The Alphabet
GA 209
18 December 1921, Dornach
Translated by V.E. Watkin
For some time we have been occupied with gaining a more accurate knowledge of Man's relation to the universe, and today we would like to supplement our past studies. If we consider how Man lives in the present period of his evolution—taking this period so widely that it encompasses not only what is historical but also in part the pre-historical—we must conclude that speech is a preeminent characteristic at this moment of the cosmic evolution of mankind. It is speech that elevates Man above the other kingdoms of nature.
In the lectures last week, I mentioned that in the course of mankind's evolution, language, speech as a whole, has also undergone a development. I alluded to how, in very ancient times, speech was something that Man formed out of himself as his most primal ability; how, with the help of his organs of speech he was able to manifest the divine spiritual forces living within him. I also referred to how, in the transition from the Greek culture to the Roman-Latin culture, that is to say in the fourth Post-Atlantean period, the single sounds in language lose their names and, as in contemporary usage, merely have value as sounds. In Greek culture we still have a name for the first letter of the alphabet but in Latin it is just ‘A’. In passing from the Greek to the Latin culture something living in speech, something eminently concrete changes into abstraction. It might be said: as long as Man called the first letter of the alphabet ‘Alpha’, he experienced a certain amount of inspiration in it, but the moment he called it just ‘A’, the letters conformed to outer convention, to the prosaic aspects of life, replacing inspiration and inner experience. This constituted the actual transition from everything belonging to Greece to what is Roman-Latin—men of culture became estranged from the spiritual world of poetry and entered into the prose of life.
The people of Rome were a sober, prosaic race, a race of jurists, who brought prose and jurisprudence into the culture of later years. What lived in the people of Greece developed within mankind more or less like a cultural dream which men approach through their own revelations when they have inner experiences and wish to give expression to them. It might be said that all poetry has in it something which makes it appear to Europeans as a daughter of Greece, whereas all jurisprudence, all outer compartmentalization, all the prose of life, suggest descent from the Roman-Latin people.
I have previously called your attention to how a real understanding of the Alpha—Aleph in Hebrew—leads us to recognize in it the desire to express Man in a symbol. If one seeks the nearest modern words to convey the meaning of Alpha, these would be: ‘The one who experiences his own breathing’. In this name we have a direct reference to the Old Testament words: ‘And God formed Man ... and breathed into nostrils the breath of life’. What at that time was done with the breath, to make Man a Man of Earth, the being who had his Manhood imprinted on him by becoming the experiencer, the feeler of his own breathing, by receiving into himself consciousness of his breathing, is meant to be expressed in the first letter of the alphabet.
And the name ‘Beta’ considered with an open mind, turning here to the Hebrew equivalent, represents something of the nature of a wrapping, a covering, a house. Thus, if we were to put our experience on uttering ‘Alpha, Beta,’ into modern language we could say: ‘Man in his house’. And we could go through the whole alphabet in this way, giving expression to a concept, a meaning, a truth about Man simply by saying the names of the letters of the alphabet one after another. A comprehensive sentence would be uttered giving expression to the Mystery of Man. This sentence would begin by our being shown Man in his building, in his temple. The following parts of the sentence would go on to express how Man conducts himself in his temple and how he relates to the cosmos. In short, what would be expressed by speaking the names of the alphabet consecutively, would not be the abstraction we have today when we say A, B, C, without any accompanying thoughts, but it would be the expression of the Mystery of Man and of how his roots are in the universe.
When today, in various societies ‘the lost archetypal word’ is talked about, there is no recognition that it is actually contained in the sentence that comprises the names of the alphabet. Thus we can look back on a time in the evolution of humanity when Man, in repeating his alphabet, did not express what was related to external events, external needs, but what the divine spiritual mystery of his being brought to expression through his larynx and his speech organs.
It might be said that what belongs to the alphabet was applied later to external objects, and forgotten was all that can be revealed to Man through his speech about the mystery of his soul and spirit. Man's original word of truth, his word of wisdom, was lost. Speech was poured out over the matter-of-factness of life. In speaking today, Man is no longer conscious that the original primordial sentence has been forgotten; the sentence through which the divine revealed its own being to him. He is no longer aware that the single words, the single sentences uttered today, represent the mere shreds of that primordial sentence.
The poet, by avoiding the prose element in speech, and going back to the inner experience, the inner feeling, the inner formation of speech, attempts to return to its inspired archetypal element. One could perhaps say that every true poem, the humblest as well as the greatest, is an attempt to return to the word that has been lost, to retrace the steps from a life arranged in accordance with utility to times when cosmic being still revealed itself in the inner organism of speech.
Today we distinguish the consonant from the vowel element in speech. I have spoken of how it would appear to Man if he were to dive beneath the threshold of his consciousness. In ordinary consciousness memories are reflected upwards or, in other words, thoughts are reflections of what is experienced between birth and death. Normally we do not penetrate Man's actual being beyond this recollection, this thought left behind in memory. From another point of view I have indicated how, beneath the threshold of consciousness, there lives what may be called a universal tragedy of mankind. This can also be described in the following way: When Man wakes up in the morning and his ego and astral body dive down into his etheric body and his physical body, he does not perceive these bodies from within outwards, what he perceives is something quite different. We can get an idea of this by means of a diagram.

Let us say that here we have the boundary between the conscious and the unconscious, red representing the conscious, blue the unconscious. If a person sees something belonging to the outer world or to himself, for instance, if with his own eye he sees another Man's eye, then the visible rays which go out of his eye into the other Man are thrown back, and he experiences it in his consciousness. What he also bears of his own being beneath the threshold of consciousness he experiences in his astral body and his ego, but not in the ordinary waking state. It remains unconscious and essentially forms the actual content of the etheric and the physical bodies. The etheric body is never recognized at all by ordinary consciousness; it recognizes only the external aspect of the physical body. As I have mentioned in the past, we must plunge beneath memory to perceive the primal source of evil in human beings, but then something else can also be perceived, namely, an aspect of Man's connection with the cosmos.
We may, through appropriate meditation, succeed in penetrating the memory representations, as it were, to put aside what separates us inwardly from our etheric and physical bodies; if we then look down into the etheric body and the physical body so that we perceive what normally lies beneath the threshold of consciousness, we will hear something sounding within these bodies. And what sounds is the echo of the music of the spheres, which Man absorbed between death and new birth, during his descent out of the divine spiritual world into what is given to him through physical inheritance by parents and ancestors. In the etheric body and in the physical body there echoes the music of the spheres. In so far as it is of a vowel nature it echoes in the etheric body, and in the physical body in so far as it is of a consonant nature.
It is indeed true that Man, as he goes forward in the life between death and a new birth, raises himself to the world of the higher hierarchies. We have learned how Man in the world of the Angels, the Archangels, the Archai, joins in with their life and lives within the realm of the hierarchies, as here we live among the beings of the mineral, plant and animal kingdoms. After this life between death and a new birth he descends once more to earthly life. And we have also learned how on his way down he first gathers to him the influences of the firmament of the fixed stars, represented in the signs of the Zodiac; then, as he descends further, he takes with him the influence of the moving planets.
Now just picture to yourselves the Zodiac, the representation of the fixed stars. Man is exposed to their influence on descending from the life of soul and spirit into earthly life. If their effects are to be designated in accordance with their actual being we must say that they are cosmic music, they are consonants. And the forming of consonants in the physical body is the echo of what resounds from the single formations of the Zodiac, whereas the formation of vowels within the music of the spheres occurs through the movements of the planets in the cosmos. This is imprinted into the etheric body. Thus, in our physical body we unconsciously bear a reflection of the cosmic consonants, whereas in our etheric body we bear a reflection of the cosmic vowels. This remains, one might say, in the silence of the subconscious. But as the child develops, forces press upwards within the body and strengthen the speech organs; these are forces that, as reflections of the formative forces of the cosmos, build up the speech organs. The more interior speech organs are so formed out of Man's essential being that they can produce vowels, and the organs nearer to the periphery, the palate, the tongue, the lips and everything that contributes to the form of the physical body, are built up in such a way that consonants can be produced. While the child is learning to speak, something takes place in the upper part of his being, as a result of the activity of his lower part, which is a consequence of the formative forces taken up into the physical body, and also into the etheric body. (This is naturally not a material process but has to do with formative activity.) Thus when we speak, we bring to Manifestation what we might call an echo of the experience Man goes through with the cosmos in the life between death and a new birth during his descent out of the divine spiritual world. All the single letters of the alphabet are actually formed as images of what lives in the cosmos.

We can get an approximate idea of the signs of the Zodiac if we relate them to modern speech by setting up B, C, D, F, and so forth, as constellations of the Zodiac. You can follow them by feeling the revolution of the planets in H (ed.: ‘H’ like in him, her)—H is not actually a letter like the others, H imitates the rotational movement, the circling around. And the single planets in their revolutions are always the individual vowels which are placed in various ways in front of the consonants. If you imagine the vowel A to be placed in here (see diagram) you have the A in harmony with B and C, but in each vowel there is the H. You can trace it in speaking—AH, IH, EH. H is in each vowel. What does it signify that H is in each vowel? It signifies that the vowel is revolving in the cosmos. The vowel is not at rest, it circles around in the cosmos. And the circling, the moving, is expressed in the H hidden in each of the vowels. Consider, therefore, a vowel harmony expressed somewhere in speech: let us say I, O, U, A. (ed.: IH, OH, UH, AH in German) What is expressed by this? Something is expressed that is the cosmic working of four planets. Let us add one of the consonants to something like this—IOSUA—let us add this S in the middle of it, and this would mean that not only the forming of vowels within the planetary spheres is expressed, but also the effect that the planets connected with I, O, U, A, experience in their movement through the connection with the star sign S. Thus if a Man in the days of ancient civilization uttered the name of a God in vowels, a planetary mystery was expressed. The deed of a divine being within the planetary world was expressed in the name. Were a divine name expressed with a consonant in it, the deed of the divine being concerned reached in thought to the representative of the fixed star firmament—the Zodiac.
