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Spiritual Scientific Note on Goethe's Faust Vol. II
GA 273

12 June 1918, Prague

Translated by Hanna von Maltitz

Goethe's “Faust” undoubtedly belongs to one of those works in world literature to which one can, decade after decade, return to and find within it ever again, something new. This ever fresh insight may bring about the belief that we can benefit fundamentally ever more from the work than had been obtained on a previous occasion. Maturing with age this experience is indeed possible involving other works of world literature—however, with Goethe's “Faust” one has the impression, that ever new experiences of life are needed, as are offered by approaching age, in order to fully absorb certain secrets and inner aspects found within these works.

Discoveries made by delving ever deeper into Goethe's “Faust,” within the work itself, prompting a decisive wish to turn to Goethe's biography, to explore his life ever anew, because through the observation of Goethe's “Faust” one realizes that these rightful insights will enlighten this work. An objection is only natural that such a reference of the poet to his work begs incompletion. One may say a work of art must be grasped, as it stands, independent of the personality of its creator. One can also put aside some more or less pedantic tendencies and through the observation of Goethe's relation to his work hold him to it, that out of such a flood of power something higher must appear, more significant than each impression and suchlike. These are the thoughts from which this theme of today's lecture has grown.

I wish to speak now about the personal relationship of Goethe to his “Faust,” not in the narrow personal sense but regarding the relationship of the spiritual character of Goethe to his “Faust.” One could easily come to the conclusion, that by studying these relationships of Goethe's personality to his “Faust”—what Goethe mentioned about himself, regarding his life, his striving, his manner and way, his attitude to knowledge and questions about art—that these details could be particularly useful. Yet as one enters deeper and deeper into Goethe's life, one notices this is actually not so. Here exactly lie difficulties within the observation regarding Goethe's spiritual character. On the other hand there is something which penetrates not only into peculiarities of Goethe, but within one's soul life itself. One goes along with the idea of being convinced, through Goethe's statements, as expressed in letters directed to one or other individual, that these are useless in relation to the consideration just mentioned. One discovers, on looking at the way Goethe considered himself, that one can't really get the key to exactly that which had depth in the most meaningful work of Goethe, in “Faust.” When clearly stated riddles need truthful answers out of Goethe's work, from observation of his life, about that which lived in his soul, which he expressed in his work and particularly in his “Faust,” one realises that there was something so huge, so all-encompassing and with expansive enlightenment that Goethe himself, in his personal consciousness, within his knowledge, couldn't grasp what really was working in his soul. If not so much misuse of the expression “unconscious—subconscious” has been used during the last decades, I wish to apply it to Goethe with the eminent sense that that which is found within Goethe's creation, streams so gradually into our soul, that it becomes larger than all which Goethe can utter about it prosaically.

Exactly that which I express now, applies in a particular degree to the relationship of Goethe to his “Faust.” I can't allow myself, due to a time constraint, to closely discuss Goethe's relationship within the folk tradition in which appears the “Puppet Show” and such-like. I wish to restrict myself to the discussion regarding the relationship of Goethe to his “Faust” itself.

Before all else, it is necessary to enter into Faust as boldly as possible. Precisely out of Faust himself the insight is revealed related to Goethe and his “Faust.” What is most admirably Goetheanistic within this which is revealed through a lengthy observation of Goethe within it? What is Goethean in “Faust”? When looking at Faust—we see from the Prologue a tendency which doesn't exist at first—starting with the Monologue: “Philosophy—I have digested ...” the contemplation of “Faust,” then one usually gets involved in the following: within this lives Goethe's attitude against outer knowledge, against the drive for external knowledge. One sees the larger reference within the opening which leads Faust towards despair in the power of his four faculties and so on; it is noticeable then, how Faust, doubtful in the power of all four faculties, gropes towards magic, and so forth. However, working at length with “Faust,” one doesn't get the feeling that already within this Monologue specific Goetheanistic ideas are presented. That begins at a specific point. In this rebellion against the four faculties, this grope towards magic, Goethe opposes the Faust-tradition; it was not in this which Goethe's soul, in essence, wanted to reveal himself through Faust. The part of Goethe's soul revealing itself for the first time in “Faust,” encounters an opposition, where Faust, after he opened the Nostradamus book and the sign of the macrocosm, turns away towards the other sign which brings him to conjuring up of the Earth Spirit. Here unfolds, as Goethe writes this scene in his “Faust,” that which lives in Goethe's soul in a quite unique form, the world riddle. What is this, however? Goethe allows his Faust to open up a book on magic, called the Book of Nostradamus, at the sign of the macrocosm—expressing the connection between humanity and the almighty world powers. The sign of the macrocosm expresses the world as three-fold; that the earthly and heavenly separations are threefold, and that within the threefold world stands the occult connection with the threefold human being of body soul and spirit.

