche Determination vom vorgeburtlichen Dasein nicht mehr vorhanden ist. Belehrt werden die Menschen heute von den Göttern im vorgeburtlichen Dasein. Der Stempel einer bestimmten Gruppe wird ihnen nicht mehr aufgedrückt. Das ist etwas, was als ein letzter Rest noch in der physischen Vererbung zurückbleibt. Heute einer Nationalität anzugehören mit seinem Bewußtsein, ist gewissermaßen ein Stück Erbsünde, ist etwas, was nicht mehr in das Seelische des Menschen hineinspielen sollte.
[ 14 ] Dagegen spielt in unserer heutigen Zeit eine bestimmte Rolle, daß der Mensch, indem er heranwächst, zugleich herauswächst aus allen Gruppenbildungen. Aber innerhalb des wirtschaftlichen Lebens kann er nun nicht ohne Gruppenbildung bleiben, denn in bezug auf das wirtschaftliche Leben ist niemals der einzelne maßgebend. Was geistiges Leben ist, steigt aus dem tiefsten Inneren des Menschen herauf, worinnen er eine gewisse Harmonisierung seiner Fähigkeiten nicht nur erlangen kann, sondern durch eine gewisse Schule ergänzen, sogar erhalten sollte. Was aber wirtschaftliches Urteil ist, kann heute niemals von einem einzelnen Menschen ausgehen. Ich habe Ihnen Beispiele dafür angeführt, wie das wirtschaftliche Urteil irren muß, wenn es von einem einzelnen Menschen ausgehen soll. Ich mache noch einmal auf ein Beispiel aus der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts aufmerksam.
[ 15 ] Ich habe Ihnen gesagt, daß in einem bestimmten Zeitraume, um die Mitte und in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, überall in Parlamenten und in sonstigen Körperschaften die Diskussion auftrat über die Goldwährung. Was die Redner, die dazumal für die Goldwährung eingetreten sind, vorgebracht haben, waren Auseinandersetzungen unter wirklich recht gescheiten Leuten. Ich sage das nicht aus Ironie, sondern weil die Menschen, die damals über die Goldwährung als Praktiker und als Theoretiker in Parlamenten und anderen Körperschaften gesprochen haben, wirklich sehr gescheit waren, und das, was über die Goldwährung in den einzelnen Ländern gesagt worden ist, gehört eigentlich zu den besten Auslebungen des Parlaments. Und fast überall ist auf eines hingewiesen worden. Aus großem Scharfsinn heraus ist darauf hingewiesen worden, die Goldwährung werde den Freihandel auf die Beine bringen und alles Schutzzollwesen hinwegraffen. - Und wenn man heute noch die Dinge, die dazumal über die Wirkungen der Goldwährung auf den Freihandel gesagt worden sind, liest, hat man seine helle Freude darüber, wie gescheit die Menschen dazumal waren. Aber das gerade Gegenteil ist eingetreten von dem, was die allergescheitesten Leute gesagt haben: Es sind als Folge der Goldwährung überall die Schutzzollbestrebungen aufgekommen. Die Gescheitheit im wirtschaftlichen Leben, die aus den einzelnen Persönlichkeiten hervorging, hat den Menschen gar nichts geholfen. Das könnte man auf den verschiedensten Gebieten nachweisen, denn es ist einmal so, daß der Mensch zwar über das, was eine Erkenntnissache ist in bezug auf die Natur oder sonst eine Erkenntnissache des Menschen, kompetent ist als einzelnes Individuum; in bezug auf wirtschaftliche Dinge ist aber der Mensch niemals kompetent als einzelnes Individuum. Man kann nicht ein Urteil haben über wirtschaftliche Dinge im Konkreten als einzelnes Individuum. Ein wirtschaftliches Urteil kann nur entstehen, wenn sich Menschen zusammenschließen, sich assoziieren, und der eine den anderen stützt, wenn Gegenseitigkeit in der Assoziation herrscht. Es ist nicht möglich, daß der einzelne Mensch zu einem solchen wirtschaftlichen Urteil kommt, das dann in die wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit übergehen kann. Es ist das Gegenteil von dem der Fall, was der Mensch bei irgendeinem Wissensurteil hat. Bei einem Wissensurteil soll er aus dem ganzen Menschen heraus ein umfassendes Urteil abgeben; im konkreten wirtschaftlichen Urteil und Handeln handelt es sich darum, daß der einzelne etwas Partielles weiß, der zweite wieder etwas, der dritte wieder etwas; der Produzent auf einem Gebiete weiß etwas, der Konsument auf diesem selben Gebiete weiß etwas. Das muß zusammenfließen; es muß ein Gruppenurteil, ein Kollektivurteil entstehen. Mit anderen Worten: die alten Gruppenbildungen sind abgetan; aus dem wirtschaftlichen Leben müssen durch die Menschen selbst Gruppenbildungen entstehen. Das müssen die Assoziationen des wirtschaftlichen Lebens sein.
[ 16 ] Es geht aus dem Begriff einer notwendigen Entwickelungskraft hervor, daß das assoziative Leben die Menschen ergreifen muß; dieses assoziative Leben muß die alten Gruppenzusammenhänge ablösen, die sich heute nur noch wie eine Erbsünde durch die Menschheit hindurch fortpflanzen.
