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East and West in the Light of the Christmas Idea
GA 209

24 Decembeer 1921, Dornach

Translator Unknown

From the aspect of modern thinking it may perhaps sound strange that we are arranging a study course for the Christmas holidays (Christmas Course for Teachers, 23rd December to 7th of January), because people generally think that during the great festivals of the year work should stop and that Christmas in particular should only be dedicated to religious exercises. Nevertheless a deeper insight into present conditions should not conceal the fact that this Christmas above all calls for other things than those which held good for such a long time. We live in another age and today it must seem frivolous to maintain old customs and traditions, without considering the difficult, distressing times in which we live, and untouched by what is taking place particularly in the present day both in the visible and in the invisible world. We see people making presents to each other at Christmas, they adorn the tree and do other things out of tradition, things which people have been accustomed to do for many centuries. But today in particular we should bear in mind that to keep up such old traditions and customs in almost … a crime.

Those who had a deeper share in the events of the past years feel as if they had lived for centuries, and they can only look with a certain feeling of sorrow upon that part of mankind which is still led by habit and has the same thoughts today which were to some extent justified until the beginning or the middle of the second decade of our century. To an unprejudiced mind everything coming from the events of the time must appear full of problems which touch the very elements of the whole life of man.

We frequently hear the reproach that many people more and more believe that Christianity consists in their calling out “Lord, Lord,” or in uttering the name of Christ as often as possible. But something quite different is needed today: A Christianization of our whole life, in which it does not suffice to utter the name of Christ, but entails that we should deeply and intimately unite ourselves with the Spirit of Christ. We see that almost in the whole world great problems of life are being advanced today. And we can already perceive that the region, the European region which has for many centuries been the stage of human civilization cannot remain so in future. We perceive that the world problems now extend to larger territories and in the present time we perceive above all through symptomatic phenomena that the great conflict between the West and the East announced itself in every sphere of life.

The West kindled the flame of a young spiritual life based upon a mechanical-naturalistic foundation. This spiritual life is only viewed in the right way by those who hold that it is in the beginning of its development. But from this young spiritual life in the West we should look across to the East; we become more and more connected with it, also geographically and historically, and the West must reckon with the East.

In the East there exists an ancient life of the spirit, a spiritual life that can be traced back thousands of years. Immense respect can be felt for what lives in the East; although it is already decadent; the greatest reverence can be felt for it when looking back from its present state of decadence to the primeval wisdom of humanity from which it sprang.

When we envisage the more spiritual aspects of life a word re-echoes from the East which always awakens a peculiar echo in our hearts, particularly when we adopt the standpoint of the West. It is a word which is meant to express in the language of the East the characteristic of the physical world which we perceive round about us through our senses. The East, beginning with India, has been accustomed to designate this physical-sensory world as MAYA, the great illusion – apart from the fact of it being expressed more or less clearly.

The East (but, as stated, this exists only in a decadent form) thus faces the external world perceived through the eyes and ears as a great illusion that confronts man, as Maya.

Those who learn to know the characteristics of the life conceptions of the East, must experience that this conception of Maya was not originally contained in the primeval wisdom of the Orient. The spiritual science of Anthroposophy above all enables us to gain insight into a development of the Oriental civilization stretching over thousands of years. We then look back into a time which lies 3000 years before Christ, and by going back still further into a remote antiquity, we find this conception of Maya less and less, this idea of the great illusion connected with the physical-sensory reality of the external world.

If we wish to indicate an approximate epoch, we may say: Only at the turn of the 3rd and 4th millennium B.C. this concept rises up in the East; the conviction rises up that the physical-sensory world which surrounds man is not a reality, but a great illusion, a Maya.

What is the cause of this immense change in the life attitude of the East? The cause lies deeply rooted in the soul development of humanity. If we consider the primeval wisdom of the East, the poetical form which it assumed later on in the Vedas, the philosophical form of the Vedanta philosophy and the Yoga doctrine into which it developed, if we notice, for example, the greatness and loftiness in which this eastern teaching is contained in the Bhagavad Gita, we find that once upon a time the essence of this Eastern teaching was that man perceived not only the external sensory world, but that in this physical world, in everything he saw through his eyes, heard through his ears or touched with his hands, he perceived a divine-spiritual essence.

For these primeval men the trees did not exist as prosaically as they do for us: In every tree, in every bush, in every cloud, in every fountain there was something which announced itself as a soul-spiritual, cosmic content of the world. Wherever they looked, they saw the physical permeated by the spiritual. The fountain did not only murmur in inarticulate sounds, but the murmuring fountain conveyed a soul-spiritual content. The forest did not only rustle in an inarticulate way; the rustling forest spoke to them the language of the everlasting Cosmic Word, of a soul-spiritual Being. Modern people can only have a very pale idea of the immensely living way in which man experienced the world in this remote, primeval time.

But this alert, spiritual way in which man lived in his surroundings gradually became paralyzed towards the 3rd millennium B.C. And if we transfer ourselves into the development of the times, we perceive that humanity, now taken as a whole, as it were, as humanity of the Orient, began to perceive the phenomena of the world with a certain feeling of longing and of sorrow, as if the gods had withdrawn from them. This feeling was voiced by many more profound souls almost in the form of a prayer by saying: the old gods have vanished and are now behind the surface of the external physical objects. The world has grown empty, it has lost the gods, and because of this emptiness, because it is without the gods, it is Maya, the great illusion. They did not speak of the world as a great illusion from the very beginning; but because it no longer contained the gods, they experienced it as a great illusion, as Maya.

If we wish to go back to the truly living essence of this conception we should go back even behind the Atlantean catastrophe, as far as the Atlantean race. For immediately after the Atlantean catastrophe civilization in general shows a faint trace of looking upon the external physical phenomena of the world as something not real.

Yet until the end of the 4th millennium B.C. there still existed in a strong measure the capacity to perceive the gods in the physical world. This faculty existed in so strong a measure that until that time people needed no consolation for what had up to that time been considered as unreality in the world. But such a consolation was needed after 4000 B.C. It was sought in initiation by the teachers and priests of the Mysteries. It was sought in the language of the stars. Here on earth – people said – there is no reality. But if we investigate the stars, they tell us in their language that reality is poured down to the earth from world-distant heavenly regions. If we listen to the language spoken by the stars Maya seems to obtain a true meaning. The great impression made upon mankind by the star wisdom of the ancient Egyptians consisted in the fact that people felt in this star wisdom something which gave Maya a foundation of reality. People said that here on earth only unreal things are to be found. But one had to look up to the eternal Cosmic Word that speaks to receptive souls in the movements and positions of the stars. Reality will then manifest itself in Maya. If anyone wished to know something important and significant in life, it was investigated in the stars and in their language. This was the human soul constitution until the time in which the Mystery of Golgotha took place.

What was real was announced to humanity by the sages of the mysteries, for people did not think that this reality could be found on earth. Those who understand the true essence of life in ancient Greece will perceive that something tragic weighs on it (although a certain superficial way of looking at things makes people say that in Greece life consisted in a childlike joy over the nature of reality); the Greeks yearned for a kind of redemption in human life. This is nothing but the echo of that Oriental feeling, which I have described to you just now. We modern people have reached the point where thought develops, as it were, in modern civilization as highest inner treasure; thought unfolds on every side. But we have not reached the point of recognizing thought as a reality. When submitting to the life of thought we feel as if we lived in something not real. Indeed, many people say that thought life is nothing but an ideology. This word “ideology” indicates in regard to the inner life of the soul, the same thing which was experienced in the Orient in regard to the external physical-sensory reality, which was designated as Maya. In the same way in which we speak of ideology, we may speak of Maya, but we must apply this to our inner soul life.

The soul-spiritual which was such an intense reality in the Orient for a certain epoch, became Maya for the Occident, and the Maya of the Orient, the external, physical-sensory world, became our naturalistic reality. We live by calling that which permeates us inwardly, maturing to the stage of thought, an ideology, or Maya. The Orientals once perceived gods in the external physical world of nature. But these gods vanished from their sight. The Orientals did not have thought in the form in which we have it now. The characteristic of the Occident is that it gained the faculty of thought, the purest, most light-filled form of soul life. But the divine element in thought has not yet dawned for us. We are waiting for the divine essence in thought which must rise up for us. The Orientals lost the divine essence in the external physical world, so that it became a Maya, but this divine essence does not as yet exist in our world of ideas, in our thoughts, in our inner world filled with thought. In the course of historical development the Orientals little by little saw that the external physical world no longer contained the gods. And our thought life does not yet contain the divine; it is without God. We can only grasp this by looking upon it as a kind of prophecy that one day the Maya of our thoughts will be filled by an inner reality.

