Development of the Child up to Puberty
GA 206
7 August 1921, Dornach
Translated by Hanna von Maltitz
If we want to fathom the meaning of the materialistic age we need to research how the combination of important fundamental forces add up to the development of mankind. Next we need consider human evolution from a specific angle today. I will link these to various things I have already mentioned recently and reach a clear outcome.
I have often referred to the importance of the time period in an individual's development which co-insides with the change of teeth around the seventh year of life. The change of teeth indicates that certain forces present and active in the organism up to this time no longer exercise their actions as is the case up to the seventh year. From the moment the stage of dentition begins or is taking place the human being goes into a state of metamorphosis. What appears with the pushing out of the second set of teeth is something which had been working in the human body already. When they appear as if freed out of the body then the appearance is by contrast more like a soul force. We discover by researching this appearance, that up to the seventh year a soul force is active within the human being and to a certain extend finds its conclusive work done with the change of teeth. When we develop the inclination and ability to observe such things we will come to see how the child's entire soul constitution is metamorphosed, how precisely from this moment in life the ability arises to construct defined concepts similar to the way other soul abilities occur. Where had these soul qualities been before the change of teeth? They were in the body and were active there. That which later would become spiritual was working in the body.
Here we arrive at quite a different observation regarding the cooperation between the soul-spiritual and the bodily aspects in contrast to how they are depicted by abstract psychological representations, which refers to a psycho-physical parallelism or to an alternate interaction between soul and body. We arrive at a true observation of what works in an important way during the first seven years of the human organism. We gradually see something which is hidden up to the moment it becomes freed to work as a soul force. We only need to develop an ability to observe such things to become aware how a certain process of power gradually works into the bodily aspect during the first seven years of life and how from this moment onwards reappear as something soul-spiritual. Then we also realise what the actual activity within the human body, at least in part, is during the first seven years of life.
When we find ourselves in the condition in life which takes place between falling asleep and waking, something happens which I have just described, in two conditions following upon one another in a meaningful way. We can also observe that a child sleeps in a certain way which is different to the one he or she will become after the change of teeth. It is as if the difference is not apparent, but it is there. The child up to his seventh year is in a state of sleep—a state in which its soul is intrinsically within the state of falling asleep and waking—unable to transmit the same forces which he later sends as soul forces because these forces are related to the physical, to the corporeal organism. As a result the child doesn't send sharply outlined concepts into his state of sleep. It sends very few sharply defined concepts and even less outlined imaginations but these indistinct representations have the peculiar ability to encompass the soul spiritual reality in a better way than through sharply defined representations.
This is something important, the sharper the outlines of our concepts in daily life, the less these concepts are able to enter our sleep condition, understanding realities from there. As a result of this the child often in fact brings a particular knowledge of spiritual reality out of its sleeping condition. This ceases in the same way as I described in the forces being freed during the change of teeth, sharply outlined concepts now come to the fore and can influence sleep life. These sharply outlined concepts subdue to a certain extent the view on spiritual realities as we live between falling asleep and waking.
What I have just said can be proved through supersensible sight which develops the power I have often described which can be found in my “Occult Science” and in my book “Knowledge of the Higher Worlds.” When clairvoyant sight attains the power of imagination, when each image appears, as we know, as having a spiritual reality as foundation, then we gradually come to behold spiritual realities amidst the condition of sleeping and waking, and then we can evaluate the difference between a child's sleep before his seventh year and its sleep after turning seven. We can see how to some extent insight is eased regarding what in our imagination we have clarified regarding observation of spiritual realities in whose proximity we are between falling asleep and waking up.
When the change of teeth has come about, the development of puberty starts within the soul element, which can be grasped to a certain degree through imagination. Through simply experiencing our imagination we can see what is forming in the soul.
Man acquires simply through the imaginative experience that which is formed in the soul. The experience I have mentioned regarding the conditions between falling asleep and waking is only one of the experiences which can be made through imaginative knowledge. Under these interesting conditions which take place in the child between dentition and puberty, we see how there is actually a strong struggle taking place in the becoming of the human being. The fight to a certain extent in this period of life is between the ether body and the astral body which undergoes a particular transformation towards puberty. When we consider the physical correlation corresponding to this condition of a struggle, then we can say that it's during this period of the child's life when there is a struggle between growing forces and those forces which appear through physical inspiration, through breathing. This is a very important process in inner development, a process which has to be studied time and again. A part of what becomes freed up for the soul during dentition, are growing forces. Of course a considerable part of these growing forces remain in the body and see to growth, while a part of this is freed during dentition and come to the fore as soul forces.
The growing forces working on in the child resists against what appears essentially in the respiratory process. What now appears in the breathing process could not essentially appear before. The respiratory process is certainly present in the child but as long as it has the forces rising from dentition, so long will nothing in the child happen which is actually as striking, as meaningful as what later takes place between breathing and the physical body. The greatest part of our development depends upon the breathing process. As a result Oriental exercises focus particularly on the breathing process while the human beings who live into the breathing exercises actually come into contact with their inner organisation, brings physicality into an inner movement which is related to perception of the spiritual world.
As we said, before the start of dentition, what breathing actually wants to affect in us fails to become active in the body. Now the battle starts between the growing forces retained in the body against the forces penetrating through the breathing processes. The first meaningful process appearing as a result of the physical breathing processes is puberty.
This connection between breathing and puberty is not yet being examined by science. It is, however, definitely present. We actually breathe in what brings on puberty, which also gives us the further opportunity to step into a relationship in the widest sense between the world and loving surroundings. We actually breathe this in. In every process of nature there's also a spiritual process. In the breathing process exists not only the spiritual but also the soul spiritual. This soul spiritual process permeates us through breathing. It can only penetrate when the forces have become ensouled, forces which formerly worked up to the change of teeth and stopped at this point. What wanted to stream in through the breathing process can now take place.
However, again they come into opposition—a war—of what comes out of the growing processes and what is still a growth process, coming from ether forces in other words. This war is evident between the ether forces rising from the ether body and their correlation found in the material, in the metabolism and blood circulation as astral forces. Here the metabolic system plays into the rhythmic system. We can schematically say: we have our metabolic system but this plays into our blood rhythm; the metabolic system I depict here in white (weiß) and the circulation system playing into it: red (rot) in the drawing. This is what streams from the ether body upwards between the ages of seven to fourteen.

The astral body works against it. We have the inward streaming of the rhythmical in the physical correlation which comes from breathing and the war takes place between the blood circulation and the breathing rhythms in blue (blau). This is what is happening in that period of life.
To speak somewhat vividly in perhaps a radical image: between about the ninth and the tenth year in the life of every child, what had been planned before and appeared as skirmishes before the actual main battle, now goes over into the main battle. The astral and ether bodies direct their chief attack during the ninth and tenth year of life.
As a result this period in time is so important for educators to observe. It is simply so, that teachers, educators and instructors need to give their full attention to something—which may appear differently in nearly each person—taking place in this moment in time.
Here something exceptional can be seen in each child. Some temperamental qualities move into an evident metamorphosis. Marked ideas appear. Above all this is the moment in time where one could start—while before it had been good to not let the child distinguish between the Ego (Ich) and the outer world—allowing this distinction between the Ego and the outer world to come to the fore. While it had been preferable before to use fairy tale imagery to the child, how processes of nature were like human processes, by personifying and clarifying, now the child may be educated about nature in a more instructive manner.
Stories of nature, even in their most elementary forms, should actually only from this moment be presented to the child because the child, as it starts with its first period of life, feels its Ego clearly, while it had just sensed its Ego before. This is a clearly outlined concept, a more or less sharply outlined term linked to the Ego which appears at this time. The child first learns at this moment to really distinguish itself from the surroundings. This corresponds to a definite counter streaming of the breathing rhythm with the circulatory rhythm, the astral and the ether bodies.
There are two sides to this within the human being. On the one side it is present in the condition between waking up and falling asleep. For this state I have just made indications. In the condition between falling asleep and waking, something different presents itself. When we have made progress in Imagination and developed Inspiration somewhat, we may evaluate what happens through Inspiration during the breathing process which has its physical correlation, we discover only at this moment in time—for one child it will be a little earlier, for another a bit later but on average between nine and ten—there is a liberation of the I and the astral body from the physical body during sleep. The child namely becomes intimately connected with his physical and etheric bodies even during asleep. From this time the I lights up as an individual being when actually the I and astral body are not participants of the functions of the ether and physical bodies.
If a child dies before this moment when life had led it up to its fifth, sixth and even into its eighth, ninth year, it still has something which hasn't separated much from the soul spiritual world which is experienced between death and a new birth; so that children relatively easily are pulled back into the soul spiritual world and to some extent only attach something to life which they completed with conception or birth, that an actual cutting off from a new life, if we consider this kind of death, is only really there when children die after this point. Their connection to a certain extent to a new life will be less intensive than the life before. Here clearly conditions are experienced as I've described in “Theosophy” where children who have died earlier are thrown back and then piece life together from what they experience to the life they had led up to their conception or up to birth. One should even say: what we have before us in the child up to the time between his ninth and tenth year of life shows there is much less separation between the soul-physical and the soul-spiritual than in the later human being. Later a person is much more of a dualistic being than the child. The child has the soul-spiritual incorporated into his body and this works into the body. As a duality the soul-spiritual appears opposite the bodily soul element only after this illustrated time. One should say: from this moment the soul-spiritual is less concerned by the bodily element than it had been concerned before. The child as a bodily being is far more of a soul being than the older person. The body of the child is even permeated by the soul forces of growth because it still retains soulful forces even when the largest part of dentition has taken place.
Thus we can say that this battle I have depicted calms down gradually from about the twelfth year onwards and with sexual maturity the astral body takes its full entitlement in the human constitution. That which loosens itself from the human being, which to some extent now is less concerned with the physical is that which the human being takes again with him or her through the gate of death on dying. As we've said, the child in its earlier years is more thrown back to its former life; human beings after this period in time are separated from their former life. What is released here holds within it a seed which allows it to pass through the gate of death. One can really penetrate these things with imaginative knowledge and one can discern particularities precisely. One can point out how the forces rising here lead to sharply defined concepts—which however diminish spiritual realities in whose presence we are during sleep—and make the human being into an independent being.
As a result of the human being cutting off, diminishing the spiritual realities, the human being again becomes the spirit amongst spirits who he must be when he goes through the gate of death. The child always slips, I might say, into spiritual realities; the later human being detaches himself from these spiritual realities and becomes consistent in himself. Admittedly, what becomes consistent can only be seen clearly with imaginative and inspired knowledge, but it does exist in people. This process happens anyhow, as I've indicated yesterday. When human beings don't allow spiritual science to work on them, then it is already so: what is released—particularly during this age in which we receive such materialistic concepts and intellectual ideas, where already at school intellectualism and materialism are imported, because our school subjects are presented materialistically—what is released here is organised in an ahrimanic direction. Because we are asleep in our will even during the day, what becomes released here are trapped by our instincts. We educate ourselves in order to master our instinctive lives by absorbing spiritual scientific concepts.
Intellectuals, materialists or sensualist have an opinion about these concepts, they say these spiritual scientific concepts are fantasy, there's nothing real in them compared with reality. What they mean with “reality” is only what can be perceived by the senses. This is not what is meant by these concepts at all. Everything which appears as concepts in my “spiritual science” does not refer to the outer sense world, it wants to describe the supersensible world. Should these concepts be accepted thus, then they are taken up in a supersensible way even though one can't yet see into the supersensible. Concepts are taken up which are suitable for the supersensible world and not applicable to the senses, physical world, and one thus breaks free from the physical sensory world, in other words, instincts.
This education however is necessary in the human race; without it humankind will enter more and more into social chaos. The actual results—it is like I said yesterday—the actual results of intellectualism and materialism in science, the actual outcome of our present day scientific leaning is a social condition which is chaotic and rising in such an alarming manner in Eastern Europe.
As I said, with logic you can't derive Bolshevism from Bergson's philosophy or from Machsher Avenarius's philosophy; but plain logic brings you closer to deriving it. This is something which present day mankind must look at clearly; dualism has developed in the last centuries between nature observation and the moral world of ideas. On the one side we have the observation of nature which only works with the necessity, as I've often pointed out, to being strictly exact and wanting to link everything to definite connections and causalities. This kind of nature observation creates a worldly structure, builds hypotheses about the beginning and the end of the earth.
Here you stand before what the human being experiences in religious and moral ideas. This is completely torn away from what lives in the observation of nature. This is why people strive so hard to justify the moral-religious content through mere faith. The moral-religious content has been elevated to a system whose content must stand for itself which to some extent should not be allowed to be ruined by anything else, like how outer nature is described, what a person may feel, how the one influences the other. Our present day nature observation, as it exists in its newest phase, where optics and electrodynamics merge, draws by necessity the imagination of the death of warmth to itself. Then the earth with all its people and animals will die and then no human soul will develop despite all its moral ideals. This earth's demise is ensured by the Law of Conservation of Matter, of the Conservation of Energy: through this Law of the Conservation Of Energy the result is the death of the earth, the death of all human souls just like materialists consider the death of the soul as connected to the death of the human body. Only when we are absolutely clear in our mind that what lives in us as morality, what permeates us as religious ideas, form a seed within us, a seed containing a reality, just as the seed of a plant unfolds into a plant the following year, only then can we know that the start of this seed is for a future natural existence and that the earth with everything it contains, visible, audible, perceptible to our senses, does not depend on the law of conservation of energy but that it dies, falls away from all human souls who then carry the moral ideals through as new natural events, into the Jupiter-, Venus-, and Vulcan existence; only when we are clear that Heaven and Earth will perish but My word, the Logos, which develops in the human soul, will not perish—when we are clear, literally clear about these words, only then can we speak of moral and religious content of our human souls. Otherwise it is dishonest. Otherwise we put to a certain extent morality in the world and adhere to another certainty than the natural certainty. If we are clear in our minds that the words of Christ are true, that a cosmos originates from morality, wrested free from the death shroud when this cosmos disintegrates, then we have a world view which indicates morality and naturalness in its metamorphosis.