When there was still an instinctive understanding of these things, in the time of atavistic clairvoyance, clairaudience, and so on, a connection with the cosmos was experienced in human speech. When speaking, Man felt himself within the cosmos. When the child learned to speak it was felt how what was experienced in the divine spiritual world before birth, or before conception, gradually evolved out of the being of the child.
It may be said that if a Man could look through himself inwardly he would have to admit: I am an etheric body, in other words, I am the echo of cosmic vowels; I am a physical body, in other words, the echo of cosmic consonants. Because I stand here on the earth, there sounds through my being an echo of all that is said by the signs of the Zodiac; and the life of this echo is my physical body. An echo is formed of all that is said by the planetary spheres and this echo is my etheric body.
1. Physical body = Echo of the Zodiac
2. Etheric body = Echo of the planetary movements
3. Astral body = Experience of the planetary movements
4. Ego = perception of the echo of the Zodiac
Nothing is said, my dear friends, by repeating that Man consists of physical body and etheric body. Those are no more than vague, indefinite words. If we want to speak in a real language, which can be learned from the mysteries of the cosmos, we would have to say: Man is constituted out of the echo of the heavens, of the fixed stars, of the echo of the planetary movements, of what is experienced of the echo of the planetary movements, and of what knowingly experiences the echo of the fixed star heavens. Then we would have expressed in real cosmic speech what is abstractly expressed by the words: Man is made up of physical body, etheric body, astral body and ego. We remain entirely in the abstract by saying: Man is composed first of physical body, secondly of etheric body, thirdly of astral body, fourthly of ego. But we pass into concrete cosmic speech if we say: Man consists of the echo of the Zodiac, of the echo of the planetary movements, of the experience of the impression of the planetary movements in thinking, feeling and willing, and in the perception of the echo of the Zodiac. The first is abstraction, the second reality.
When you say ‘I’, what is that exactly? Now just imagine someone had planted trees in a beautifully artistic order. Each individual tree can be seen. However at a distance all the trees resolve into a single point. Take all the individual things—all that resounds from the Zodiac in the way of world consonants, then go far enough away: Everything that is formed as inward sound, in the most manifold way, is compressed within you to the single point ‘I’.
It is an actual fact that this name which Man gives himself is really only an expression for what we perceive in the measureless spaces of the universe. Everywhere it is necessary to go back to what, as reflection, as echo, appears here upon earth. Thus, when the matter is seen in its reality, before Man's higher and inward experience, everything out of which Man builds himself up as a phenomenon, as pure experience, melts away. If we look upon Man and gradually learn to know his true nature, then his physical body actually ceases to be in the way it normally confronts us and otherwise stands before us, our vision widens and Man grows into the heavens of the fixed stars. The etheric body, too, ceases to be before us. Vision is extended, experience is extended, and we arrive at a perception of planetary life, for this human etheric body is a mere reflection of planetary life.
Man standing before you is nothing but the phenomenon, the appearance, the image, of what goes on in the life of the planets. We think we have an individual human being in front of us, but this individual is a picture, on a certain spot, of the whole world. What then is the reason for the difference between an Asiatic and an American? The reason is that the starry heavens are portrayed at two different earthly points, just as we have various pictures of one and the same external fact. It is indeed true that when we observe Man the world begins to dawn upon us, and by such observation we are faced by the great mystery of the extent to which Man is an actual pictured microcosm of the reality of the macrocosm.
Now of what does modern life consist? When we look back from these modern times upon mankind's life in primeval times, we still find an experience of Man's connection with the spiritual world in the instinctive consciousness of those ancient days. In the alphabet we can have a concrete experience of this. When, in primeval words, Man had to express the rich store of the divine in all its fullness, he uttered the letters of the alphabet. When he expressed the mystery of his own nature, in the way he learned about it in the Mysteries, then he voiced how he had descended through Saturn or Jupiter in their stellar relation to the Lion or the Virgin, in other words, how he had descended through the A or the I in their relation to the M or the L. He gave utterance to what he had then experienced of the music of the spheres, and that was his cosmic name. And in those ancient days men were instinctively aware that they brought a name down with them from the cosmos to the Earth.
Since then Christian consciousness still preserves this primeval consciousness in an abstract way by consecrating individual days to the memory of saints, who, rightly understood, should give new life to the spiritual cosmos. By being born on a particular day of the year we should receive the name of the saint whose day it is on the calendar. What is meant to be expressed here in a more abstract way, was more concretely expressed in primeval times, when in the Mysteries the cosmic name of a person was found in accordance with what he experienced as he descended to earth, when with his being he created vowels with the planets and added them to the consonants of the Zodiac. The various groups of the human race had many names then, but these names were conceived in such a way that they harmonized with the universal all-embracing name.
Considered from this point of view, what was the alphabet? It was what the heavens revealed through their fixed stars and through the planets moving across them. When the alphabet was spoken out of the original, instinctive, human wisdom it was astronomy that was expressed. What was spoken through the alphabet and what was taught in astronomy in those olden days was one and the same thing. The wisdom in the astronomy of those times was not presented in the same way as the learning contained in any branch of knowledge today, which is built up from single perceptions and concepts. It was conceived as a revelation that made itself felt on the surface of human experience, either in the form of an axiomatic truth or as part of an axiomatic truth. Thus a concrete experience was represented with a part of the primal wisdom. And there was something of quite a dim consciousness connected with the fact that, in the Middle Ages, those who were highly educated still had to learn grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. In this ascent through the various spheres of learning lies a half conscious recognition of something, which in earlier days, existed in instinctive clarity. Today grammar has become very abstract. Going back into times of which history tells us nothing, but which, nevertheless, are still historical times, we find that grammar was not the abstract subject it is today but that men were led through grammar into the mystery of the individual letters. They learned that the secrets of the cosmos found expression in the letters. The single vowel was brought into connection with its planet, the single consonant with the single sign of the Zodiac; thus, through the letters of the alphabet, Man gained knowledge of the stars.
Passing from grammar to rhetoric entailed the application of what lived in Man as active astronomy. And by rising to dialectics one came in thought to comprehending and working on what lived in Man out of astronomy. Arithmetic was not taught as the abstraction of today, but as the entity expressed in the mystery of numbers. Number itself was looked upon differently from how it is done today. I will give you a trifling instance of this.
How does one picture 1, 2, 3 to oneself today? It is done by thinking of a pea, then of another pea, and this makes two; then another is added and there are three. It is a matter of adding one to another—piling them up. In olden days one did not count in this way. A start was made with a unit. And by splitting the unit into two parts one had 2. Thus 2 was not arrived at by adding one unit to another. It was not a putting together of units, but the two were contained in the one. Three was contained in the one in a different way—four again in a different way. The unit embraced all numbers and was the greatest. Today the unit is the smallest. Everything today is atomistically conceived. The unit is one member and the two is added to it, this is all imagined atomistically. The original idea was organic. There the unit is the greatest and the following numbers always appear as being smaller and are all contained in the unit. Here we come to quite different mysteries in the world of numbers.
These mysteries in the world of numbers give the merest intimation that here we are not concerned with what merely lives in the hollow of Man's head. (I say the hollow of his head because I have often shown it really to be hollow from the spiritual point of view.) In the relations of number we can come to perceive the relations of the objectivity of the world. If we always just add one to one naturally this is something that has nothing to do with the facts. I have a piece of chalk. If beside it I place a second piece of chalk this has nothing to do with the first. The one is not concerned with the other. If, however, I presuppose that everything is a unit and now pass to the numbers contained in this unit, I get a two in a way that is a matter of some consequence. I have to break up the piece. I then get right into reality.
Thus after being borne up in dialectics to grasping the thought of the astronomical, one reached still further into the cosmos with arithmetic and in a similar way with geometry. From geometry one got the feeling that the geometrical, thought concretely, was the music of the spheres. This is the difference between what holds good today and what once existed in the instinctive wisdom of primeval times. Take music today—the mathematical physicist reckons the pitch of a note, for example, reckons which pitch is at work in a melody. Then anyone who is musical is obliged to forget his music and enter the sphere of the abstract if, being a keen musician, he has not already run away from the mathematician. Man is led away from immediate experience into abstraction and this has very little to do with experience.
In itself it is really interesting—if one has a mathematical bent—to press on from the musical into the sphere of acoustics, but one does not gain much in the way of musical experience. That someone today learns geometry and as he proceeds begins to experience forms as musical notes, that is to say, if he rises from the 5th to the 6th grade, and makes geometry sound musically, all this, as far as I know, does not enter the curriculum. But that was once the meaning of rising to the sixth part of what was to be learned—from geometry to music. And only then did the archetypal, underlying reality become an experience. The astronomy in the subconscious then became something that one consciously mastered as astronomy, as the highest and 7th member of the so-called Trivium and Quadrivium.
The history of Man should be studied in accordance with the development of his consciousness for then we can gain a feeling that consciousness must return to these matters. That is just what is attempted in anthroposophical Spiritual Science. There is no need to marvel that those who are accustomed to accept the recognized science of the day find nothing right in what I have written, for example, in Occult Science. It is necessary, however, that Man should go back, in a fully conscious way, to the true reality which for a time had to recede into the background to enable Man to develop his freedom. Man would have been able ever more strongly to develop the consciousness of how necessary it is for him to stand within a divine cosmic world, had he not been cast out of this cosmos into the merely phenomenal, into pure appearance, so strongly indeed that the whole manifold splendor and majesty of the starry sky was condensed into the abstract ego.