Upon this relationship Goethe arrived momentarily in his life. It dawned on him in such a way, that he allowed Faust to strive towards the revelation, and through the images of these signs, find the connection between humanity and the entire world. During this time Goethe was not tempted to consider that something acquired in this manner from spiritual knowledge, was satisfactory. Deeply, decisively we heard Goethe's words as he turned away from the sign of the macrocosm: “What spectacle! But oh! Only a spectacle, no more!” Within this lies Goethe's entire withdrawal during the seventies of the 18th century, from what was generally recognised as the connection of humanity with the entire world, the universe. Goethe believed he had reached clarity in the thought that everything within imagination—acquired through ideas—was nothing other than a mirror-image of reality. Thus Faust turned away from the symbol and its revelation to another sign, which directed him to reveal the Earth Spirit. Look closely now within the depths of Goethe to understand why he turned away from the macrocosm and towards the microcosm. Goethe already belonged to the world view of those who didn't in the ordinary sense relate to the history of specific knowledge, constructed from an accumulation of ideas about the laws of nature and of humanity. No, in fact Goethe didn't strive in this sense for knowledge, he strived for knowledge in so far as the result of this knowledge would empower the human soul, in order that each human being's striving in his becoming, may result in crystallization. Goethe also belonged to those in spirit who, to a certain sense, I might say, in order not to be misunderstood, harbour a particular nervousness, a fear for that which is taken up by the soul in the form of conceptual knowledge. By this is meant: whoever has really struggled once with conceptual knowledge, with an idea through which one in reality can penetrate into the world, would know how unsatisfactory the result can be, that one can't thus, through this idea, express everything which has been thus penetrated and which had been revealed in the depths. One wants to always, when one has acquired knowledge, say to oneself: yes, you have brought about this or that in your thoughts, you know however, what lives in the soul and is revealed from the depth of the soul world is only partly incorporated in these ideas. There is a worry that something had been lost along the way between life and this knowledge. One has a constricted feeling in this situation. Once a conceptual idea is taken up, there is the possibility to regain, later, through the spirit, that which had been lost. One must doubt, when one has once had an idea which was not fully expressed, to once again bring it into a lively representation. This worry lay in Goethe's soul. With this he was always occupied—with world riddles rather than expressing riddles in a pure and strong way and thereby giving a superficial elucidation and satisfaction. He had a shyness, a respect for knowledge. He said to himself: that which you entreat as knowledge to the human soul, can only be a spectacle, only a spectacle ... oh, only a spectacle!—thus Goethe turned away from that which the universe revealed to him, and allowed himself to turn to the sign which is not revealed by the universe but that which rises from the depths of the soul itself.

Thus Goethe allows Faust to doubt that within the immense universe he may perceive the manifestation of reality, and thus turns him to search for a revelation from the depths. Goethe's Faust encounters the Earth Spirit in such a form as it appears in the hidden depths of the human being, in the subsoil of the human soul as the case may be. Approaching the great All, we approach the spirit of revelation, and so we come to that which lives in the soul's depths, and arrive closer to spiritual revelation. In this moment however we discover the danger which accompanies every approach to knowledge. This danger within the striving human being's soul during earthly life is what Goethe now confronts and this he mystifies into his “Faust.” Before Goethe's Faust stands the direct revelation of his individual inner being. Faust has to turn away from it. That which lives in consciousness, which expresses itself clearly within Faust's soul, cannot grasp what lies in the depths of his very own being. For most of humanity, that which is unknown, that in us which we could lightly deny, scares Faust and he falls back, dazed. He has to turn away. “Not you? Who then? I, replica of the image of God! Not even you!” The Spirit responds: “You match the spirit you comprehend, not me!” Who then is this spirit Faust understands? Towards whom must Faust turn at this moment?

Right here is one of the dramatic moments in Goethe's “Faust.” One need relinquish all revelations of ideas which one usually seeks to interpret “Faust”; one needs to look at the drama, at the artistic elements themselves, at the presentation. Giving oneself over to this without comment, explanations or considerations, one steps into this place of a real mighty opposition. Who is his match? Here Wagner steps in. “You match the spirit ...”—which spirit? Wagner matches him. That is the dramatic knot. One is not allowed to see the traditional interpretation which is always given, where Faust is presented as the higher striving, spiritual idealist and Wagner hobbles in on the stage as insignificant, even gesturing a bit in Faust's manner. Wagner may be allowed to appear as Faust's mask, because it is self-knowledge which Goethe wants to represent: You are no more than what resides in Wagner's soul. Whoever explores the dialogue between the two, discovers a certain philistine air in Wagner; he has a locked personality, a character which has brought a conclusion to his striving. One only sees him once as unabashed, which happens in this scene when Faust meets Wagner and reveals that he doesn't go searching for rain worms and suchlike. In this scene, considered as dramatic, artistic and not philistine, self knowledge appears to Faust. What was it then ultimately, which Goethe made his Faust recoil from, and to what did he turn?

Goethe's soul stands in a time, when this scene was written, during the seventies, when a duality existed between—which I wish to phrase as—“world knowledge” and “self knowledge.” Faust turns away from world knowledge as he does from the sign of the macrocosm. Goethe didn't desire world knowledge. He believed everything can be found within self knowledge acquired through striving for a worthy existence. This is the route to self knowledge. In this Faust-Wagner scene we encounter in Goethe's striving something quite extraordinary, bringing self knowledge of human fulfilment into expression and to revelation. When both impulses, world knowledge and self-knowledge are considered, it must be pointed out that in both, specific human dangers are connected.

With world knowledge it is thus: trying to penetrate ever more into world knowledge, demanding human imaginative capabilities to penetrate ever more into what is offered in a spiritual sense perception, one arrives at a percept which can be called the “temptation of illusion.”

There exists for instance in human culture, and Goethe felt it, such diversity in world knowledge, that it offered, through the tangling of its laws, an illusion, (which the Indians term Maya) ever accompanying us in life, insofar as it forces itself into life and so places the personality in the wide world. We are, in our search for a relationship to things, subject to illusion. Only through this, that we strain with all our all power to protect our consciousness, disallowing it to be charmed, as Faust does after his oath with the Earth Spirit—only in this way can we work our way through illusion. It can appear to one with the deepest discernment in this form before the soul, as Goethe describes later, calling it the Mephistophelean force. Danger in this world knowledge exists in such a secretive way precisely so we don't notice it, in all our worldly thoughts and every experience, in simple indications of life, emotionally intertwined, that it finally does not originate within us. Closer observation shows that, that which is so emotionally inter-mixed does not come from within us, but from other forces. What the human being can conclude in the illusion of a Mephistophelean danger comes down to the so-called intermixing of instinct, of a kind of willing and of desire into this outer knowledge. We often believe we have objective knowledge, but we only have it when we admit to giving in to no illusion, that the aforementioned is mixed into outer knowledge.

