The Life, Nature, and Cultivation of Anthroposophy
GA 260a
Member Newsletter, 18 May 1924
13. The Pictorial Nature of Man
It is most important that it should be understood through Anthroposophy that the ideas which a man gains by looking at outer Nature are inadequate for the observation of Man. The ideas which have taken possession of men's minds during the spiritual development of the last few centuries fail to realise this fact. Through them men have grown accustomed to thinking out natural laws, and to explaining by means of them the phenomena which are perceived by the senses. They then turn their attention to the human organism, and think that that too can be explained through bringing the laws of Nature to bear upon it.
Now this is just as though, in considering a picture which a painter had created, we only took into account the substance of the colours, their power of adhering to the canvas, the way in which these colours were applied, and similar things. But such a way of regarding the picture does not reveal what is contained in it. Quite other laws are active in the revelation contained in the picture than those which can be perceived by considering such points as these.
It is a question of realising that in the human being also something is revealed which cannot be grasped from the standpoint of natural law. If anyone has once thoroughly made this conception his own, then he will be able to understand Man as a picture. A mineral is not a picture in this sense. It reveals only what is directly evident to the senses.
To a certain extent when regarding a picture we look through what the senses perceive to its spiritual content. And so is it also in the observation of the human being. If we truly understand the human being in the light of natural law, we do not feel that these laws bring us into contact with the real man, but only with that through which he reveals himself.
We must experience spiritually that when we regard a man only from the point of view of natural law, it is as if we stood before a picture seeing only ‘blue’ and ‘red’, and quite unable through an inner activity of the soul to relate the blue and red to that which reveals itself through these colours.
When viewing things from the standpoint of natural law we must perceive the mineral in one way, the human being in another. In the case of the mineral it is, for the spiritual understanding, as if we were in immediate touch with what is perceived; but in the case of man it is as though we could only come as near to him through natural laws as to a picture which we do not see clearly with the eye of the soul but only touch and feel.
When once one has gained the perception that man is a ‘picture’ of something, one will be in the right mood of soul to progress to that which manifests in this picture.
The pictorial nature of man does not manifest in one way only. An organ of sense is in its nature least of all a picture, and mostly a kind of manifestation of itself like the mineral. The human organs of sense approach nearest to natural laws. Let one but contemplate the wonderful arrangement of the eye, which by natural laws one is able to comprehend. It is the same with the other organs, though not often so clearly evident. It is because the sense organs, in their formation, show a certain compactness. They are arranged in the organism as complete formations, and as such assist in the perception of the outer world.
But it is otherwise with the rhythmic actions in the organism. They are not complete, but evanescent, the organism in them continually forming and then declining. If the sense organs were like the rhythmic system, we would perceive the outer world in a perpetual growth.
The sense organs are like a picture on the wall. The rhythmic system is like the scene that unfolds itself if canvas and painter are imaged by us at the conception of the picture. The picture is not yet there, but it comes more and more into being. In studying the rhythmic system, we have to do with a perpetual process of becoming. A thing that has already come into existence remains in existence, for a time at any rate. But when we study the human rhythmic system we find the process of becoming, the upbuilding process, followed directly and without a gap by the passing out of existence, the destructive process. In the rhythmic system a picture manifests itself coming into existence, but never finished or complete.
The activity which the soul discharges in conscious devotion to what is brought before it as the finished picture, may be styled ‘Imagination’. On the other hand ‘Inspiration’ is the experience that must be unfolded in order to comprehend a growing picture.
But this is different again in the contemplation of the metabolic and limb system. Here it is as if one was before a bare canvas and unused paints, and an artist not even painting. To get a perception of the metabolic and limb system, one must get a perception that has as little connection with the senses, as have the bare canvas and unused paints with that which is afterwards the artist's picture. And the activity that is developed by the soul in pure spirituality out of the metabolic and limb system is as when, upon seeing the painter and an empty canvas and unused paints, one experiences the picture to be painted later. In order to understand the metabolic system and the limbs the soul must exercise the power of ‘Intuition’.