This was a necessary step in the struggle for freedom. For Man could develop his freedom only by pressing together quite indistinguishably into the single point of the ego something that, filled out by the whole of cosmic space, streamed through all time. But he would lose his being, he would no longer know or possess himself, no longer be active and act on his own initiative, were he not to reconquer the whole world from this single point of his ego, were he not to rise again from the abstract to the concrete. It is indeed important to understand how, in passing from the Greek to the Latin culture, abstraction took hold of European culture and thus resulted in the loss of the primeval word. It must be remembered that the Latin language was for a long time the language of the cultural elite. What persisted however, was a kind of desperate holding on to what this Latin language had actually already discarded. And what had been spoken in the Greek world then remained behind only in thought. Of the logos there remained logic—abstract thought.
In the longing that a Man such as Goethe had for knowledge of the Greek culture, there lies something that may be expressed as follows: he longed for liberation from the abstraction of modern times, from the dry prose of Romanism. He wanted to reach the other daughter of the primeval wisdom of the world, what remained of all that stood for Greece.—We too must experience something of this kind if we wish to understand Goethe's intense yearning for the South. In modern school biographies we find nothing of all this. Only when in every individual thing there echoes a consciousness of Man being an expression of the whole cosmos, will the way be cleared for the forces needed for Man's progress, if civilization is not to decline into utter barbarism.


Der Mensch als Erdenwesen und Himmelswesen II
Seit einiger Zeit haben wir uns damit beschäftigt, die Beziehungen des Menschen zum Weltenall genauer kennenzulernen, und wir wollen auch heute noch einiges Ergänzende zu diesen Betrachtungen hinzufügen. Wenn wir den Menschen betrachten, wie er im gegenwärtigen Zeitraume der Menschheitsentwickelung lebt — «gegenwärtig» aber im weitesten Sinne, im Verhältnis zu der großen Weltentwickelung genommen —, der von der Geschichte und zum Teil noch von der Vorgeschichte der Menschheit umfaßt wird, dann müssen wir sagen, daß für diese Gegenwart der kosmischen Menschheitsentwickelung vor allen Dingen als ein Charakteristisches die Sprache in Betracht kommt.
Die Sprache hebt den Menschen herauf über die andern Naturreiche. Nun, ich habe bereits in den Vorträgen der vorigen Woche darauf hingewiesen, daß sich im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung die Sprache, das Sprechen überhaupt, verändert hat. Auch auf diesem Gebiete hat die Menschheit eine Entwickelung durchgemacht. Ich habe darauf hingewiesen, wie die Sprache in sehr sehr alten Zeiten etwas war, was der Mensch gewissermaßen als seine ursprünglichste Anlage aus sich heraus gestaltete und wie er mit Hilfe seiner Sprachwerkzeuge dadurch die in ihm lebenden göttlich-geistigen Kräfte offenbaren konnte. Ich habe darauf hingewiesen, wie beim Übergange aus der griechischen in die römisch-lateinische Kultur, also im vierten nachatlantischen Kulturzeitraum, es deutlich bemerkbar wird, daß die einzelnen Laute der Sprache nun nicht mehr Benennungen haben, sondern eben einfach, so wie wir es heute gewohnt sind, als Laute bezeichnet werden. Im Griechischen haben wir noch die Benennung für den ersten Buchstaben des Alphabets; im Lateinischen nur noch A. Beim Übergang vom Griechischen zum Lateinischen wird ein in der Sprache Lebendes, im eminentesten Sinne Konkretes, in ein Abstraktes verwandelt.
Man könnte es auch seinem eigentlichen Sinne nach so sagen: Solange die Menschen zum ersten Buchstaben des Alphabets «Alpha» gesagt haben, haben sie in dieser Benennung etwas von Inspiration gehabt. In dem Augenblicke, wo sie angefangen haben, ihn nur A zu benennen, trat an die Stelle der Inspiration, des innerlichen Erlebnisses, die Anpassung an das äußerlich Konventionelle, an die Prosa des Lebens. Das ist ja der eigentliche Übergang vom Griechischen zum Römisch-Lateinischen, daß von der poetisch-geistigen Welt sich die Kulturmenschheit hinentwickelt zu der Prosa des Lebens. Das römische Volk, ich habe es oftmals betont, ist ein nüchternes, prosaisches Volk, ist das Volk der Juristerei, das die Prosa und Jurisprudenz in die spätere Kultur hineingetragen hat, während das, was im Griechentum lebte, sich in der Kulturmenschheit mehr oder weniger wie eine Art Kulturtraum fortentwickelte, zu dem man zurückblickt und dem man sich in seinen eigenen Offenbarungen dann nähert, wenn man die Innerlichkeit erlebt und zum Ausdrucke bringen will. Man möchte sagen: Alle Poesie hat etwas an sich, wodurch sie der europäischen Menschheit wie eine Tochter Griechenlands erscheinen muß. Alle Jurisprudenz, alles äußere Einteilen, alle Prosa des Lebens hat etwas an sich, wodurch sie als eine Tochter des römisch-lateinischen Volkes erscheint.
Ich habe auch schon darauf aufmerksam gemacht, wie ein wirkliches Verständnis des Alpha — Aleph im Hebräischen — dazu führt, zu erkennen, daß man,indem man diesen Buchstaben so benannte, ausdrükken wollte: er ist das Sinnbild für den Menschen. Alpha ist eigentlich, wenn man es annähernd mit einem heutigen Worte ausdrücken will, «der sein Atmen Empfindende». In dieser Benennung liegt direkt die Hindeutung auf das Wort des Alten Testamentes: der Erdenmensch wurde dadurch geschaffen, daß ihm der lebendige Odem eingehaucht wurde. — Das also, was da getan wurde mit dem Atmen, um den Menschen zum Erdenmenschen zu machen, das Wesen, das dadurch dem Menschen aufgedrückt worden ist, daß er der die Atmung Erlebende, Empfindende geworden ist, der die Atmung in sein Bewußtsein Hereinnehmende, das sollte mit dem ersten Buchstaben des Alphabets zum Ausdrucke kommen.
Und das Beta, wenn man esunbefangen betrachtet, gerade auch, wenn man das Entsprechende im Hebräischen in Betracht zieht, es stellt sich dar als so etwas wie die Umwandung, die Umhüllung, das Haus. So daß, wenn man in der heutigen Sprache ausdrücken wollte, was einmal empfunden worden ist, als man anfing, Alpha, Beta zu sagen, man es etwa ausdrücken würde durch die Worte: Der Mensch in seinem Haus. — Und so könnte man das ganze Alphabet durchgehen und würde einen Begriff, einen Sinn, eine Wahrheit über den Menschen aussprechen, indem man einfach die Benennungen für das Alphabet hintereinander sagt. Es würde gewissermaßen ein umfassender Satz ausgesprochen, der das Menschengeheimnis zum Ausdrucke bringt. Es beginnt dieser Satz also damit, daß man hinweist darauf: der Mensch in seinem Haus, in seinem Tempel. Die folgenden Teile des Satzes würden dann zum Ausdrucke bringen, wie der Mensch sich darinnen verhält, wie sein Verhältnis zum Weltenall ist. Kurz, es würde, was man so hintereinander als die Namen des Alphabets aussprechen würde, nicht das Abstrakte sein, wie wenn wir heute A, B, C sagen und uns dabei eigentlich gar nichts denken können, sondern es würde der Ausdruck für das Menschengeheimnis, für die Wurzelung des Menschen in der Welt sein. Was man meint, oder eigentlich heute nicht mehr meint, weil man im Grunde genommen von diesen Dingen keine Ahnung mehr hat, wenn heute in allerlei Gesellschaften gesprochen wird von dem verlorengegangenen Urwort, so ist das eben das, was in einem solchen, das Alphabet in seinen Benennungen umfassenden Satze liegt. So daß wir also zurückblicken können auf eine Zeit der Menschheitsentwickelung, wo der Mensch gewissermaßen, wenn er zurückging auf sein Alphabet, aus sich heraus nicht dasjenige aushauchte, was sich an äußere Geschehnisse, an äußere Bedürfnisse anlehnt, sondern was sein göttlich-geistiges Geheimnis durch seinen Kehlkopf und seine Sprachorgane zum Ausdrucke brachte.
Man möchte sagen: Später ist dann dasjenige, was dem Alphabet also angehört, auf äußere Gegenstände verteilt worden, und es wurde vergessen, was der Mensch durch seine Sprache über sein geistig-seelisches Geheimnis aus sich offenbaren kann. Das ursprüngliche MenschenWahrwort, das Menschen-Weisheitswort ist verlorengegangen. Die Sprache ist ausgeflossen in die Nüchternheit des Lebens. Und wenn heute der Mensch spricht, ist er sich nicht mehr bewußt, daß der ursprüngliche Ursatz, durch den die Göttlichkeit ihm sein eigenes Wesen offenbarte, vergessen worden ist, und daß in den einzelnen Worten und in den einzelnen Sätzen von heute die Fetzen von diesem Ursatze vorliegen.
Der Dichter, indem er sich nicht dem Prosazusammenhang der Sprache überläßt, sondern zu dem inneren Erleben zurückgeht, zu dem inneren Erfühlen, zu der inneren Gestaltung der Sprache, versucht zurückzukehren zu dem inspirierten Urelement der Sprache. Und man möchte sagen: eine jede wahre Dichtung, die kleinste und die größte, ist ein solcher Versuch, zu dem verlorengegangenen Wort wiederum zurückzukehren, aus dem nur auf die Nützlichkeit gerichteten Leben einen Schritt zurückzumachen zu denjenigen Zeiten, in denen sich noch das Weltenwesen in dem inneren Organismus des Sprechens offenbarte.