This is essentially what must penetrate present day humanity because with the schooling of natural thinking developed over the last decades, it is impossible to also accomplish the most essential social concepts which we need. Something must live in the social concepts which recognise morality at the same time in its cosmic implications. The human being must once again learn that he or she is a cosmic being. Earlier the social affairs which needed to be organized on the earth round was not understood; before it had been acknowledged that human beings are connected with cosmic intentions, with cosmic entities.
This is what is felt by people in our age who experience the whole tragedy in their souls, who have come from the abyss between the natural scientific notion and the moral view which we have. Probably only a few slightly sense the implications of this abyss, but it must be crossed over—to say this literally: “Heaven and Earth will perish but my Word will not perish.” This means, what sprouts in the human soul will enfold, just as the earth will perish.
One can't be an avid supporter of the Law of Conservation of Energy and believe at the same time that the moral world indicates eternity. Only to the degree with which courage is found to establish and view the world through the view of nature, will a way be found out of this chaos of the present. This way out can only be found when human beings decide, once again, but now fully conscious, to revert back to that wisdom which once was experienced in the old mysteries in an instinctive way. If humanity makes the decision to consciously penetrate the spiritual world it is an objective possibility, my dear friends. Since the end of the 19th Century a wave from the spiritual world wants to enter our physical world. I could say, it storms in, it is there. Mankind only needs to open their hearts and their senses, and human hearts and human souls will be spoken to. The spiritual world has good intentions, but humanity is still resisting. What was experienced in the second decades of the 20th Century in such a terribly way, ultimately is the bracing of humanity against the inward thrusting wave from the spiritual world. However one could say, it is at its worst, just where scientific minds turn against the streaming in from the spiritual worlds. One should not however, once materialistic and intellectual thinking habits have been withdrawn, now introduce some sort of form which would rule, which could be acquired from the spiritual world.
In relation to this the intellectual-materialistic wave it had its peak, its impact in the second half of the 19th Century. Obviously materialism prepared this long in advance. I have repeatedly referred to its actual worldly historic beginning: what lived in Hellenism as materialism was only a prelude, somewhat in Democritus and in change. Its world historical importance only gradually developed from the 15th Century. It developed slowly, certainly, but it still, when the actual dogmatic tradition was relinquished, I might say, allowed a feeling for a spiritual world's existence within the physical, that the spiritual world can be grasped but not registered through mere intellectual gestures.
Today some who do not see the essence of it, point out with a certain nostalgia to not that far back in time, positivism and materialistic thoughts actually shamed the human being who was regarded as completely inhuman. After that, basically only in the second half of the 19th Century they came to view humankind as completely inhuman, wiping out the specifically human. Thus they avenged themselves by claiming that the human being had thoroughly educated itself in a relatively total abstract way of thinking, as it appeared in the renewed version of the Theory of Relativity. As a result it is always interesting and one should take responsibility for it, that there are still singular minds who refer back to the time when even materialistically orientated minds considered that anything pertaining to people should be dealt with through the mind.
Certainly, a thoroughly intellectual and positivistic mind was Auguste Comte but he wasn't alive in the end of the 19th Century when people were completely excluded from human observation even though, where intellectualism and materialism only became external nature's concepts—but only the outer nature concept, where a human being no longer considered his own humanity in relation to it, that even his own human qualities were thought of as being in the images of nature. Thus it is interesting if we can read what the English thinker Frederick Harrison, briefly wrote about Auguste Comte. He said: I'm thinking about a concise remark by Auguste Comte which he made more than sixty years ago. Auguste Comte, the positivist, the intellectualist who was still somewhat touched by the spirituality of olden times, already saw that in the future the human being will be completely omitted. Despite his positivism, despite his intellectualism it displeased him to what he referred to and what he had been creating, which only came about in the last third of the 19th Century so he hadn't seen it: our modern doctors, said Comte, appear to be essentially animal doctors. He meant, so Harrison continues, that they often, more particularly with women, are treated like horses or cows.
Comte stressed that an illness should be observed from more than one side, that it contains a spiritual element and occasionally even a prominent kind of spiritual element, thus the human doctor should just as much be a philosopher of the soul as an anatomist is to the body. He claimed that true medication would have two sides. From this basis—Harrison adds—he would reject Freudian one sidedness. Harrison continues—how this Comtian point of view has developed further and how people have gradually degenerated to the point of view where people are treated like horses and cows and how this has gradually made human doctors into animal doctors. Everything is relative—this is already contained in the kernel of the theory of relativity. The main teaching of Auguste Comte had a better basis and a more thorough philosophical depth and life than Einstein, he said.—It is always refreshing when one can still today hear such a statement, because we live in the age where the scientific mind opposes everything which comes from a spiritual side, namely what wants to transport the mind in human life, in human action and particularly in important areas such a medical activities.
If we ask ourselves: what is it then, which makes materialism and intellectualism so attractive for today's science? Look for yourself how things are taking place. Consider how our education is set up to hardly involve the teachers in the child's whole organization. The teacher is far too comfortable, and has personally been raised far too comfortably to really delve into the intricacies of child development, like I have depicted today again. Such things would rather not be bothered with—because what would be required? It would call for not shying away from every transition in daily life while living a delusion, to a life which is quite different, where our knowledge becomes reality.
This transformation of people, this otherness, this change pertaining to knowledge is shied away from today; people do not want it. People want to comfortably rise to higher truths which can only be the highest abstractions because to reach abstraction can be done with a certain comfort. This way no inner changes are needed in order to reach it. However, to come to a real life content, how it forms the basis of our outer sensory content, can't be attained when at least concepts aren't changed which have no significance for ordinary sense life, whose meaning one can only penetrate with a power coming from within and working outward. People are put into life which also stretches into the supersensible world, and in our age it relies on this supersensible world being elucidated in a healthy way. When I said yesterday that the materialistic-intellectual point of view doesn't just include a few scientifically educated people, even with a scientific education, but that they are popular beliefs in the simplest people still connected to ancient beliefs, then it must be said: it is urgent and necessary that whatever flows into our overall life in popular form should also contain information of the spiritual world.
Presently overall characteristic attributes can be found everywhere where the effort is made to introduce Anthroposophical spiritual science into areas of life. In medicine, in religion, the social life, everywhere the introduction of anything non-sectarian should be made: Anthroposophically orientated spiritual science, which comes to the fore with the same scientific earnest with which it had been introduced since the middle of the 15 Century as scientific, is to be fully recognized.
When a child has grown up and has had the luck to have undergone some higher learning, what becomes apparent today? These young people, doctors, theologians, philologists, lawyers, will not become anything else; they will not be converted but stay as they are and only accept abstractions applicable to their science. If an attempt is made to offer them some knowledge of the world then they immediately withdraw particularly into this comfortable life of abstraction in which they desire to continue living—but which is leading towards chaos. Thus we can observe an interesting symptom arising which I want to single out. On occasion where the Nurnberg main preacher Geyer held seemingly many lectures at various places, it can be noticed: here people suspect, mainly scientific people suspect that an attempt is being made to introduce Anthroposophically orientated spiritual science into their lives. This the people don't want. Even well minded people don't want it. They sense that here they must re-adjust their views in relation to their entire scientific orientation, here they must think quite differently about their own basic beliefs. As a result when something appears which challenges their own basic beliefs, they revert to their comfortable abstract criticism. So we discover already at the start of the Geyer lectures a quote by the topmost Medicinal Council psychiatrist Kolb, director of the mental hospital and nursing institution in Erlangen, but also a person who should be able to greet with inner satisfaction and joy anything available in this area where spiritual science can fruitfully bring clarification into the psychological areas and is fruitfully elucidated.
Spiritual science goes along a healthy path while the psychiatrist follows it in a morbid way. Psychiatry can only become healthy if it is enlightened in all areas, in all its details if it is based in the healthy manner of anthroposophical spiritual science. Through this the psychiatrist should rise up, letting his psychiatry be permeated by spiritual science; because this psychiatry has basically become nothing other than psycho-pathology. This is a terrible thing at the present—this psychiatry. What does the psychiatrist do? He doesn't sense how the rays of light which can come to him through anthroposophical spiritual science can clarify psychiatry. Instead, he positions spiritual science as he does psychiatry at present that means, he uses the same measure for both. Even if he means well by doing so it becomes something extraordinarily interesting because we can compare it to looking at our faces in a garden mirror ball—if you have a pretty face you will still see the beauty, but it is broken up in squares. Naturally spiritual science will thus appear checkered if it is opposed in full force even by someone with good intentions. It is always interesting to read a bit of what Dr Kolb, the principal medical psychiatrist, always meaning well, has to say:
“The famous Anthroposophist Rudolf Steiner I see ...” excuse me, I must read this—“a genial but extraordinarily imbalanced personality with some understandable striking traits according to psychiatric knowledge. The principal preacher Geyer from Nurnberg appears to base his teachings on Steiner. I have twice heard a public lecture like this from many highly respected clergy. The lecture as a piece of art, was charming. I would consider it an atrocity to pick this blue flower of poetry, which was served so gracefully, and the blue haze”—the blue appears to be less critical than the haze—“in which he brings us closer to Steiner's painted age clouded by critical colour. Now as psychiatrist I must say: the `clairvoyance' of Steiner is nothing other than ordinary thinking which is influenced by a kind of self-hypnosis when a genial and what I would like to accept as...”—after this it becomes quite different!—“an ethically high-standing personality with glowing scientific and general education, highly informed about the present religious-philosophic teachings, as Steiner is, to some extent see into your brain and offer the content of the brain as `Anthroposophy,' yet amongst a multitude of fantastic traits much which is good, noble and morally high standing, perhaps isolated valuable scientific thoughts can be found.”
Now I ask you, just listen to this: ordinary thinking, influenced by Anthroposophy, sees into the brain and what is seen in the brain, is presented as Anthroposophy! Please, take this genial quote from this psychiatrist: therefore everything perceived by looking into the brain is also a bit influenced by auto suggestions!
“When however his teaching up to now are thrown to be people from the pulpit, then fewer genial people, without previous training, will preach about the marvelling products of his `clairvoyance.'”
They have actually done quite well, these untrained people! It is in fact as if this psychiatrist, whose anthroposophical thoughts are influenced by auto-hypnosis which he sees in the brain, actually lives completely outside the actual world.
“As occultism is similar to communism with a fatal attraction on the mentally weak, on immature youth, the prematurely old aged, on dreamers, on hysterics, above all on psychopaths, the insecure, the sick liars and swindlers, so we will experience that demoralized through war, death and misery and worry about the future we have become susceptible for the rise of `Prophets' similar to those historical deeds of the Munster Anabaptists we read with horror. The Catholic church is greatly merited by rejecting Steiner with complete lucidity and sharpness.” This `lucidity and sharpness' you read near a living person here!—“and I would like as Protestant to ask every single spiritual Protestant heartily, to test the danger of the demise of our church into a dreary and dangerous sect before it becomes a dangerous temptation of ideally orientated Christians with pathological traits strongly recommending Steiner's teachings.”
This lesson was received by the principal preacher Geyer from the topmost Medicinal Council psychiatrist Dr Gustav Kolb, director of the mental hospital and nursing institution in Erlangen.
You see how the state of mind of a person is constituted who has completely accepted the thinking habits of the modern scientific spirit. Please, just consider for a bit, just for my sake meditate over what appears when a person, instead of directing his gaze to the outer world, directs himself through Imagination, Inspiration and Intuition and brings sharply into focus what is in my `occult science,' letting this gaze turn inward and depict the human brain, as if influenced by auto hypnosis. Isn't it true that what the psychiatrist is describing is madness! This depiction actually rises from a psychiatric base! Yet one must say that such a man as Gustav Kolb is well meaning and discovers that the blue haze should not be dissected by other critical colours; because he finds it barbaric to oppose the blue flower introduced by the priest Geyer. So from the one side he is even benevolent but he is really a typical representative of modern science.
This is the situation which can definitely be hoped for and expected from by modern science towards anthroposophically orientated science. Therefore it must always be mentioned that active, spiritual science orientated collaborators are needed, in every shop, found on every corner, who are revealed in this way and then drawn into the right light in which they are moved when there is a reference to, first of all, present day science being unable to be different from what it is, and secondly: brain instead of Anthroposophy.
Really, we must free ourselves from preconceived ideas in order to make it possible today, to convince the occasional person permeated by these modern scientific habits, to change. The joy several of our short minded followers often have that the occasional person can be converted, is a misplaced joy. It is concerned with unprejudiced humanity being penetrated by what anthroposophic spiritual science offers and then grimly facing the characteristics of modern science where it turns into nonsense, even when well meant. We are confronted today with immense seriousness. Therefore it must ever and again be stressed that at least among us many who sense this earnestness must rise instead of merely sitting and listening for a bit with the pleasure of hearing anthroposophic truths, but should rather want to permeate anthroposophic orientated spiritual science into every part of active life and also have the courage and energy to step forward where it is needed. I draw your attention repeatedly to what opposes spiritual science, with all the possible grotesque, ridiculous, deceitful and good-natured impotent forms it assumes. The battle which is fought against this, is even more sparse. It has to be done for the salvation of the further evolution of humanity. Healing must come through the modern spirit of science—as you know, where it is entitled, it is also appreciated by spiritual science—because it wants to set itself up in those areas of which it understands nothing, making it sick.