When we, however, try to throw out all we have as knowledge, derived from feeling, willing, from passion, the remainder is what Goethe allows Faust to call: “A spectacle! Oh, only a spectacle!” No one needs to search for other ways to discover reality. What we are led to believe is suffused with illusion. As Faust stands before the sign which calls his soul to awaken to such a observation of the world, where everything connected to the will and passion is thrown out, he finds a mere spectacle, a show. This he doesn't want. He wants to dive into self knowledge. He believes the human being can be driven down to the core of the world. Here another danger threatens. While illusion acts as a threat towards world knowledge, due to us delving into the depths of the soul, so another threat finds us in as much as so-called knowledge leads us to wishes, feelings, affectations, towards world riddles, yet they do not allow separation from wishes and will.

It keeps pace with our constitution. We seek in us, through a false mysticism, the everlasting and only find the most recent with a vague mix of the everlasting within it. Acknowledging that, we know that every moment we dive into ourselves, we are confronted with a vision threatened by a void, appearing more as a facade than mere fantasy, which merely drives us into wasted error. Goethe was well known regarding these secrets of human existence, that we, when we don't constantly correct ourselves with common sense and dive into the mystical and encounter deep contemplation, we may get involved in visions. We don't need disease to be a visionary, we enter into a life which becomes a visionary life when it turns ill.

Thus these two elements which are found in life stand out in another way. Goethe didn't proclaim it. It stood before his soul, when we keep everything in mind, which appears as illusion in world knowledge. What does it come to when one considers these illusionary things in a philistine or pedantic manner? To what are we continuously led, away from reality? This illusion is linked with everything which we grasped during our quite normal development. Not continuously coming to terms with the danger of illusion in our soul-life, we may not be defeated by that underlying development which we allow in growing, sprouting, prospering not only during child development, but also in mature development. This however connects to that which, from the age of thirty five, indicates the descending human existence.

This backward directed development is connected to all which lives in our soul. We couldn't become wise or clever through life's experiences if we didn't develop from birth, that which during the descending development brings in an extraordinary existence. We actually live from forces which direct us towards death, not towards growth. We die from birth onwards, and at the moment of death everything is drawn together which worked through our entire life. It works in such a way that that which develops forwards carries that which withdraws, bringing our soul qualities to the fore. If the Mephistophelean, the life of illusions, weren't bedded into world knowledge, we couldn't develop as human beings; these descending forces couldn't live in us. Through this illusion, everything is connected to that which we bring as disturbances into the world, which leads some individuals to destruction and which is connected to the origins of our forces.

It's different with elements arising out of self-knowledge. As we descend into our inner soul, we certainly reach into the spiritual part of our being. We seize hold of ourselves in our personal kernel which connects to the kernel of the world where, in an unconscious way, we forcefully experience will forces and desires living within us. As a result we can develop a specific influence on those around us; we just tend not to study this properly. This disturbance influencing our contemporaries, those we are living with, causing impairment, originates in fact from the descending forces, out of which we could only have grown, if we had grasped them in a proper, spiritual manner. These forces are Luciferic. It is extraordinary that Goethe had within his feelings this duality, the Ahrimanic-Mephistophelean and the Luciferic. Originating within a western spiritual development and western tradition he did not manage to make a clear distinction between the Mephistophelean and the Luciferic. Out of this Goethe unfortunately created the single Mephistopheles. When commentators frequently emphasized that Mephistopheles was an actual character, Goethe continued to sense, subconsciously, that Mephistopheles had to be presented as a duality, as ahrimanic and luciferic. Therefore it is a given that, the moment Faust must turn away from the Earth Spirit, where he doesn't show himself mature in his knowledge, that which moves within his own soul, be it in the soul of man as a whole, Mephistopheles appears as Lucifer to Faust. This results in the merger linking our wishes, feelings and desires within our depths. This follows in other words in the totally wonderful, magnificent, vivid tragedy of Margaret. It also makes it possible for Faust to explore the connection between wishes and will; it results in the most part to that which we go through in the first part of Goethe's “Faust.” Here we experience everything which appears as a luciferic element. However, everything originates from what Goethe actually explored during the seventies and eighties as carrier of human knowledge: people didn't want to know anything about the relationship between themselves and the wider world. However, the feeling remained in him, prompting him to find a solution.

It is interesting that everything which turns towards the luciferic element, results in dissatisfaction. We can only reach satisfaction when we try to find the relationship with the luciferic on the one side and ahrimanic on the other side of the Mephistophelean, which rises from world knowledge. It is interesting that from the beginning of the combination of Mephistopheles with Faust, Goethe left this unresolved. He felt that there had to live a deeper level which flowed between Mephistopheles and Faust, which he however didn't know through his everyday consciousness. Later he wanted to bring it out in a disputing scene. That is the ahrimanic character which lived in Mephistopheles and came to expression when Mephistopheles installed himself and argued about world riddles. In this very discussion, actually, lives illusion. In this way Goethe wanted to introduce something which had brought out another element before his spiritual eye.

Now we observe something extraordinary in Goethe's personal development. He had treated Mephistopheles as an individual character, bringing Faust to a poetic expression. In 1790 he offered “Faust” as a fragment. Schiller stimulated him to continue and what is remarkable, is the manner in which Goethe declined. He saw himself as old, finished and done, couldn't go any further. What actually happened there? The personal relationship Goethe had to his “Faust” became something quite different.