[ 17 ] Wenn wir das bedenken, so werden wir uns ja auch sagen: In bezug auf das Wissen sind in alten Zeiten die Menschen unbelehrt auf die Erde herabgestiegen; in den Mysterien haben sie das Wissen empfangen. Sie steigen heute belehrt herab, und wir haben unsere Didaktik so einzurichten, daß wir das, was die Menschen von den Göttern gelernt haben, aus ihnen herausholen. In bezug auf wirtschaftliche Einrichtungen waren die Menschen früher determiniert; es war ihnen gewissermaßen von den Göttern der Stempel aufgedrückt. Sie wurden in irgendeine Kaste, in irgendeine Gruppe hineingeboren. Das ist vorbei. Die Menschen werden ohne Stempel geboren, die Menschen werden gewissermaßen als einzelne Individualitäten hineingestellt in die Menschheit. Die Gruppenbildungen müssen sie selber vollziehen aus ihrer Geistigkeit heraus.
[ 18 ] Es handelt sich ja wirklich nicht darum, solche Menschen zusammenzufassen, welche sich zur Anthroposophie bekennen; ob sie sich zur Anthroposophie bekennen oder nicht, das wird davon abhängen, was sie die Götter gelehrt haben vor ihrer Geburt, ob sie durch ihre früheren Inkarnationen reif waren zu dieser Götterbelehrung und jetzt so herunterkommen, daß wir aus ihnen Anthroposophie hervorholen können. Sie ist in viel mehr Menschen drinnen, als man heute glaubt, und eine große Anzahl ist nur zu faul, um das, was in ihr ist, aus sich herauszuholen, oder aber auch, es ist der Schulunterricht nicht so eingerichtet, daß die Hüllen gelöst werden und die Menschen wirklich zu ihrem Bewußtsein kommen. Auf dem praktischen, namentlich auf dem wirtschaftlichen Gebiete wäre es geradezu sinnlos, die Menschen zusammenzufassen deshalb, weil sie Anthroposophen sind; sondern man faßt das, was Anthroposophie ist, wiederum in dem Sinne auf, um Einsichten zu bekommen in die Art und Weise, wie die Menschen aus ihrem Bewußtsein heraus die Gruppierungen suchen, suchen müssen nach ihren früheren Inkarnationen. Es handelt sich darum, den Menschen Gelegenheit zu geben, die Gruppenbildungen vorzunehmen, also dasjenige auszuführen, was ganz in der Entwickelungsgeschichte der Menschheit veranlagt ist. Also auch da kommt nicht in Frage, Menschen, die unter einer bestimmten Dogmatik leben, zusammenzugruppieren, sondern Menschen, die durch ihre vorhergehenden Erdenleben dazu berufen sind, die Möglichkeit zu geben, in Gruppen sich zusammenzufinden. In diesen Dingen stecken ja, sobald man aus dem Abstrakten ins Konkrete übergeht, außerordentlich viele Rätsel, und, ich möchte sagen, außerordentlich viel geheimnisvolle Dinge. Denn ob Menschen zu der einen oder zu der anderen Gruppe gehören, das ist durchaus nicht eine Sache von großer Einfachheit.
[ 19 ] Die Sehnsucht, die die Menschen nach großer Einfachheit haben, tritt ja in einer merkwürdigen Weise auf. Da wurde mir eben eine kleine Mitteilung über einen Vortrag gegeben, den der löbliche Frohnmeyer wiederum über Theosophie und Anthroposophie gehalten hat, und da wird gesagt: «Die am Schlusse angebrachte, rein persönliche Gegenüberstellung zum Christentum erinnerte an die bekannte Tatsache, «daß es leider diese Leute verdrießt, wie das Große so einfach is.» Er meint offenbar, die Anthroposophen verdrieße es, daß das Große so einfach ist, wie es die Faulheit des Pfarrers Frohnmeyer gern haben möchte, weil er sich nicht anstrengen möchte, das Große in seiner Differenziertheit zu kennen. Man muß nur die Dinge immer in die richtige Sprache übersetzen! Das ist es, was wir gerade als Aufgabe haben: die Dinge in die richtige Sprache zu übersetzen.
[ 20 ] Selbstverständlich kann es sich ja nicht darum handeln, jedem die Lehre von dem Belehrtwerden der Menschen vor ihrer Geburt, die Lehre von dem Hineingeborenwerden in Gruppen früher und Nichthineingeborenwerden in Gruppen jetzt, gleich an den Kopf zu werfen; aber wir selbst können uns von diesen Wahrheiten durchdringen lassen und werden dann die Möglichkeit finden, aus der Art und Weise, wie vorgegangen wird, den Leuten zu zeigen, daß wir ebenso weit davon entfernt sind, Dogmatik in die Schule einzuführen, wie davon, Leute, die sich zu einer bestimmten Dogmatik bekennen, in wirtschaftlichen Gruppen, in wirtschaftlichen Assoziationen zusammenzufassen.