Neunzehnter Vortrag
[ 1 ] Wenn man durchschauen will die Bedeutung des materialistischen Zeitalters, so muß man eingehen auf die Entwickelung des Menschen, insofern bei dieser Entwickelung die sämtlichen wesentlichen Grundkräfte dieses Menschen in Betracht kommen. Wir wollen zunächst einmal heute von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus diese menschliche Entwickelung ins Auge fassen. Ich werde anknüpfen an manches, was ich bereits im Laufe der letzten Zeit vorgebracht habe, um zu einem bestimmten Ziele zu kommen.
[ 2 ] Ich habe ja öfter hingewiesen auf die große Bedeutung desjenigen Zeitabschnittes in der individuellen menschlichen Entwickelung, die zusammenfällt mit dem Zahnwechsel etwa um das siebente Lebensjahr herum. Dieser Zahnwechsel bedeutet ja, daß gewisse Kräfte, die im menschlichen Organismus bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt vorhanden waren und an diesem Organismus tätig waren, in einer gewissen Weise frei werden, nicht mehr jene Tätigkeit ausüben, die sie bis zu diesem Zahnwechsel ausübten. Der Mensch ist tatsächlich in dem Augenblick, in dem dieser Zahnwechsel beginnt, und in der Zeit oder durch die Zeit, in der er sich abspielt, im Grunde ein umgewandeltes, ein metamorphosiertes Wesen. Was in dem Erscheinen der zweiten Zähne, in diesem Ausstoßen der zweiten Zähne zum Vorschein kommt, das hat bisher gearbeitet im menschlichen Organismus. Und dann, wenn es zum Vorschein kommt, wenn es gewissermaßen aus dem Organismus heraus sich befreit, dann erscheint es im Gegensatz zu früher als eine mehr seelische Kraft. Wir kommen, indem wir das verfolgen, zu der Anschauung, daß bis zu diesen sieben Jahren hin im Menschen eine seelische Kraft arbeitet, die gewissermaßen den Schlußpunkt ihrer Arbeit am Organismus macht mit dem Zahnwechsel. Wenn wir uns eine gewisse Neigung und Fähigkeit, solche Dinge zu beobachten, angeeignet haben, so können wir sehen, wie die ganze Seelenkonstitution des Kindes in diesem Lebensabschnitt verwandelt wird, wie namentlich von diesem Lebensabschnitt an die Fähigkeit auftritt, konturierte Begriffe zu bilden, wie andere seelische Fähigkeiten auftreten. Diese seelischen Fähigkeiten, wo waren sie denn bis zum Zahnwechsel? Sie waren im Organismus, sie haben am Organismus gearbeitet. Dasjenige, was später Seelisches wird, das arbeitet vorher am Organismus.
[ 3 ] Wir kommen da zu einer ganz andern Anschauung über das Zusammenwirken des Seelischen mit dem Leiblichen, als es etwa geschildert wird in all den abstrakten psychologischen Darstellungen, die von einem psycho-physischen Parallelismus oder von einer abstrakten Wechselwirkung zwischen Seele und Leib und dergleichen reden. Wir kommen zu einer wirklichen Anschauung dessen, was in einer wichtigen Weise in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren des Menschen im Organismus arbeitet. Wir sehen gewissermaßen das, was da verborgen ist bis zu diesem Zeitpunkte, dann frei ist, nun als seelische Kraft auftreten. Wir müssen uns nur für solche Dinge eine Beobachtungsgabe aneignen, dann werden wir in diesem Zeitabschnitte des Menschen, eben in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren, ein gewisses Kraftsystem gewissermaßen leiblich arbeiten sehen, und nach diesem Lebenseinschnitt werden wir es hervortreten sehen als Seelisches. Wir wissen also dann, was eigentlich arbeitet im menschlichen Organismus, wenigstens zum Teil, für diese Substantialität; wir wissen dann, was da arbeitet am menschlichen Organismus in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren.
[ 4 ] Nun, wenn der Mensch sich in dem Zustande seines Lebens befindet, der da abläuft zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen, dann spielt das, was ich eben beschrieben habe, in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Zuständen eine bedeutsame Rolle. Man kann auch beobachten, wie das Kind in einer gewissen Weise noch anders schläft als der Mensch, der dann aus dem Kinde wird nach dem Zahnwechsel. Zwar ist der Unterschied nicht so augenfällig, aber er ist da. Das Kind kann nämlich bis zu seinem siebenten Jahre in seinen Schlafzustand — in den Zustand, der da der Seele eigen ist zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen — noch nicht mit derselben Kraft dasjenige hineinsenden, was es später als seelische Kräfte hineinsendet; denn diese Kräfte haben noch zu tun mit Körperlichem, eben mit dem leiblichen Organismus. Daher sendet das Kind noch nicht die scharf konturierten Begriffe in den Schlafzustand hinein. Es sendet in den Schlafzustand hinein noch wenig scharf umrissene Begriffe, noch wenig scharf umrissene Vorstellungen; aber diese weniger scharf umrissenen Vorstellungen haben die Eigentümlichkeit, daß sie das seelisch-geistig Reale in einer besseren Weise umfassen können als die scharf umrissenen Vorstellungen.
[ 5 ] Das ist etwas Wichtiges, je schärfer konturiert für das wache Tagesleben unsere Begriffe werden, desto weniger senden wir in den Schlafzustand hinein, um da die Realitäten zu erfassen. Daher ist es, daß das Kind in sehr vielen Fällen tatsächlich sich aus seinem Schlafzustande heraus ein gewisses Wissen bringt von geistiger Realität. Das hört dann auf in demselben Maße, in dem mit dem Zahnwechsel die geschilderten Kräfte frei werden, scharf umrissene Begriffe auftreten und diese dann dasSchlafleben beeinflussen. Diese scharf umrissenen Begriffe dämpfen gewissermaßen den Hinblick auf die geistigen Realitäten ab, innerhalb derer wir leben zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen.
[ 6 ] Das, was ich jetzt ausgesprochen habe, kann geprüft werden durch das übersinnliche Schauen, wenn dieses übersinnliche Schauen die Kraft entwickelt, die ich öfter beschrieben habe, die Sie auch beschrieben finden in meiner «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß», in meiner Schrift «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?». Wenn das übersinnliche Schauen zur Kraft der Imagination kommt, wenn also jene Bilder auftreten, von denen wir wissen, daß ihnen geistige Realitäten unterliegen, dann kommen wir ja dazu, allmählich diejenigen geistigen Realitäten zu schauen, in deren Mitte wir sind zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen, und dann können wir auch beurteilen, wie der Unterschied ist zwischen dem schlafenden Kinde vor dem siebenten Jahre und dem schlafenden Kinde nach dem siebenten Jahre. Dann können wir sehen, wie gewissermaßen abgedämpft wird das Hinschauen auf dasjenige, was uns ja in der Imagination bis zu einem gewissen Grade wiederum ganz klar wird, das Hinschauen auf diese geistigen Realitäten, in deren Mitte wir sind zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen.
[ 7 ] Wenn der Zahnwechsel eingetreten ist, so bildet sich bis zur Geschlechtsreife im Seelischen aus, was durch die Imagination in einer gewissen Weise erfaßt werden kann. Man erlangt einfach durch die Imagination Erfahrungen über das, was sich da in der menschlichen Seele ausbildet. Die Erfahrung, die ich eben geschildert habe bezüglich des Zustandes zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen, ist ja nur eine der Erfahrungen, die man durch das imaginative Erkennen macht. In jenen interessanten Zuständen, die sich abspielen beim Kinde vom Zahnwechsel bis zur Geschlechtsreife, da sehen wir, wie eigentlich in dem werdenden Menschen in starkem Maße ein Kampf vorhanden ist. Es kämpft gewissermaßen in diesem Lebensabschnitte der ätherische Leib, der ja seine besonderen Organisationen durchmacht bis zur Geschlechtsreife, gegen den astralischen Leib. Es ist ein wirklicher Kampfzustand, der in dem Kinde stattfindet. Und wenn wir das physische Korrelat ins Auge fassen, das diesem Kampfzustande entspricht, so können wir sagen: Es ist in diesem Lebensabschnitte des Kindes in ausgesprochenem Maße vorhanden ein Kampf zwischen den Wachstumskräften und denjenigen Kräften, die in uns hereinspielen durch die physische Inspiration, durch die Atmung. — Das ist ein sehr bedeutsamer Prozeß im menschlichen Inneren, ein Prozeß, der, um den Menschen zu kennen, immer mehr und mehr wird studiert werden müssen. Denn das, was zum Teil seelisch frei wird durch den Zahnwechsel, das sind ja die Wachstumskräfte. Es bleibt natürlich ein beträchtlicher Teil dieser Wachstumskräfte noch im Leiblichen zurück und besorgt da das Wachstum; es wird ein Teil frei beim Zahnwechsel, und der tritt als seelische Kräfte auf.
[ 8 ] Dasjenige aber, was da als Wachstumskräfte weiter funktioniert im Kinde, das stemmt sich gegen etwas, was in dem Kinde nun im wesentlichen durch den Atmungsprozeß auftritt. Was da durch den Atmungsprozeß auftritt, das konnte früher nicht auftreten. Der Atmungsprozeß ist gewiß beim Kinde auch vorhanden, aber solange das Kind in seinem leiblichen Wachsen und leiblichen Organisieren überhaupt die Kräfte hat, die dann beim Zahnwechsel herauskommen, so lange findet im Organismus des Kindes nichts statt von dem, was eigentlich der Atmungsprozeß im menschlichen Leibe so auffällig, so bedeutsam später bewirkt. Denn ein großer Teil dessen, was wir an Entwickelung durchmachen, hängt ja an diesem Atmungsprozesse. Daher jene orientalischen Übungen, die sich besonders an den Atmungsprozeß halten, weil man mit diesem Einleben in den Atmungsprozeß, das gegeben ist durch diese Übungen, tatsächlich mit etwas in Berührung kommt, was den Menschen durchorganisiert, was den Menschen leiblich in eine innere Beweglichkeit bringt, die etwas zu tun hat mit dem Durchschauen der Geheimnisse der Welt.
[ 9 ] Wie gesagt, bevor der Zahnwechsel eingetreten ist, kann das, was eigentlich das Atmen mit uns will, nicht zur Tätigkeit kommen im menschlichen Organismus. Dann aber tritt ein Kampf ein der noch Wachstumskräfte gebliebenen Kräfte gegen das Eindringen dessen, was aus dem Atmungsprozesse heraus in den Menschen eindringt. Denn das erste große Bedeutsame, das in leiblicher Beziehung als eine Folge des Atmungsprozesses auftritt, das ist die Geschlechtsreife.
[ 10 ] Diesen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Atmen und der Geschlechtsreife durchschaut ja die Naturwissenschaft noch nicht. Er ist aber durchaus vorhanden. Wir atmen eigentlich dasjenige ein, was uns geschlechtsreif macht, was uns aber auch im weiteren Sinne die Möglichkeit gibt, mit der Welt in ein Verhältnis des liebenden Umfangens zu treten. Das atmen wir eigentlich ein. In jedem Naturprozeß liegt ja auch ein Geistiges. Im Atmungsprozesse liegt eben ein Geistiges und ein Geistig-Seelisches. Dieses Geistig-Seelische dringt in uns ein durch den Atmungsprozeß. Es kann erst herein, wenn die Kräfte seelisch geworden sind, die vorher im Organismus gewirkt haben und die mit dem Zahnwechsel aufhören im Organismus zu wirken. Da strömt dann dasjenige in den Menschen herein, was aus dem Atmungsprozeß kommen will.
[ 11 ] Dem aber wirkt entgegen —- und daher kommt der Kampf — dasjenige, was aus den Wachstumsprozessen kommt, die eben noch Wachstumsprozesse geblieben sind, was aus den Atherkräften mit andern Worten kommt. Und dieser Kampf ist vorhanden zwischen den Atherkräften, zwischen den Kräften, die aus unserem Ätherleib aufsteigen und die ihr physisches Korrelat finden in dem Stoffsystem, in dem Stoffwechselsystem, in der Blutzirkulation, und den astralischen Kräften. Da spielt der Stoffwechsel in das Zirkulations-, in das rhythmische System hinein. So daß wir schematisch sagen können: Wir haben unser Stoffwechselsystem, das aber in unseren Blutrhythmus, in das Blutrhythmussystem hineinspielt; das Stoffwechselsystem, das ich hier schematisch weiß zeichne, das spielt in das Zirkulationssystem hinein (siehe Zeichnung, rot). Das ist dasjenige, was von seiten des Ätherleibes gewissermaßen im Menschen nach oben stürmt in dieser Zeit zwischen dem siebenten und vierzehnten Jahre.

[ 12 ] Der astralische Leib wirkt dem entgegen. Wir haben dann einströmend dasjenige Rhythmische im körperlichen Korrelat, was vom Atmen herkommt, und es findet dieser Kampf statt zwischen dem Blutzirkulationsrhythmus und dem Atmungsrhythmus (blau). Das ist das, was sich innerlich im Menschen in diesem Lebensabschnitte abspielt.
[ 13 ] Und man kann sagen, wenn man ein wenig bildhaft spricht, in einem vielleicht radikal erscheinenden Bilde: Es ist ungefähr zwischen dem neunten und zehnten Lebensjahre, da wird bei jedem Kinde dasjenige, was vorher, ich möchte sagen, im Vortreffen sich abgespielt hat, was in den Scharmützeln vor dem eigentlichen Hauptkampf sich abgespielt hat, übergeführt in den Hauptkampf. Astralischer Leib und Ätherleib führen ihre hauptsächlichste Attacke aus zwischen dem neunten und zehnten Lebensjahre.