The history of human evolution is thus divided into two important parts. One part develops from a life filled with the divine essence to a life deprived of this divine essence, of the gods; the other part – and we are now living in the beginning of this development – unfolds from a life deprived of the divine towards the hoped-for life filled with the divine. And in the middle - in between these two streams of development, the Cross is set up on Golgotha. How does it stand within the consciousness of humanity?

From the time of the Mystery of Golgotha we look back six centuries and come to Buddha, who gradually became an object of veneration on the part of a large community. We see Buddha abandoning his home and going out into the world, and among the manifold things which he perceives he sees a corpse. The sight of this corpse stirs up his soul, so that he turns away from the Maya of the external world. The corpse has a discouraging, frightening effect on Buddha. And because he had to look upon death, the corpse, he felt that he had to turn his gaze away from the physical world to another sphere, to the divine-spiritual which cannot be found on earth. The sight of the lifeless body was the true reason why Buddha left the world and fled into a sphere of reality outside the physical world.

Let us now turn to a historical moment about 600 years after the Mystery of Golgotha. Many people look towards that great symbol: the cross with the corpse hanging upon it. They look upon the lifeless human being. Yet they do not look upon him in such a way as to flee from him and seek another reality, but in this lifeless human being they see something which is a real refuge to them. Mankind went through a great change in the course of twelve centuries: It learned to love death upon the cross, that death from which Buddha fled.

Nothing can indicate more deeply the great change which took place through the Mystery of Golgotha, which lies in the middle, in between these two historical moments. And by turning our thoughts to the Mystery of Golgotha we should remember what was really the object of reverence in accordance with early Christianity.

St. Paul, an initiate in the mysteries of his time, could not believe in the living Jesus; he opposed the living Jesus. But when he perceived the living Christ on his way to Damascus, the Christ that can even manifest Himself out of the world's darkness, then Paul believed in the risen Christ, not in the living Jesus, and he began to love the living Jesus because he was the bearer of the risen Christ. Out of this special insight into the connections of the world St. Paul gained certainty in regard to the divine-spiritual life, and this certainty sprang out of death.

What had taken place in the development of humanity was that people once found comfort when they looked up from the earth to the stars, whence the everlasting Word resounded, whereas later on they turned their gaze to the historical event upon Golgotha; they beheld a human sheath that contained the mystery of life.

The apostle St. John expressed this Mystery of Life in the words: “In the beginning was the Word.” Yes, in the beginning the Word spoke out of the path and position of the stars! This Word resounded from the cosmos. This Word could no longer be found upon the earth, but it came down to the earth from heavenly spaces, from the Home of the Father. The writer of the Gospel of St. John ventured to pronounce the words: “And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us.” That is to say, what once lived outside in the stars took up its abode in the body which hung upon the cross. What was formerly sought outside in the cosmic spaces became visible in a human being. What formerly streamed down to the earth in the shining light, came down to man! The whole way of looking upon life was inspired by a world-wide cosmology which led to a conception of the central human being filled by that which came down to man! The whole way of looking upon life was inspired by a world-wide cosmology which led to a conception of the central human being filled by that which once shone down from the stars and was permeated by the living Cosmic Word.

The sense, the deeper meaning which is to be revealed by the Mystery of Golgotha is that it is also possible to look towards the origin of the world by looking into Jesus' inner being and by establishing an intimate connection between one's own inner being and the inner human being of Jesus, even as in the past a connection was established between the human being living on earth and the everlasting Cosmic Word speaking out of the stars. The Mystery of Golgotha is indeed the most important and incisive influence in the evolution of the earth and this is indicated in the New Testament.

It is immensely stirring and profound how the Gospels – now it is related by this one, now by the other – speak of the coming of Christ Jesus. On the one hand there are the three sages, the Magi from the Orient, the bearers of an ancient starry lore, who investigated the Cosmic Word in the star writing of the cosmos. They were endowed with the highest wisdom then accessible to man. And the Gospels indicate that the highest wisdom could at that time only state that Christ Jesus had appeared, for the stars had revealed it. It is the eternal Cosmic Word that lives in the stars which revealed to man that Christ Jesus would appear. The schools of wisdom proclaimed: Since the beginning of the present earthly existence of mankind, Jupiter completed his planetary orbit 354 times. A Jupiter year, a great Jupiter year, reached its close since the time which the ancient Hebrews, for example, fixed for the beginning of man's existence on earth. In accordance with the world conception of that time, an ordinary year only had 354 days. 354 Jupiter days elapsed, and these 354 Jupiter days are like a sentence speaking out of the cosmic wisdom, a sublime sentence, in which the single words indicate the revolutions of Mercury. There is a Mercury day 7 x 7 = 49 times, and this in the same length of time of a Jupiter day.

These were the connections sought by the ancient sages in the writing of the stars. And the inspirations which their souls received by deciphering the starry writing was interpreted in such a way that they were able to say: Christ Jesus is coming, for the times are fulfilled. The Jupiter time, the Mercury time are both fulfilled. This is what the Gospels relate on the one side. On the other side they tell of the revelation which was given to the poor shepherds on the field; without any wisdom, from the dream streaming out of their simple hearts, merely by listening to the simple, pious voice of the human soul, a revelation came to these poor shepherds out of the depths of the human heart. And it is the same message: Christ is coming. Highest wisdom and greatest soul simplicity unite in the words: Christ is coming. At that time the highest wisdom was already decadent, it was setting. Instead, there rises up something which comes from man's own inner being. Ever since, thought has risen out of man's inner being. We cannot yet raise it to the stage of reality; it is still a Maya, but it is necessary in an ever-growing measure to bear in mind that thought can become a reality. In pre-Christian times man looked up to the stars in order to experience reality. We must look towards Christ in order to have reality in regard to our inner being. Not I, Christ in me – this is the Word which will confer weight and inner reality to thought.

The theologians of the 19th Century gradually changed Christ Jesus into a merely human character which can also be recognized with the aid of history, ordinary history; Jesus, the simple, though highly developed man of Nazareth. The Christ has been lost. He will appear in His true shape when a world conception based on the super-sensible will rise up again, a life conception that turns from the physical-sensory to the super-sensible. In the same measure in which mankind has lost the spiritual from the physical, it must gain inner reality in the life of thought, which has to be sure advanced to the stage of being filled with light, but in an abstract way.

This inner reality will be gained by perceiving on the earth itself, in the things taking place in connection with the Mystery of Golgotha, something which the human soul can only face through super-sensible conceptions. Christ will be born anew in the development of human civilization in the same measure in which we decide to gain an understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha, with the aid of super-sensible knowledge. By absorbing super-sensible knowledge man may hope for a perennial Bethlehem. A profound meaning lies in the words of Angelus Silesius: “Though Christ be born a thousand times in Bethlehem, but not in you, then you are lost for evermore.”

Christ must be born not only in empty words, but in every form of wisdom and knowledge. We must reach the point of envisaging what may be gained by looking at the world, as Paul did before he approached the event of Damascus, before he perceived that the earth is permeated by the forces of the living Christ. These forces of the living Christ should be brought into every form of knowledge. The cold abstract knowledge which led us into the misery of the present time must be filled with warmth. This is an important and significant task of the present times. We should feel that first of all we must reach Christ. A profound intimate deepening of the Christ idea must be gained. We should realize that the present misery is too great for the maintenance of old Christmas customs. We must rise to the conviction that it is a farce to keep them up in the face of the other conceptions which prevail in the present time. The great conflict between East and West must also take place in the spiritual sphere and the harmonization of the Maya of the East with the Maya of the West – the Maya of the external world and the Maya of thought. These must reach a harmonious agreement.

Let us not think that in the present time we already have Christ. We should feel like the poor shepherds who were conscious of their misery. Christ should be sought in the innermost depths of man's being, even as the shepherds sought him in the stable of Bethlehem. Sacrifices should be offered to Christ, who transforms the Maya of our thoughts into realities. We should be humble enough to realize that we must first rise to an understanding of Christ's birth. We should remember that we first have to gain an understanding of the Christmas idea before we are really able to appreciate Christmas in the right way. Every sphere of life should be permeated with the living forces of Christ. We must work. And the festivals will be celebrated best of all if in the present misery we strive to transform into a spiritual reality the symbol – but it is a symbol of reality – which faces us historically from Golgotha's place of skulls.