[ 21 ] Das ist auch bei unserer Stuttgarter Waldorfschule eingehalten worden, wo Sie sehen, daß wir gar kein Interesse daran hatten, etwa den Kindern Anthroposophie beizubringen. Wir wollen eine solche Unterrichtsmethode haben, die man eben nur durch Anthroposophie gewinnen kann. Und das ist etwas rein Sachliches. Aber für diejenigen Kinder, die es wollen oder deren Eltern wollen, daß sie in der katholischen Religionslehre unterrichtet werden, kommt ein katholischer Pfarrer, und für diejenigen, die evangelischen Religionsunterricht bekommen sollen, kommt der evangelische Pfarrer in die Waldorfschule. Wir legen diesen Menschen kein Hindernis entgegen. Nur war es nötig in der heutigen Zeit, wo so viele Eltern, namentlich Eltern aus dem Proletariat, überhaupt nicht mehr daran denken, ihre Kinder in den katholischen oder evangelischen Religionsunterricht zu schicken, diese Leute zu fragen, ob sie vielleicht einen freien, aus anthroposophischer Erziehung herausgeborenen Religionsunterricht haben wollen. Und da zeigte es sich allerdings, daß diejenigen, die sonst religionslos erzogen würden, die überhaupt in gar keinen Bekenntnisunterricht heute mehr hineingehen würden, sehr zahlreich zum sogenannten anthroposophischen Religionsunterricht kommen, der aber nicht Anthroposophie lehrt, sondern der eben nur aus Anthroposophie herausgeboren ist. Daß nun diese Kinder eifriger bei ihrem Religionsunterricht sind als die beim katholischen oder evangelischen Pfarrer, dafür können wir ja nichts, sondern vermutlich der katholische oder der evangelische Pfarrer. Daß die Sache so weit getrieben worden ist, daß nach und nach eine Anzahl Kinder zum anderen Religionsunterricht herübergegangen ist, und daß es so weit gekommen ist, daß dann, ich glaube, der evangelische Religionslehrer gesagt hat: Nächstens werde ich überhaupt niemanden hier haben in meiner Klasse, weil mir alle davonlaufen -, das ist auch ganz gewiß nicht unsere Schuld. Aber das war schon im vorigen Jahre. War es uns etwa darum zu tun, irgendwelche Dogmatik an die Kinder heranzubringen? Wir: haben gar kein Interesse daran. Wir wissen, wenn es unserer Methode gelingt, die Hülle — wie ich es ausgeführt habe - hinwegzuschaffen, werden die Kinder den besten Unterricht haben, nämlich denjenigen, den sie vor ihrem Heruntersteigen auf die Erde in der geistigen Welt empfangen haben.
[ 22 ] Allerdings, diesen Unterricht zu trüben, diesen Unterricht ja nicht herauszulassen, das liegt sehr stark im Interesse gewisser Religionsbekenntnisse. Denn wer zum Beispiel vergleichen kann das merkwürdige Verhältnis, in dem päpstliche Enzykliken heute zu dem stehen, was in der geistigen Welt vorgeht, der weiß allerdings, daß der göttliche Religionsunterricht, den die Kinder vorher, bevor sie heruntersteigen in die Welt, genießen, durchaus nicht der ist, den man ihnen von gewissen Religionsbekenntnissen her in der Welt heute geben möchte. Insbesondere an der katholischen Kirche ist das zu bemerken, weil die katholische Kirche durch ihren Kultus, durch ihre Zeremonien, im Gegensatz zu der evangelischen Kirche, immer noch übersinnlichen Einfluß hat; aber der übersinnliche Einfluß kann in verschiedenster Weise zutage treten, und man kann schon sagen: Es kann etwas ein Irrtum dadurch sein, daß es in einer gewissen Weise abweicht von der Wahrheit; es kann etwas ein Irrtum auch dadurch sein, daß es das Gegenteil von der Wahrheit ist.
[ 23 ] Und was nun die praktischen Dinge betrifft: die Dinge, die in unseren Sitzungen, die manchmal bis halb drei Uhr nachts, manchmal noch länger dauern, besprochen werden, kann ich Ihnen ja selbstverständlich hier nicht verraten; denn was innerhalb solcher Sitzungen besprochen wird, das gilt eben nur als in diesen Sitzungen besprochen. Aber ich kann Ihnen die Versicherung geben, daß bei den Sitzungen, die in Angelegenheiten vom «Futurum» und vom «Kommenden Tag» in dieser Weise gehalten werden, nicht über Anthroposophie verhandelt wird, sondern daß da über Dinge verhandelt wird, die ganz anderer Natur sind. Da gibt es Dinge, die durchaus nur in der allerpraktischsten Weise verhandelt werden sollen: wie man am besten das oder jenes Gebiet bewirtschaftet, was mit dem oder jenem zu geschehen hat und so weiter. Da spielt dasjenige, was irgendwie anthroposophisch, theoretisch-anthroposophisch ist, keine Rolle. Sondern was da besprochen wird, soll eben in so geschickter Weise das wirtschaftliche Leben erfassen, wie man es erfaßt, wenn einem die Gedanken in jene Beweglichkeit, in jenes Wirklichkeitsgemäße hineingebracht werden, in die sie hineingebracht werden können bei einer lebendigen Erfassung des Geistes durch Anthroposophie.