[ 14 ] Daher ist dieser Zeitabschnitt, dieser Zeitpunkt für den Pädagogen so wichtig zu beobachten. Es ist einmal so, daß man als Lehrer, Erzieher, Unterrichter sorgfältig achtgeben muß auf irgend etwas — bei fast jedem Menschen spielt es sich ja anders ab -, was sich etwa zwischen dem neunten und zehnten Lebensjahre abspielt. Da sieht man bei jedem Kinde etwas ganz Besonderes. Es kommen gewisse Temperamentseigenschaften zu einer gewissen Metamorphose. Es treten gewisse Ideen auf. Aber vor allen Dingen ist es in diesem Zeitpunkte, wo man anfangen soll - während man vorher gut tut, das Kind nichts merken zu lassen von dem Unterschied zwischen dem Ich und der Außenwelt -, diesen Unterschied zwischen dem Ich und der Außenwelt hervortreten zu lassen. Während es vorher gut ist, dem Kinde in Märchendarstellungen und so weiter zu reden, wie wenn die Vorgänge der Natur so wären wie menschliche Vorgänge, indem man sie personifiziert und erläutert, kann man dann anfangen, in mehr lehrhafter Weise das Kind über die Natur zu unterrichten.
[ 15 ] Naturgeschichte, auch in ihrer elementarsten Form, sollte man eigentlich erst von diesem Zeitpunkte an an das Kind heranbringen. Denn das Kind hat da, wo es im ersten Lebensabschnitte anfängt, sein Ich deutlich zu erfühlen, das Ich eben erst erfühlt. Daß es einen scharf umrissenen Begriff, mehr oder weniger natürlich scharf umrissenen Begriff mit diesem Ich verbindet, das tritt in diesem Zeitpunkte ein. Das Kind lernt sich erst in diesem Zeitpunkte so recht von der Außenwelt unterscheiden. Und dem entspricht ein ganz bestimmtes Gegeneinanderstürmen des Atmungsrhythmus und des Zirkulationsrhythmus, des astralischen Leibes und des ätherischen Leibes.
[ 16 ] Diese Dinge haben ja im Menschen immer zwei Seiten. Die eine Seite stellt sich dar in dem Zustande zwischen dem Aufwachen und Einschlafen. Für diesen Zustand habe ich eben jetzt die Sache geschildert. In dem Zustande zwischen dem Einschlafen und Aufwachen stellt sich die Sache etwas anders dar. Wenn wir eben zur Imagination vorgeschritten sind und dann etwas von Inspiration entwickelt haben, so daß wir beurteilen können, was da durch Inspiration geschieht durch den Atmungsprozeß, der das physische Korrelat ist, so finden wir, daß eigentlich erst in diesem Zeitpunkte — der für das eine Kind etwas früher, für das andere etwas später eintritt, aber im Durchschnitte zwischen dem neunten und zehnten Lebensjahre - so recht eine wirkliche Loslösung des Ich und des astralischen Leibes vom ätherischen Leib und vom physischen Leib im Schlafe stattfindet. Das Kind ist, namentlich mit seinem Ich, sehr innig verbunden mit seinem physischen und mit seinem ätherischen Leib, auch wenn es schläft. Aber von diesem Zeitpunkte an beginnt das Ich wie ein selbständiges Wesen aufzuleuchten, wenn eben Ich und astralischer Leib nicht an den Funktionen des Ätherleibes und des physischen Leibes teilnehmen.
[ 17 ] Daher ist es auch so, daß Kinder, die vor diesem Zeitpunkte sterben, im Grunde genommen in dem Leben, das sie da bis zum fünften, sechsten, siebenten, selbst noch bis zum achten, neunten Lebensjahre durchmachen, etwas haben, was sie noch wenig getrennt hat von jener geistseelischen Welt, die zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt durchgemacht wird; so daß die Kinder verhältnismäßig leicht wiederum zurückgerissen werden in diese geistig-seelische Welt, daß sie gewissermaßen nur etwas anstückeln an das Leben, das sie vollendet haben mit der Empfängnis oder mit der Geburt, daß ein eigentliches Abschnüren eines neuen Lebens, wenn wir dieses Sterben in Betracht ziehen, eigentlich erst da ist, wenn die Kinder nach diesem Zeitpunkte sterben. Da bindet sich gewissermaßen das neue Leben nicht in so intensiver Weise an das alte Leben. Da erst werden deutlich durchgemacht jene Zustände, die ich in meiner «Theosophie» beschrieben habe, während es bei Kindern, die früher sterben, so ist, daß sie gewissermaßen wiederum zurückgeworfen werden und anstückeln das Leben, das sie auf der Erde durchgemacht haben, an das Leben, das sie geführt haben bis zur Konzeption oder bis zur Geburt. Man muß eben sagen: Dasjenige, was man in dem Kinde vor sich hat bis zu diesem Zeitpunkte zwischen dem neunten und zehnten Lebensjahre, das ist eigentlich so, daß es viel ungetrennter das Leiblich-Seelische und das Geistig-Seelische enthält, als der spätere Mensch es enthält. Der spätere Mensch ist viel mehr ein dualistisches Wesen als das Kind. Das Kind hat in seinem Leibe drinnenstecken das Geistig-Seelische, und es arbeitet das Seelisch-Geistige am Leibe. Als eine Zweiheit erscheint das Geistig-Seelische gegenüber dem Leiblich-Seelischen erst nach diesem geschilderten Zeitpunkte. So daß man sagen muß: Von diesem Zeitpunkt ab bekümmert sich das Geistig-Seelische im Menschen weniger um das Leibliche, als es sich vorher bekümmert hat. Das Kind ist als leibliches Wesen ein viel seelischeres Wesen als der spätere Mensch. Der Leib des Kindes ist eben durchaus noch in seinem Wachstum von den Seelenkräften durchsetzt, denn es bleiben noch immer seelische Kräfte zurück, auch wenn sich ein großer Teil mit dem Zahnwechsel eben verwandelt hat.
[ 18 ] Dann können wir sagen: Es beruhigt sich in einer gewissen Weise nach und nach so vom zwölften Lebensjahre ab dieser Kampf, den ich geschildert habe, und mit der Geschlechtsreife tritt ja dann der astralische Leib in seine volle Berechtigung in der menschlichen Konstitution ein. Das aber, was sich da loslöst vom Menschen, was sich später gewissermaßen um das Leibliche weniger kümmert, das ist dann auch dasjenige, was den Menschen wieder durch die Pforte des Todes in die geistig-seelische Welt hineinträgt, wenn er stirbt. Wie gesagt, das Kind in seinem früheren Lebensalter wird mehr zurückgeworfen zu seinem vorigen Leben, der Mensch nach diesem Zeitabschnitte ist getrennt von seinem vorigen Leben. Und was sich da loslöst, das enthält in sich die Keime, um durchzugehen durch die Pforte des Todes. Man kann mit imaginativer Erkenntnis sehr genau diese Dinge durchschauen, und man kann auf die Einzelheiten sehr genau hindeuten. Man kann hindeuten darauf, wie die Kräfte, die da auftreten, zu scharf konturierten Begriffen führen — die aber abdämpfen die geistigen Realitäten, in deren Mitte wir im Schlafzustande leben - und die den Menschen eben zu einem selbständigen Wesen machen.
[ 19 ] Dadurch daß er sich abschnürt, daß er abdämpft die geistigen Realitäten, wird ja der Mensch neuerdings der Geist unter Geistern, der er sein muß, wenn er durch die Pforte des Todes geht. Das Kind schlüpft, ich möchte sagen, in die geistigen Realitäten immer hinein; der spätere Mensch löst sich los von diesen geistigen Realitäten, wird in sich selber konsistent. Allerdings, das was da konsistent wird, man kann es erst durchschauen mit imaginativer und inspirierter Erkenntnis, aber vorhanden ist es ja beim Menschen. Es findet der Prozeß doch statt, auf den ich gestern hingedeutet habe. Wenn der Mensch nicht Geisteswissenschaft auf sich wirken läßt, dann ist es schon so: Was sich da loslöst - insbesondere in dem Zeitalter, wo der Mensch nur materialistische Begriffe und intellektualistische Begriffe empfängt, wo also in die Schule schon, und gerade in die Schule hineingetragen wird dasjenige, was Intellektualismus und Materialismus ist, denn unsere einzelnen Schulfächer sind ja materialistisch gestaltet -, was sich da loslöst, das wird nach der ahrimanischen Richtung hin organisiert. Weil wir eben in bezug auf unseren Willen, also auch in bezug auf unsere Instinkte auch bei Tag schlafend sind, so nimmt das, was sich da loslöst, die Instinkte gefangen. Wir erziehen uns zur Überwindung dieses instinktiven Lebens, indem wir gerade die geisteswissenschaftlichen Begriffe aufnehmen.
[ 20 ] Wer ein bloßer Intellektualist und Materialist oder Sensualist ist, der sagt ja von diesen geisteswissenschaftlichen Begriffen: Ja, diese geisteswissenschaftlichen Begriffe sind Phantasien, sie bezeichnen ja nichts von dem, was wirklich ist! - Er nennt nämlich «wirklich» nur, was die Sinne überschauen können. Das wollen aber diese Begriffe gar nicht bezeichnen. Alles, was Sie in meiner «Geheimwissenschaft» an Begriffen vorgeführt finden, das will ja gar nicht die äußere Sinneswelt bezeichnen, das will ja eine Beschreibung einer übersinnlichen Welt sein. Nimmt man diese Begriffe auf, so nimmt man eben Begriffe über diese übersinnliche Welt auf, auch wenn man noch nicht hineinschauen kann. Man nimmt Begriffe auf, die geeignet sind für die übersinnliche Welt, die nicht anwendbar sind für die sinnliche, physische Welt, und man reißt sich los auch von demjenigen, was an sich vom Menschen in der physisch-sinnlichen Welt lebt, das heißt von den Instinkten.
[ 21 ] Diese Erziehung braucht aber das Menschengeschlecht, sonst würde die Menschheit immer mehr und mehr in das soziale Chaos einlaufen. Denn die wirkliche Folge — das ist so, wie ich es gestern gesagt habe -, die wirkliche Folge des Intellektualismus und Materialismus in der Wissenschaft, die wirkliche Folge überhaupt unserer gegenwärtigen Wissenschaftlichkeit ist ein sozialer Zustand, der chaotisch ist und der jetzt im Osten von Europa in einer so furchtbaren Weise aufgeht.
[ 22 ] Wie gesagt, mit Logik kann man nicht aus Machscher, Avenariusscher Philosophie oder aus Bergsons Philosophie Bolschewismus ableiten; aber die reale Logik, die bringt einen dazu, die leitet das ab. Das ist etwas, was die gegenwärtige Menschheit schon einmal ins Auge fassen muß, daß durch die Entwickelung der letzten Jahrhunderte heraufgezogen ist ein Dualismus zwischen der Naturanschauung und der moralischen Ideenwelt des Menschen. Wir haben auf der einen Seite eine Naturanschauung, die nur mit der Naturnotwendigkeit arbeitet, wie ich öfter auseinandergesetzt habe, die streng, die exakt sein will, die alles zurückführen will auf gewisse ursächliche Zusammenhänge, Kausalitäten, wie man sagt. Diese Naturanschauung setzt zusammen ein Weltengebäude, bildet Hypothesen über Erdenanfang und Erdenende.
[ 23 ] Ihr steht gegenüber dasjenige, was der Mensch an moralischen und religiösen Idealen erlebt. Das ist aber gänzlich losgerissen von dem, was in der Naturanschauung lebt. Deshalb hat man ja so sehr das Bestreben, diesen moralisch-religiösen Inhalt durch eine bloße Glaubensgewißheit zu rechtfertigen. Man hat es geradezu zu einem System erhoben, diesen moralisch-religiösen Inhalt allein für sich stehen zu lassen, ihn gewissermaßen nicht berührt werden zu lassen von dem Inhalte, den man hat, wenn man die äußere Natur beschreibt, denn man fühlt, wie das eine das andere zerstört, neben sich nicht bestehen läßt. Und unsere heutige Naturanschauung, wie sie gerade in ihrer neuesten Phase ist, wo sie Optik und Elektrodynamik vereinigt hat, diese Naturanschauung, die da in der neuesten Phase lebt, zieht notwendigerweise die Vorstellung des Wärmetodes nach sich. Aber dann stirbt die Erde mit all ihren Menschen am Erdenende, und dann entwickelt sich keine Menschenseele trotz aller moralischen Ideale. Über dieses Erdenende hinaus gilt das Gesetz von der Erhaltung der Kraft, von der Erhaltung der Energie; dann ist durch dieses Gesetz von der Erhaltung der Energie der Erdentod gegeben, dann stirbt die Erde mit allen Menschenseelen, so wie nach der Ansicht des Materialisten sterben muß die Menschenseele mit dem menschlichen Leib. Einzig und allein wenn wir uns klar sind darüber, daß dasjenige, was moralisch in uns lebt, was von religiösen Idealen durchsetzt ist, in uns lebt wie ein Keim, der eine Realität in sich enthält, so wie der Keim in einer Pflanze, der im folgenden Jahre in der nächsten Gestalt der Pflanze aufgeht; nur wenn wir uns klar darüber sind, daß dasjenige, was moralisch in uns lebt, Anfang und Keim eines künftigen natürlichen Daseins ist, und daß die Erde mit allem, was sie in sich enthält, für unsere Augen schaubar, für unsere Ohren hörbar, für unsere übrigen Sinne vernehmbar, nicht dem Gesetze der Erhaltung der Kraft unterliegt, sondern abstirbt, abfällt von allen Menschenseelen, die dann die moralischen Ideale hinaustragen als ein neues Naturgeschehen, als das Jupiter-, Venus-, Vulkandasein; nur wenn wir uns darüber klar sind: Himmel und Erde werden vergehen, aber meine Worte, das heißt der Logos, der sich in den Menschenseelen ausbildet, wird nicht vergehen -, wenn wir uns klar sind, wörtlich klar sind über dieses Wort, dann erst können wir mit Ehrlichkeit sprechen von einer moralischen und einer religiösen Inhaltlichkeit unserer Menschenseele. Sonst ist es unehrlich. Sonst setzen wir gewissermaßen das Moralische hinein in die Welt und halten uns an eine andere Gewißheit als diejenige, die die Naturgewißheit ist. Sind wir uns aber klar, daß, wenn die Worte des Christus wahr sind, mit dem Moralischen ein Kosmos anfängt, der sich den toten Hüllen entringen wird, wenn dieser Kosmos in Staub zerfällt, dann haben wir eine Weltanschauung, die das Moralische und das Natürliche in ihren Metamorphosen zeigt.