Let us grasp that the most significant thought which we can have at Christmas is the following: A real understanding of Christianity must bring about a Cosmic Christmas. This inner voice, this inner longing, can lead us over into a Christmas which is in keeping with the misery of the present time. For the consecrated holy nights, the Christmas festival at the end of the year, can only acquire life if we are filled with the longing to see in Christmas an inducement to gain insight into the needs of human development. The festive feeling which we have at Christmas will then ray out something of the truth that tells us that through the power of an inner understanding of that reality which is still a Maya for us, we can come to the resurrection of that divine-spiritual reality which came to an end in more remote ages and led to the conception of Maya. Mankind reached Maya, the external Maya. The true soul-spiritual reality must unfold out of the inner Maya. If we understand this, then the individual Christmas idea which we have during this festive season will be permeated by a true cosmic feeling, and this is needed today, if we are to experience the true value and dignity of man. The feelings which we have in connection with the different festivals of the year will then ray out something which will induce us to say: In these times of misery and distress, Christmas should be celebrated in such a way that we can see the NEW CHRISTMAS LIGHTS OF A NEW SPIRITUAL LIFE. We must learn to celebrate not only an individual Christmas, but a COSMIC, UNIVERSAL CHRISTMAS.

Das Fest Der Erscheinung Christi I

Wenn man mit den Vorstellungen der Gegenwart vernimmt, daß wir über die Weihnachtsfesttage gegenwärtig hier einen Kursus absolvieren, so könnte das vielleicht merkwürdig erscheinen aus dem Grunde, weil man eben die Vorstellung hat, daß mit den großen Festeszeiten des Jahres die Arbeit ruhen soll und der Mensch sich insbesondere zur Weihnachtszeit einzig und allein den religiösen Übungen überlassen soll. Dennoch darf ein tieferer Einblick in die Verhältnisse der Gegenwart heute nicht verkennen, daß anderes gerade in diesen Festeszeiten angemessen ist, als bisher durch lange Zeiten hindurch gegolten hat. Wir leben in schweren Zeiten, und es muß heute als Leichtsinn erscheinen, wenn man ohne Berücksichtigung der schweren Zeiten der Not, in die wir eingetreten sind, einfach die alten Gewohnheiten fortsetzen möchte, unberührt von demjenigen, was in sichtbaren und unsichtbaren Welten gerade in unserer Gegenwart sich vollzieht. Wir sehen, wie zu diesen Festeszeiten die Menschen sich beschenken, wie sie in traditioneller Weise ihren Weihnachtsbaum putzen, wie sie in anderer Weise rein nach der Überlieferung dasjenige tun, was man gewohnt worden ist zu tun seit Jahrhunderten. Gerade heute aber muß man bemerken, wie diese Gewohnheit fast zum Frevel wird.

Wer mit tieferem Herzensanteil die letzten Jahre miterlebt hat, der kommt sich vor, als wenn er Jahrhunderte hätte durchleben müssen, und nur mit einer gewissen Wehmut kann er auf jenen Teil der Menschheit blicken, der heute gewohnheitsmäßig so denkt, wie mit einiger Begründung gedacht werden konnte noch bis zum Beginne oder der Mitte des zweiten Jahrzehntes unseres Jahrhunderts. Für das unbefangene Gemüt müssen heute aus den Zeitereignissen heraus alle Dinge mit Fragen belastet erscheinen, mit Fragen, welche die Urelemente alles menschlichen Lebens angehen. Diejenigen der verehrten Zuhörer, die öfter von mir das eine oder andere gehört haben, werden wissen, wie wenig ich geneigt bin, mitzumachen den Brauch, davon zu sprechen, daß man in einer Übergangszeit lebt. Das kann jede Zeit von sich sagen, denn immer ist der Übergang vom Vergangenen in das Zukünftige selbstverständlich da. Es kommt nur darauf an, worinnen dieser Übergang besteht. Und heute kann man nicht verkennen, daß der Mensch nur dann seines eigentlichen Wesens sich bewußt ist, wenn er Anteil nimmt an dem Gewaltigen, das sich abspielt in der Welt.

Man hat ja öfter getadelt, daß viele Menschen immer mehr und mehr die Christlichkeit darinnen gesehen haben, daß sie gesprochen haben: Herr, Herr! — oder daß sie den Namen des Christus so oft als möglich ausgesprochen haben. Heute haben wir allerdings ein wesentlich anderes nötig: eine Durchchristung unseres ganzen Lebens, der es nicht genügt, den Namen des Christus zu nennen, sondern die es für notwendig hält, sich mit dem Geiste des Christus inniglich zu verbinden. Wir sehen heute, wie fast über die ganze Erde hin große Fragen des Daseins aufgeworfen werden. Wir nehmen es heute schon wahr, daß jenes Gebiet, das europäische Gebiet, das lange Zeit hindurch der eigentliche Schauplatz der Zivilisation der Menschheit war, für die Zukunft dieser Schauplatz nicht mehr wird sein können. Wir nehmen wahr, wie die Fragen der Welt sich über größere Territorien erweitern, und wir nehmen vor allen Dingen wahr heute schon an den symptomatischen Erscheinungen, wie auf allen Gebieten des Lebens die große Auseinandersetzung zwischen dem Westen und dem Osten sich ankündigt.

Der Westen hat entfacht ein junges Geistesleben aus mechanischnaturalistischen Untergrundlagen heraus. Nur derjenige sieht dieses Geistesleben richtig an, der die Meinung hegt, daß es erst im Anfange seines Werdens ist. Aber man muß von diesem anfänglichen Geistesleben des Westens hinüberschauen zum Osten, mit dem wir immer mehr und mehr auch geographisch-historisch kulturell verbunden werden und mit dem der Westen sich auseinandersetzen muß.

Im Osten ist vorhanden ein altes Geistesleben, das in Jahrtausende zurückweist. Und man bekommt vor dem, was in diesem Osten heute allerdings in Dekadenz vorhanden ist, einen ungeheuren Respekt, eine unermeßliche Ehrfurcht, wenn man von dem heute Dekadenten auf dasjenige zurückblickt, wovon es als von einer Urweisheit der Menschheit seinen Ausgangspunkt genommen hat. Ein Wort tönt herüber aus dem Osten, wenn wir auf die mehr geistigen Angelegenheiten des Lebens sehen, das uns immer, gerade wenn wir uns auf den Gesichtspunkt des Westens stellen, merkwürdig ins Herz hereinklingen muß. Es ist das Wort, welches ausdrücken soll in der Sprache des Ostens die Eigentümlichkeit der physischen Welt, die wir ringsherum um uns mit unseren Sinnen wahrnehmen. Diese physisch-sinnliche Welt ist der Osten, von Indien ausgehend, gewohnt worden, ob er das nun mehr oder weniger deutlich ausspricht oder nicht, eine Maja, eine große Täuschung zu nennen.

So also steht vor dem Osten — wenn das auch heute alles, wie gesagt, nur in dekadenter Weise vorhanden ist —, so steht vor dem Osten die äußere Welt, welche die Augen schauen, die Ohren hören, vor dem Menschen als eine große Illusion, als eine Maja. Wer die besonderen Eigentümlichkeiten der Lebensauffassungen dieses Ostens kennenlernt, der muß erfahren, daß diese Anschauung von der Maja nicht ursprünglich der Urweisheit des Ostens eigen war. Wir können gerade mit Hilfe anthroposophischer Geisteswissenschaft in eine jahrtausendelange Entwickelung der östlichen Zivilisation hineinschauen. Dann blicken wir zurück hinter das 3. vorchristliche Jahrtausend und finden dann, indem wir weiter und weiter in das graue Altertum zurückgehen, immer weniger und weniger diese Anschauung von der Maja, von der großen Illusion der äußeren sinnlich-physischen Wirklichkeit. Wenn wir approximativ einen Zeitpunkt angeben wollen, so können wir sagen, erstan der Wende des 3. zum 4. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend tritt diese Anschauung als eine Überzeugung des Ostens auf, daß die physischsinnliche Welt um den Menschen herum keine Wirklichkeit ist, sondern eine große Illusion, eine Maja.