[ 24 ] Man braucht ja dann nur die Leute darauf hinzuweisen, daß weder in den Statuten des «Kommenden Tages» noch in denen des «Futurums» anthroposophische Lehrsätze stehen, sondern daß da nur wirtschaftliche Dinge drinnenstehen, und daß es sich ja nur darum handeln kann, daß diese wirtschaftlichen Dinge besser sind als die wirtschaftlichen Dinge der anderen heutigen ähnlichen Unternehmungen. Aber es ist das einer der Punkte, die verteidigt werden müssen, denn, wie gesagt, es ist einer der Angriffe; und diese Angriffe pfeifen ja jetzt aus allen Ecken heraus und werden in der nächsten Zeit, wenn es uns nicht gelingt, unsere Sache in klarer und energischer Weise vor die Welt hinzustellen, sich zusammenballen in einer furchtbaren Weise. Dazu schickt sich alles an. Denn es ist wahr, was ich neulich in Stuttgart sagen mußte: Das, was innerhalb der anthroposophischen Bewegung noch nicht gelernt worden ist, das ist, aufmerksam zu sein auf die Realitäten, wirklich lebendig zusammenzuhalten und die Dinge, um die es sich handelt, in der Welt wirklich geltend zu machen. Die Gegner, das habe ich neulich in Stuttgart ausgesprochen, sind in dieser Beziehung «andere Kerle!». Die organisieren sich und die werden ihre Organisation zeigen. Wir müssen unbedingt unterliegen, wenn man sich nicht bewußt wird, daß diese Gegner andere Kerle sind, und daß man in bezug auf das Gute doch nun schließlich auch so Anstrengungen machen kann, wie heute Anstrengungen gemacht werden für das Schlechte,
[ 25 ] So wollte ich Ihnen heute gerade den einen Punkt vor Augen führen, in bezug auf welchen Sie ganz bestimmt formulierte Angriffe wegen unserer praktischen Unternehmungen hören werden. Wenn Sie die Ohren aufmachen, und das ist natürlich notwendig — im figürlichen Sinne meine ich das -, dann können Sie sie hören, und dann wird es heute auch in dieser Richtung vieles zu verteidigen geben. Ich wollte Ihnen heute das sagen, was Ihnen, ich möchte sagen, die Seele begeistern kann, nach dieser Richtung hin, wenn es nötig ist, Verteidigung zu pflegen. Und dieses «die Seele in Begeisterung versetzen» kann kommen, wenn wir wissen, was es bedeutet hat in alten Zeiten, daß der Mensch unbelehrt durch die Götter auf die Erde herabstieg, daß er jetzt vor der Geburt im präexistenten Zustande belehrt wird und danach das ganze Leben eingerichtet werden muß, und andererseits, was es bedeutet, daß der Mensch in früheren Zeiten determiniert gemäß dem Willen der Götter in Kasten, in Klassen, in Völker, in Stämme und so weiter hineingeboren worden ist, daß das aber nach dem Wendepunkt, der hinter uns liegt, verschwunden ist, daß der Mensch aber aufgefordert wird, aus den wirtschaftlichen Notwendigkeiten heraus selber Gruppen zu bilden im Erdenleben. Das geschieht in den wirtschaftlichen Assoziationen. Gerade die richtige Erkenntnis der Erdenentwikkelung und der geistigen Entwickelung des Menschen und des Zusammenhanges beider zeigt, wie das, was wir «Dreigliederung» nennen, durchaus nicht etwa bloß ein politisches Programm ist, sondern das Ergebnis dessen, was aus einer wirklichen Erkenntnis der menschlichen Entwickelung fließt, was aus einer wirklichen Erkenntnis als eine Notwendigkeit sich in der Gegenwart und für die nächste Zukunft ergibt. Davon wollen wir morgen weiter sprechen.
[ 1 ] Based on what we have discussed here recently, I would now like to mention a few things that may be useful to you as members of the anthroposophical movement in defending it when, in particular cases, this anthroposophical movement, with everything that must now follow in its wake, is attacked from this or that quarter. . Recently, attacks have been appearing everywhere — there are enough attacks, but today I want to characterize only one particular type — which are directed against our practical undertakings, against what must grow out of the anthroposophical movement in terms of practical life. Yes, one hears it said, really to a great extent: People are founding a “Coming Day,” people are founding a “Futurum,” what do they want with that? — Through these foundations, they want nothing other than to establish practical things for people who profess the anthroposophical worldview. — So, in a sense, economic reasons are also being put forward in order to give those who profess the anthroposophical worldview a certain power, even if it is initially only economic power.
[ 2 ] If one were to take a closer look at what lies behind such undertakings, how they arise from the whole spirit of the anthroposophical movement, such a reproach would not be possible. On the other hand, however, it cannot be denied that even people within the anthroposophical movement often say things that contribute greatly to the emergence of such misunderstandings. But given the whole way in which what is called anthroposophy here wants to present itself to the world, it is absolutely impossible that such a judgment could be justified in any way. However, this only becomes clear to those who take a close look at the whole spirit of this anthroposophical movement.