This change can only be understood through insight into the world view Goethe had built for himself during the nineties. What did this knowledge of nature become? It was much spoken about; here and there even justice was done but really penetrating the moving target was hardly achieved. In essence, Goethe wanted to build a bridge, with the help of the knowledge of nature, between self knowledge and world knowledge. When one looks at Goethe's method of nature observation, one discovers that singular results and their discoveries are hardly the main issue. The manner and method, how thoughts unfold, is what matters. How was this? It was so, that Goethe searched for a complete different kind of comprehension and types of ideas to which we are accustomed. When we don't want to focus on this point, we will never understand Goethe's nature observation. Right into the colour teachings we can't understand Goethe, if we fail to focus on what Goethe wanted. He wanted to reach such concepts with his metaphysical teachings, which did not follow one imagination to another, from one idea to the next idea in an outer way, no, by contrast, he wanted us to dive into the reality itself in order for the idea to unfold itself in our soul life, which is actually sufficiently unselfish to share in world experience at the same time. He wanted, in this way, to reach, though his nature observation, what really lies behind reality; he wanted to join self knowledge and world knowledge. Goethe couldn't, because of that which scientifically confronted him, deepen a satisfactory nature observational method, according to him; he had to bring forth a world view from within his being; this he had to achieve honestly and only then the possibility would be given to connect self knowledge with world knowledge. Earlier he had believed that through self knowledge something could be accomplished. But only, diving so deeply down into self knowledge, that the depth of the world is understood in the same manner as we understand Goethe's nature ideas, then the bridge can be built, to find the illusionary element of the world.

So Goethe was stimulated by Schiller to take “Faust” up again.

Here self knowledge could come to its full right. However, now it was one-sided and had to be linked to world knowledge, to the macrocosm. Faust had to turn again to the sign of the macrocosm, from which he had turned away earlier. It had to be placed within the universe of good and evil forces. The forward and backward moving forces had to take up the striving of Faust from the fields of world knowledge. This was what came to him as a necessity. Mephistopheles had to accept the ahrimanic character. That is why Goethe developed his Mephistopheles more and more in this manner. That is why there's such a contradiction in this characterization. Goethe placed Faust in the universe through writing the Prologue in Heaven. The good and the evil forces are at war, and Faust stands in the middle of it.

Occult scientific development had not advanced to such a degree that Goethe could be clear about this. From his single Mephistopheles he could not have created two characters. In his sub-consciousness however, they lived. From this Goethe became ill during the nineties. This is what made Faust so difficult, so heavy. Frequently the second part of “Faust” is left unrecognised, while within this second part only allegory is looked for. When really searching for insight, the second part presents nothing more full of life, nothing more direct and more lively than all the characters! Why do they appear as allegorical? We, as single individuals, place ourselves in the world with our life's work and our individual ideas—we are urged to withdraw somewhat from this reality as an abstraction—but this is what we should surely learn from, in the present! We live in a present time, in which we should ponder the relationship of human beings who are so taken with reality, giving us the most fruitful illusions. Right within ideas, be it in social or political fields, lives abstractions, the allegorical. We live with them. It is the very manner in which the Mephistophelean element enters into our worldly experience in our own lives.

This is depicted vividly and with endless humour in the Emperor scene of the second part, where outer associations of reality with illusion are presented in a grandiose and humoristic way: stupidity and cleverness, as they appear side-by-side in life. In a wonderful, clear way they come to meet us. We then see how Faust, in the thorough way in which he has positioned himself in the world where illusionary elements exist and where they combine with stupidity, he finds it necessary to once again delve down into his own soul.

Now self knowledge is expressed in a yet higher sense. It links to the moment when Faust bows to the mothers with: “The mother! Mother! It sounds so wondrous!” Quite wonderful it sounds when we shift into our own depths, as Faust delves into himself. Now Goethe needs to give Mephistopheles, while he has two figures within him—Lucifer and Mephistopheles—a kind of minor role. In order to understand him fully, Faust sinks down into the worlds where Lucifer's power grips one in loneliness. That which he had experienced in the depth of soul, lived out in a dream, he goes through in such a way that we see: from it flows whatever he has brought up from the depths of his soul and out of self knowledge, and now self knowledge within world knowledge is transformed. There had to be something here regarding science, which links to self-awareness. That which we discover in the depths of our souls, numbs us, only allows us to dream, when we can't bring it out of our depths.

Had we had the chance in Goethe's time, or do we have an opportunity in our time, to develop such spiritual knowledge? What Faust took from the mothers, no, that wouldn't have made it. Human knowledge appeared to be an artificial product, understood like a mechanism. No Homunculus bulges forth out of lively reality. Now comes that towards which Goethe strives for within the entire depth of his soul. That which has grown out of world knowledge, must now unite itself with self knowledge. They had to become so blended together that they become one. This is what Goethe achieved: his wonderful knowledge of nature, biological and other metamorphosis-knowledge, brought together in a bond, equally including what Faust brought from the mothers on the one side, and on the other side, what could be given to him in his time as outer world knowledge.

Through this striving Goethe steered into the Greek era. His quest wasn't towards a one-sided spiritual abstraction or life abstraction—but to the consummation of the soul. This exact perfection, living in the Greek soul, cannot be restored, yet some vestige must have been left which can be won again, something similar to Hellenism which can be experienced again in later times. In Italy Goethe had experienced this in Greek art. He regarded the Greek artist as one who had solved nature's mysteries. As he observed the Greek civilization, perfection dawned on him. In his time they hadn't reached as far as solving the split between world knowledge and self knowledge. Faust had to, through that which incorporates an inner becoming within Hellenism, take up this power and use this to amalgamate self- and world knowledge. Now Goethe tried, towards the end of the second part of his “Faust,” to depict, as much as modern art allowed at that time, Faust as he appears amid all that had been brought from the mothers, towards that which the great universe revealed to humanity. Precisely from this basis, because he wasn't split within his consciousness in the depth of his soul, he had to—what he justifies in his way—adapt traditional form. He places Faust into the traditional form of the Christian church, in order to, after he had brought forth the deep elements in his soul derived from the mothers, direct him again towards that which he had turned away from in the beginning: the possible revelation in the sign of the macrocosm. We see Goethe at the close overcome what he as younger man had rejected: one-sided self knowledge. Faust is introduced into the universe, in the steams of the world-all, into secrets, where the ahrimanic world combines with the physical.