It is necessary that the active members of the Anthroposophical Society should concentrate in this way on the essential and fundamental nature of anthroposophical study. For it is not only the knowledge one gains by study but the experience achieved thereby that matters.
13. Die Bildnatur des Menschen
Es kommt viel darauf an, daß durch die Anthroposophie begriffen werde, wie die Vorstellungen, die der Mensch im Anblicke der äußeren Natur gewinnt, vor der Menschenbetrachtung Halt machen müssen. Gegen diese. Forderung sündigt die Denkungsart, die durch die geistige Entwickelung der letzten Jahrhunderte in die Menschengemüter eingezogen ist. Durch sie gewöhnt man sich, Naturgesetze zu denken; und durch diese Naturgesetze erklärt man sich die Naturerscheinungen, die man mit den Sinnen wahrnimmt. Man sieht nun nach dem menschlichen Organismus hin und betrachtet auch diesen so, wie wenn seine Einrichtung begriffen werden könnte, wenn man die Naturgesetze auf ihn anwendet.
Das ist nun gerade so, als ob man das Bild, das ein Maler geschaffen hat, betrachtete nach der Substanz der Farben, nach der Kraft, mit der die Farben an der Leinwand haften, nach der Art, wie sich diese Farben auf die Leinwand streichen lassen, und nach ähnlichen Gesichtspunkten. Aber mit alledem trifft man nicht, was sich in dem Bilde offenbart. In dieser Offenbarung, die durch dasBild da ist, leben ganz andere Gesetzmäßigkeiten als diejenigen, die aus den angegebenen Gesichtspunkten gewonnen werden können.
Es kommt nun darauf an, sich darüber klar zu werden, daß sich auch in der menschlichen Wesenheit etwas offenbart, das von den Gesichtspunkten, von denen aus die Gesetze der äußeren Natur gewonnen werden, nicht zu ergreifen ist. Hat man diese Vorstellung in der rechten Art sich zu eigen gemacht, dann wird man in der Lage sein, den Menschen als Bild zu begreifen. Ein Mineral ist in diesem Sinne nicht Bild. Es offenbart nur dasjenige, was unmittelbar die Sinne wahrnehmen können.
Beim Bilde richtet sich die Anschauung gewissermaßen durch das sinnlich Angeschaute hindurch auf einen Inhalt, der im Geiste erfaßt wird. Und so ist es auch bei der Betrachtung des Menschenwesens. Erfaßt man dieses in rechter Art mit den Naturgesetzen, so fühlt man sich im Vorstellen dieser Naturgesetze nicht dem wirklichen Menschen nahe, sondern nur demjenigen, durch das sich dieser wirkliche Mensch offenbart.
Man muß es im Geiste erleben, daß man mit den Naturgesetzen so vor dem Menschen steht, wie man vor einem Bilde stünde, wenn man nur wüßte, da ist Blau, da ist Rot, und man nicht imstande wäre, in einer inneren Seelentätigkeit das Blau und Rot auf etwas zu beziehen, das sich durch diese Farben offenbart.
Man muß eben eine andere Empfindung haben, wenn man mit den Naturgesetzen einem Mineralischen, und eine andere, wenn man dem Menschen gegenübersteht. Beim Mineralischen ist es für die geistige Auffassung so, als wenn man das Wahrgenommene unmittelbar ertastete; beim Menschen ist es so, als ob man ihm mit den Naturgesetzen so ferne stünde, wie man einem Bilde ferne steht, das man nicht mit Seelenaugen anblickt, sondern nur betastet.
Hat man erst in der Anschauung des Menschen begriffen, daß dieser Bild von etwas ist, dann wird man in der rechten Seelenstimmung auch zu dem fortschreiten, was sich in diesem Bilde darstellt.