[ 3 ] This anthroposophical movement takes into account everything that lies as forces in the development of humanity. How often has it been emphasized that the development of humanity goes through certain turning points, and that these turning points must be observed. I would first like to draw attention to one such important turning point, in order to show how unjustified it is to judge that we want to bring a certain doctrine, a certain dogma, to people.
[ 4 ] Certainly, I would say that a kind of anomaly, a kind of outgrowth of fanaticism, may assert itself in one or another anthroposophist, leading them to hold a particular doctrine; perhaps this anomaly even asserts itself in many; but this is not in the spirit of the anthroposophical movement. For when we look back at human evolution from the spirit of this movement, we find that in those earlier times, when instinctive vision was widespread among human beings, the entire human soul constitution was different, that human beings placed themselves in the world in a completely different way.
[ 5 ] What was the purpose of those places in the earlier times of human development that we have often referred to as mysteries? Let us leave aside all the details and grasp the meaning of the mystery system.
[ 1 ] Those who were found mature and suitable to be admitted to the mysteries were, during their earthly life, that is, in the period between birth and death, once given a certain instruction by the leaders of these mysteries, which came from what these leaders of the mysteries had to communicate about supersensible worlds. No such leader of the mysteries made any secret of the fact that, in his opinion, the teaching within the mysteries did not come from human beings alone, but that through the special cultic acts performed in the mysteries, superhuman, divine-spiritual beings were present during the mystery proceedings, and that with the help of these, let us say, present gods, the teaching and everything connected with it was carried out. The essential point here is that the institutions of the mysteries were such that they attracted, as it were, divine-spiritual beings who, through the mouths of those who were the leaders of the mysteries, imparted instruction to those who were the students of the mysteries.
[ 6 ] In ancient times, everything within humanity was socially organized in such a way that not only those who were leaders or students of the mysteries, but also those who were outside the mysteries and could not participate in the life of the mysteries, accepted this entire institution as a social institution. It was indeed the case – one need only think of Egypt – that those who were the leaders of the state received their directives from the mysteries. The mysteries were regarded as the natural centers of direction for everything that had to happen within social life.
[ 7 ] Today, esoteric teaching can also be given in forms similar to these ancient mystery institutions, but it has a different meaning. This is precisely because there has been a significant turning point in human development between our time and ancient times with regard to such things. In ancient times, human beings were completely dependent on receiving this teaching, which was to be given to them through the mysteries, this teaching through which they approached divine-spiritual beings themselves, so to speak, during the time between birth and death. Now this has changed. We are living after that turning point in human development when things changed. What people used to learn between birth and death through the mysteries, they now learn before descending into a physical body through conception or birth. They learn it according to their karma, according to the preparations made in a previous life on earth. So what human beings go through between the great midnight hour of existence and birth is something that this teaching also encompasses.
[ 8 ] You will find what must be said about these things in other contexts also hinted at in a cycle of lectures I gave in Vienna in 1914 on life between death and a new birth. But what is only hinted at there, what is only indicated there with a few strokes, I would now like to characterize in more detail.
[ 9 ] So today, before descending from the pre-existing state into the physical body, human beings experience something similar to the ancient mystery teachings. This is a fact that must be reckoned with by anyone who stands within reality through spiritual knowledge. Today, we cannot think about human beings who are born in the same way as people did in ancient times. In ancient times, people viewed human beings in such a way that they said: Human beings descend to Earth and are called upon to be initiated through mystery knowledge into what they actually are as human beings. This is not the case today. What I have said was for people who had gone through fewer earthly lives than people today, who in their previous earthly lives had taken much into their souls, which leads to their being able to undergo a certain instruction from the divine-spiritual beings in the pre-existing state.
[ 10 ] One must assume this today when one faces a child. Today, one no longer has the task of pouring into the child, as it were, what had to be poured into it in ancient times. Today, we have the task of saying to ourselves: The child is instructed; it has only wrapped its physical body around its instructed soul, and this shell must be penetrated; what must be brought out is the divine instruction received before birth. This is how we must think pedagogically today. If we think in terms of a truly anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, it is clear to us that, in essence, all we can do through teaching is to remove the obstacles that stand in the way of what the child brings with it into the world from its pre-birth life. That is why our Waldorf school pedagogy places such immense value on the teacher truly viewing the child as something standing before them like a mystery to be unraveled, in which they must discover what it holds within itself. The teacher must not place the main emphasis on cramming anything they have decided into the child; they must never proceed dogmatically in any way, but must regard the child itself as their teacher, namely, observe how the child's particular behavior reveals how the veils can be penetrated so that the divine teaching emerges from the child itself. Thus, Waldorf education and didactics consist precisely in removing the veils from the child so that it can come to itself and discover within itself what divine teaching is. That is why we say to ourselves: we have no need to graft onto the child anything that we have thought up as theory, anything that is still so beautifully written in books. We leave that to those who are rooted in old traditional religious creeds and want to make children Catholic or Protestant or Jewish. But that is not the case. We do not want to graft anthroposophical education onto children; we use what we know as anthroposophy only to make ourselves skilled at calling into existence the living spirit that lives in the child from its pre-existence. We want to gain a way of teaching from anthroposophy, not a collection of dogmas that we impart to children in a didactic manner. We want to become more skilled. We want to develop a didactic art to make the child into what it is supposed to become in the manner described. We are well aware that all other knowledge that is imparted to people today from various sources may instruct the head, but it does not make people into pedagogical and didactic artists because it does not grasp the whole human being, but only the head. Anthroposophy grasps the whole human being, makes him a handi-man of those “artistic devices,” I would say, which must be used in the manner just described with the group of pupils. That is why we use anthroposophy to become skilled teachers, but not to teach it to children. For we are clear about this: the spirit is a living thing, not a sum of concepts or ideas, and it appears in each child in a unique way when we are able to bring into consciousness what it brings with it to this earth through birth. We would impoverish this earth if we wanted to teach children what consists of a sum of concepts. On the contrary, we enrich the earth when we nurture and cultivate in the child what the gods have given it, what it brings with it here to earth. Then what is living spirit appears in so many human individuals, not what anthroposophy brings to these human individuals in order to supposedly make them uniform. So bringing the living spirit to life is what it is all about. That is why we have no interest whatsoever in teaching children any kind of anthroposophical dogma.