[ 24 ] Das ist es, was die gegenwärtige Menschheit durchdringen muß. Denn mit jener Anwendung des Naturdenkens, die sich herausgebildet hat in den letzten Jahrhunderten, ist es unmöglich, auch nur zu dem einfachsten Sozialbegriff zu kommen, den wir gebrauchen. Denn in diesen Sozialbegriffen muß etwas leben von dem, was die Moralität zu gleicher Zeit erkennt in ihrer kosmischen Bedeutung. Der Mensch muß wiederum lernen, wie er ein kosmisches Wesen ist. Nicht früher wird er die sozialen Angelegenheiten hier auf dem Erdenrund zu ordnen verstehen, bevor er erkannt hat, wie er als Menschenwesen zusammenhängt mit kosmischen Absichten, mit kosmischen Entitäten.
[ 25 ] Das ist dasjenige, was gespürt wird von denjenigen Menschen unseres Zeitalters, die diese ganze Tragik in ihrer Seele empfinden können, die gekommen ist durch den Abgrund zwischen der Naturanschauung und der moralischen Anschauung, die wir haben. Vielleicht fühlen erst wenige die ganze Bedeutung dieses Abgrundes, aber er muß überbrückt werden, dieser Abgrund. Es muß wiederum die Möglichkeit kommen, ein solches Wort wörtlich zu nehmen: «Himmel und Erde werden vergehen, aber meine Worte werden nicht vergehen.» Das heißt: Was in der Menschenseele erkeimt, das wird sich entfalten, gerade wenn die Erde zugrunde gegangen sein wird.
[ 26 ] Man kann aber nicht ein ehrlicher Anhänger des Gesetzes der Erhaltung der Energie sein und zu gleicher Zeit glauben, daß die moralische Welt eine ewige Bedeutung hat. Nur insofern man den Mut finden wird, gerade aus diesem Zentrum das Wesen unserer Naturanschauung zu durchblicken, wird man einen Ausweg finden aus dem Chaos der Gegenwart. Dieser Ausweg kann nur gefunden werden, wenn sich die Menschen entschließen, wiederum, und jetzt bewußt, zu jener Weisheit zurückzukehren, die die Menschheit einmal in jenen alten Mysterien gehabt hat auf instinktive Weise. Würde die Menschheit sich entschließen, bewußt zu der geistigen Welt vorzudringen, die objektive Möglichkeit ist dazu vorhanden, meine lieben Freunde. Seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts will eine Welle geistiger Welt in unsere physische Welt herein. Ich möchte sagen, sie stürmt herein, sie ist da. Die Menschen brauchen bloß ihr Herz und ihren Sinn zu öffnen, und sie wird zu den Menschenherzen und zu den Menschenseelen sprechen. Die übersinnliche Welt meint es gut, aber die Menschheit stemmt sich noch dagegen. Und dasjenige, was das zweite Jahrzehnt des 20. Jahrhunderts in so furchtbarer Weise erlebt hat, letzten Endes ist es das Stemmen der Menschheit gegen die hereinbrechenwollende Welle der geistigen Welt. Aber man möchte sagen, am schlimmsten ist es da, wo gerade der wissenschaftliche Geist sich wendet gegen dieses Hereinströmen der geistigen Welt. Man will ja, nachdem einmal die materialistischen, intellektualistischen Denkgewohnheiten heraufgezogen sind, nicht in irgendeiner Form dasjenige zur Handhabung bringen, was aus der geistigen Welt heraus gewonnen werden kann.
[ 27 ] In dieser Beziehung hat eben doch die intellektualistisch-materialistische Welle ihren Höhepunkt, ihren Höhenschlag gehabt in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Natürlich hat sich der Materialismus lange vorbereitet. Ich habe immer hingewiesen auf seinen eigentlichen weltgeschichtlichen Anfang; denn was im Griechentum gelebt hat als Materialismus, ist ja nur ein Vorspiel gewesen, etwa in Demokrit und in andern. Seine weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung hat der Materialismus erst nach und nach entwickelt seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts. Gewiß hat er sich ja langsam entwickelt, aber es waren, wenn auch die dogmatische, wenn auch die wirkliche Tradition erloschen war, immer noch, ich möchte sagen, Empfindungen davon vorhanden, daß eine geistige Welt da ist wie eine physische Welt, daß diese geistige Welt erfaßt werden kann, aber nicht erfaßt werden kann durch das bloße intellektualistische menschliche Gebaren.
[ 28 ] Heute weisen manche Menschen, die das Wesentliche davon noch nicht sehen, mit einer gewissen Wehmut selbst auf noch nicht lange hinter uns liegende Zeiten zurück, wo auch die positivistisch und materialistisch gearteten Denker eigentlich noch immer sich geschämt hätten, dasjenige, was Mensch ist, so ganz und gar unmenschlich zu betrachten. Darnach hat man im Grunde genommen erst in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts gestrebt, ist darauf verfallen, ganz und gar unmenschlich den Menschen zu betrachten, auszulöschen das spezifisch Menschliche. Es hat sich das dann dadurch gerächt, daß der Mensch nach und nach ausgebildet hat ein verhältnismäßig ganz abstraktes Denken, wie es etwa hervorgetreten ist in der neueren Gestalt der Relativitätstheorie. Daher ist es immerhin interessant, und man sollte sich daran halten, daß es noch immer einige Geister gibt, die zurückverweisen auf die Zeiten, wo selbst noch materialistisch orientierte Geister dasjenige, was in bezug auf den Menschen unternommen werden sollte, vom Geiste aus behandelt wissen wollten.
[ 29 ] Gewiß, ein durch und durch intellektualistischer, positivistischer Geist war Auguste Comte, aber er lebte eben noch nicht in dem Zeitalter vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, wo der Mensch schon ganz und gar herausgeworfen war aus der menschlichen Anschauung, wo man weil ja durch Intellektualismus und Materialismus nur die äußere Natur begriffen wird — nur noch die äußere Natur begriff, wo man das eigene Menschliche nicht mehr ins Auge faßte beziehungsweise nur so, daß man auch sein eigenes Menschliches in den Bildern der bloß außermenschlichen Natur dachte. Und so ist es interessant, wenn wir jetzt lesen können, daß ein englischer Denker, Frederick Harrison, vor kurzem eine Äußerung getan hat über Auguste Comte. Er sagt: Ich denke an eine prägnante Bemerkung Auguste Comtes, die er vor mehr als siebzig Jahren gemacht hat. - Auguste Comte, der Positivist, der Intellektualist, der aber noch etwas berührt war von der Geistigkeit der alten Zeit, er sieht schon heraufkommen die Zeit, wo der Mensch vollständig ausgeschaltet ist. Aber trotz seines Positivismus, trotz seines Intellektualismus mißfällt ihm das, was da heraufzieht und was er in der Ausprägung, die es dann bekommen hat im letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts, gar noch nicht gesehen hat: Unsere modernen Ärzte, sagte Comte, scheinen mir im wesentlichen Tierärzte zu sein. - Er meinte — so sagt Harrison dann weiter —, daß sie den Menschen zu oft und besonders die Frauen so behandeln, als ob sie Pferde oder Kühe wären.
[ 30 ] Comte betonte, daß Krankheiten gewöhnlich von mehr als einer Seite betrachtet werden müssen, daß sie ein geistiges Element in sich haben, zuweilen sogar in hervorstechender Art ein geistiges Element, so daß ein Arzt für Menschen ebensogut ein Philosoph der Seele sein sollte wie ein Anatom des Körpers. Er behauptete, das wahre Heilmittel habe zwei Seiten. Aus diesem Grunde - so sagt jetzt Harrison dazu — würde er die Freudsche Einseitigkeit abweisen. Und dann sagt Harrison weiter, wie diese Comtesche Anschauungsweise in einer gewissen Art weitergebildet worden ist, aber wie man doch immer mehr und mehr verfallen ist in diejenige Anschauungsweise, die eben die Menschen behandelt wie Pferde und Kühe und die die Menschheitsärzte allmählich zu Tierärzten gemacht hat. Und er sagt, man sehe nirgends die Hauptlehre des Auguste Comte: Alles ist relativ — was schon den berechtigten Kern der Relativitätslehre in sich enthielt. Diese Hauptlehre des Auguste Comte hat eine bessere Grundlage und eine gründlichere Tiefe in Philosophie und Leben als Einstein. — Es ist immerhin erfrischend, wenn man heute noch einen solchen Ausspruch hört, denn wir leben einmal in dem Zeitalter, in dem sich gerade der Wissenschaftsgeist stemmt gegen alles, was von geistiger Seite herkommt, und namentlich was den Geist überführen will in das menschliche Leben, in das menschliche Handeln, insbesondere in so wichtige Gebiete wie das medizinische Handeln.
[ 31 ] Wenn wir uns nun fragen: Was ist es denn, was den Materialismus und den Intellektualismus gerade für die gegenwärtige Wissenschaftlichkeit so anziehend macht? Nun, sehen Sie sich an, wie da die Dinge vor sich gehen. So wie nun einmal unser Schulwesen eingerichtet ist, möchte man, daß der Lehrer möglichst wenig an die ganze Konfiguration des Kindes herangeht. Der Lehrer ist viel zu bequem, und er wird schon selber viel zu bequem erzogen, um an die Feinheiten der kindlichen Entwickelung, wie ich sie auch heute wieder geschildert habe, wirklich heranzugehen. Mit solchen Dingen will man sich ja nicht beschäftigen. Denn was fordern solche Dinge? Solche Dinge fordern, daß man jenen Übergang nicht scheut von dem gewöhnlichen Leben, wo man in einer Täuschung lebt, zu einem ganz andern Leben, wo uns erst Erkenntnis der Wirklichkeit wird.
[ 32 ] Dieses Umwandeln des Menschen, dieses Anderswerden des Menschen behufs Erkenntnis, das ist es, was man heute gerade scheut, was man nicht will. Man will möglichst bequem zu den höchsten Wahrheiten aufsteigen, die dann aber nur höchste Abstraktionen sein können, denn allerdings zu Abstraktionen kommt man mit einer gewissen Bequemlichkeit. Da braucht man sich nicht zu etwas anderem zu machen. Aber zu einem wirklichen Lebensgehalt, wie er zugrunde liegt unserem äußeren sinnlichen Inhalt, kann man nicht kommen, wenn man nicht wenigstens sich zu Begriffen aufschwingt, die für dieses gewöhnliche Sinnesleben eben keinen Sinn haben, deren Sinn man erst durchdringen muß aus der Kraft des eigenen Inneren heraus. Der Mensch ist schon einmal hineingestellt in das Leben, das auch hinaufreicht in diese übersinnliche Welt, und er ist in unserem Zeitalter darauf angewiesen, daß ihm in gesunder Weise hineingeleuchtet wird in diese übersinnliche Welt. Und wenn ich gestern gesagt habe, daß die materialistisch-intellektualistische Weltanschauung nicht etwa nur die paar wissenschaftlich gebildeten Leute umfaßt, die eben durch eine wissenschaftliche Bildung hindurchgehen, sondern daß sie populär ist, daß sie in populären Begriffen auch bei den einfachsten Leuten lebt, die heute glauben, noch den alten Bekenntnissen anzugehören, so muß gesagt werden: Es ist eben dringend notwendig, daß einfließe in unser Gesamtleben wiederum in populärer Art auch dasjenige, was Kunde von der geistigen Welt gibt.
[ 33 ] Aber es treten einem überall da die charakteristischen Eigenschaften der Gegenwart entgegen, wo der Versuch gemacht wird, hineinzutragen in die Lebensgebiete, was aus anthroposophischer Geisteswissenschaft kommen kann. In Medizin, in Religion, in das soziale Leben, überall muß hineingetragen werden dasjenige, was gewiß nicht sektiererisch gemeint ist: anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft, dasjenige, was auftritt mit demselben wissenschaftlichen Ernste, der in der Menschheit heranerzogen worden ist seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts an der Naturwissenschaft, die ja voll anerkannt wird.