Wir unterscheiden ja in der Sprache heute das konsonantische und das vokalische Element. Ich habe mancherlei davon gesprochen, wie dasjenige sich ausnimmt, was der Mensch finden würde, wenn er unter die Schwelle seines Bewußtseins hinuntertauchen würde. Für das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein reflektieren die Erinnerungen herauf, das heißt die Gedanken von den Erlebnissen zwischen Geburt und Tod. Wir kommen im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein nicht weiter hinunter in die eigene Menschenwesenheit, als bis zu diesen in der Erinnerung, im Gedächtnisse zurückgelassenen Gedanken. Auf das, was etwas wie eine allgemeine Menschheitstragik bildend, unter dieser Schwelle des Bewußtseins lebt, habe ich von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus hingedeutet. Aber man kann auch noch in der folgenden Weise darauf hindeuten. Man kann sagen: Wenn der Mensch des Morgens aufwacht und sein Ich und sein astralischer Leib untertauchen in den Ätherleib und in den physischen Leib, dann nimmt der Mensch von innen aus seinen Ätherleib und seinen physischen Leib nicht wahr. Was der Mensch wahrnimmt, ist etwas ganz anderes. Wir wollen es uns graphisch versinnlichen.

Wir haben hier, sagen wir, die Grenze zwischen dem Bewußten und dem Unbewußten. Hier ist das rot Schraffierte = das Bewußte; hier das blau Schraffierte = das Unbewußte. Von dem Bewußten werden die Erinnerungen zurückgeworfen. Der Mensch lebt ja mit seinem Bewußtsein nur in diesem Gebiet, das übrige bleibt unbewußt. Und was der Mensch sieht von der Außenwelt oder auch von sich selber, das ist ja nichts anderes. Sagen wir hier: Das Auge eines Menschen wird gesehen von dem eigenen Auge, dann wird das, was als sichtbares Strahlen ausgeht, in den Menschen eindringend zurückgeworfen, und der Mensch erlebt es in seinem Bewußtsein. Auch das, was er vom eigenen Wesen unter der Schwelle des Bewußtseins trägt, erlebt er in seinem astralischen Leib und in seinem Ich, aber nicht im Wachzustande. Das bleibt unbewußt und bildet im wesentlichen den eigentlichen Inhalt des Ätherleibes und des physischen Leibes. Der Ätherleib wird überhaupt nicht erkannt vom gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein, und der physische Leib nur seiner Außenseite nach. Man muß erst unter das Gedächtnis hinuntertauchen, dann nimmt man wahr, wie ich es dargestellt habe, den Urquell des Bösen im Menschen. Aber man nimmt auch noch etwas anderes wahr, nämlich einen Teil des Zusammenhanges des Menschen mit dem Kosmos.
Gelangt man dazu, durch entsprechende Meditation die Gedächtnisvorstellungen gewissermaßen zu durchstoßen, wegzutun was uns vom Ätherleib und vom physischen Leib nach innen trennt, und sieht man dann hinunter in den Ätherleib und in den physischen Leib, so daß man wahrnimmt, was da unter der Schwelle des Bewußtseins liegt, dann vernimmt man im ätherischen Leibe und ebenso im physischen Leibe ein Tönen. Und dieses Tönen, das ist der Nachklang der Weltensphärenmusik, die der Mensch aufgenommen hat im Leben zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt, während seines Herabstieges aus der göttlich-geistigen Welt in die physische Welt, zur Einkörperung in das, was ihm in der physischen Vererbung von Eltern und Voreltern gegeben wird. Es tönen nach im ätherischen Leibe und im physischen Leibe die Klänge der Sphärenmusik, und zwar im ätherischen Leibe, insofern sie vokalisch sind, und im physischen Leibe, insofern sie konsonantisch sind.
Es ist ja so, daß der Mensch, indem er durch das Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt schreitet, sich hinauflebt in die Welt der höheren Hierarchien, wie Sie sich erinnern werden. Wir haben gesehen, wie der Mensch sich einlebt in die Welt der Angeloi, der Archangeloi, der Archai, wie er innerhalb dieser Hierarchiengebiete lebt, so wie er hier zwischen den Wesen des mineralischen, pflanzlichen und tierischen Reiches lebt. Nach diesem Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt senkt er sich dann wiederum zum irdischen Leben herab. Und wir haben gesehen, daß er auf diesem Wege zunächst die Einwirkungen des Fixsternhimmels beziehungsweise seiner Repräsentation, des Tierkreises, mitnimmt und dann im weiteren Abstieg die Einwirkungen der Planetensphäre, der sich bewegenden Planeten.
Nun vergegenwärtigen Sie sich einmal den Repräsentanten des Fixsternhimmels, den Tierkreis. Der Mensch ist diesen Einwirkungen ausgesetzt, indem er aus dem geistig-seelischen Leben in das irdische Leben herabsteigt. Wenn man diese Einwirkungen ihrem eigentlichen Wesen nach bezeichnen will, so sind sie weltenmusikalisch, sind Konsonanten, und das Konsonantieren im physischen Leibe ist der Nachklang des Klingens der einzelnen Gebilde des Tierkreises. Durch die Bewegungen der Planeten geschieht dasjenige, was innerhalb dieser Weltensphärenmusik das Vokalisieren ist. Das prägt sich dem ätherischen Leibe ein. Wir tragen also in unserem physischen Leibe unbewußt einen Abglanz der Weltenkonsonanz, und in unserem ätherischen Leibe einen Abglanz des Weltenvokalismus.
Das bleibt, ich möchte sagen, zunächst stumm im Unterbewußten. Aber indem das Kind sich entwickelt, kraften herauf aus dem Leibe in die Sprachorgane hinein diejenigen Kräfte, welche die Nachbildekräfte des Kosmos sind und formen die Sprachorgane. Die mehr innerlich gelegenen Sprachorgane werden aus der Wesenheit des Menschen so geformt, daß sie vokalisieren können, und die mehr nach der Peripherie hin gelegenen Organe, Gaumen, Zunge, Lippen und alles, was mehr die Formung des physischen Leibes ausmacht, das wird so gebildet, daß damit konsonantiert wird. Indem das Kind die Sprache lernt, kommt, durch den unteren Menschen bewirkt, in seinen oberen Menschen ein Nachspiel dessen hinein — das heißt natürlich nicht in die Stoffe, sondern in die Formungen hinein —, was an Bildekräften in den physischen Leib aufgenommen worden ist, und auch das, was in den ätherischen Leib aufgenommen worden ist. Wenn wir sprechen, bringen wir also zur Offenbarung, man möchte sagen, ein Echo der Erlebnisse, die der Mensch mit dem ganzen Kosmos durchmacht im Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt während seines Herabstieges aus der göttlich-geistigen Welt. Alle Einzelheiten des Alphabets sind durchaus nachgebildet dem, was da im Kosmos lebt.

Sie können annähernd die Tierkreisbilder verfolgen, wenn wir sie auf die heutige Sprache beziehen, indem Sie B, C, D, F und so weiter als Sterngebilde des Tierkreises setzen. Sie können sie verfolgen, indem Sie den Umschwung des Planetarischen als das h empfinden. h ist nicht ein eigentlicher Buchstabe wie die anderen, sondern h bildet das Umschwingen nach, das Umkreisen. Und die einzelnen Planeten in ihrem Umschwingen sind immer die einzelnen Vokale, die sich in irgendeiner Weise vor die Konsonanten hinstellen. Denken Sie also, es stellt sich der Vokal a hier herein (siehe Zeichnung Seite 109), so haben Sie eben das a zusammenklingend mit B und C, aber Sie haben in jedem Vokal das h darinnen. Wenn Sie ihn aussprechen, werden Sie es spüren: ah, ih, eh, in jedem Vokal ist das h darinnen! Was heißt das, daß in jedem Vokal das h darinnen ist? Das heißt: Der Vokal schwingt im Kosmos. Der Vokal ist nicht ruhig, er schwingt im Kosmos. Und das Kreisen, das Schwingen, das ist ausgedrückt in dem h, das geheimnisvoll in jedem Vokal drinnen ist. Denken Sie also, irgendwo in der Sprache wurde ein vokalischer Zusammenklang ausgedrückt: i a o, sagen wir. Was ist damit ausgedrückt? Es ist damit etwas ausgedrückt, was Weltenwirkung dreier Planeten ist. Fügt man zu so etwas einen Konsonanten hinzu, Josua, fügt man also ein s im Inneren hinzu, so bedeutet das: man drückt nicht nur das Vokalisieren innerhalb der Planetensphäre aus, sondern auch die Wirkung, welche die Planeten, die im io a enthalten sind, in ihrer Bewegung dadurch erfahren, daß zu dem Sternbilde S hin eine Beziehung stattfindet. Das heißt: Sprach man in der alten Menschheitszivilisation einen Gottesnamen vokalisch aus, so drückte man ein Planetengeheimnis damit aus. Die Tat eines Gotteswesens innerhalb der Planetenwelt war mit dem Namen ausgedrückt. Drückte man einen Gottesnamen dadurch aus, daß man in ihm etwas Konsonantisches hatte, so war die Tat des betreffenden göttlichen Wesens hinaufgedacht bis zu dem Repräsentanten des Fixsternhimmels, bis zum Tierkreis.
Als man noch instinktiv Verständnis für diese Dinge hatte, in den Zeiten des alten atavistischen Hellschauens, Hellhörens und so weiter, da empfand man also im Sprechen des Menschen Beziehung zum Weltenall. Man fühlte sich sprechend darinnen in diesem Weltenall. Man fühlte, indem das Kind sprechen lernte, wie das, was erlebt worden ist in der göttlich-geistigen Welt vor der Geburt oder vor der Empfängnis, nach und nach sich herausentwickelt aus dem kindlichen Wesen.