Was ist die Ursache dieses gewaltigen Umschwunges in der Lebensauffassung des Ostens? Diese Ursache liegt in der Seelenentwickelung der Menschheit tief begründet. Wenn wir auf die Urweisheit des Ostens hinblicken, wie sie nachträglich sich in dichterischer Weise in den Veden abgesetzt hat, in philosophischer Weise in der Vedantaphilosophie, wie sie dann zur Jogalehre geworden ist, wenn wir zum Beispiel achtgeben auf das Grandiose, wie diese Ostlehre enthalten ist in der Bhagavad Gita, dann finden wir, daß einstmals das Wesentliche dieser Ostweisheit das war, daß der Mensch nicht nur die äußere sinnliche Welt, sondern daß der Mensch innerhalb dieser äußeren sinnlichen Welt in all dem, was er mit Augen gesehen, mit Ohren gehört, mit den Händen angetastet hat, ein Göttlich-Geistiges wahrgenommen hat.

Es waren für diese Urmenschen nicht so nüchtern Bäume da, wie wir sie heute sehen. Es war in jedem Baume, in jedem Strauch, in jeder Wolke, in jedem Quell etwas, das sich als geistig-seelischer kosmischer Welteninhalt ankündigte. Überall, wohin man schaute, sah man Sinnliches durchdrungen von Geistigem. Die Quelle rieselte nicht nur in unartikulierten Tönen, sondern aus dem Tönen der Quelle heraus hörte man geistig-seelischen Inhalt. Der Wald rauschte nicht unartikuliert; aus dem Rauschen des Waldes vernahm man die Sprache des ewigen Weltenwortes, einer geistig-seelischen Wesenheit. Von der ungeheuren Lebendigkeit, mit der der Mensch in diesen grauen Vorzeiten die Welt erlebte, kann sich der gegenwärtige Mensch nur eine sehr geringe Vorstellung machen.

Aber die Lebendigkeit des Geistes, mit welcher der Mensch in seiner Umgebung lebte, lähmte sich ab gegen das 3. vorchristliche Jahrtausend. Und wenn wir uns hineinversetzen in die Entwickelung der Zeit, dann werden wir gewahr, wie gewissermaßen die Menschheit, jetzt als ein Ganzes aufgefaßt, als Ostmenschheit, mit einem gewissen wehmütigen Gefühle die Welterscheinungen so wahrnahm, als wenn sich die Götter zurückzögen, als wenn sie unter der Oberfläche der Dinge verschwänden. Und wohl manches ganz besonders tiefe Menschengemüt wird wie betend diese Empfindung so ausgesprochen haben, daß es sagte: Die alten Götter sind hingeschwunden hinter die Oberfläche der äußeren Sinnesdinge. Die Welt ist leer geworden von den Göttern, und weil sie als götterleere Welt erscheint, ist sie Maja, ist sie eine große Illusion.

Nicht vom Anfange an hat man davon gesprochen, daß die Welt diese große Illusion sei, sondern weil die Welt götterleer geworden ist, empfand man sie als eine große Illusion, als Maja. Wenn man auf das ganz Lebendige dieser Anschauung. zurückgehen will, so muß man sogar hinter die atlantische Katastrophe gehen, bis zu der atlantischen Menschheit. Denn schon gleich nach der atlantischen Katastrophe taucht in der allgemeinen Zivilisation leise diese Hinweisung auf, die Welt der äußeren sinnlich-physischen Erscheinung noch wie etwas Unwirkliches zu betrachten. Aber noch war viel von der Götterwahrnehmung in der physisch-sinnlichen Welt bis zum Ende des 4. vorchristlichen Jahrtausends vorhanden. So viel war vorhanden, daß man bis dahin gegenüber dem, was man als die Unwirklichkeit in der Welt empfand, noch nicht einen eigentlichen Trost brauchte. Von dem Ende des 4. Jahrtausends an brauchte man einen Trost. Und dieser Trost wurde gesucht von den Eingeweihten, von den Initiierten, von den Lehrern und Priestern der Mysterien für die Menschheit, und er wurde gesucht aus der Sprache der Sterne. Hier auf Erden, so sagte man, ist keine Wirklichkeit. Wenn man aber die Sterne erforscht, dann findet man aus der Sprache der Sterne heraus, wie sich ergießt aus weltenfernen Himmelsgegenden auf die Erde herunter die Wirklichkeit. Die Sterne sprechen eine Sprache, die, wenn wir sie hören, so klingt, daß die Maja der Welt einen wirklichen Sinn erhält.

Das war der große Eindruck, den die Sternenweisheit der Chaldäer, die Sternenweisheit der alten Ägypter auf die Menschheit machte, daß diese Sternenweisheit empfunden wurde als dasjenige, welches der Maja Realität gab. Hier auf dieser Erde kann man nur das Irreale finden, so sagte man. Man muß aufblicken zu dem ewigen Weltenworte, das in den Bewegungen und Stellungen der Sterne für den Empfänglichen sich ausspricht, dann offenbart sich innerhalb der Maja die Wirklichkeit. Wollte man etwas Wichtiges, etwas für das Leben Bedeutungsvolles erkennen, so suchte man dieses aus den Sternen und ihrer Sprache zu erforschen. Und so blieb die menschliche Seelenverfassung bis in die Zeiten, in welche das Mysterium von Golgatha fiel.

Mysterien-Weise verkündeten der Menschheit aus den Sternen dasjenige, was wirklich ist, denn auf der Erde glaubte man dieses Wirkliche nicht zu finden. Wer das griechische Wesen in seiner Wahrheit versteht, der wird doch wahrnehmen - trotzdem immer von einer gewissen oberflächlichen Anschauung gesagt wird, das griechische Wesen verliefe wie eine Art kindlicher Freude über die Wirklichkeit -, er wird doch empfinden, wie über dem griechischen Wesen etwas Tragisches lastet, etwas, das sich sehnt nach einer Art Erlösung innerhalb des menschlichen Lebens. Und das ist nichts anderes als der Nachklang jener orientalischen Empfindung, von der ich eben gesprochen habe.

Und wir gegenwärtigen Menschen haben es dazu gebracht, daß sich für unsere gegenwärtige Zivilisation gewissermaßen wie ein inneres höchstes Gut der Gedanke entwickelt, der Gedanke sich allseitig entfaltet. Aber wir haben es nicht dazu gebracht, diesen Gedanken als eine Realität zu erkennen. Wir fühlen uns, indem wir uns dem Gedankenleben hingeben, wie in einer Irrealität. Und eine große Zahl von Menschen spricht davon, daß das Leben in Gedanken eine Ideologie sei. Eine große Zahl von Menschen will mit diesem Worte Ideologie gegenüber dem inneren Seelenleben dasselbe andeuten, was das Morgenland gegenüber der äußeren physisch-sinnlichen Wirklichkeit empfunden hat, indem es diese eine Maja genannt hat. Wir könnten ebenso, wie wir von Ideologie sprechen, von Maja sprechen, müßten aber dann unser inneres Seelenleben meinen.

Was für das Morgenland in einem bestimmten Zeitraume die intensivste Wirklichkeit war, das Seelisch-Geistige, das ist für uns die Maja geworden, und was für das Morgenland Maja war, die äußere physischsinnliche Welt, ist unsere naturalistische Wirklichkeit geworden. Und so leben wir, indem wir Ideologie oder Maja dasjenige nennen, was uns selbst innerlich bis zur Gedankenreife durchsetzt. Das Morgenland hat einstmals in der äußeren sinnlichen Natur Götter gesehen. Diese Götter sind ihm entschwunden. Den Gedanken hat es nicht in der Weise gehabt, wie wir ihn heute haben. Das ist das Spezielle des Abendlandes, daß der Gedanke, die reinste, lichtvollste Ausgestaltung des Seelenlebens, errungen worden ist. Aber es ist uns das Göttliche in den Gedanken noch nicht aufgegangen. Wir warten darauf, daß das Göttliche in den Gedanken aufgehen soll. Dasjenige, was aus der äußeren Sinnlichkeit für das Morgenland verschwunden ist, wodurch diese äußere Sinnlichkeit zur Maja geworden ist, das ist für unsere Ideenwelt, für unsere gedankliche Innenwelt noch nicht da. In der historischen Entwickelung ist die äußere Sinneswelt für das Morgenland allmählich götterleer geworden. Unser Gedanke ist noch götterleer. Wir können ihn nur so verstehen, wenn wir es wie eine Art Prophetie empfinden, daß die Maja unseres Denkens dereinst erfüllt werde von innerer Wirklichkeit.