[ 11 ] This is the practical institution that has emerged from anthroposophical spiritual science. This special didactics, the art of teaching, is completely different from anything people have imagined up to now, because they cannot think of anything else than: I believe in a certain dogma, so it is best to teach this dogma to children. — We are not interested in teaching children dogma because we know that children bring a message with them when they come into existence through birth, and that this message would be spoiled if we presented them with dogma. The spirit does not need to be cultivated in an abstract way. If one is able to liberate it through anthroposophy, to bring it into existence, then it is there as a living spirit, not as a sum of doctrines. These doctrines are only a means of awakening the living spirit in humanity and keeping it in continuous development. It is therefore unfair to spread the belief that we want to practice dogmatic anthroposophy in Waldorf schools or in anything else we establish in the field of education. We do not want to practice dogmatic anthroposophy, nor do we want to impose anthroposophy on the individual sciences in any way. On the contrary, we want to bring out the individuality of each science. We are quite clear that it is precisely the task of anthroposophy to create something in the world that eradicates all dogmatism, that brings individuality into the world everywhere, in all areas. From this point of view, this attack, which came from all sides, had to be rejected at first, if it was a question of introducing anthroposophy as a doctrine into any field of science or into the school system.
[ 12 ] As far as our practical economic activities are concerned, it has become apparent in recent weeks, with remarkable unanimity both in Germany and Switzerland, as well as in other places, on the occasion of the latest publications of “Kommender Tag” and “Futurum,” that people are saying: All Anthroposophists should be united so that they now also have economic institutions and the like; other people will at most be allowed access, but they will not be given any particularly significant voice in the administration, and so on. If we wanted something like that, it would contradict the principle on which we stand: that we really consider the development of humanity in all its details and act accordingly, not wanting something absolutely right, but asking ourselves: What must happen today? — And then we must draw attention to the second turning point in the development of humanity. Economic institutions are still born everywhere today out of a certain principle of inertia in human beings. They were formerly born out of a small circle into small territories; now, because states have become economic enterprises and individual enterprises have been replaced by entrepreneurial empires, they have expanded to gigantic proportions and have become enterprises that today arise only out of inertia. Today we speak of “national economy,” thus forging two things together. That peculiar group spirit that holds a people together is, outwardly, I would say, embodied in the blood. Now, world conditions have long since become such that, if healthy conditions prevail, today's economy can no longer have the slightest connection with that kind of group solidarity expressed in the blood. Today, it is something that expresses sick economic conditions in the most eminent sense when, for example, there is a dispute over the Rhine border because people on one side of the Rhine want a different economic community than those on the other side, based on ethnic assumptions. These ethnic assumptions arose from completely different forces and have nothing to do with what the global economy is today. These things only really entered into a particular crisis during the last third of the 19th century. It was then that it became really apparent what a turning point in the development of humanity actually lay at the root of this.
[ 13 ] As we have just discussed, in ancient times human beings entered physical existence, as it were, uninstructed by the gods, and had to be taught through the mysteries. Today they enter instructed, and only what is in their souls needs to be brought to their consciousness. In ancient times, with regard to social and economic coexistence, humanity was simply structured in such a way that human beings were born into the social context, into the group. They were born into the group according to the forces that had been at work in them before birth. It was not only the principle of physical heredity that formed the basis of the oldest forms of human inequality, for example, the caste divisions. In the oldest caste divisions, it was quite true that the leaders of the social order were determined by the way in which a person was predestined before birth or before conception for a particular group among human beings. In times when people had undergone fewer incarnations on earth in their previous existence, they were truly born into groups in a very specific way through these few incarnations, and it was only within these groups that they could develop socially. In ancient India, anyone who belonged to a certain caste would have perished if he had been supposed to live in another caste, because of his previous incarnation and because of what he had gone through in the spiritual world before his birth. These castes were not based solely on blood inheritance, but on something that was also spiritual predetermination. Human beings have grown beyond this. Between our time and that time, there is now a turning point in this relationship as well. Today, people actually only carry the characteristics of group affiliation as a semblance. People are born into nations, they are also born into a certain class structure; but as they grow up in a particular age, it becomes apparent relatively early in childhood that such a determination from their pre-birth existence no longer exists. Today, people are taught by the gods in their pre-birth existence. The stamp of a particular group is no longer imposed on them. This is something that remains as a last remnant in physical heredity. Today, belonging to a nationality with one's consciousness is, in a sense, a piece of original sin, something that should no longer play a role in the soul of the human being.