Man kann sagen, wenn der Mensch sich selber innerlich durchschauen könnte, so würde er sich gestehen müssen: Ich bin ein Ätherleib, das heißt, ich bin der Nachklang des Weltenvokalismus. Ich bin ein physischer Leib, das heißt, ich bin der Nachklang des Weltkonsonantismus. Und indem ich hier auf der Erde stehe, bildet sich durch mein Wesen ein Echo alles desjenigen, was die Tierkreisbilder sagen. Und das Leben dieses Echos ist mein physischer Leib. Und es bildet sich ein Echo alles desjenigen, was die Planetensphäre in ihren Umschwüngen sagt, und dieses Echo ist mein Ätherleib.
1. Physischer Leib: Echo des Tierkreises
2. Ätherleib: Echo der Planetenbewegung
3. Astralischer Leib: Erleben dieser Planetenbewegungen
4. Ich: Wahrnehmen des Echos des Tierkreises.
Es ist ja nichts damit gesagt, wenn man sagt, der Mensch besteht aus physischem Leib und ätherischem Leib. Das ist nichts anderes als ein ganz dunkles, unbestimmtes Wort. Man würde sagen müssen, wenn man in der realen Sprache sprechen wollte, die von dem Geheimnisse des Kosmos her gelernt werden kann: Der Mensch besteht aus dem Echo des Fixsternhimmels, aus dem Echo der Planetenbewegungen, aus demjenigen, was das Echo der Planetenbewegungen erlebt, und aus dem, was erkennend erlebt das Echo des Fixsternhimmels. Dann würde man in der realen Sprache des Kosmos ausgedrückt haben, was man abstrakt mit den Worten ausdrückt: Der Mensch besteht aus physischem Leib, Ätherleib, astralischem Leib, Ich. Man bleibt ganz im Abstrakten, wenn man sagt: Der Mensch besteht erstens aus physischem Leib, zweitens aus Ätherleib, drittens aus Astralleib, viertens aus dem Ich. Man geht aber in die konkrete Sprache des Weltenalls, wenn man sagt: Der Mensch besteht aus dem Echo des Tierkreises, dem Echo der Planetenbewegungen, dem Erleben des Abdruckes dieser Planetenbewegungen als Denken, Fühlen und Wollen und in dem Wahrnehmen des Echos des Tierkreises. — Das erste ist Abstraktion, das zweite ist die Wirklichkeit.
Wenn Sie «Ich» sagen, was ist denn das eigentlich? Nun denken Sie sich einmal, man hätte in einer schönen ästhetischen Ordnung Bäume gepflanzt. Man sieht jeden einzelnen Baum. Alle diese Bäume sind schließlich nur noch ein einziger Punkt, wenn man weit genug weggeht. Nehmen Sie alle Einzelheiten, alles das, was aus dem Tierkreis anklingt an Weltkonsonanten, und gehen Sie weit genug weg: alles, was da in der mannigfaltigsten Weise innerlich tonlich gestaltet ist, drängt sich Ihnen zusammen in dem einzigen Punkt «Ich». Es ist so, daß tatsächlich dasjenige, womit der Mensch sich selber benennt, eigentlich nur der Ausdruck von dem ist, was man wie in unermeßlicher Entfernung von seinem wirklichen Orte im Weltenall wahrnimmt. Es muß überall erst zurückgeganigen werden auf das, was in seinem Abglanz, in seinem Echo hier auf der Erde erscheint. So zerfließt, wenn man die Sache in ihrer Wirklichkeit sieht, vor dem höheren und dem innerlichen Erleben des Menschen alles das, aus dem sich der Mensch als ein Phänomen, eine bloße Erscheinung aufbaut. Schaut man einen Menschen an, lernt man ihn nach und nach in seiner Wahrheit erkennen, dann hört eigentlich der physische Leib auf, in der Weise vor einem zu stehen, wie er sonst dasteht; dann weitet sich der Blick und man kommt bis zum Fixsternhimmel. Und der Ätherleib hört auch auf, vor einem zu stehen. Es weitet sich der Blick, es weitet sich das Erleben, und man kommt zu der Wahrnehmung des planetarischen Lebens, denn es ist ja dieser menschliche Ätherleib nur ein Abglanz vom planetarischen Leben. Und indem ein Mensch vor Ihnen steht, steht eigentlich nichts anderes vor Ihnen als das Phänomen, die Erscheinung, das Abbild desjenigen, was im Planetenleben vor sich geht. Wir meinen den einzelnen Menschen vor uns zu haben; aber dieser einzelne Mensch ist ein Bild der ganzen Welt an einem bestimmten Orte. Wodurch unterscheidet sich denn im Grunde genommen ein Mensch Asiens von einem Menschen Amerikas? Dadurch, daß an zwei verschiedenen Punkten des Irdischen der Sternenhimmel sich abbildet, so wie man in den Perspektiven verschiedener Punkte verschiedene Bilder irgendeines äußeren Tatbestandes hat. Es ist schon so, daß einem, indem man den Menschen betrachtet, die Welt aufgeht, und daß man durch eine solche Betrachtung vor das große Geheimnis gestellt wird, inwiefern der Mensch nichts anderes ist als ein bildhafter Mikrokosmos der Realität des Makrokosmos.
Worin besteht nun eigentlich das neuere Leben? Wenn wir von diesen neueren Leben zurückblicken auf das alte Leben der Menschheit in Urzeiten, so finden wir, daß in dem instinktiven Bewußtsein dieser Urzeiten noch das Erleben des Weltzusammenhanges des Menschen vorhanden war. Man kann es im Konkreten an dem Alphabet erleben. Wenn der Mensch die ganze Fülle des Göttlichen in einem Ursatze aussprechen wollte, so sprach er das Alphabet aus. Wenn er sein eigenes Geheimnis, wie er es in den Mysterien lernen konnte, aussprach, dann sprach er aus, wie er heruntergestiegen ist durch Saturn oder Jupiter in ihrer Konstellation zu Löwe oder Jungfrau, das heißt, wie er heruntergestiegen ist durch das A oder das I in ihrer Konstellation zu dem M oder zu dem L. Er sprach aus, was er da erlebt hat von der Sphärenmusik,und das war sein kosmischer Name. Und man war sich in älteren Zeiten durchaus instinktiv bewußt, daß der Mensch sich einen Namen mitbrachte durch seinen Herabstieg aus dem Kosmos auf die Erde.
Das christliche Bewußtsein hat dann ja später eine Art abstrakten Nachklangs dieses ursprünglichen Bewußtseins geschaffen, indem man die einzelnen Tage geweiht hat durch das Andenken an Heilige, die aber vor dem richtigen Verständnis nichts anderes sein sollen als die Beleber des geistigen Kosmos. Und der Mensch, wenn er geboren wurde an einem bestimmten Tag des Jahres, sollte nach dem Kalender den Namen des betreffenden Heiligen bekommen, weil dadurch zum Ausdruck kommen sollte, nun auf eine mehr abstrakte Art, was in Urzeiten auf eine mehr konkrete Art zum Ausdruck gekommen war, dadurch, daß man aus den Mysterien heraus den kosmischen Namen des Menschen erfand nach dem, was er in dem Vokalisieren seines Wesens im Zusammenhange mit dem Konsonantieren des Tierkreises beim Herabstieg erlebte. Und das ganze Menschengeschlecht zusammen hatte dann viele Namen, aber der Zusammenklang dieser Namen wurde wiederum so vorgestellt, daß er sich einfügte in den allgemeinen umfassenden Namen.
Was war also, von diesem Gesichtspunkte betrachtet, das Alphabet? Es war das, was die Himmel offenbarten durch ihre Fixsterne und die über diese Fixsterne sich hinüberbewegenden Planeten. Sprach man das Alphabet aus in der ursprünglichen instinktiven Weisheit der Menschen, dann sprach man eine Astronomie aus. Alphabet-Aussprechen und Astronomielehre war für diese alten Zeiten ein und dasselbe. Eine solche Weisheit wie die Astronomie wurde in jenen Zeiten nicht so vorgestellt, wie man sich heute irgendein Gebiet des gelehrten Wissens vorstellt, das man aus einzelnen Wahrnehmungen und Begriffen zusammengesetzt hat. Als eine Offenbarung stellte man es vor, die sich an die Oberfläche des menschlichen Erlebens drängte, entweder in dem Ursatze selbst oder in Teilen dieses Ursatzes. Es wurde also ein konkretes Erlebnis mit einem Teile der Urweisheit dargestellt. Und es liegt noch etwas von einem ganz dämmerhaften Bewußtsein dieses Tatbestandes darin, daß im Mittelalter diejenigen, welche in höhere Bildung eingeführt wurden, noch Grammatik, Rhetorik, Dialektik, Arithmetik, Geometrie, Musik und Astronomie zu lernen hatten. In diesem Aufstieg durch die einzelnen Gebiete des Lehrens liegt in einem noch etwas dämmerhaften Bewußtsein das, was eben in älteren Zeiten in instinktiver Klarheit vorhanden war. Grammatik ist heute etwas sehr Abstraktes geworden. Wenn man zurückgeht in die Zeiten, von denen die Geschichte allerdings nicht berichtet, die aber immerhin noch geschichtlich sind, so findet man, daß Grammatik nicht etwas so Abstraktes ist wie heute, sondern daß in der Grammatik der Mensch in die Geheimnisse der einzelnen Buchstaben eingeführt wird: er lernte, wie in den Buchstaben sich etwas ausdrückt von den Geheimnissen des Kosmos. Der einzelne Vokal wurde mit den einzelnen Planeten, der einzelne Konsonant mit dem einzelnen Tierkreisbilde zusammengebracht, und so lernte man im Buchstaben den Stern kennen. Und drang man weiter vor von der Grammatik zur Rhetorik, so war das ein Handhaben desjenigen, was im Menschen als die Tätigkeit des Astronomischen lebte. Und indem man aufstieg zur Dialektik, hatte man das Erfassen und das Bearbeiten im Gedanken desjenigen, was aus dem Astronomischen heraus im Menschen lebte. Und Arithmetik wurde nicht als die Abstraktion gelehrt, wie sie heute gelehrt wird, sondern als die Wesenheit, die sich in den Zahlengeheimnissen ausspricht. Die Zahl selber wurde anders angesehen, als sie heute angesehen wird. Ich will nur mit einer Kleinigkeit darauf hinweisen.