So teilt sich die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Menschheit in zwei bedeutsame Teile. Der eine entwickelt sich von der Göttererfülltheit bis zur Götterleerheit. Der andere, an dessen Anfang wir stehen, entwickelt sich von der Götterleerheit zu der zu erhoffenden Götterfülle. Und in der Mitte zwischen diesen zwei Entwickelungsströmungen ist aufgerichtet das Kreuz auf Golgatha. Dieses Kreuz auf Golgatha, wie steht es im Bewußtsein der Menschheit da? Wir blicken zurück, sechs Jahrhunderte etwa weiter zurück vom Mysterium von Golgatha: wir sehen den Buddha, der verehrt wird allmählich von einer großen Gemeinde. Wir sehen diesen Buddha, wie er die Heimat verläßt, in die Welt hinausgeht und wie er unter dem Mannigfaltigen, das er sieht, einen Leichnam sieht. Der Anblick dieses Leichnams wirkt in seiner Seele so, daß er sich abwendet von der Maja der äußeren Welt. Der Leichnam wirkt abschreckend auf den Buddha. Und weil er den Tod, den Leichnam sehen muß, fühlt er sich gedrungen, von der Welt aufzublicken zu einem andern, zu einem Göttlich-Geistigen, das nicht in der Welt zu finden ist. Der Anblick des toten Menschen ist der Ausgangspunkt für den Buddha, die Welt zu verlassen und hinzuflüchten in ein außerweltliches Gebiet des Wirklichen.

Und jetzt wenden wir uns zu dem Zeitpunkte, der etwa sechshundert Jahre nach dem Mysterium von Golgatha liegt. Viele Menschen blicken hin zu dem großen Symbolum: zu demKruzifixus, zu dem Kreuz, an dem der Leichnam hängt. Der tote Mensch wird angeschaut. Aber der tote Mensch wird angeschaut, nicht um zu fliehen, nicht um ihn zu verlassen und zu einer andern Wirklichkeit zu gehen, sondern in diesem toten Menschen sieht man dasjenige, zu dem man seine Zuflucht nehmen soll. In zwölf Jahrhunderten hat sich die Menschheit so gewandelt, daß man lieben gelernt hat den Tod am Kreuze, den Tod, vor dem Buddha geflohen ist. Nichts kann einem für das Gemüt tiefer andeuten den großen Umschwung, der durch das Mysterium von Golgatha sich vollzogen hat, das in der Mitte zwischen diesen zwei Zeitpunkten drinnen liegt. Und indem wir unsere Gedanken in dieser Art zu dem Mysterium von Golgatha wenden, müssen wir desjenigen gedenken, was eigentlich da im Sinne ursprünglichen Christentums verehrt worden ist.

Paulus, ein Eingeweihter in die Mysterien seiner Zeit, konnte an den lebenden Jesus nicht glauben; er bekämpfte den lebenden Jesus. Als er dann auf seinem Wege nach Damaskus gewahr wurde, daß der Christus lebt, daß der Christus aus dem Dunkel der Welt sich offenbart, da glaubte Paulus nun nicht an den lebenden Jesus, aber an den auferstandenen Christus, und der lebende Jesus wurde ihm wert, weil er der Träger war des auferstandenen Christus. Aus dem Tod heraus quoll durch diese besondere Einsicht in den Weltzusammenhang für Paulus die Sicherheit in bezug auf das göttlich-geistige Leben.

Das hatte sich für die Menschheit vollzogen, daß, während man früher Trost empfangen hat, indem man von der Erde aufgeschaut hat zu den Sternen, woher das ewige Wort gesprochen hat, man jetzt hinblickte auf das geschichtliche Ereignis von Golgatha, daß man hinblickte auf eine menschliche Hülle, die das Geheimnis des Daseins enthält. Und dieses Geheimnis des Daseins — der Apostel Johannes wollte es aussprechen mit den Worten: «Im Urbeginne war das Wort!»

Ja, im Urbeginne hat das Wort gesprochen aus dem Gang und der Stellung der Sterne. Aus dem Kosmos herunter ertönte es, dieses Wort. Dieses Wort ward aber nicht auf der Erde gefunden, dieses Wort drang herein aus Himmelsweiten, aus der Vaterheimat in und auf die Erde. Aber es wagte der Schreiber des Johannes-Evangeliums das Wort zu sprechen: «Und das Wort, es ist Fleisch geworden und hat unter uns gewohnet.» Das heißt, dasjenige, was da draußen in den Sternen lebt, in dem Körper hat es gewohnt, der am Kreuze gehangen hat. In einem Menschen sollte gesehen werden dasjenige, was früher in Weltenweiten gesucht worden ist. Zu den Menschen herabgestiegen sollte dasjenige sein, was nur im Lichtesglanz vorher auf die Erde herabgeflossen war. Die Lebensansicht wurde geleitet von einer weltenweiten Kosmologie zu einer Anschauung des Mittelpunktsmenschen, der durchdrungen war von dem, was aus den Sternen herunterleuchtete, der durchdrungen war von dem lebendigen Weltenworte.

Daß man zu dem Ursprung des Weltlichen auch dadurch hinblicken kann, daß man hineinsieht in das menschliche Innere des Jesus und ein inniges Verhältnis gründet von dem eigenen menschlichen Inneren zu diesem menschlichen Inneren des Jesus, wie man früher ein Verhältnis gegründet hat von dem auf der Erde lebenden Menschen zu dem ewigen Weltenworte, das aus den Sternen spricht, das ist der Sinn, der geoffenbart werden soll der Menschheit durch das Mysterium von Golgatha. Und es ist schon der wichtigste Einschnitt in die Erdenentwickelung, dieses Mysterium von Golgatha. Und es wird uns dieses angedeutet durch das Neue Testament.

Es ist von wunderbarer Tiefe, und es ist unermeßlich ergreifend, wie im Sinne der Evangelien — das eine Mal erzählt das eine, das andere Mal erzählt das andere Evangelium-- die Menschen unterrichtet werden von der Erscheinung des Christus Jesus. Auf der einen Seite sind es die drei Weisen, die Magier aus dem Morgenlande, die Träger der alten Sternenweisheit, die Erkunder des Weltenwortes aus der Sternenschrift des Kosmos. Sie sind begabt mit der höchsten Weisheit, die der Menschheit damals zugänglich war. Und angedeutet wird durch das Evangelium, wie die höchste Weisheit nichts anderes sprechen kann für den damaligen Zeitpunkt als: Der Christus Jesus erscheint, die Sterne sagen es uns. Das ewige Weltenwort, das in den Sternen kam, in Sternkonstellationen lebt, das sagt uns, daß der Christus Jesus erscheinen wird.

In den Schulen, in den Weisheitsschulen wurde verkündet: 354 mal seit der Entstehung der gegenwärtigen Erdenmenschheit hat der Jupiter seine Planetenbahn vollendet. Ein Jupiterjahr, ein großes Jupiterjahr ist vollendet seit der Zeit, seit welcher zum Beispiel die alten Hebräer das Dasein der Menschheit auf Erden ansetzen. Im Sinne dieser damaligen Weltanschauung hatte ein gewöhnliches Jahr 354 Tage. 354 Jupitertage sind verflossen und diese 354 Jupitertage sind etwas, was spricht aus der Weltenweisheit, wie der Satz, der große Satz, und die einzelnen Worte darinnen geben an die Umläufe des Merkurius, und sieben mal sieben ist neunundvierzigmal ein Merkurtag in derselben Zeit verflossen, in der ein Jupitertag verflossen ist.

Solche Zusammenhänge suchten diese alten Weisen in der Sternenschrift. Und was ihnen in die Seele inspiriert wurde durch solches Entziffern der Sternenschrift, das legten sie so aus, daß sie es in die Worte kleiden konnten: Der Christus Jesus erscheint, denn die Zeit ist erfüllet. Die Jupiterzeit, die Merkurzeit ist erfüllet. Der große Weltenzeitmesser, der in den Sternen sich befindet, spricht davon, daß die Zeit erfüllet ist. Das künden die Evangelien von der einen Seite. Von der andern Seite künden sie, wie auf dem Felde die armen Hirten aus dem Traum, der aus ihrem einfachen Herzen quillt, ohne alle Weisheit, bloß hinhorchend auf die fromme, einfältige Stimme der menschlichen Seele, was die armen Hirten aus dieser Tiefe der Menschenbrust heraus geoffenbart erhielten. Und es ist dieselbe Kundschaft: Der Christus erscheint.