This is the great tableau at the closing of “Faust,” where Goethe strove to introduce Faust into the macrocosm. We can't understand Goethe's “Faust” when we fail to have this insight into the work which had accompanied Goethe during nearly sixty years of his life and had shared his own destiny, but in a higher form, as is usually meant. Goethe had as a younger man turned to mere self knowledge and refused to be bothered by world knowledge. His struggles with nature's manifestations and nature's powers expressed in his nature observation, led Faust into the wide world. At the end Faust stood there, saying: “A spectacle, oh, but not only a spectacle, but an element which man lives through and through into which every human life flows in all the streaming which courses through the macrocosm, through the universe!”—Faust turns back to that which the sign of the macrocosm had wanted to reveal to him.

It looks bad when we only quote “Faust” in one or the other facet. We have to admit, Goethe had conquered what he had mixed up in his youth. I don't believe that Goethe, due to a gradual contradiction in his advancing age, belittled that part of “Faust” which he created in his youth. Precisely as a result of this, he stands there largely because he is so honest in his personal relationship to “Faust” while he shows how he had struggled and strived to find the way, from self knowledge to world knowledge.

Whosoever participates in these steps, really penetrating into the single elements in which “Faust” lives, will judge him differently.

To descend into his own soul, Faust again turned to Bible translating. He didn't stick to the traditional translation: “In the beginning was the Word,” but tried: Sense, power, deed. “In the beginning was the deed!” Just this manner of translation invites Mephistopheles to enter; he is the diminutive of superficiality in which Faust, at this point of his development arrives at the trivial: “In the beginning was the Deed” from the deeper: “In the beginning was the Word.” However, through this, because Faust finds himself within all the illusions of world knowledge, through this he can overcome Mephistopheles. It is a great work in world literature which allows us to lay our eyes on a relationship so close to the bone.

“Faust” has become no lesser work of art. It is more accomplished through the fact that great power flowed into a single soul, a person of the highest ranks, who strives and struggles with the spiritual riddles of mankind. This I believe anyway, that in Goethe's “Faust” stands a work towards which mankind must return, repeatedly.

It made an extraordinary impression on me when I read a critique written in English, translated from a French work by a Spaniard, a harsh criticism, exercised on Goethe's “Faust” from the standpoint of taking everything within it as that which must be combated against within by central European people. I believe, that all man's weaknesses, all that which doesn't allow one to get along, wherever one is, be recognised, that in Goethe's “Faust” not only the central Europeans but the entire world has appeared in a work, containing specific meaning, which shouldn't only be given to mankind, but is continuously being sought by mankind. While Goethe's own search is so closely connected with the search in mankind, I also believe that Goethe, through his “Faust” has given mankind a most precious gift, because the greatest good is that towards which mankind should come, because when you really understand yourself, you have to search for this good, without end.

Goethes Persönliches Verhältnis zu Seinem «Faust»

Goethes «Faust» gehört zweifellos zu denjenigen Werken der Weltliteratur, zu denen man immer, ich möchte sagen, von Jahrzehnt zu Jahrzehnt des eigenen Lebens so zurückkehren kann, daß man in ihnen Neues findet, daß man den Glauben haben kann, man gewinnt wesentlich mehr aus ihnen, als man vorher gewonnen hat. Und dies gerade bei Goethes «Faust» nicht aus dem Grunde, weil man reifer geworden ist - denn aus diesem Grunde kann man auch in anderen Werken der Weltliteratur immer Neues und Neues finden -, sondern bei Goethes «Faust» hat man die Empfindung, daß es nötig ist, immer neue Lebenserfahrungen, die das herankommende Alter bieten kann, haben zu müssen, um gewisse Geheimnisse, Innerlichkeiten, die sich in diesem Werke finden, vollständig in sich aufzunehmen. Nun hat man allerdings, wenn man sich in Goethes «Faust» immer wieder und wieder vertieft, aus dem Werke heraus das entschiedenste Bedürfnis, sich an Goethes Leben zu wenden, sein Leben immer neu kennenzulernen, weil man durch die Betrachtung von Goethes «Faust» selber wissen kann, daß erst dadurch die richtigen Lichtstrahlen auf dieses Werk fallen. Man kann nun natürlich einwenden, daß in einer solchen Beziehung eines Dichters zu einem Werke eine Unvollkommenheit liegt. Man kann sagen, daß ein Kunstwerk, so wie es ist, unabhängig von der Persönlichkeit des Schaffenden begriffen werden muß. Man kann aber auch alle solche mehr oder weniger pedantischen Einwendungen beiseite lassen und sich durch die Betrachtung der Beziehungen Goethes zu seinem Werke daran halten, daß eine solche Fülle von Kraft uns als etwas Höheres erscheinen muß, bedeutender als selbst jeder Eindruck und dergleichen. Das sind die Gedanken, aus denen das Thema des heutigen Vortrages erwachsen ist.