Wie stellt man sich heute eins, zwei, drei vor? Nun, man denkt sich eine Erbse, dann eine andere dazu, dann sind es zwei; dann kommt eine andere dazu, dann sind es drei. Es ist ein Hinzufügen des einen zu dem andern, ein Anhäufen. So ist man nicht zu den Zahlen gegangen in älteren Zeiten. Da war die Einheit dasjenige, wovon man ausging. Und indem man die Einheit in zwei Glieder spaltete, hatte man die Zwei. Die Zwei war also nicht so, daß man zu der einen Einheit die andere hinzugefügt hat. Es war nicht ein Zusammenwerfen der Einheiten, sondern es war die Zwei in der Eins drinnen. Und die Drei war in einer andern Art in der Eins drinnen und die Vier wieder in einer andern Art. Die Einheit umfaßte alle Zahlen, die Einheit war am größten. Heute ist die Einheit am kleinsten. Heute ist alles nach Atomistik vorgestellt. Da ist die Einheit das eine Glied und dann kommt die Zwei dazu und alles ist atomistisch vorgestellt. Die ursprüngliche Vorstellung war das Organische. Da ist die Einheit das größte und die folgenden Zahlen sind immer etwas kleiner erschienen und sind in der Einheit alle enthalten. Da kommt man zu ganz anderen Geheimnissen der Zahlenwelt. Diese Geheimnisse der Zahlenwelt lassen erst ahnen, wie man es da nicht mit etwas zu tun hat, was bloß in dem menschlichen Hohlkopf drinnen lebt - ich sage das aus dem Grunde, weil ich öfter dargestellt habe, daß der Kopf des Menschen wirklich hohl ist, vom geistigen Gesichtspunkte angesehen -—, sondern man kann dazu kommen, in den Zahlenverhältnissen die Verhältnisse der Objektivität der Welt wahrzunehmen. Wenn man nur immer eins zu eins hinzufügt, dann ist das natürlich etwas, was mit den Dingen gar nichts zu tun hat. Ich habe ein Stück Kreide. Wenn ich ein zweites Stück Kreide dazulege, so hat das nichts mit dem ersten zu tun. Da kümmert sich nicht eins ums andere. Wenn ich aber die Einheit voraussetze — jedes Ding ist eine Einheit — und jetzt zu den Zahlen, die in der Einheit enthalten sind, übergehe, da bekomme ich eine Zwei nicht auf eine gleichgültige Weise. Da muß ich das Stück schon zerbrechen. Da gehe ich schon auf die Realität ein.
Und so war man, nachdem man sich zum Erfassen des Gedankens des Astronomischen aufgeschwungen hatte in der Dialektik, dann weiter in das Weltenall hinausgekommen mit der Arithmetik, und ebenso in einer ähnlichen Weise mit der Geometrie. Man bekam aus der Geometrie heraus eine Empfindung, daß das Geometrische, real gedacht, die Sphärenmusik ist. Das ist der Unterschied von dem, was heute ist, und dem, was einmal in der instinktiven Urweisheit vorhanden war. Heute haben wir die Musik. Der mathematische Physiker rechnet die Tonhöhen aus, zum Beispiel welche Tonhöhen in einer Melodie wirksam sind. Da ist der musikalische Mensch eigentlich genötigt, sein Musikalisches zu vergessen und ganz und gar in ein Abstraktes überzugehen, wenn er nicht vorher, wenn er ein ganz enthusiasmierter Musiker ist, vor dem Rechner davonläuft. Da wird der Mensch aus dem unmittelbar Erlebten in ein Abstraktes geführt, das aber mit dem Erleben sehr wenig zu tun hat. Es ist ja an sich interessant, wenn man gerade mathematische Anlagen hat, das Musikalische bis zum Akustischen hin zu verfolgen; aber für das musikalische Erleben hat man nicht viel davon. Daß heute einer Geometrie lernt, und im weiteren Verfolge allmählich beginnt, die Formen als musikalische Töne zu empfinden, also daß man zum Beispiel von der Klasse sieben zur Klasse acht aufsteigt, indem man die Geometrie ins Musikalische ausklingen läßt, davon steht meines Wissens nichts in den Lehrplänen. Aber das war der Sinn des einstmaligen Aufsteigens zum sechsten Teile dessen, was man zu lernen hatte: von der Geometrie zur Musik. Und dann ergab sich einem die Wirklichkeit, die ursprünglich zugrunde lag. Die Astronomie im Uhnterbewußten war dann dasjenige, was man bewußt als Letztes erlernte, als Astronomie, als Höchstes, als das siebente Glied des Triviums und Quadriviums, wie man sagt.
Man muß die Geschichte der Menschheit nach dem betrachten, wie das Bewußtsein vorgeschritten ist, denn dadurch wird man ein Gefühl davon bekommen, daß das Bewußtsein wiederum zu diesen Dingen zurückgehen muß. Das wird ja gerade durch die anthroposophische Geisteswissenschaft versucht. Man braucht sich daher nicht zu verwundern, daß diejenigen, diegewöhnt sind, das Wissenschaftlicheso hinzunehmen, wie es heute gepflegt wird, an der «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» zum Beispiel, wie sie von mir geschrieben wurde, nichts Rechtes empfinden können. Aber es ist notwendig, daß in vollbewußter Art die Menschheit zurückkehrt zu dem, was die wahrhaftige Realität ist, und was eine Zeitlang in den Hintergrund treten mußte, damit der Mensch seine Freiheit voll entwickeln konnte. Der Mensch hätte immer stärker das Bewußtsein ausbilden können von seinem notwendigen Darinnenstehen in einem göttlichen Weltenall, wenn er nicht herausgeworfen worden wäre aus diesem Weltenall ins bloß Phänomenale, in die bloße Erscheinung, und zwar so stark, daß die ganze mannigfaltige Pracht und Herrlichkeit des Sternenhimmels sich zusammendrängt in das abstrakte Ich. Für das Erringen der Freiheit war das notwendig. Denn nur dadurch, daß der Mensch etwas, was alle Weltenräume ausfülkt, was alle Zeiten durchströmt, in dem einzigen Ich-Punkte ganz undeutlich zusammengedrängt hat, konnte er seine Freiheit entwickeln. Aber er würde sein Wesen verlieren, er würde nichts mehr wissen und haben von sich und nicht mehr aus sich heraus tätig sein und handeln können, wenn er nicht wiederum von dem einzigen Punkte des Ich aus eben die ganze Welt erobern würde, wenn er nicht wieder aufsteigen würde von dem Abstrakten zu dem Konkreten. Es ist schon wichtig, einzusehen, wie im Übergange vom griechischen zum lateinischen Wesen die Abstraktion die europäische Kultur erfaßt hat, wie das Urwort gerade dadurch verlorengegangen ist. Die lateinische Sprache ist lange Zeit die eigentliche höhere Bildungssprache gewesen. Es war etwas wie ein krampfhaftes Festhalten dessen, was diese lateinische Sprache eigentlich schon abgeworfen hatte. Dann blieb das, was in lateinischen Sprachzusammenhängen gesprochen war, nur noch als Gedanke zurück. Von dem Logos blieb die Logik, der abstrakte Gedanke.
Es liegt schon in der Sehnsucht, die ein solcher Mensch wie Goethe nach Erkenntnis des griechischen Wesens hatte, etwas, das man so ausdrücken könnte: er wollte heraus aus der Abstraktion der neueren Zeit, aus der nüchternen Prosa des Romanismus und wollte vordringen zu der anderen Tochter der Urweltweisheit, zu dem, was vom Griechentum geblieben ist. Man muß so etwas empfinden, wenn man die intensive Sehnsucht Goethes nach dem Süden begreifen will. In den heutigen schulgemäßen Biographien steht allerdings nichts von diesen Sachen. Aber erst wenn in alles einzelne wiederum hineinklingt ein Bewußtsein davon, wie der Mensch ein Ausdruck des ganzen Kosmos ist, wird der Grund gelegt werden zu aufsteigenden Kräften, die die Menschheit eben notwendig hat, wenn die Zivilisation nicht in die Barbarei übergehen soll.


Human beings as earthly and heavenly beings II
For some time now, we have been trying to gain a more precise understanding of the relationship between human beings and the universe, and today we would like to add a few more thoughts to these considerations. When we consider human beings as they live in the present period of human evolution — “present” here in the broadest sense, in relation to the great evolution of the world — which is encompassed by human history and, in part, by prehistory, then we must say that language is the most characteristic feature of this present period of cosmic human evolution.