Höchste Weisheit und äußerste menschliche Einfältigkeit klingen zusammen in dem Worte: Der Christus erscheint. — Die höchste menschliche Weisheit ist dazumal in der Dekadenz, die höchste menschliche Weisheit ist im Abglimmen. Im Aufglimmen ist dasjenige, was aus dem menschlichen Inneren selberkommt. Und aus dem menschlichen Inneren ist seither gekommen der Gedanke. Wir können ihn noch nicht bis zur Realität erheben, er ist uns noch eine Maja. Aber wir stehen heute vor der Notwendigkeit, immer mehr und mehr einzusehen, wie dieser Gedanke zur Realität kommen kann. Zu den Sternen hat der Mensch in der vorchristlichen Zeit aufgeschaut, um Realität zu empfinden. Zu dem Christus müssen wir schauen, um Realität für unser Inneres zu haben. «Nicht ich, der Christus in mir», das ist das Wort, das dem Gedanken innerlich Schwere, das dem Gedanken innerlich Realität geben wird.

Die Theologie des 19. Jahrhunderts hat immer mehr aus dem Christus Jesus die bloße menschliche Gestalt gemacht, die auch die äußere Geschichte anerkennen kann: Jesus, den schlichten, obwohl höchststehenden Mann aus Nazareth. Der Christus aber ist verlorengegangen. Der wird erst erscheinen in seiner wahren Gestalt durch das Wiederaufleben einer auf das Übersinnliche gehenden Weltanschauung, einer Lebensauffassung, die von dem Sinnlichen zu dem Übersinnlichen hinschaut. In demselben Maße, in dem die Menschheit verloren hat aus dem Sinnlichen das Geistige, muß sie gewinnen in dem bis zur, allerdings leuchtenden, aber abstrakten Weise vorgedrungenen Gedanken die innere Realität.

Diese innere Realität wird sie gewinnen, indem sie in den Vorgängen, die sich abspielen in Anknüpfung an das Mysterium von Golgatha, auf unserer Erde selber etwas schaut, was nur durch übersinnliche Begriffe vor die menschliche Seele hintreten kann. In demselben Maße, in dem man sich entschließen wird, das Mysterium von Golgatha durch übersinnliches Erkennen zu erfassen, in demselben Maße wird innerhalb der menschlichen Zivilisationsentwickelung der Christus neu geboren werden. Von dem Aufnehmen der übersinnlichen Erkenntnis darf die Menschheit erhoffen ein wirkliches perennierendes Bethlehem. Einen tiefen Sinn muß ein Ahnungswort bekommen, wie es etwa Angelus Silesius ausgesprochen hat:

Wird Christus tausendmal zu Bethlehem geboren
und nicht in dir, du bleibst noch ewiglich verloren.

Aber nicht allein in leeren Redensarten, sondern in allem Wissen, in aller Erkenntnis muß der Christus geboren werden. Wir müssen in die Lage kommen, anzusehen dasjenige, was wir durch die bloße Weltbeobachtung gewinnen können, so, wie angesehen hat Paulus dasjenige, was ihm die äußere Welt war, bevor er an das Ereignis von Damaskus herangetreten ist, bevor er die Erdenwelt erfüllt geschaut hat von der Kraft des lebendigen Christus. Diese Kraft des lebendigen Christus müssen wir in alles Erkennen hineinbringen. Wir müssen durchwärmen die kalte, abstrakte Erkenntnis, die uns hineingeführt hat in die Not der Gegenwart. Wir müssen durchdringen diese Erkenntnis mit der lebendigen Kraft des Christus.

Das ist etwas, was als eine bedeutsame Aufgabe der Gegenwart dasteht. Wir müssen das Gefühl haben, daß wir zu dem Christus erst hingelangen müssen. Wir müssen zu einer Verinnerlichung des ChristusGedankens kommen. Wir müssen uns klar darüber sein, daß die Not der Zeit zu groß ist, um bloß an den äußerlichen Weihnachtsbräuchen festzuhalten. Wir müssen uns aufschwingen zu der Überzeugung, daß ein solches Festhalten gegenüber den sonstigen Anschauungen der heutigen Zeit eine Lüge ist. Wir müssen uns klar sein, daß die große Auseinandersetzung zwischen dem Osten und dem Westen auch auf geistigem Gebiete geschehen muß, daß die Maja des Ostens und die Maja des Westens, die Maja der äußeren Sinneswelt und die Maja des Gedankens, zu einer harmonischen Verständigung kommen müssen.

Wir dürfen nicht glauben, daß wir den Christus haben innerhalb unserer gegenwärtigen Zeit. Wir müssen uns vorkommen wie die armen Hirten, die sich ihrer Not bewußt waren. Wir müssen suchen den Christus in dem Innersten des menschlichen Wesens, wie die Hirten gesucht haben den Christus im Stall zu Bethlehem. Opfern müssen wir diesem Christus, der uns die Maja der Gedanken verwandelt in Wirklichkeiten. Wir müssen die Demut haben, uns zum Verständnis der Geburt Christi erst aufzuschwingen. Wir müssen wissen, daß wir erst ein Verstehen des Weihnachtsgedankens brauchen, bevor wir Weihnachten in der richtigen Weise werden würdigen können. Wir müssen alles, was die einzelnen Lebensgebiete sind, durchdringen mit der lebendigen Kraft des Christus. Wir müssen arbeiten, und wir werden die Feste am besten begehen, wenn wir arbeiten in der Not der Zeit, um im geistigen Sinne das zu bewirken, was als ein Symbolum, allerdings ein Symbolum der Wirklichkeit, von der Schädelstätte von Golgatha her historisch uns anblickt.

Und so müssen wir verstehen, daß für uns heute der wichtigste Weihnachtsgedanke der ist: Weltenweihnachten durch ein rechtes Verstehen des Christentums herbeizuführen. Diese innere Stimme, diese innere Sehnsucht, sie können uns hinübergeleiten im Sinne der heutigen Not der Zeit über die Weihenacht. Denn das Fest vom Jahresende, die Weihnachten, sie können heute nur lebendig werden, wenn man die Sehnsucht empfindet, diese Weihnachten als eine Aufforderung anzuschauen, hineinzublicken in dasjenige, was die Menschheit in ihrer Entwickelung braucht.So daß ausstrahlen kann für uns von dem Festesgefühl, das wir in dieser Jahreszeit empfinden, etwas davon, daß wir durch die Kraft der inneren Wirklichkeitserfassung dessen, was für uns noch Maja ist, zu einer Auferstehung jener göttlich-geistigen Wirklichkeit kommen, die abgeglommen ist in älterer Zeit und die deshalb zur Anschauung von der Maja geführt hat.

In die Maja ist die Menschheit gekommen, in die äußere Maja. Aus der inneren Maja heraus muß die Menschheit zur wahren geistig-seelischen Wirklichkeit sich entwickeln. Verstehen wir dieses, dann wird erfüllt der einzelne Weihnachtsgedanke zur Festeszeit von einem Weltgefühl, das wir heute brauchen, wenn wir wahren Menschenwert und wahre Menschenwürde empfinden wollen. Dann strömt aus der Empfindung gegenüber dem einzelnen Feste dasjenige in uns, was in uns das Geständnis herausfordert: Wir müssen feiern in der Zeit der Not so, daß wir allmählich die neuen Weihnachtslichter eines neuen Geisteslebens sehen. Wir müssen feiern lernen nicht nur eine einzelne Weihnachtszeit, wir müssen feiern lernen Weltenweihenacht.

The Feast of the Epiphany I

When one hears, in accordance with present-day ideas, that we are currently completing a course here during the Christmas holidays, this may seem strange, because one has the idea that during the great festivals of the year, work should be suspended and that, especially at Christmas time, people should devote themselves solely to religious practices. Nevertheless, a deeper insight into the conditions of the present day must not fail to recognize that something different is appropriate during these festive seasons than has been the case for a long time. We live in difficult times, and it must seem reckless today to simply continue with old habits without taking into account the difficult times of hardship we have entered, untouched by what is happening in the visible and invisible worlds, especially in our present time. We see how people give each other gifts during this festive season, how they decorate their Christmas trees in the traditional way, how they do other things purely according to tradition, things that have been done for centuries. But today, in particular, we must realize how this custom is almost becoming sacrilege.