Ich möchte gerade über die persönlichen Beziehungen Goethes zu seinem «Faust» sprechen, dabei allerdings nicht über die engsten persönlichen Beziehungen, sondern über die Beziehungen der geistigen Persönlichkeit Goethes zu seinem «Faust». Man könnte nun leicht denken, daß einem bei der Betrachtung dieser Beziehungen der geistigen Persönlichkeit Goethes zu seinem «Faust» das Studium dessen, was Goethe über sich selbst gesagt hat, über sein Leben, über sein Streben, über die Art und Weise, wie er sich zur Erkenntnis, zur Kunstfrage gestellt hat, besonders nützen würde. Doch wenn man immer näher und näher an Goethes Leben herantritt, merkt man, daß dies doch eigentlich nicht so ist. Und gerade darin liegen Schwierigkeiten der Betrachtung über die geistige Persönlichkeit Goethes. Auf der anderen Seite ist da etwas, was tief hineinführt nicht nur in die Eigenheiten Goethes, sondern in das Seelenleben des Menschen selbst. Es geht einem so, daß man sich davon überzeugt, daß Goethes Aussprüche, wie sie von ihm formuliert sind in Briefen, die er an die eine oder die andere Persönlichkeit gerichtet hat, für die oben erwähnte Betrachtung nichts nützen. Man findet, wenn man Goethes Selbstgeständnisse ins Auge faßt, daß man eigentlich dadurch nichts Rechtes gewinnen kann an Aufschlüssen gerade über das tiefste, über das bedeutendste Werk Goethes, über den «Faust». Wenn man sich eine damit ganz deutlich gestellte Rätselfrage richtig beantworten will aus Goethes Werken, aus Betrachtung von Goethes Leben, stellt sich einem heraus, daß, was in Goethes Seele lebte, indem er seine Werke schuf und besonders seinen «Faust», immer etwas so Großes, etwas so Gewaltiges, so Umfassendes und weithin Lichtstrahlendes war, daß Goethe selber in seinem persönlichen Bewußtsein, in seiner Erkenntnis das nicht umfassen konnte, was eigentlich in seiner Seele wirkte. Wenn nicht mit dem Ausdruck «unbewußt -— unterbewußt» in den letzten Jahrzehnten so viel Mißbrauch getrieben worden wäre, so möchte ich ihn auf Goethe im eminenten Sinne anwenden, denn dasjenige, was man in Goethes Schaffen findet, strahlt nach und nach so in die eigene Seele hinein, daß es größer wird als alles, was Goethe prosaisch darüber sagen kann.

Gerade das, was ich jetzt sage, gilt in ganz besonderem Maße für die Beziehung Goethes zu seinem «Faust». Ich kann mich der Kürze der Zeit wegen nicht darauf einlassen, die Anregung genauer zu besprechen, die Goethe von der Volkstradition her von einer solchen Erscheinung wie dem «Puppenspiel» und dergleichen gehabt hat. Ich möchte mich beschränken auf die Besprechung des Verhältnisses von Goethe zu seinem «Faust» selber. Es ist vor allem nötig, an den Faust so unbefangen wie möglich heranzutreten. Gerade aus diesem Faust selber kommt die Einsicht der Beziehungen Goethes zu seinem «Faust». Was ist das bewundernswerte Goethesche darin, dasjenige, was man durch lange Betrachtung Goethes darin findet? Was ist das Goethesche am «Faust»? Wenn man den Faust zunächst betrachtet - sehen wir ab vom Prolog, von der Zuneigung, sie waren zuerst nicht vorhanden -, wenn man mit dem Monolog «Habe nun, ach, Philosophie .. .» die Betrachtung von «Faust» beginnt, dann läßt man sich gewöhnlich darauf ein, zunächst sich zu sagen: darin lebt die Auflehnung Goethes gegen die äußerliche Erkenntnis, gegen das äußerliche Wissenschaftsstreben. Man sieht das Große darin, daß Goethe seinen Faust verzweifeln läßt an der Kraft aller vier Fakultäten und so weiter; man sieht dann, wie Faust, verzweifelnd an der Kraft aller vier Fakultäten, zur Magie greift und so weiter. Aber wenn man sich länger mit dem «Faust» beschäftigt, dann hat man nicht das Gefühl, daß man mit diesem Monolog schon in den spezifisch Goetheschen Ideen steht. Das beginnt erst von einem bestimmten Punkte an. Jene Auflehnung gegen die vier Fakultäten, jenes Greifen zur Magie, es trat Goethe aus der Faust-Tradition entgegen, es war nicht dasjenige, worin Goethes Seele sich im eminenten Sinne im «Faust» offenbaren wollte. Dasjenige, worin Goethes Seele sich im eminenten Sinne zum ersten Male im «Faust» offenbart, tritt einem entgegen da, wo Faust, nachdem er das Buch des Nostradamus aufgeschlagen hat, sich von dem Zeichen des Makrokosmos abwendet und sich zum Zeichen wendet, das ihn zur Beschwörung des Erdgeistes führt. Da waltet, als Goethe diese Szene an seinem «Faust» schrieb, dasjenige, was in Goethes Seele ganz besonders als seine Form des Welträtsels lebte. Was ist das aber? Goethe läßt seinen Faust aus einem Zauberbuche, er nennt es das Buch des Nostradamus, das Zeichen des Makrokosmos aufschlagen: es drückt aus den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Menschen und den allwaltenden Weltenmächten. In dem Zeichen des Makrokosmos drückt sich aus, daß die Welt dreigeteilt ist, daß die irdischen und himmlischen Erscheinungen dreigeteilt sind, daß in der dreigeteilten Welt der dreigeteilte Mensch in Geist, Leib und Seele in geheimem Zusammenhangmit ihr steht.