[ 14 ] In contrast, in our time, it plays a certain role that as human beings grow up, they simultaneously outgrow all group formations. But within economic life, they cannot remain without group formation, because in relation to economic life, the individual is never decisive. Spiritual life rises from the deepest depths of the human being, where he can not only achieve a certain harmonization of his abilities, but should also supplement and even preserve them through a certain kind of schooling. But economic judgment can never come from a single individual today. I have given you examples of how economic judgment must be mistaken if it is to come from a single individual. I would like to draw your attention once again to an example from the second half of the 19th century.
[ 15 ] I have told you that during a certain period, around the middle and in the second half of the 19th century, there was widespread discussion in parliaments and other bodies about the gold standard. What the speakers who advocated the gold standard at that time put forward were arguments among really quite intelligent people. I say this not out of irony, but because the people who spoke about the gold standard at that time, both as practitioners and as theorists in parliaments and other bodies, were really very intelligent, and what was said about the gold standard in the individual countries actually belongs to the best expressions of parliamentary life. And almost everywhere, one thing was pointed out. With great acumen, it was pointed out that the gold standard would bring free trade to its feet and sweep away all protective tariffs. And when one reads today what was said at that time about the effects of the gold standard on free trade, one is delighted at how intelligent people were back then. But the exact opposite of what the most intelligent people said has happened: as a result of the gold standard, protective tariffs have sprung up everywhere. The intelligence in economic life that emerged from individual personalities has not helped people at all. This can be demonstrated in a wide variety of areas, because it is true that, as an individual, man is competent in matters of knowledge relating to nature or other areas of human knowledge; but when it comes to economic matters, man is never competent as an individual. One cannot make a judgment about economic matters in concrete terms as an individual. An economic judgment can only arise when people join together, associate with one another, and support one another, when there is mutuality in the association. It is not possible for the individual human being to arrive at such an economic judgment that can then be translated into economic activity. The opposite is true of what happens when humans make any kind of judgment based on knowledge. In a judgment of knowledge, he is supposed to make a comprehensive judgment based on his entire being; in concrete economic judgment and action, it is a matter of the individual knowing something partial, the second knowing something else, and the third knowing something else again; the producer in one field knows something, the consumer in the same field knows something. This must flow together; a group judgment, a collective judgment, must emerge. In other words, the old group formations are done away with; group formations must arise from economic life itself, through human beings themselves. These must be the associations of economic life.
[ 16 ] It follows from the concept of a necessary force of development that associative life must take hold of human beings; this associative life must replace the old group structures, which today are merely propagated throughout humanity like an original sin.
[ 17 ] When we consider this, we will also say to ourselves: In terms of knowledge, people in ancient times descended to earth uninstructed; they received knowledge in the mysteries. Today they descend with instruction, and we must organize our teaching so that we bring out of them what they have learned from the gods. In terms of economic institutions, people used to be determined; it was, as it were, stamped on them by the gods. They were born into some caste, some group. That is over. People are born without a stamp; they are placed into humanity as individual personalities, so to speak. They must form groups themselves out of their own spirituality.
[ 18 ] It is really not a matter of bringing together people who profess anthroposophy, who profess anthroposophy; whether they profess anthroposophy or not will depend on what the gods taught them before their birth, whether they were mature enough for this divine teaching through their previous incarnations and have now come down to such a level that we can bring anthroposophy out of them. It is present in many more people than is believed today, and a large number are simply too lazy to bring out what is within them, or else school education is not structured in such a way that the veils are lifted and people really come to their consciousness. In practical life, especially in the economic sphere, it would be downright senseless to bring people together simply because they are anthroposophists; rather, one takes up what anthroposophy is in order to gain insight into the way in which people seek, out of their consciousness, the groupings they need according to their previous incarnations. It is a matter of giving people the opportunity to form groups, that is, to carry out what is entirely inherent in the history of human development. So here too, it is out of the question to group together people who live according to a particular dogma, but rather to give people who are called to do so by their previous earthly lives the opportunity to come together in groups. As soon as one moves from the abstract to the concrete, there are an extraordinary number of puzzles in these matters, and, I would say, an extraordinary number of mysterious things. For whether people belong to one group or another is by no means a matter of great simplicity.
[ 19 ] The longing that people have for great simplicity manifests itself in a strange way. I have just received a short report about a lecture given by the honorable Frohnmeyer on theosophy and anthroposophy, in which it is said: “The purely personal comparison with Christianity at the end was reminiscent of the well-known fact that ‘unfortunately, these people are annoyed by how simple the great things are.’” He obviously means that anthroposophists are annoyed that the great is so simple, as Pastor Frohnmeyer would like it to be, because he does not want to make the effort to understand the great in all its complexity. One only has to translate things into the right language! That is precisely our task: to translate things into the right language.