Und im Menschen offenbart sich die Bildnatur nicht auf eine eindeutige Weise. Ein Sinnesorgan ist in seinem Wesen am wenigsten Bild, am meisten eine Art Offenbarung seiner selbst wie das Mineral. Man kann gerade an die Sinnesorgane mit den Naturgesetzen am nächsten heran. Man betrachte nur die wundervolle Einrichtung des menschlichen Auges. Man erfaßt durch Naturgesetze annähernd diese Einrichtung. Und bei den andern Sinnesorganen ist es ähnlich, wenn auch die Sache nicht so offen zutage tritt wie beim Auge. Es kommt dies daher, daß die Sinnesorgane in ihrer Bildung eine gewisse Abgeschlossenheit zeigen. Sie sind als fertige Bildungen dem Organismus eingegliedert, und als solche vermitteln sie die Wahrnehmungen der Außenwelt.
So aber ist es nicht mit den rhythmischen Vorgängen, die sich im Organismus abspielen. Sie stellen sich nicht als etwas Fertiges dar. In ihnen vollzieht sich ein fortwährendes Entstehen und Vergehen des Organismus. Wären die Sinnesorgane so wie das rhythmische System, so würde der Mensch die Außenwelt in der Art wahrnehmen, daß diese in einem fortwährenden Werden sich befände.
Die Sinnesorgane stellen sich dar wie ein Bild, das an der Wand hängt. Das rhythmische System steht vor uns wie das Geschehen, das sich entfaltet, wenn Leinwand und Maler im Entstehen des Bildes von uns betrachtet werden. Das Bild ist noch nicht da; aber es ist immer mehr da. In dieser Betrachtung hat man es nur mit einem Entstehen zu tun. Was entstanden ist, bleibt zunächst bestehen. In der Betrachtung des menschlichen rhythmischen Systems schließt sich das Vergehen, der Abbau, sogleich an das Entstehen, an den Aufbau an. Im rhythmischen System offenbart sich ein werdendes Bild.
Die Tätigkeit, welche die Seele verrichtet, indem sie sich einem ihr Gegenüberstehenden wahrnehmend hingibt, das fertiges Bild ist, kann als Imagination bezeichnet werden. Das Erleben, das entfaltet werden muß, um ein werdendesBild zu erfassen, ist dem gegenüber Inspiration.
Noch anders liegt die Sache, wenn man das Stoffwechsel- und das Bewegungssystem des menschlichen Organismus betrachtet. Da ist es, als ob man vor der noch ganz leeren Leinwand, den Farbentöpfen und dem noch nicht malenden Künstler stünde. Will man dem Stoff wechsel und dem Gliedmaßensystem gegenüber zum Begreifen kommen, so muß man ein Wahrnehmen entwickeln, das mit dem Wahrnehmen dessen, was die Sinne erfassen, nicht mehr zu tun hat als der Anblick von Farbentöpfen, leerer Leinwand und Maler mit dem, was später als Bild des Malers vor unsere Augen tritt. Und die Tätigkeit, in der die Seele rein geistig den Menschen aus dem Stoffwechsel und aus seinen Bewegungen heraus erlebt, ist so, wie wenn man im Anblicke vom Maler, leerer Leinwand und Farbentöpfen das später gemalte Bild erlebte. Dem Stoffwechsel- und Gliedmaßensystem gegenüber muß in der Seele die Intuition walten, wenn es zum Begreifen kommen soll.
Es ist nötig, daß die tätig wirkenden Mitglieder der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft in solcher Art auf die Wesenheit hindeuten, die dem anthroposophischen Betrachten zugrunde liegt. Denn nicht nur soll eingesehen werden, was durch Anthroposophie an Erkenntnisinhalt gewonnen wird, sondern auch, wie man zum Erleben dieses Erkennrnisinhaltes gelangt.