Language elevates human beings above the other kingdoms of nature. Now, I have already pointed out in last week's lectures that language, speech in general, has changed in the course of human evolution. Humanity has also undergone a development in this area. I have pointed out how, in very ancient times, language was something that human beings formed out of themselves, as it were, as their most original faculty, and how, with the help of their speech organs, they were able to reveal the divine-spiritual forces living within them. I have pointed out how, during the transition from Greek to Roman-Latin culture, that is, in the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period, it becomes clearly noticeable that the individual sounds of language no longer have names, but are simply referred to as sounds, as we are accustomed to today. In Greek, we still have the name for the first letter of the alphabet; in Latin, only A remains. In the transition from Greek to Latin, something that was alive in the language, something concrete in the most eminent sense, was transformed into something abstract.
One could also say it in its true sense: as long as people said “alpha” for the first letter of the alphabet, they had something of inspiration in this name. The moment they began to call it simply A, inspiration and inner experience were replaced by adaptation to external convention, to the prose of life. This is the actual transition from Greek to Roman-Latin, in which cultural humanity developed from the poetic-spiritual world to the prose of life. The Roman people, as I have often emphasized, are a sober, prosaic people, a people of jurisprudence, who brought prose and jurisprudence into later culture, while what lived in Greek culture developed more or less like a kind of cultural dream in cultural humanity, to which one looks back and which one then approaches in one's own revelations when one experiences inner life and wants to express it. One might say: All poetry has something about it that makes it appear to European humanity as a daughter of Greece. All jurisprudence, all external classification, all prose of life has something about it that makes it appear as a daughter of the Roman-Latin people.
I have already pointed out how a true understanding of Alpha — Aleph in Hebrew — leads to the realization that by naming this letter in this way, the intention was to express that it is the symbol of man. Alpha is actually, if one wants to express it approximately in today's words, “the one who feels his breathing.” This name directly alludes to the words of the Old Testament: the earthly human being was created by having the living breath breathed into him. — So what was done with the breath to make man an earthly human being, the essence that was impressed upon man by his becoming the one who experiences and feels breathing, who takes breathing into his consciousness, was to be expressed by the first letter of the alphabet.
And beta, when viewed impartially, especially when considering the corresponding word in Hebrew, represents something like a transformation, an envelope, a house. So that if one wanted to express in today's language what was once felt when one began to say alpha, beta, one would express it with the words: Man in his house. — And so one could go through the entire alphabet and express a concept, a meaning, a truth about man simply by saying the names of the alphabet one after the other. It would be, in a sense, a comprehensive sentence that expresses the mystery of the human being. This sentence begins by pointing out that the human being is in his house, in his temple. The following parts of the sentence would then express how the human being behaves within it, what his relationship to the universe is. In short, what one would say in succession as the names of the alphabet would not be abstract, as when we say A, B, C today and cannot actually think of anything, but would be an expression of the mystery of human beings, of their roots in the world. What we mean, or rather what we no longer mean today because we basically have no idea about these things anymore, when people in all kinds of societies talk about the lost primal word, is precisely what lies in such a sentence that encompasses the alphabet in its names. So we can look back on a time in human development when, in a sense, when humans went back to their alphabet, they did not breathe out from themselves what was based on external events or external needs, but rather what their divine-spiritual mystery expressed through their larynx and speech organs.
One might say that later, what belongs to the alphabet was distributed among external objects, and what humans can reveal about their spiritual-soul mystery through their language was forgotten. The original human word of truth, the human word of wisdom, has been lost. Language has flowed into the sobriety of life. And when people speak today, they are no longer aware that the original sentence through which the divine revealed its own essence to them has been forgotten, and that fragments of this original sentence are present in the individual words and sentences of today.The poet, by not abandoning himself to the prose context of language, but returning to inner experience, to inner feeling, to the inner formation of language, attempts to return to the inspired primordial element of language. And one might say: every true piece of poetry, the smallest and the greatest, is such an attempt to return to the lost word, to take a step back from a life focused solely on utility, to those times when the world still revealed itself in the inner organism of speech.
In language today, we distinguish between the consonantal and the vocalic elements. I have spoken of this in various ways, of what one would find if one were to dive beneath the threshold of consciousness. For ordinary consciousness, memories reflect back, that is, thoughts of experiences between birth and death. In ordinary consciousness, we cannot descend any further into our own human nature than to these thoughts left behind in memory. I have pointed out from a certain point of view what lives below this threshold of consciousness, forming something like a general human tragedy. But one can also point to it in the following way. One can say: When a person wakes up in the morning and their ego and astral body submerge into the etheric body and the physical body, then the person does not perceive their etheric body and physical body from within. What the person perceives is something completely different. Let us visualize this graphically.
Here we have, let us say, the boundary between the conscious and the unconscious. Here the red hatching represents the conscious; here the blue hatching represents the unconscious. Memories are thrown back from the conscious mind. Human beings live with their consciousness only in this area; the rest remains unconscious. And what human beings see of the outside world or even of themselves is nothing else. Let us say here: a person's eye is seen by their own eye, then what emanates as visible rays is reflected back into the person, and the person experiences it in their consciousness. They also experience what they carry from their own being below the threshold of consciousness in their astral body and in their ego, but not in the waking state. This remains unconscious and essentially forms the actual content of the etheric body and the physical body. The etheric body is not recognized at all by ordinary consciousness, and the physical body is only recognized from the outside. One must first dive below the memory, then one perceives, as I have described, the original source of evil in the human being. But one also perceives something else, namely a part of the connection between the human being and the cosmos.
If, through appropriate meditation, one succeeds in piercing through the memory images, so to speak, in removing what separates us inwardly from the etheric body and the physical body, and then look down into the etheric body and the physical body so that you perceive what lies below the threshold of consciousness, then you hear a sound in the etheric body and also in the physical body. And this sound is the echo of the music of the spheres of the world, which human beings have absorbed in the life between death and new birth, during their descent from the divine-spiritual world into the physical world, into embodiment in what is given to them in the physical inheritance from their parents and ancestors. The sounds of the music of the spheres resound in the etheric body and in the physical body, in the etheric body insofar as they are vocal, and in the physical body insofar as they are consonantal.
As you will recall, as human beings pass through the life between death and a new birth, they live their way up into the world of the higher hierarchies. We have seen how human beings settle into the world of the Angeloi, the Archangeloi, the Archai, how they live within these hierarchical realms, just as they live here among the beings of the mineral, plant, and animal kingdoms. After this life between death and a new birth, they then descend again to earthly life. And we have seen that on this path they first take with them the influences of the fixed stars, or rather their representation, the zodiac, and then, in their further descent, the influences of the planetary sphere, the moving planets.
Now consider the representative of the fixed stars, the zodiac. Human beings are exposed to these influences as they descend from spiritual-soul life into earthly life. If one wants to describe these influences according to their actual nature, they are world music, they are consonants, and the consonancing in the physical body is the echo of the sounding of the individual structures of the zodiac. The movements of the planets bring about what is vocalization within this music of the world spheres. This is imprinted on the etheric body. We therefore carry within our physical body, unconsciously, a reflection of the consonance of the worlds, and in our etheric body a reflection of the vocalism of the worlds.
This remains, I would say, initially silent in the subconscious. But as the child develops, those forces which are the imitative forces of the cosmos rise up from the body into the speech organs and shape them. The more internal speech organs are formed from the essence of the human being so that they can vocalize, and the organs located more toward the periphery, the palate, tongue, lips, and everything that constitutes the physical body, are formed so that they can consonate with them. As the child learns language, through the lower human being, a replay of what has been absorbed into the physical body in terms of formative forces, and also what has been absorbed into the etheric body, enters the higher human being. When we speak, we reveal, so to speak, an echo of the experiences that human beings go through with the entire cosmos in the life between death and a new birth during their descent from the divine-spiritual world. All the details of the alphabet are entirely modeled after what lives in the cosmos.
You can roughly follow the zodiac signs if we relate them to today's language by setting B, C, D, F, and so on as the constellations of the zodiac. You can follow them by perceiving the planetary revolution as the letter h. h is not an actual letter like the others, but rather represents the revolution, the orbit. And the individual planets in their revolutions are always the individual vowels that stand in front of the consonants in some way. So think of the vowel a standing here (see drawing on page 109), and you have the a sounding together with B and C, but you have the h inside each vowel. When you pronounce it, you will feel it: ah, ih, eh, the h is inside every vowel! What does it mean that the h is inside every vowel? It means that the vowel vibrates in the cosmos. The vowel is not silent; it vibrates in the cosmos. And this circling, this vibration, is expressed in the h that is mysteriously contained within each vowel. So think about it: somewhere in language, a vowel harmony was expressed: i a o, let's say. What is expressed by this? It expresses something that is the world effect of three planets. If you add a consonant to something like this, Josua, if you add an s inside, it means that you are not only expressing the vocalization within the planetary sphere, but also the effect that the planets contained in io a experience in their movement through their relationship to the constellation S. This means that in ancient human civilization, when a name of God was pronounced vocally, a planetary secret was expressed. The deed of a divine being within the planetary world was expressed by the name. If one expressed a name of God by having something consonantal in it, the deed of the divine being in question was thought up to the representative of the fixed starry sky, up to the zodiac.
When people still had an instinctive understanding of these things, in the times of ancient atavistic clairvoyance, clairaudience, and so on, they perceived a relationship to the universe in human speech. One felt oneself speaking within this universe. One felt, as the child learned to speak, how what had been experienced in the divine-spiritual world before birth or before conception gradually developed out of the child's being.
One can say that if human beings could see through themselves inwardly, they would have to admit: I am an etheric body, that is, I am the echo of the world's vocalism. I am a physical body, that is, I am the echo of the world's consonantism. And as I stand here on earth, my being forms an echo of everything that the zodiac signs say. And the life of this echo is my physical body. And an echo is formed of everything that the planetary sphere says in its revolutions, and this echo is my etheric body.