[ 20 ] Of course, it cannot be a matter of immediately throwing at everyone the doctrine of people being taught before birth, the doctrine of being born into groups earlier and not being born into groups now; but we ourselves can allow these truths to permeate us and will then find the opportunity to show people, from the way we proceed, that we are just as far removed from introducing dogmatism into the school as we are from grouping people who profess a particular dogma into economic groups or economic associations.
[ 21 ] This has also been observed at our Waldorf School in Stuttgart, where you can see that we had no interest whatsoever in teaching the children anthroposophy. We want to have a teaching method that can only be gained through anthroposophy. And that is something purely factual. But for those children who want it, or whose parents want them to be taught Catholic religious education, a Catholic priest comes, and for those who are to receive Protestant religious education, the Protestant pastor comes to the Waldorf school. We do not put any obstacles in the way of these people. However, in today's world, where so many parents, especially those from the working class, no longer even consider sending their children to Catholic or Protestant religious education, it was necessary to ask these people whether they might want a free religious education based on anthroposophical education. And it turned out that those who would otherwise be raised without religion, who would not attend any denominational classes at all today, are coming in large numbers to the so-called anthroposophical religious education, which does not teach anthroposophy, but is simply born out of anthroposophy. We cannot be held responsible for the fact that these children are more enthusiastic about their religious education than those taught by Catholic or Protestant pastors; presumably, the Catholic or Protestant pastors are responsible for this. That things have been taken so far that gradually a number of children have switched to other religious education classes, and that it has come to the point where, I believe, the Protestant religious education teacher said: “Soon I won't have anyone left in my class because they're all running away” — that is certainly not our fault. But that was already the case last year. Was it our intention to teach the children dogma? We have no interest in that whatsoever. We know that if our method succeeds in removing the shell, as I have explained, the children will receive the best education, namely that which they received in the spiritual world before they came down to earth.
[ 22 ] However, it is very much in the interest of certain religious denominations to obscure this teaching, to prevent it from being imparted. For anyone who can compare, for example, the strange relationship that exists today between papal encyclicals and what is happening in the spiritual world, knows that the divine religious education that children enjoy before they descend into the world is certainly not the same as that which certain religious denominations want to give them in the world today. This is particularly noticeable in the Catholic Church because, unlike the Protestant Church, the Catholic Church still has a supernatural influence through its cult and ceremonies; but this supernatural influence can manifest itself in many different ways, and one can already say: Something can be an error in that it deviates from the truth in a certain way; something can also be an error in that it is the opposite of the truth.
[ 23 ] And as for practical matters: I cannot, of course, reveal to you here the things that are discussed in our meetings, which sometimes last until half past two in the morning, sometimes even longer; for what is discussed in such meetings is only valid as discussed in those meetings. But I can assure you that at the meetings held in this way to discuss matters concerning the “future” and the “day to come,” anthroposophy is not discussed, but rather matters of a completely different nature. There are things that need to be discussed in the most practical way possible: how best to manage this or that area, what to do with this or that, and so on. Anything that is in any way anthroposophical or theoretical anthroposophy plays no role here. Instead, what is discussed there should grasp economic life in such a skillful way as one grasps it when one's thoughts are brought into that mobility, into that reality, into which they can be brought by a living grasp of the spirit through anthroposophy.
[ 24 ] One need only point out to people that neither the statutes of the “Coming Day” nor in those of the “Futurum” contain anthroposophical doctrines, but that they contain only economic matters, and that it can only be a question of these economic matters being better than the economic matters of other similar enterprises today. But this is one of the points that must be defended, because, as I said, it is one of the attacks; and these attacks are now coming from all sides and will, in the near future, if we do not succeed in presenting our cause to the world in a clear and energetic manner, gather together in a terrible way. Everything is pointing in that direction. For it is true what I had to say recently in Stuttgart: What has not yet been learned within the anthroposophical movement is to be attentive to realities, to hold together in a truly living way, and to really assert the things that are at stake in the world. The opponents, as I said recently in Stuttgart, are “different guys” in this respect. They are organizing themselves and they will show their organization. We will inevitably be defeated if we do not realize that these opponents are different people and that, when it comes to the good, we can ultimately make the same efforts that are being made today for the bad.
[ 25 ] So today I wanted to point out to you the one point on which you will certainly hear well-formulated attacks because of our practical undertakings. If you open your ears, and that is of course necessary — I mean that figuratively — then you will hear them, and then there will be much to defend in this direction today. I wanted to tell you today what I believe can inspire your soul in this direction, if it is necessary to defend ourselves. And this “inspiration of the soul” can come when we know what it meant in ancient times that human beings descended to earth uninstructed by the gods, that they are now instructed before birth in a pre-existing state and that their whole life must be organized accordingly, and, on the other hand, what it means that in earlier times human beings were determined according to the will of the gods to be born into castes, classes, in peoples, in tribes, and so on, but that this has disappeared after the turning point that lies behind us, and that human beings are now called upon to form groups themselves in earthly life out of economic necessity. This happens in economic associations. It is precisely the correct understanding of the development of the earth and the spiritual development of human beings and the connection between the two that shows how what we call the “threefold social order” is by no means merely a political program, but rather the result of a true understanding of human development, which arises as a necessity in the present and for the near future. We will continue this discussion tomorrow.