Und auf diesen Zusammenhang kam es Goethe für einen Lebensaugenblick an. Es kam ihm so darauf an, daß er Faust danach trachten läßt, es möge ihm durch die Bilder dieses Zeichens der Zusammenhang des Menschen mit dem ganzen Weltall sich offenbaren. Goethe war aber in jener Zeit nicht geneigt, das, was man auf diese Weise in seine geistige Erkenntnis hineinbekommen kann, als etwas Befriedigendes zu betrachten. Und tief einschneidend vernehmen wir die Worte, mit denen Goethe sich vom Zeichen des Makrokosmos abwendet: «Welch Schauspiel! aber ach! ein Schauspiel nur!». Darin liegt Goethes ganzes Zurückweichen in den siebziger Jahren des 18. Jahrhunderts vor dem, was man überhaupt erkennen, was sich offenbaren kann über den Zusammenhang des Menschen mit der ganzen Welt, mit dem All. Goethe glaubte sich darüber klar geworden zu sein, daß man mit allem, was man in die Vorstellung, in die Idee hineinbekommen kann, nichts hat als ein Spiegelbild der Wirklichkeit. Daher wendet sich Faust von diesem Zeichen und seiner Offenbarung ab zum anderen Zeichen, das ihn dazu führt, den Erdgeist vor sich zu bringen. Man muß nun in das Innerste _ Goethes hineinschauen, wenn man das Abwenden vom Makrokosmos und das Hinwenden zum Mikrokosmos verstehen will. Goethe gehört schon zu jenen Geistern, welchen es nicht im gewöhnlichen Sinne zu tun war um die Erringung einer bestimmten Erkenntnis, die da besteht in einer Summe von Ideen von Natur- und Menschheitsgesetzen. Nein, eigentlich strebt Goethe nicht in diesem Sinne nach Erkenntnis, sondern er strebt nach Erkenntnis insofern, als das Ergebnis der Erkenntnis die menschliche Seele durchkraftet, daß der Mensch alles dasjenige, was ihn zu menschenwürdigem Dasein bringt, in sich ausgestaltet. Goethe gehört auch zu denjenigen Geistern, welche in einem gewissen Sinne, möchte ich sagen, um nicht mißverstanden zu werden, eine gewisse Ängstlichkeit, eine Furcht davor haben, Erkenntnis-Ideen in die Seele aufzunehmen. Damit ist gemeint: Wer wirklich einmal gerungen hat mit der Erkenntnis-Idee, mit einer solchen Idee, durch die er in die Wirklichkeit der Welt eindringen will, der weiß, wie unbefriedigt man darüber ist, daß man doch mit dieser Idee nicht alles, was sich beim Eindringen in die Tiefe offenbaren kann, zum Ausdruck gebracht hat. Man möchte immer, wenn man eine Erkenntnis gewonnen hat, sich sagen: Ja, du hast dieses oder jenes in den Gedanken gebracht, du weißt aber, was in der Seele unten ist, was sich aus den Tiefen der Seelenwelt heraus offenbart, ist nur zum Teil in diese Idee eingeflossen. — Man ist ängstlich, daß man etwas auf dem Wege vom Leben zur Erkenntnis verloren hat. Und noch ein beklemmendes Gefühl hat man in dieser ganzen Angelegenheit. Hat man einmal eine Erkenntnis-Idee heraufgehoben, dann hat man sich die Möglichkeit genommen, dasjenige, was man dabei verloren hat, später wieder in den Geist hereinzubekommen. Man muß daran verzweifeln, wenn man einmal eine Idee geprägt hat, dasjenige, was sie nicht zum Ausdruck gebracht hat, wieder zur lebendigen Gestaltung zu bringen. Diese Ängstlichkeit lag in Goethes Seele. Daher war er stets bestrebt, viel mehr die Rätsel der Welt als Rätsel rein und stark hinzustellen, als sich mit leichtgewobenen Lösungen zufriedenzugeben. Er hatte die Scheu, die Ehrfurcht vor der Erkenntnis. Er sagt sich aber: Dasjenige, was du als Erkenntnis vor die menschliche Seele treten lassen kannst, kann nur ein Spiegelbild sein, ein Schauspiel... aber ach, ein Schauspiel nur! — Darum wendet sich Goethe zu dem, was nicht Schauspiel bleiben muß, läßt Faust sich abwenden von dem, was das All offenbaren kann, und läßt ihn sich zuwenden dem Zeichen, das nicht aus dem All sich offenbart, sondern aus den Tiefen der menschlichen Seele selbst aufsteigt.

So läßt Goethe seinen Faust daran verzweifeln, daß in den Weiten des Alls die Wirklichkeit zur Darstellung kommt, und läßt ihn sich hinwenden zu der Offenbarung aus den Tiefen. Goethes Faust tritt dem Erdgeist so gegenüber, daß er ihn in der Form findet, wie ihn der Mensch, der tiefer hinuntersteigt in die Untergründe der menschlichen Seele, als das sonst der Fall ist, findet. Nähern wir uns dem All, so können wir zum Geist der Offenbarung kommen, nähern wir uns dem, was in den Tiefen der Seele lebt, so kommen wir auch zur Geistesoffenbarung. In diesem Augenblick aber entdecken wir die Gefahr, in die wir uns mit aller Erkenntnis begeben. Diese Gefahren des menschlichen Strebens in dem Erleben des eigenen seelischen Lebens traten Goethe entgegen, und sie geheimnißte er in seinen «Faust» hinein. Nun steht anschaulich durch unmittelbare Offenbarung vor Goethes Faust das eigene Innere. Faust muß sich abwenden. Dasjenige, was im Bewußtsein lebt, was in Fausts Seele klar zum Ausdruck kommt, kann nicht erfassen, was in den Tiefen der eigenen Seele liegt. Vor der Größe des Menschen, des unbekannten Menschen, desjenigen in uns, was wir nicht leichthin erkennen können, schrickt Faust betäubt zurück. Er muß sich abwenden. «Nicht dir? Wem denn? Ich, Ebenbild der Gottheit! Und nicht einmal dir!» Der Geist hat ihm zuvor zugerufen: «Du gleichst dem Geist, den du begreifst, nicht mir!» Wer ist nun der Geist, den Faust begreift? Zu wem muß sich Faust in diesem Augenblick wenden?