Those who have lived through the last few years with deep feeling feel as if they have had to live through centuries, and it is only with a certain melancholy that they can look at that part of humanity which today habitually thinks as could be thought with some justification until the beginning or middle of the second decade of our century. To the unbiased mind, all things must appear today, in the light of contemporary events, to be fraught with questions, questions that concern the primordial elements of all human life. Those of you who have heard me speak on this subject on several occasions will know how little I am inclined to join in the custom of saying that we are living in a period of transition. Every age can say that, for the transition from the past to the future is always a matter of course. It only depends on what this transition consists of. And today we cannot fail to recognize that human beings are only aware of their true nature when they participate in the mighty forces at work in the world.

It has often been criticized that many people have increasingly seen Christianity in the fact that they said, “Lord, Lord!” — or that they pronounced the name of Christ as often as possible. Today, however, we need something quite different: a Christianization of our entire life, which is not satisfied with merely uttering the name of Christ, but considers it necessary to connect oneself intimately with the spirit of Christ. Today we see how great questions of existence are being raised almost all over the earth. We already perceive that the European region, which for a long time has been the actual scene of human civilization, can no longer be the scene of the future. We perceive how the questions of the world are spreading over larger territories, and we perceive above all today, in symptomatic phenomena, how the great conflict between the West and the East is announcing itself in all areas of life.

The West has kindled a young spiritual life out of mechanistic-naturalistic foundations. Only those who believe that this spiritual life is still in its infancy can see it correctly. But we must look beyond this initial spiritual life of the West to the East, with which we are becoming increasingly connected geographically, historically, and culturally, and with which the West must come to terms.

In the East there is an ancient intellectual life that goes back thousands of years. And when we look back from today's decadence to the origins of this intellectual life, which today is indeed decadent, we feel an immense respect, an immeasurable awe, because it started out as the primordial wisdom of humanity. A word echoes from the East when we look at the more spiritual matters of life, which must always strike us strangely in our hearts, especially when we take the Western point of view. It is the word that is supposed to express in the language of the East the peculiarity of the physical world that we perceive around us with our senses. This physical-sensory world has been accustomed, starting from India, whether it expresses this more or less clearly or not, to be called a maya, a great deception.

Thus, before the East — even if, as I said, all this exists today only in a decadent form — the external world that the eyes see and the ears hear stands before human beings as a great illusion, as a Maya. Anyone who becomes acquainted with the special characteristics of the Eastern view of life must learn that this view of Maya was not originally part of the ancient wisdom of the East. With the help of anthroposophical spiritual science, we can look back on thousands of years of development in Eastern civilization. Looking back beyond the third millennium BC and further and further back into the gray ages, we find less and less of this view of Maya, of the great illusion of external, sensory-physical reality. If we want to approximate a point in time, we can say that it was only at the turn of the third to the fourth millennium BC that this view emerged as a conviction in the East that the physical-sensory world around human beings is not reality, but a great illusion, a Maya.

What is the cause of this tremendous change in the Eastern view of life? The cause lies deeply rooted in the spiritual development of humanity. If we look at the ancient wisdom of the East, as it was later expressed in poetic form in the Vedas, in philosophical form in Vedanta philosophy, and then developed into the teachings of yoga, if we pay attention, for example, to the grandeur of this Eastern teaching as contained in the Bhagavad Gita, we find that once upon a time, the essence of this Eastern wisdom was that human beings did not only perceive the outer sensory world, but that within this outer sensory world, in everything they saw with their eyes, heard with their ears, and touched with their hands, they perceived something divine and spiritual.

For these primitive humans, trees were not as sober as we see them today. In every tree, in every bush, in every cloud, in every spring, there was something that announced itself as the spiritual-soul content of the cosmic world. Everywhere you looked, you saw the sensual permeated by the spiritual. The spring did not just trickle in inarticulate sounds; from the sounds of the spring, you could hear spiritual and soul content. The forest did not rustle inarticulate sounds; from the rustling of the forest, you could hear the language of the eternal word of the world, a spiritual and soul entity. Modern humans can only imagine very little of the tremendous vitality with which humans experienced the world in those gray prehistoric times.

But the vitality of the spirit with which humans lived in their environment began to decline around the third millennium BC. And when we put ourselves in the context of the development of time, we become aware of how, in a sense, humanity as a whole, understood as Eastern humanity, perceived the phenomena of the world with a certain melancholy feeling, as if the gods were withdrawing, as if they were disappearing beneath the surface of things. And many a particularly deep human soul must have expressed this feeling in a prayerful manner, saying: The old gods have vanished behind the surface of the outer sense things. The world has become empty of gods, and because it appears as a world without gods, it is Maya, it is a great illusion.

It was not from the beginning that people spoke of the world as this great illusion, but because the world had become godless, they perceived it as a great illusion, as Maya. If one wants to go back to the very essence of this view, one must even go back beyond the Atlantean catastrophe, to Atlantean humanity. For immediately after the Atlantean catastrophe, a quiet indication began to appear in general civilization that the world of external sensory-physical phenomena should be regarded as something unreal. But until the end of the fourth millennium BC, much of the perception of the gods in the physical-sensory world was still present. So much was still present that, until then, people did not need any real consolation for what they perceived as the unreality of the world. From the end of the 4th millennium onwards, people needed consolation. And this consolation was sought by the initiates, by the teachers and priests of the mysteries for humanity, and it was sought in the language of the stars. Here on earth, it was said, there is no reality. But if one studies the stars, one discovers from the language of the stars how reality pours down upon the earth from distant regions of the heavens. The stars speak a language which, when we hear it, sounds as if the Maya of the world has a real meaning.

That was the great impression that the astrological wisdom of the Chaldeans and the ancient Egyptians made on humanity, that this astrological wisdom was perceived as that which gave reality to the Maya. Here on this earth, it was said, one can only find the unreal. One must look up to the eternal word of the world, which speaks to the receptive person in the movements and positions of the stars, and then reality is revealed within the Maya. If one wanted to recognize something important, something meaningful for life, one sought to explore this in the stars and their language. And so the human soul remained until the time of the Mystery of Golgotha.

Mystics proclaimed to humanity from the stars what is real, for on earth people did not believe that the real could be found. Anyone who understands the Greek nature in its truth will perceive—even though it is always said from a certain superficial point of view that the Greek nature is like a kind of childlike joy in reality—that there is something tragic weighing on the Greek nature, something that longs for a kind of redemption within human life. And this is nothing other than the echo of that Oriental feeling I have just spoken of.

And we, the people of today, have brought it about that, for our present civilization, the idea of the idea unfolding in all its aspects has developed, as it were, into an inner highest good. But we have not brought it about that this idea is recognized as a reality. By devoting ourselves to the life of ideas, we feel as if we are in an unreality. And a large number of people speak of life in ideas as an ideology. A large number of people use this word to mean the same thing that the Orient felt about external physical and sensory reality when it called it Maya. We could just as well speak of Maya as we speak of ideology, but then we would have to mean our inner soul life.

What was the most intense reality for the East at a certain time, the soul-spiritual, has become Maya for us, and what was Maya for the East, the external physical-sensory world, has become our naturalistic reality. And so we live, calling ideology or Maya that which permeates us inwardly until it reaches the maturity of thought. The Orient once saw gods in the external sensory nature. These gods have disappeared for it. It did not have thoughts in the way we have them today. That is what is special about the West, that thought, the purest, most luminous expression of the soul life, has been achieved. But the divine in thought has not yet dawned on us. We are waiting for the divine to dawn in our thoughts. That which has disappeared from the external senses for the Orient, whereby these external senses have become Maya, is not yet present in our world of ideas, in our inner world of thoughts. In historical development, the external sensory world has gradually become devoid of gods for the Orient. Our thoughts are still devoid of gods. We can only understand this if we perceive it as a kind of prophecy that the Maya of our thinking will one day be fulfilled by inner reality.

Thus, the history of human development is divided into two significant parts. One develops from a state filled with gods to a state devoid of gods. The other, at the beginning of which we stand, develops from a state devoid of gods to the hoped-for state filled with gods. And in the middle between these two currents of development stands the cross on Golgotha. How does this cross on Golgotha stand in the consciousness of humanity? We look back, about six centuries further back from the Mystery of Golgotha: we see the Buddha, who is gradually being worshipped by a large community. We see this Buddha leaving his home, going out into the world, and seeing a corpse among the manifold things he sees. The sight of this corpse has such an effect on his soul that he turns away from the Maya of the outer world. The corpse has a repulsive effect on the Buddha. And because he has to see death, the corpse, he feels compelled to look up from the world to something else, to something divine and spiritual that cannot be found in the world. The sight of the dead man is the starting point for the Buddha to leave the world and flee to an otherworldly realm of reality.