1. Physical body: echo of the zodiac
2. Etheric body: echo of planetary movement
3. Astral body: experience of these planetary movements
4. I: perception of the echo of the zodiac.
It does not mean anything to say that human beings consist of a physical body and an etheric body. That is nothing more than a very obscure, vague term. If one wanted to speak in real language, which can be learned from the mysteries of the cosmos, one would have to say: The human being consists of the echo of the fixed starry sky, of the echo of planetary movements, of that which experiences the echo of planetary movements, and of that which cognitively experiences the echo of the fixed starry sky. Then one would have expressed in the real language of the cosmos what one expresses abstractly with the words: Man consists of a physical body, an etheric body, an astral body, and the I. One remains entirely in the abstract when one says: Man consists first of a physical body, second of an etheric body, third of an astral body, and fourth of the I. But one enters into the concrete language of the universe when one says: Man consists of the echo of the zodiac, the echo of the planetary movements, the experience of the imprint of these planetary movements as thinking, feeling, and willing, and in the perception of the echo of the zodiac. — The first is abstraction, the second is reality.
When you say “I,” what is that actually? Now imagine that trees have been planted in a beautiful aesthetic order. You can see each individual tree. All these trees are ultimately just a single point when you move far enough away. Take all the details, everything that echoes from the zodiac in world consonants, and walk far enough away: everything that is internally tonally structured in the most diverse ways will converge in the single point “I.” It is so that what a person uses to name themselves is actually only the expression of what is perceived as being at an immeasurable distance from its real place in the universe. Everywhere, one must first go back to what appears here on earth in its reflection, in its echo. Thus, when one sees things in their reality, everything that constitutes man as a phenomenon, as a mere appearance, melts away before the higher and inner experience of man. If you look at a human being and gradually learn to recognize him in his truth, then the physical body actually ceases to stand before you in the way it otherwise stands; then your view expands and you reach the fixed starry sky. And the etheric body also ceases to stand before you. Your view expands, your experience expands, and you come to perceive planetary life, for this human etheric body is only a reflection of planetary life. And when a human being stands before you, there is actually nothing else standing before you but the phenomenon, the appearance, the image of what is going on in planetary life. We think we have the individual human being before us; but this individual human being is an image of the whole world in a particular place. What is the fundamental difference between a person from Asia and a person from America? It is that the starry sky is reflected at two different points on the earth, just as one has different images of some external fact from different points of view. It is indeed the case that when we look at human beings, the world opens up to us, and through such observation we are confronted with the great mystery of how human beings are nothing other than a pictorial microcosm of the reality of the macrocosm.
What exactly does this newer life consist of? When we look back from this newer life to the old life of humanity in primeval times, we find that in the instinctive consciousness of those primeval times, the experience of the world connection of man was still present. You can experience this concretely in the alphabet. When humans wanted to express the whole fullness of the divine in a single sentence, they spoke the alphabet. When they expressed their own secret, as they had learned it in the mysteries, they spoke of how they had descended through Saturn or Jupiter in their constellation to Leo or Virgo, that is, how they descended through the A or the I in their constellation to the M or the L. They expressed what they experienced there from the music of the spheres, and that was their cosmic name. And in earlier times, people were instinctively aware that human beings brought a name with them through their descent from the cosmos to the earth.
Christian consciousness later created a kind of abstract echo of this original consciousness by consecrating individual days in memory of saints, who, however, before proper understanding, are nothing more than the animators of the spiritual cosmos. And when a human being was born on a certain day of the year, he was to be given the name of the saint corresponding to that day in the calendar, because this was intended to express in a more abstract way what had been expressed in a more concrete way in primeval times, by inventing the cosmic name of the human being from the mysteries according to what he experienced in the vocalization of his being in connection with the consonants of the zodiac during his descent. And the whole human race then had many names, but the harmony of these names was in turn conceived in such a way that it fitted into the general, comprehensive name.
So what was the alphabet from this point of view? It was what the heavens revealed through their fixed stars and the planets moving across them. When the alphabet was pronounced in the original instinctive wisdom of human beings, one was pronouncing astronomy. Pronouncing the alphabet and teaching astronomy were one and the same thing in those ancient times. Such wisdom as astronomy was not conceived in those times as we conceive any branch of learned knowledge today, which is composed of individual perceptions and concepts. It was conceived as a revelation that pushed its way to the surface of human experience, either in the original statement itself or in parts of this original statement. A concrete experience was thus represented with a part of the original wisdom. And there is still something of a very vague awareness of this fact in the fact that in the Middle Ages, those who were introduced to higher education still had to learn grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In this ascent through the individual areas of teaching, there lies, in a still dim consciousness, what was present in older times with instinctive clarity. Grammar has become something very abstract today. If we go back to times of which history does not tell us, but which are nevertheless historical, we find that grammar is not something as abstract as it is today, but that in grammar man is introduced to the secrets of the individual letters: he learned how something of the secrets of the cosmos is expressed in the letters. The individual vowels were associated with the individual planets, the individual consonants with the individual signs of the zodiac, and in this way one learned about the stars through the letters. And as one progressed from grammar to rhetoric, this was a way of handling what lived in man as the activity of astronomy. And as one ascended to dialectics, one had the grasp and the ability to work in thought with that which lived in the human being from the astronomical. And arithmetic was not taught as the abstraction it is taught today, but as the essence that expresses itself in the secrets of numbers. The number itself was viewed differently than it is viewed today. I will point this out with just one small example.
How do we imagine one, two, three today? Well, we think of a pea, then another one, then there are two; then another one comes along, then there are three. It is an addition of one to another, an accumulation. This is not how people approached numbers in earlier times. Then, unity was the starting point. And by splitting the unity into two parts, you had the number two. The number two was not the result of adding one unity to another. It was not a merging of the units, but rather the number two was contained within the number one. And the number three was contained within the number one in a different way, and the number four in yet another way. Unity encompassed all numbers; unity was the greatest. Today, unity is the smallest. Today, everything is conceived in terms of atomism. Unity is the one member, and then the two is added, and everything is conceived atomistically. The original conception was organic. Unity is the greatest, and the following numbers always appear somewhat smaller and are all contained in unity. This leads to completely different secrets of the world of numbers. These secrets of the world of numbers give us a glimpse of how we are not dealing with something that lives only in the empty human head—I say this because I have often pointed out that the human head is really empty from a spiritual point of view—but rather that we can come to perceive in numerical relationships the relationships of objectivity in the world. If you just add one to one, then of course that has nothing to do with things. I have a piece of chalk. If I add a second piece of chalk, it has nothing to do with the first. One does not care about the other. But if I assume unity—everything is a unity—and now move on to the numbers contained in the unity, I do not get a two in an indifferent way. I have to break the piece. I am already entering into reality.
And so, after having risen to grasp the idea of astronomy in dialectics, one then went further into the universe with arithmetic, and in a similar way with geometry. From geometry, one gained a sense that geometry, when thought of in real terms, is the music of the spheres. That is the difference between what is today and what once existed in instinctive primordial wisdom. Today we have music. The mathematical physicist calculates the pitches, for example, which pitches are effective in a melody. The musical person is actually forced to forget their musicality and move completely into the abstract, unless they are a very enthusiastic musician and run away from the computer. The person is led from their immediate experience into something abstract, which has very little to do with experience. It is interesting in itself, if one has a mathematical aptitude, to pursue music to the point of acoustics, but this is of little use for musical experience. To my knowledge, there is nothing in the curriculum today about learning geometry and then gradually beginning to perceive shapes as musical tones, so that, for example, one moves up from seventh grade to eighth grade by letting geometry resonate into music. But that was the meaning of the former progression to the sixth part of what had to be learned: from geometry to music. And then the reality that originally lay at the foundation became apparent. Astronomy in the subconscious was then what one consciously learned last, as astronomy, as the highest, as the seventh link of the trivium and quadrivium, as they say.
One must view the history of humanity in terms of how consciousness has progressed, for this will give one a sense that consciousness must return to these things. This is precisely what anthroposophical spiritual science attempts to do. It is therefore not surprising that those who are accustomed to accepting science as it is practiced today cannot find anything of value in “Outlines of An Esoteric Science,” for example, as I have written it. But it is necessary that humanity return in a fully conscious way to what is true reality, and what had to recede into the background for a time so that human beings could fully develop their freedom. Human beings could have developed a stronger awareness of their necessary place in a divine universe if they had not been thrown out of this universe into the merely phenomenal, into mere appearance, and so strongly that the whole manifold splendor and glory of the starry sky is compressed into the abstract I. This was necessary for the attainment of freedom. For it was only by compressing into the single point of the I something that fills all world spaces and flows through all times that human beings were able to develop their freedom. But he would lose his essence, he would know and have nothing more of himself, and would no longer be able to act and work out of himself, if he did not in turn conquer the whole world from the single point of the I, if he did not rise again from the abstract to the concrete. It is important to understand how, in the transition from the Greek to the Latin essence, abstraction took hold of European culture and how the original word was lost as a result. For a long time, Latin was the actual language of higher education. It was something like a convulsive clinging to what the Latin language had actually already discarded. Then what had been spoken in Latin contexts remained only as thought. What remained of the logos was logic, abstract thought.
There is something in the longing that a person like Goethe had for knowledge of the Greek essence that could be expressed as follows: he wanted to escape the abstraction of modern times, the sober prose of Romanism, and advance to the other daughter of the wisdom of the primordial world, to what remained of Greek culture. One must feel something like this if one wants to understand Goethe's intense longing for the South. Of course, none of this is mentioned in today's school biographies. But only when an awareness of how human beings are an expression of the entire cosmos resonates in every detail will the foundation be laid for the rising forces that humanity needs if civilization is not to descend into barbarism.