[ 34 ] Und wenn dann das Kind herangewachsen ist, wenn es das Glück hat, durch irgendeine höhere Bildung hindurchzugehen — nun, sehen Sie, wie das heute ist: Diese jungen Leute, die Mediziner, Theologen, Philologen, Juristen, sie sollen ja dadurch nichts anderes werden, sie sollen sich ja nicht umwandeln, sie sollen ja so bleiben, wie sie sind, und nur in Abstraktionen aufnehmen, was eben ihre Wissenschaft ist. Wird der Versuch gemacht, irgend etwas von Erkenntnis der Welt zu geben, dann wird er gleich von denen, die dieses Leben so bequem in Abstraktionen weiterleben wollen —- was aber in das Chaos hineinführen würde -, insbesondere da zurückgewiesen. Und so sehen wir denn ein interessantes Symptom uns entgegentreten, das ich als einzelnes Symptom doch anführen will. Bei der Gelegenheit von jetzt schon ziemlich vielen Vorträgen, die der Nürnberger Hauptprediger Geyer in verschiedenen Orten gehalten hat, zeigte es sich: Da witterten die Menschen, namentlich witterten das auch die Wissenschafter, daß der Versuch gemacht wird, in ihr Lebensgebiet anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft hineinzutragen. Das wollen die Leute nicht. Und selbst Gutmeinende wollen das nicht. Sie verspüren: Da müssen sie ja umlernen in bezug auf ihre ganze Wissenschaftlichkeit, da müssen sie ja über ihre eigenen Grundbegriffe ganz anders denken. Daher ziehen sie es vor, wo so etwas auftritt, nach ihren eigenen Grundbegriffen, nach den bequemen Abstraktionen die Dinge zu beurteilen. Und so sehen wir denn gerade in Anknüpfung an die Geyerschen Vorträge einen Aufsatz von einem Obermedizinalrat Kolb hervortreten, Direktor der Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Erlangen, Psychiater, also ein Mensch, der es eigentlich gerade mit innigster Befriedigung und freudig begrüßen müßte, wenn in diejenigen Gebiete, in die nur durch Geisteswissenschaft fruchtbar hineingeleuchtet werden kann, in die psychiatrischen Gebiete, da fruchtbar hineingeleuchtet würde.
[ 35 ] Geisteswissenschaft verfolgt in gesunder Weise die Wege, die der Psychiater in krankhafter Art durchlaufen muß, und Psychiatrie kann selber nur gesund werden, wenn sie beleuchtet wird auf allen ihren Gebieten, in allen ihren Einzelheiten von dem, was in gesunder Weise durch anthroposophische Geisteswissenschaft gefunden wird. Daher sollte ein Psychiater sich aufschwingen, seine Psychiatrie zunächst durchdringen zu lassen von Geisteswissenschaft; denn diese Psychiatrie ist ja im Grunde genommen endlich nichts anderes geworden als eine Psychopathographie. Sie ist ja etwas Furchtbares in der Gegenwart, diese Psychiatrie. Was tut denn der Psychiater? Er verspürt nicht, wie die Lichtstrahlen, die ihm von anthroposophischer Geisteswissenschaft kommen können, in die Psychiatrie hineinleuchten, sondern er stellt die Geisteswissenschaft so dar, wie sie ihm nach der bisherigen Psychiatrie erscheint, das heißt, er legt den psychiatrischen Maßstab an die Geisteswissenschaft an. Und wenn er noch dazu gutmeinend ist, dann wird das ganz besonders interessant, denn dann sehen wir, wie eben, wenn Sie sich in einer Gartenkugel spiegeln und Ihr Gesicht sehen: wenn es ein schönes Gesicht ist, so wird man ja die Schönheit noch immer sehen, aber sie ist karikiert. So muß natürlich Geisteswissenschaft karikiert erscheinen, wenn sie von jemandem, der sich mit allen Kräften dagegen stemmt und der doch gutmeinend ist, dargestellt wird. Es ist immerhin interessant, einige der Worte zu lesen, die dieser Dr.Kolb, Obermedizinalpsychiater, immerhin von guter Meinung aus, sagt:
[ 36 ] «Den bekannten Anthroposophen Rudolf Steiner halte ich für eine» — verzeihen Sie, ich muß das vorlesen — «geniale, aber außerordentlich ungleich veranlagte Persönlichkeit mit manchen auffallenden, nur an Hand psychiatrischer Kenntnisse verständlichen Zügen. Auf dem Boden der Steinerschen Lehren scheint Herr Hauptprediger Geyer, Nürnberg, zu stehen. Ich habe zweimal einen öffentlichen Vortrag dieses von vielen hochgeschätzten Geistlichen gehört. Der Vortrag war als Kunstwerk entzückend. Ich würde es für eine Barbarei halten, die blaue Blume der Poesie, die uns in so anmutiger Weise gereicht wurde, zu zerpflücken, und den blauen Duft» — das Blaue scheint also nicht kritisch zu sein an dem Duft -, «in dem er uns das Herannahen des Steinerschen Zeitalters malte, durch kritische Farben zu trüben. Nur eins muß ich als Psychiater sagen: Das «Hellsehen» Steiners ist nichts anderes als gewöhnliches Denken, das durch eine Art von AutoHypnose beeinflußt wird; wenn eine geniale und, wie ich zunächst annehmen möchte» — nachher wird es schon anders kommen! - «sittlich hochstehende Persönlichkeit mit glänzender naturwissenschaftlicher und allgemeiner Bildung, genau unterrichtet über die bisherigen religions-philosophischen Lehren, wie Steiner es ist, gewissermaßen in ihr Gehirn hineinsieht und uns den Inhalt ihres Gehirns als «Anthroposophie darbietet, so werden neben zahlreichen phantastischen Zügen doch auch viele gute, edle und sittlich hochstehende, vereinzelt sogar vielleicht wissenschaftlich wertvolle Gedanken sich finden.»
[ 37 ] Nun also bitte ich Sie, hören Sie sich das an: Das gewöhnliche Denken, durch Autohypnose beeinflußt, sieht in das Gehirn hinein, und was man dann im Gehirn sieht, das stellt man als Anthroposophie dar! Bitte, nehmen Sie nur diesen genialen Satz dieses Psychiaters: also alles beim Hineinschauen in das Gehirn, ein wenig von Autosuggestion beeinflußt!
[ 38 ] «Wenn aber seine bisher nur den Gebildeten zugängliche Lehre von der Kanzel unters Volk geworfen würde, dann würden auch minder geniale Menschen, ohne Vorbildung, den staunenden Menschen die Produkte ihres «Hellsehens» verkünden.»
[ 39 ] Die haben es nämlich schon genug getan, diese weniger Gebildeten! Es ist tatsächlich, als ob dieser Psychiater, der in der Anthroposophie ein von Autohypnose beeinflußtes Denken, das in das Gehirn hineinsieht, erblickt, überhaupt außerhalb der wirklichen Welt lebte.
[ 40 ] «Da der Okkultismus ähnlich dem Kommunismus eine verhängnisvolle Anziehungskraft besitzt auf Geistesschwache, auf die noch unreife Jugend, auf das vorzeitig gealterte Alter, auf Phantasten, auf Hysterische, vor allem auf die Psychopathen, die Haltlosen, die krankhaften Lügner und Schwindler, so würden wir erleben, daß in unserem durch Krieg, Tod und Not und Sorge um die Zukunft zermürbten und empfänglich gemachten Volk «Propheten» aufstehen, ähnlich denen, von deren Taten wir in der Geschichte der Münsterschen Wiedertäufer mit Schaudern lesen. Es ist ein hohes Verdienst der katholischen Kirche, daß sie mit vollster Klarheit und Schärfe Steiner abgelehnt hat» - diese «Klarheit und Schärfe» lesen Sie ja bei hier recht nahe Lebenden! «und ich möchte als Protestant jeden einzelnen protestantischen Geistlichen recht herzlich bitten, doch jene Gefahr und die Gefahr des Verfalls unserer Kirche in eine öde und gefährliche Sektiererei recht genau zu prüfen, bevor er die gerade für ideal gerichtete Christen vielfach gefährlich verlockende, aber mit pathologischen Zügen schwer durchsetzte Lehre Steiners empfiehlt.»
[ 41 ] Diese Lektion hat also von einem Psychiater, Obermedizinalrat Dr. Gustav Kolb, Direktor der Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Erlangen, Hauptprediger Geyer empfangen.
[ 42 ] Sie sehen, wie die Seelenverfassung eines Menschen beschaffen ist, der ganz und gar die Denkgewohnheiten des modernen Wissenschaftsgeistes in sich aufgenommen hat. Und bitte, bedenken Sie jetzt einmal ein bißchen, meinetwillen meditieren Sie sogar darüber, was herauskommen würde, wenn man, statt den Blick in die Außenwelt zu richten, statt ihn geistig durch Imagination, Inspiration, Intuition zu schärfen und dann dasjenige hervorzubringen, was etwa in meiner «Geheimwissenschaft» steht, diesen Blick nach innen richten würde und nun das menschliche Gehirn schildern würde, etwas durch Autohypnose beeinflußt. Nicht wahr, es ist schon Wahnsinn, was da der Psychiater schildert! Es ist tatsächlich in Psychiatrie getaucht die Schilderung, die da auftaucht! Aber man muß sagen, solch ein Mensch, wie dieser Gustav Kolb, ist ja sogar gutmeinend, denn er findet, daß er den blauen Duft nicht durch andere kritische Farben zerpflücken soll, er findet es sogar eine Barbarei, gegen die blaue Blume, die der Pastor Geyer heranträgt, aufzutreten. Also er ist von der einen Seite sogar gutmütig; aber er ist ein wirklich typischer Repräsentant der modernen Wissenschaftlichkeit.
[ 43 ] Das ist dasjenige,was von der modernen Wissenschaftlichkeit durchaus zu hoffen und zu erwarten ist für anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft! Deshalb muß immer erwähnt werden: Es brauchte schon diese anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft aktive Mitarbeiter, die in jedem Winkel, in jeder Ecke aufspüren, was in dieser Weise vorgebracht wird, und die es nun wirklich in das rechte Licht rücken, in das es gerückt wird dann, wenn man darauf hinweist, erstens, daß es aus der gegenwärtigen Wissenschaftlichkeit heraus nicht anders sein kann, und zweitens, wie es ist: Gehirn statt Anthroposophie.
[ 44 ] Wirklich, man muß sich von dem Vorurteile frei machen, daß es heute möglich ist, da oder dort irgend jemanden von denjenigen überzeugen zu können, die ganz durchdrungen sind von diesem modern wissenschaftlich Gewohnten. Die Freude, die einige kurzdenkende Anhänger von uns immer wieder haben, daß man den oder jenen herüberziehen kann, diese Freude ist schlecht am Platze. Um was es sich handelt, ist, daß die unbefangene Menschheit durchdrungen werde von dem, was anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft geben kann, und daß dann mit Unerbittlichkeit charakterisiert wird gerade diese moderne Wissenschaftlichkeit da, wo sie zum Nonsens wird, selbst wenn sie gutartig ist. Wir stehen heute vor einem ungeheuren Ernst. Deshalb muß es immer wieder betont werden, daß unter uns möglichst viele aufstehen müssen, die diesen Ernst verspüren, die nicht bloß sich hinsetzen wollen und ein wenig zuhören wollen, um ein Wohlgefallen an den anthroposophischen Wahrheiten zu empfinden, sondern die in alles Leben aktiv einführen wollen dasjenige, was anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft dem Leben sein will, und die auch den Mut und die Kraft haben aufzutreten da, wo es nötig ist. Immer wieder mache ich aufmerksam: Der Kampf, der gegen Geisteswissenschaft geführt wird, er hat alle möglichen grotesken, lächerlichen, lügenhaften und gutmütigen, aber impotenten Formen angenommen. Der Kampf, der gegen diesen Kampf geführt wird, der ist noch ein sehr spärlicher. Er muß aber wegen des Heiles der Fortentwickelung der Menschheit geführt werden. Gesunden muß dasjenige wieder, was gerade durch den modernen Wissenschaftsgeist — der, wie Sie ja wissen, da wo er berechtigt ist, auch von der Geisteswissenschaft voll geschätzt wird —, weil er sich auch aufspielen will auf denjenigen Gebieten, von denen er nichts versteht, krank gemacht wird.
Nineteenth Lecture
[ 1 ] If one wants to understand the significance of the materialistic age, one must consider the development of the human being insofar as this development takes into account all the essential fundamental forces of the human being. Let us first consider this human development from a certain point of view. I will take up some of the points I have already made in recent lectures in order to arrive at a specific goal.
[ 2 ] I have often pointed out the great significance of that period in individual human development which coincides with the change of teeth at about the age of seven. This change of teeth means that certain forces which were present in the human organism up to this point and were active in this organism are in a certain sense released and no longer perform the activity they performed up to this change of teeth. At the moment when this change of teeth begins, and during the time or through the time in which it takes place, the human being is in fact a transformed, metamorphosed being. What comes to the fore in the appearance of the second teeth, in the eruption of the second teeth, has been working in the human organism up to that point. And then, when it comes to the fore, when it is freed, as it were, from the organism, it appears, in contrast to before, as a more soul-like force. By following this, we come to the view that up to the age of seven, a soul force is at work in the human being which, as it were, completes its work on the organism with the change of teeth. If we have acquired a certain inclination and ability to observe such things, we can see how the whole soul constitution of the child is transformed during this stage of life, how, from this stage of life onwards, the ability to form contoured concepts appears, how other soul abilities appear. Where were these soul abilities before the change of teeth? They were in the organism, working on the organism. What later becomes soul life works beforehand on the organism.
[ 3 ] This brings us to a completely different view of the interaction between the soul and the body than is described in all the abstract psychological representations that speak of a psycho-physical parallelism or an abstract interaction between soul and body and the like. We arrive at a real view of what works in an important way in the organism during the first seven years of human life. We see, as it were, what is hidden until this point in time, then becomes free and now appears as a spiritual force. We only need to acquire a power of observation for such things, and then we will see a certain system of forces working physically, so to speak, during this period of human life, namely in the first seven years, and after this stage of life we will see it emerge as something spiritual.