And now we turn to the moment that lies about six hundred years after the mystery of Golgotha. Many people look to the great symbol: to the crucifix, to the cross on which the corpse hangs. The dead man is looked at. But the dead man is looked at, not in order to flee, not in order to leave him and go to another reality, but in this dead man one sees that to which one should take refuge. In twelve centuries, humanity has changed so much that it has learned to love death on the cross, the death from which Buddha fled. Nothing can indicate more deeply to the mind the great change that took place through the mystery of Golgotha, which lies in the middle between these two points in time. And as we turn our thoughts in this way to the mystery of Golgotha, we must remember what was actually revered in the original Christianity.

Paul, an initiate into the mysteries of his time, could not believe in the living Jesus; he fought against the living Jesus. When, on his way to Damascus, he realized that Christ was alive, that Christ was revealing himself from the darkness of the world, Paul no longer believed in the living Jesus, but in the risen Christ, and the living Jesus became valuable to him because he was the bearer of the risen Christ. Out of death, through this special insight into the world order, Paul gained certainty about the divine-spiritual life.

What had happened to humanity was that, whereas in earlier times people had found comfort by looking up from the earth to the stars, from whence the eternal Word had spoken, they now looked to the historical event of Golgotha, they looked to a human shell that contained the mystery of existence. And this mystery of existence—the Apostle John wanted to express it with the words: “In the beginning was the Word!”

Yes, in the beginning, the Word spoke from the course and position of the stars. This Word resounded down from the cosmos. But this Word was not found on Earth; this Word penetrated from the vastness of Heaven, from the Father's home, into and upon the Earth. But the writer of the Gospel of John dared to speak the words: “And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us.” This means that what lives out there in the stars dwelt in the body that hung on the cross. What had previously been sought in the vastness of the worlds was to be seen in a human being. That which had previously flowed down to earth only in the radiance of light was to descend to human beings. The view of life was guided from a world-wide cosmology to a view of the central human being, who was permeated by that which shone down from the stars, who was permeated by the living Word of the world.

That one can also look to the origin of the world by looking into the human inner being of Jesus and establishing an intimate relationship between one's own human inner being and the human inner being of Jesus, just as one formerly established a relationship between human beings living on earth and the eternal Word of the world speaking from the stars, that is the meaning that is to be revealed to humanity through the Mystery of Golgotha. And this Mystery of Golgotha is already the most important turning point in the evolution of the earth. And this is hinted at to us in the New Testament.

It is wonderfully profound and immeasurably moving how, in the sense of the Gospels — one Gospel tells one thing, another Gospel tells another — people are taught about the appearance of Christ Jesus. On the one hand, there are the three wise men, the magi from the East, the bearers of ancient star wisdom, the explorers of the world word from the star script of the cosmos. They are gifted with the highest wisdom accessible to humanity at that time. And the Gospel hints that the highest wisdom can say nothing else at that time than: Christ Jesus is appearing, the stars tell us so. The eternal word of the world, which came in the stars and lives in the constellations, tells us that Christ Jesus will appear.

In the schools, in the schools of wisdom, it was proclaimed: 354 times since the creation of the present human race on Earth, Jupiter has completed its planetary orbit. A Jupiter year, a great Jupiter year, has been completed since the time when, for example, the ancient Hebrews began to date the existence of humanity on Earth. According to the worldview of that time, an ordinary year had 354 days. 354 Jupiter days have passed, and these 354 Jupiter days are something that speaks from the wisdom of the world, like the sentence, the great sentence, and the individual words therein indicate the revolutions of Mercury, and seven times seven is forty-nine times a Mercury day in the same time that a Jupiter day has passed.

Such connections were sought by these ancient sages in the writing of the stars. And what was inspired in their souls by such deciphering of the writing of the stars, they interpreted in such a way that they could clothe it in words: Christ Jesus appears, for the time is fulfilled. The time of Jupiter, the time of Mercury, is fulfilled. The great timekeeper of the worlds, who is in the stars, speaks of the fact that the time is fulfilled. This is what the Gospels proclaim on the one hand. On the other hand, they proclaim how the poor shepherds in the fields, without any wisdom, merely listening to the pious, simple voice of the human soul, received from the depths of the human breast what was revealed to them in a dream that sprang from their simple hearts. And it is the same proclamation: Christ is appearing.

Highest wisdom and utmost human simplicity resound together in the words: Christ appears. — The highest human wisdom is then in decadence, the highest human wisdom is in decline. In the glimmering is that which comes from within the human being itself. And from within the human being has since come the thought. We cannot yet raise it to reality; it is still a Maya to us. But today we are faced with the necessity of understanding more and more how this thought can become reality. In pre-Christian times, human beings looked up to the stars in order to perceive reality. We must look to Christ in order to have reality for our inner being. "Not I, but Christ in me" are the words that will give the thought inner weight and inner reality.

The theology of the 19th century increasingly made Christ Jesus into a mere human figure whom even external history could recognize: Jesus, the simple, though most exalted man from Nazareth. But Christ was lost. He will only appear in his true form through the revival of a worldview that reaches toward the supersensible, a view of life that looks from the sensual to the supersensible. To the same extent that humanity has lost the spiritual from the sensual, it must gain inner reality in the thought that has advanced to a luminous but abstract form.

It will gain this inner reality by seeing in the events that are taking place in connection with the mystery of Golgotha something on our earth itself that can only appear before the human soul through supersensible concepts. To the same extent that people decide to grasp the mystery of Golgotha through supersensible knowledge, to the same extent will Christ be reborn within the development of human civilization. From the acceptance of supersensible knowledge, humanity may hope for a real, everlasting Bethlehem. A profound meaning must be given to a prophetic saying such as that uttered by Angelus Silesius:

If Christ is born a thousand times in Bethlehem
and not in you, you will remain lost forever.

But Christ must be born not only in empty words, but in all knowledge, in all understanding. We must come to the point where we can see what we can gain from mere observation of the world, just as Paul saw what the outer world was to him before he approached the event at Damascus, before he saw the earthly world filled with the power of the living Christ. We must bring this power of the living Christ into all our knowledge. We must warm up the cold, abstract knowledge that has led us into the distress of the present. We must permeate this knowledge with the living power of Christ.

This is something that stands as a significant task of the present. We must feel that we must first reach Christ. We must come to an internalization of the Christ thought. We must be clear that the distress of the times is too great to merely cling to external Christmas customs. We must rise to the conviction that such clinging is a lie in the face of the other views of the present age. We must be clear that the great conflict between East and West must also take place in the spiritual realm, that the Maya of the East and the Maya of the West, the Maya of the outer sensory world and the Maya of thought, must come to a harmonious understanding.

We must not believe that we have Christ within our present time. We must feel like the poor shepherds who were aware of their need. We must seek Christ in the innermost being of the human being, just as the shepherds sought Christ in the stable in Bethlehem. We must sacrifice ourselves to this Christ, who transforms the Maya of our thoughts into reality. We must have the humility to first raise ourselves up to understand the birth of Christ. We must know that we first need an understanding of the Christmas idea before we can appreciate Christmas in the right way. We must permeate all areas of life with the living power of Christ. We must work, and we will celebrate the holidays best when we work in the need of the times to bring about in a spiritual sense what, as a symbol, indeed a symbol of reality, looks at us historically from the place of the skull on Golgotha.

And so we must understand that for us today, the most important Christmas thought is this: to bring about a universal Christmas through a true understanding of Christianity. This inner voice, this inner longing, can carry us through the Christmas season in the spirit of the present time of need. For the festival at the end of the year, Christmas, can only come alive today if we feel the longing to see this Christmas as a call to look into what humanity needs in its development.In this way, something of the festive feeling we experience at this time of year can radiate out from us, something that, through the power of inner perception of what is still Maya for us, leads us to a resurrection of that divine-spiritual reality which faded away in earlier times and which therefore led to the perception of Maya.

Humanity has come into Maya, into outer Maya. From inner Maya, humanity must develop toward true spiritual-soul reality. If we understand this, then the individual Christmas thought at the festive season is filled with a world feeling that we need today if we want to feel true human value and true human dignity. Then, from our feelings toward the individual festival, something will flow within us that will prompt us to confess: In times of need, we must celebrate in such a way that we gradually see the new Christmas lights of a new spiritual life. We must learn to celebrate not just a single Christmas season; we must learn to celebrate the Christmas of the world.