13. The Pictorial Nature of Human Beings
It is very important that anthroposophy helps us understand how the ideas that human beings gain from observing external nature must stop short of observing human beings. The way of thinking that has entered the human mind through the spiritual development of recent centuries sins against this requirement. Through it, one becomes accustomed to thinking in terms of natural laws; and through these natural laws, one explains the natural phenomena that one perceives with the senses. People now look at the human organism and consider it as if its structure could be understood by applying the laws of nature to it.
This is just as if one were to look at a picture created by a painter in terms of the substance of the colors, the force with which the colors adhere to the canvas, the way in which these colors can be applied to the canvas, and similar points of view. But with all this, one does not grasp what is revealed in the picture. In this revelation, which is present in the picture, there are completely different laws than those that can be derived from the aspects mentioned.
It is now important to realize that something is also revealed in the human being that cannot be grasped from the aspects from which the laws of external nature are derived. Once this idea has been properly internalized, one will be able to understand the human being as an image. In this sense, a mineral is not an image. It reveals only what can be perceived directly by the senses.
In the case of an image, perception is directed, as it were, through what is seen by the senses to a content that is grasped in the mind. And so it is when we contemplate the human being. If we grasp this in the right way with the laws of nature, then in imagining these laws of nature we do not feel close to the real human being, but only to that through which the real human being reveals itself.
One must experience in the mind that, with the laws of nature, one stands before human beings as one would stand before a picture, if one only knew that there is blue, there is red, and one were unable, in an inner soul activity, to relate the blue and red to something that reveals itself through these colors.One must have a different feeling when one stands before a mineral with the laws of nature, and a different one when one stands before a human being. With minerals, it is as if one were directly touching what one perceives; with human beings, it is as if one were as distant from them with the laws of nature as one is from a picture that one does not look at with the eyes of the soul, but only touches.
Once one has understood in the contemplation of the human being that he is an image of something, then, in the right soul mood, one will also progress to what is represented in this image.
And in humans, the nature of the image is not revealed in an unambiguous way. A sense organ is, in its essence, least an image and most a kind of revelation of itself, like a mineral. It is precisely through the sense organs that one can come closest to the laws of nature. Just consider the wonderful structure of the human eye. One can approximate this structure through the laws of nature. And it is similar with the other sensory organs, even if the matter is not as obvious as with the eye. This is because the sensory organs show a certain closedness in their formation. They are integrated into the organism as finished structures, and as such they convey perceptions of the outside world.
However, this is not the case with the rhythmic processes that take place in the organism. They do not present themselves as something finished. In them, the organism is constantly coming into being and passing away. If the sense organs were like the rhythmic system, human beings would perceive the outside world as being in a state of constant becoming.
The sense organs present themselves like a picture hanging on the wall. The rhythmic system stands before us like the events that unfold when we observe the canvas and the painter in the process of creating the picture. The picture is not yet there, but it is increasingly there. In this observation, we are only dealing with a process of becoming. What has come into being remains in place for the time being. In the observation of the human rhythmic system, passing away, decay, immediately follows emergence, emergence. A picture in the making reveals itself in the rhythmic system.
The activity that the soul performs by perceptively devoting itself to its counterpart, which is the finished picture, can be described as imagination. The experience that must unfold in order to grasp an emerging image is, in contrast, inspiration.
The situation is different when we consider the metabolic and muscular systems of the human organism. It is as if we were standing in front of a completely empty canvas, the paint pots, and the artist who has not yet begun to paint. If one wants to understand the metabolism and the limb system, one must develop a perception that has no more to do with the perception of what the senses grasp than the sight of paint pots, an empty canvas, and a painter has with what later appears before our eyes as the painter's picture. And the activity in which the soul experiences the human being purely spiritually out of the metabolism and its movements is like experiencing the picture later painted when looking at the painter, the empty canvas, and the paint pots. Intuition must prevail in the soul when it comes to understanding the metabolism and limb system.
It is necessary for the active members of the Anthroposophical Society to point in this way to the essence that underlies anthroposophical observation. For it is not only necessary to understand what is gained in terms of knowledge through anthroposophy, but also how one arrives at the experience of this knowledge.