We will then know, at least in part, what actually works in the human organism for this substantiality; we will then know what works on the human organism during the first seven years of life.[ 4 ] Now, when the human being is in the state of life that occurs between falling asleep and waking up, what I have just described plays an important role in two successive states. One can also observe how children sleep in a certain way that is different from adults, who then become children after they lose their baby teeth. The difference is not so obvious, but it is there. Until the age of seven, the child cannot yet send into its state of sleep—the state that is peculiar to the soul between falling asleep and waking up—with the same power that it later sends in as soul forces; for these forces still have to do with the physical, with the physical organism. Therefore, the child does not yet send sharply defined concepts into the state of sleep. It sends into the state of sleep concepts that are not yet sharply defined, ideas that are not yet sharply defined; but these less sharply defined ideas have the peculiarity that they can encompass the soul-spiritual reality in a better way than sharply defined ideas.
[ 5 ] This is important: the more sharply defined our concepts become in our waking life, the less we send into the state of sleep in order to grasp realities there. This is why, in many cases, children actually bring a certain knowledge of spiritual reality with them out of their state of sleep. This ceases to the same extent as the forces described are released with the change of teeth, sharply defined concepts appear and these then influence sleep life. These sharply defined concepts dampen, as it were, the view of the spiritual realities within which we live between falling asleep and waking up.
[ 6 ] What I have now said can be verified through supersensible vision, if this supersensible vision develops the power that I have often described, which you will also find described in my “Outline of Secret Science” and in my book “How to Know Higher Worlds.” When supersensible vision becomes the power of imagination, when those images appear which we know are based on spiritual realities, then we gradually come to see those spiritual realities in whose midst we are between falling asleep and waking up, and then we can also judge the difference between the sleeping child before the age of seven and the sleeping child after the age of seven. Then we can see how, in a sense, our gaze is dimmed when we look at what becomes quite clear to us in our imagination to a certain degree, our gaze at these spiritual realities in the midst of which we are between falling asleep and waking up.
[ 7 ] When the change of teeth has taken place, something develops in the soul until puberty that can be grasped in a certain way through imagination. One simply gains experience through imagination of what is developing in the human soul. The experience I have just described regarding the state between falling asleep and waking up is only one of the experiences one has through imaginative cognition. In those interesting states that occur in children from the change of teeth to sexual maturity, we see how there is actually a strong struggle going on in the developing human being. During this phase of life, the etheric body, which undergoes its special organization until puberty, fights against the astral body. It is a real state of struggle that takes place within the child. And when we consider the physical counterpart that corresponds to this state of struggle, we can say: During this stage of the child's life, there is a pronounced struggle between the forces of growth and those forces that come into play through physical inspiration, through breathing. This is a very significant process within the human being, a process that will have to be studied more and more in order to understand the human being. For what becomes partly free in the soul through the change of teeth is precisely the forces of growth. Of course, a considerable part of these forces of growth remains in the physical body and continues to promote growth there; a part becomes free during the change of teeth and appears as soul forces.
[ 8 ] But what continues to function as growth forces in the child resists something that now appears in the child essentially through the breathing process. What appears through the breathing process could not appear earlier. The breathing process is certainly also present in the child, but as long as the child has the forces in its physical growth and physical organization that then emerge during tooth replacement, nothing takes place in the child's organism that is actually caused by the breathing process in the human body in such a noticeable and significant way later on. For a large part of what we go through in our development depends on this respiratory process. Hence those Oriental exercises that focus particularly on the breathing process, because by becoming attuned to the breathing process through these exercises, one actually comes into contact with something that organizes the human being, that brings the human being into an inner mobility that has something to do with seeing through the mysteries of the world.
[ 9 ] As I said, before the change of teeth, what breathing actually wants to do with us cannot become active in the human organism. But then a struggle ensues between the forces that have remained as growth forces and the forces that penetrate into the human being from the breathing process. For the first great significance that arises in a physical relationship as a consequence of the breathing process is sexual maturity.
[ 10 ] Natural science does not yet understand this connection between breathing and sexual maturity. But it definitely exists. We actually breathe in what makes us sexually mature, but in a broader sense, it also gives us the ability to enter into a loving relationship with the world. That is what we actually breathe in. There is something spiritual in every natural process. In the breathing process, there is something spiritual and something spiritual-soul. This spiritual-soul element enters us through the breathing process. It can only enter when the forces that previously worked in the organism have become soul forces and cease to work in the organism with the change of teeth. Then that which wants to come out of the breathing process flows into the human being.
[ 11 ] But this is counteracted — and hence the struggle arises — by that which comes from the growth processes that have remained growth processes, in other words, that which comes from the etheric forces. And this struggle exists between the etheric forces, between the forces that rise up from our etheric body and find their physical counterpart in the substance system, in the metabolic system, in the blood circulation, and the astral forces. The metabolism plays into the circulatory system, into the rhythmic system. So we can say schematically: We have our metabolic system, but it plays into our blood rhythm, into the blood rhythm system; the metabolic system, which I have drawn schematically here in white, plays into the circulatory system (see drawing, red). This is what, so to speak, rushes upward in the human being from the etheric body during this period between the seventh and fourteenth years.

[ 12 ] The astral body counteracts this. We then have the rhythmic element flowing into the physical correlate, which comes from breathing, and this struggle takes place between the blood circulation rhythm and the breathing rhythm (blue). This is what is happening internally in the human being during this phase of life.
[ 13 ] And one could say, speaking a little figuratively, in a perhaps radical image: It is roughly between the ages of nine and ten that what has previously taken place in every child, what I would call the preliminary encounter, the skirmishes before the actual main battle, is transferred to the main battle. The astral body and the etheric body carry out their main attack between the ages of nine and ten.
[ 14 ] This is why this period of time, this moment, is so important for educators to observe. As a teacher, educator, or instructor, one must pay careful attention to something — which plays out differently in almost every person — that happens between the ages of nine and ten. You see something very special in every child. Certain temperamental characteristics undergo a kind of metamorphosis. Certain ideas emerge. But above all, it is at this point in time that you should begin — while it is good beforehand not to let the child notice the difference between the self and the outside world — to bring out this difference between the self and the outside world. While it is good to talk to children in fairy tales and so on, as if the processes of nature were like human processes, by personifying and explaining them, one can then begin to teach children about nature in a more didactic way.
[ 15 ] Natural history, even in its most elementary form, should really only be introduced to the child from this point onwards. For at this stage, when the child begins to clearly feel its self, it has only just begun to feel its self. It is at this point that they associate a sharply defined concept, more or less naturally sharply defined, with this self. It is only at this point that children really learn to distinguish themselves from the outside world. This corresponds to a very specific clash between the rhythms of breathing and circulation, between the astral body and the etheric body.
[ 16 ] These things always have two sides in human beings. One side manifests itself in the state between waking and falling asleep. I have just described this state. In the state between falling asleep and waking up, the situation is somewhat different. When we have progressed to imagination and have developed something of inspiration, so that we can judge what happens through inspiration through the breathing process, which is the physical correlate, we find that it is actually only at this point in time — which occurs somewhat earlier for one child and somewhat later for another — but on average between the ages of nine and ten — that a real separation of the ego and the astral body from the etheric body and the physical body takes place during sleep. The child is, especially with its ego, very intimately connected with its physical and etheric bodies, even when it is asleep. But from this point on, the ego begins to shine forth as an independent being, when the ego and the astral body do not participate in the functions of the etheric body and the physical body.
[ 17 ] This is why children who die before this point in time still have something in the life they live up to the age of five, six, seven, or even eight or nine that separates them only slightly from the spiritual world they experience between death and a new birth. so that the children are relatively easily pulled back into this spiritual-soul world, so that they merely add something to the life they completed at conception or birth, so that, when we consider this dying, the actual severing of a new life only occurs when the children die after this point in time. In this way, the new life is not bound so intensely to the old life. Only then are the conditions I described in my Theosophy clearly experienced, whereas children who die earlier are, as it were, thrown back and add on to the life they have lived on earth to the life they led until conception or birth. One must say that what we see in the child up to this point between the ages of nine and ten is actually much more undifferentiated in terms of the physical-soul and spiritual-soul elements than in later human beings. Later human beings are much more dualistic beings than children. The child has the spiritual-soul element within its body, and the soul-spiritual element works on the body. The spiritual-soul aspect appears as a duality in relation to the physical-soul aspect only after this point in time. So we must say that from this point on, the spiritual-soul aspect in the human being is less concerned with the physical than it was before. As a physical being, the child is a much more soulful being than the later human being. The child's body is still completely permeated by soul forces during its growth, for soul forces still remain, even though a large part of them has been transformed with the change of teeth.
[ 18 ] Then we can say that, in a certain way, the struggle I have described gradually subsides from the age of twelve onwards, and with sexual maturity the astral body enters into its full rightful place in the human constitution. But what detaches itself from the human being, what later cares less about the physical body, is also what carries the human being back through the gate of death into the spiritual-soul world when he dies. As I said, the child in his earlier years is thrown back more to his previous life, while the human being after this period is separated from his previous life. And what detaches itself contains within itself the seeds to pass through the gate of death. With imaginative knowledge, one can see these things very clearly and point to the details very precisely. One can point out how the forces that arise there lead to sharply defined concepts — which, however, dampen the spiritual realities in whose midst we live in the state of sleep — and which make human beings independent beings.
[ 19 ] By cutting himself off, by dulling the spiritual realities, man once again becomes the spirit among spirits that he must be when he passes through the gate of death. The child slips, I might say, into the spiritual realities; the later human being detaches himself from these spiritual realities and becomes consistent within himself. However, what becomes consistent can only be understood through imaginative and inspired insight, but it is indeed present in human beings. The process I referred to yesterday does take place. If human beings do not allow spiritual science to have an effect on them, then this is what happens: What detaches itself — especially in an age when human beings only receive materialistic and intellectualistic concepts, when intellectualism and materialism are already being brought into schools, because our individual school subjects are materialistically structured — what detaches itself is organized in the Ahrimanic direction. Because we are asleep during the day in relation to our will, and therefore also in relation to our instincts, what breaks away captures the instincts. We educate ourselves to overcome this instinctive life by taking in spiritual scientific concepts.
[ 20 ] Those who are mere intellectualists, materialists, or sensualists say of these spiritual scientific concepts: Yes, these spiritual scientific concepts are fantasies; they do not describe anything that is real! For they call “real” only what the senses can perceive. But that is not what these concepts are meant to describe. Everything you find in my “Secret Science” is not meant to describe the outer sensory world, but rather to describe a supersensible world. If you accept these concepts, you are accepting concepts about this supersensible world, even if you cannot yet see it. One takes in concepts that are suitable for the supersensible world, that are not applicable to the sensory, physical world, and one breaks away from that which lives in the physical-sensory world, that is, from the instincts.
[ 21 ] But the human race needs this education, otherwise humanity would slide more and more into social chaos. For the real consequence—as I said yesterday—the real consequence of intellectualism and materialism in science, the real consequence of our present scientific attitude in general, is a social condition that is chaotic and is now emerging in Eastern Europe in such a terrible way.
[ 22 ] As I said, one cannot deduce Bolshevism from Mach's, Avenarius's, or Bergson's philosophy using logic; but real logic leads one to this conclusion. This is something that contemporary humanity must already take into account, that through the development of the last centuries, a dualism has arisen between the view of nature and the moral world of human ideas. On the one hand, we have a view of nature that works only with natural necessity, as I have often explained, that wants to be strict and exact, that wants to trace everything back to certain causal connections, or causalities, as they say. This view of nature constructs a world system and forms hypotheses about the beginning and end of the earth.
[ 23 ] Opposite this stands what human beings experience in moral and religious ideals. But this is completely detached from what lives in the view of nature. That is why there is such a strong desire to justify this moral-religious content through mere certainty of faith. It has been elevated to a system to allow this moral-religious content to stand alone, to leave it untouched, as it were, by the content that one has when describing external nature, because one feels that one destroys the other, that one cannot allow the other to exist alongside it. And our present view of nature, as it is in its latest phase, where it has united optics and electrodynamics, this view of nature, which lives in its latest phase, necessarily entails the idea of heat death. But then the earth dies with all its human beings at the end of the earth, and then no human soul develops despite all moral ideals. Beyond the end of the earth, the law of conservation of force, of conservation of energy, applies; then, through this law of conservation of energy, the death of the earth is a given, then the earth dies with all human souls, just as, according to the materialist's view, the human soul must die with the human body. Only if we are clear that what lives morally within us, what is imbued with religious ideals, lives within us like a seed that contains a reality within itself, just as the seed in a plant sprouts in the following year in the next form of the plant; only if we are clear that what lives morally within us is the beginning and seed of a future natural existence, and that the earth with everything it contains is visible to our eyes, audible to our ears, perceptible to our other senses, is not subject to the law of conservation of energy, but dies and falls away from all human souls, which then carry the moral ideals forth as a new natural event, as the existence of Jupiter, Venus, and Vulcan; only if we are clear about this: heaven and earth will pass away, but my words, that is, the Logos that develops in human souls, will not pass away—if we are clear, literally clear about this word, only then can we speak honestly about a moral and religious content of our human soul. Otherwise, it is dishonest. Otherwise, we are, in a sense, placing morality into the world and adhering to a certainty other than that which is natural certainty. But if we are clear that, if the words of Christ are true, morality gives rise to a cosmos that will break free from its dead shell when this cosmos crumbles to dust, then we have a worldview that shows morality and nature in their metamorphoses.
[ 24 ] This is what contemporary humanity must understand. For with the application of natural thinking that has developed over the last few centuries, it is impossible to arrive at even the simplest social concept that we use. For in these social concepts there must be something alive of what morality recognizes at the same time in its cosmic meaning. Man must learn again how he is a cosmic being. He will not be able to understand how to organize social affairs here on earth until he has recognized how he, as a human being, is connected with cosmic intentions, with cosmic entities.
[ 25 ] This is what is felt by those people of our age who can sense in their souls all the tragedy that has come about through the gulf between our view of nature and our moral view. Perhaps only a few feel the full significance of this abyss, but it must be bridged. The possibility must come again to take such a word literally: “Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will not pass away.” That means: What germinates in the human soul will unfold, even when the earth has perished.
[ 26 ] However, one cannot be an honest follower of the law of conservation of energy and at the same time believe that the moral world has eternal significance. Only if we find the courage to see through the essence of our view of nature from this very center will we find a way out of the chaos of the present. This way out can only be found if people decide, once again and now consciously, to return to the wisdom that humanity once possessed instinctively in those ancient mysteries. If humanity were to decide to consciously advance toward the spiritual world, the objective possibility for this exists, my dear friends. Since the end of the 19th century, a wave of the spiritual world has been wanting to enter our physical world. I would say it is storming in, it is here. People need only open their hearts and minds, and it will speak to their hearts and souls. The supersensible world means well, but humanity is still resisting it. And what the second decade of the 20th century experienced in such a terrible way is ultimately humanity's resistance to the wave of the spiritual world that wants to break in. But one might say that it is worst where the scientific spirit is turning against this influx of the spiritual world. Once materialistic, intellectualistic habits of thinking have taken hold, people do not want to use in any way what can be gained from the spiritual world.
[ 27 ] In this respect, the intellectual-materialistic wave reached its peak, its zenith, in the second half of the 19th century. Of course, materialism had been preparing itself for a long time. I have always pointed to its actual beginning in world history, for what lived as materialism in Greek culture was only a prelude, for example in Democritus and others. Materialism only gradually developed its world-historical significance from the middle of the 15th century onwards. Certainly, it developed slowly, but even after the dogmatic and real traditions had died out, there were still, I would say, feelings that a spiritual world exists just like a physical world, that this spiritual world can be grasped, but not by mere intellectual human behavior.
[ 28 ] Today, some people who do not yet see the essence of this look back with a certain nostalgia to times not so long ago when even positivist and materialist thinkers would still have been ashamed to view what it means to be human in such an utterly inhuman way. It was only in the second half of the 19th century that people began to strive for this, to view human beings as completely inhuman, to eradicate what is specifically human. This then took its revenge in that human beings gradually developed a relatively abstract way of thinking, as has emerged, for example, in the newer form of the theory of relativity. It is therefore interesting, and we should bear in mind, that there are still some minds that refer back to the times when even materialistically oriented minds wanted what was to be done in relation to human beings to be dealt with from the standpoint of the spirit.
[ 29 ] Certainly, Auguste Comte was a thoroughly intellectual, positivist mind, but he did not yet live in the era of the late 19th century, when human beings had already been completely cast out of human perception, when intellectualism and materialism meant that only external nature was understood — only external nature could be understood, where one no longer considered one's own humanity, or only in such a way that one also thought of one's own humanity in images of purely non-human nature. And so it is interesting to read now that an English thinker, Frederick Harrison, recently made a statement about Auguste Comte. He says: I am thinking of a concise remark made by Auguste Comte more than seventy years ago. Auguste Comte, the positivist, the intellectualist, who was still somewhat touched by the spirituality of ancient times, already saw the time coming when human beings would be completely eliminated. But despite his positivism, despite his intellectualism, he dislikes what is coming and what he has not yet seen in the form it took in the last third of the 19th century: Our modern doctors, Comte said, seem to me to be essentially veterinarians. He meant, Harrison continues, that they too often treat people, especially women, as if they were horses or cows.
[ 30 ] Comte emphasized that illnesses usually have to be looked at from more than one angle, that they have a mental element, sometimes even a really prominent one, so that a doctor should be as much a philosopher of the soul as an anatomist of the body. He said that the real cure has two sides. For this reason, Harrison now says, he would reject Freud's one-sidedness. Harrison goes on to say how Comte's view has been developed in a certain way, but how we have increasingly fallen back into the view that treats people like horses and cows and has gradually turned doctors into veterinarians. And he says that nowhere can one see Auguste Comte's main teaching: everything is relative—which already contained the justified core of the theory of relativity. This main teaching of Auguste Comte has a better foundation and a more thorough depth in philosophy and life than Einstein. — It is refreshing to hear such a statement today, because we live in an age in which the scientific spirit is rebelling against everything that comes from the spiritual realm, and especially against anything that seeks to transfer the spirit into human life, into human action, particularly in such important areas as medical practice.
[ 31 ] If we now ask ourselves: What is it that makes materialism and intellectualism so attractive to contemporary science? Well, look at how things are going. The way our school system is set up, we want teachers to approach the whole configuration of the child as little as possible. Teachers are far too comfortable, and they themselves are brought up far too comfortably to really approach the subtleties of child development as I have described them again today. People don't want to deal with such things. For what do such things demand? Such things require that we do not shy away from the transition from ordinary life, where we live in a delusion, to a completely different life, where we first become aware of reality.
[ 32 ] This transformation of the human being, this becoming different for the sake of knowledge, is precisely what people shy away from today, what they do not want. They want to ascend to the highest truths as comfortably as possible, but these can then only be the highest abstractions, for abstractions can indeed be attained with a certain degree of comfort. There is no need to transform oneself into something else. But one cannot attain a real substance of life, such as that which underlies our external sensory content, unless one at least rises to concepts that have no meaning for this ordinary sensory life, concepts whose meaning one must first penetrate from the power of one's own inner being. Human beings are already placed in life, which also reaches up into this supersensible world, and in our age they are dependent on being enlightened in a healthy way about this supersensible world. And when I said yesterday that the materialistic-intellectualistic worldview does not only encompass the few scientifically educated people who have undergone a scientific education, but that it is popular, that it lives in popular concepts even among the simplest people who today believe that they still belong to the old confessions, it must be said: It is urgently necessary that what gives us knowledge of the spiritual world should also flow into our entire life in a popular form.
[ 33 ] But everywhere we encounter the characteristic features of the present age when we attempt to bring into the spheres of life what can come from anthroposophical spiritual science. In medicine, in religion, in social life, everywhere it is necessary to introduce something that is certainly not meant to be sectarian: anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, something that appears with the same scientific seriousness that has been cultivated in humanity since the middle of the 15th century in natural science, which is fully recognized.
[ 34 ] And then, when the child has grown up, if it is fortunate enough to receive some kind of higher education—well, look at how things are today: these young people, the doctors, theologians, philologists, lawyers, they are not supposed to become anything else, they are not supposed to change, they are supposed to remain as they are and only absorb their science in abstractions. If an attempt is made to impart some knowledge of the world, it is immediately rejected, especially by those who want to continue living their comfortable lives in abstractions — which would, however, lead to chaos. And so we see an interesting symptom confronting us, which I would like to mention as a single symptom. On the occasion of quite a few lectures that the Nuremberg chief preacher Geyer has given in various places, it became apparent that people, and especially scientists, sensed that an attempt was being made to introduce anthroposophically oriented spiritual science into their sphere of life. People do not want that. Even well-meaning people do not want this. They sense that they would have to relearn their entire scientific approach and think completely differently about their own basic concepts. Therefore, when something like this arises, they prefer to judge things according to their own basic concepts and convenient abstractions. And so, following on from Geyer's lectures, we see an essay emerge by a senior medical officer named Kolb, director of the Erlangen mental hospital, a psychiatrist, in other words, a person who should actually welcome with the deepest satisfaction and joy the fruitful illumination of those areas that can only be illuminated by spiritual science, namely the psychiatric fields.
[ 35 ] Spiritual science pursues in a healthy way the paths that the psychiatrist must follow in a pathological way, and psychiatry itself can only become healthy if it is illuminated in all its areas, in all its details, by what is found in a healthy way through anthroposophical spiritual science. Therefore, a psychiatrist should strive to allow his psychiatry to be permeated by spiritual science, for this psychiatry has basically become nothing more than psychopathography. This psychiatry is something terrible in the present day. What does the psychiatrist do? He does not sense how the rays of light that can come to him from anthroposophical spiritual science shine into psychiatry, but instead he presents spiritual science as it appears to him according to previous psychiatry, that is, he applies psychiatric standards to spiritual science. And if he is well-meaning, then it becomes particularly interesting, because then we see what happens when you look at your face reflected in a garden ball: if it is a beautiful face, you will still see the beauty, but it is caricatured. Spiritual science must naturally appear caricatured when it is portrayed by someone who is opposed to it with all his might, yet is well-meaning. It is interesting, however, to read some of the words spoken by Dr. Kolb, chief medical psychiatrist, who was, after all, well-meaning:
[ 36 ] “I consider the well-known anthroposophist Rudolf Steiner to be” — forgive me, I must read this aloud — "a brilliant but extremely uneven personality with many striking traits that can only be understood on the basis of psychiatric knowledge. The chief preacher Geyer, Nuremberg, seems to stand on the ground of Steiner's teachings. I have twice heard a public lecture by this clergyman, who is highly esteemed by many. The lecture was delightful as a work of art. I would consider it barbaric to pluck the blue flower of poetry that has been presented to us in such a graceful manner and to cloud the “blue fragrance” — the blue does not seem to be critical of the fragrance — in which he painted the approach of the Steiner era with critical colors. As a psychiatrist, I must say one thing: Steiner's “clairvoyance” is nothing more than ordinary thinking influenced by a kind of self-hypnosis; when a brilliant and, as I would like to assume at first — later it will turn out differently! — morally upright personality with a brilliant scientific and general education, well informed about previous religious-philosophical teachings, as Steiner is, looks into their brains, so to speak, and presents the contents of their brains to us as “anthroposophy,” then, alongside numerous fantastical features, many good, noble, and morally superior thoughts will be found, and here and there perhaps even some that are scientifically valuable."
[ 37 ] Now I ask you to listen to this: ordinary thinking, influenced by self-hypnosis, looks into the brain, and what one then sees in the brain is presented as anthroposophy! Please, just take this brilliant sentence from this psychiatrist: so everything that is seen when looking into the brain is influenced by a little autosuggestion!
[ 38 ] “But if his teachings, which have so far only been accessible to the educated, were to be thrown from the pulpit to the masses, then even less gifted people, without any prior education, would proclaim the products of their ‘clairvoyance’ to the astonished people.”
[ 39 ] The less educated have already done enough of that! It is indeed as if this psychiatrist, who sees in anthroposophy a form of thinking influenced by self-hypnosis that looks into the brain, lived completely outside the real world.
[ 40 ] "Since occultism, like communism, has a fatal attraction for the weak-minded, the immature youth, the prematurely aged, the fanatics, the hysterical, and above all the psychopaths, the unstable, the pathological liars and swindlers, we would see “prophets” arise among our people, who have been worn down and made receptive by war, death, hardship, and anxiety about the future, similar to those whose deeds we read about with horror in the history of the Münster Anabaptists. It is to the great credit of the Catholic Church that it has rejected Steiner with the utmost clarity and severity“ – you can read about this ”clarity and severity" here, written by people who lived very close to him! “And as a Protestant, I would like to ask every single Protestant clergyman to examine very carefully the danger and the risk of our church falling into a desolate and dangerous sectarianism before recommending Steiner's teachings, which are dangerous and tempting to Christians who are striving for the ideal, but which are heavily influenced by pathological traits.”
[ 41 ] This lesson was received by the chief preacher Geyer from a psychiatrist, senior medical officer Dr. Gustav Kolb, director of the Erlangen mental hospital.
[ 42 ] You can see what the state of mind is like of a person who has completely absorbed the thinking habits of the modern scientific spirit. And now, for my sake, please consider for a moment, even meditate on what would come of it if, instead of directing one's gaze to the outside world, instead of sharpening it spiritually through imagination, inspiration, intuition, and then bring forth what is written in my “Secret Science,” one were to turn this gaze inward and describe the human brain, something influenced by self-hypnosis. Isn't it madness what the psychiatrist describes? The description that emerges is indeed steeped in psychiatry! But it must be said that a person like Gustav Kolb is actually well-meaning, because he believes that he should not pick apart the blue scent with other critical colors; he even considers it barbaric to oppose the blue flower that Pastor Geyer brings forth. So, on the one hand, he is even good-natured; but he is a truly typical representative of modern scientific thinking.
[ 43 ] That is what can be hoped for and expected from modern scientific thinking in relation to anthroposophically oriented spiritual science! That is why it must always be mentioned: It took these anthroposophically oriented spiritual scientists, active collaborators who seek out what is being put forward in this way in every nook and cranny, and who now really put it in the right light, which is when one points out, first, that it cannot be otherwise from the standpoint of present-day science, and second, how it is: brain instead of anthroposophy.
[ 44 ] Really, we must free ourselves from the prejudice that it is possible today to convince anyone here or there who is completely imbued with this modern scientific mindset. The joy that some of our short-sighted followers repeatedly feel at being able to win this person or that person over is misplaced. What is at stake is that unbiased humanity should be imbued with what anthroposophically oriented spiritual science can offer, and that this modern scientific attitude should be relentlessly exposed for what it is, even when it is well-meaning, namely nonsense. We are facing an immense challenge today. That is why it must be emphasized again and again that as many of us as possible must stand up who feel this seriousness, who do not just want to sit down and listen a little in order to take pleasure in anthroposophical truths, but who want to actively introduce into all of life what anthroposophically oriented spiritual science wants to be for life, and who also have the courage and strength to stand up where it is necessary. I repeatedly draw attention to the fact that the battle being waged against spiritual science has taken on all kinds of grotesque, ridiculous, mendacious, and well-meaning but impotent forms. The battle being waged against this battle is still very sparse. But it must be waged for the sake of the further development of humanity. What has been made sick by the modern scientific spirit—which, as you know, is fully appreciated by spiritual science where it is justified—because it wants to show off in areas it knows nothing about, must be healed.