Nun, hier ist einer der dramatischsten Momente in Goethes «Faust». Man muß nur absehen von aller Ideenoffenbarung, die man gewöhnlich interpretierend im «Faust» sucht; man muß auf das Dramatische sehen, das Künstlerische selbst, auf die Ausgestaltung. Gibt man sich dem hin, ohne daß man kommentiert, erklärt, unterlegt, so tritt einem gerade an dieser Stelle ein recht gewaltiges Element entgegen. Faust ist betäubt. Er gleicht dem Geist nicht, er kann sich selbst nicht verstehen. Wem gleicht er? Da klopft es und Wagner tritt herein. «Du gleichst dem Geist... .» welchem Geist? Wagner gleicht er. Das ist der dramatische Knoten. Man darf nicht auf die traditionelle Interpretation sehen, die immer gegeben wird, wo man Faust hinstellt als den Hochstrebenden, als geistigen Idealisten, und Wagner hereinhumpeln läßt auf die Bühne als Unbedeutenden, sich selbst ein wenig faustisch Gebärdenden. Man möchte Wagner in der Maske Fausts selber erscheinen lassen, denn es ist Selbsterkenntnis, die Goethe darstellen will: Du bist nicht mehr, als was als Seele in Wagner steckt. - Derjenige, der sich in den Dialog der beiden vertieft, findet zwar einen gewissen philiströsen Anstrich bei Wagner, aber er ist eine geschlossene Persönlichkeit, eine Persönlichkeit, die ein gewisses Seelenstreben zum Abschluß gebracht hat. Man sehe sich nur einmal etwas unbefangener an, was Faust gerade in dieser Szene dem Wagner entgegnet, was er zum Ausdruck bringt, wenn er sagt, daß er nicht Regenwürmer suche und dergleichen. In dieser Szene, wenn man sie dramatisch, künstlerisch, nicht philiströs auffaßt, tritt die Selbsterkenntnis des Faust hervor. Was war es also, wovon Goethe seinen Faust. sich abwenden, wohin er ihn sich wenden läßt?

Vor Goethes Seele stand in der Zeit, als er diese Szene schrieb, in den siebziger Jahren, eine Zweiheit, die ich bezeichnen möchte als «Welterkenntnis» und «Selbsterkenntnis». Von der Welterkenntnis wendet sich Faust ab wie vom Zeichen des Makrokosmos. Goethe will noch nicht zur Welterkenntnis. Aus der Selbsterkenntnis herauf glaubt er alles dasjenige holen zu können, was den Menschen zu einem menschenwürdigen Dasein bringt. Daher ist es zunächst die Hinwendung zur Selbsterkenntnis. Und in dieser Faust-Wagner-Szene tritt uns ganz besonders dieses Streben Goethes entgegen, in der Selbsterkenntnis die menschliche Vollkommenheit zum Ausdruck und zur Anschauung zu bringen. Wenn man nun beide Impulse, Welterkenntnis und Selbsterkenntnis, ins Auge faßt, so kann man nur darauf hinweisen, daß mit beiden gewisse menschliche Gefahren verbunden sind.

Welterkenntnis: Versucht man immer weiter und weiter zu dringen in der Welterkenntnis, das menschliche Vorstellungsvermögen anzuspannen, vorzudringen zu dem, was geistig unter der Sinnesoffenbarung vorhanden ist, dann kommt man bei der Welterkenntnis zu etwas, was man die «Versuchung der Illusion» nennen kann. Es ist einmal in der menschlichen Kultur so, und Goethe fühlt es, daß einen Welterkenntnis durch die Mannigfaltigkeit dessen, was sie darbietet, durch die Verschlingung ihrer Gesetze, in die Illusion hineinbringt, in das, was bei den Indern Maja heißt, die immer die Begleiterin unseres Lebens ist, insofern sie das Leben dazu zwingt, die Persönlichkeit hineinzustellen in die große Welt. Wir sind, indem wir unser Verhältnis zu den Dingen suchen, der Illusion unterworfen. Nur dadurch, daß wir dieser Kraft gegenüber alle Macht anstrengen, unser Bewußtsein zu wahren, nie in Betäubung verfallen wie Faust nach der Beschwörung des Erdgeistes, nur dadurch können wir uns durch die Illusion durchwinden. Sie kann dem tiefen Erkenner in jener Gestalt vor die Seele treten, die Goethe später als mephistophelische Macht bezeichnet. Die Gefahr bei dieser Welterkenntnis besteht darin, daß sich in geheimnisvoller Weise gerade deshalb, weil der Mensch es nicht bemerken kann, in alles Denken über die Welt, in alles Miterleben, während wir in bloßen Vorstellungen zu leben glauben, Gefühlsmäßiges hineinmischt, das nicht einmal von uns selbst kommt. Genauere Betrachtung zeigt, daß, was sich so gefühlsmäßig hineinmischt, nicht von uns selbst kommt, sondern von anderen Kräften. Was man in der Illusion als mephistophelische Gefahr zusammenfassen kann, kommt daher, daß sich Gefühls- und Willensmäßiges, Wunschmäßiges in diese äußere Erkenntnis hineinmischt. Wir glauben oftmals, objektive Erkenntnis zu haben, haben sie aber nur dann, wenn wir uns keiner Illusion darüber hingeben, daß sich das gerade Bezeichnete in alles äußere Erkennen hineinmischt. Wenn wir aber versuchen, alles das aus der Erkenntnis herauszuwerfen, was von Fühlen, Wollen, von Leidenschaften, von Affekten kommt, bleibt dasjenige zurück, was Goethe seinen Faust nennen läßt: Ein Schauspiel! Aber ach, ein Schauspiel nur! - Und man muß andere Wege einschlagen, um zur Wirklichkeit zu kommen. Denn was uns vorgegaukelt wird, ist durchsetzt von der Illusion. Als Faust vor dem Zeichen steht, das in seiner Seele wachrufen will eine solche Anschauung von der Welt, wo alles Willens- und Gefühlsmäßige herausgeworfen ist, steht er vor dem Schauspiel. Das will er nicht. Er will eintauchen in die Selbsterkenntnis. Er glaubt, den Menschen zum Kern der Welt hinunterführen zu können.

Da droht eine andere Gefahr. Während bei der Welterkenntnis die Illusion droht, so droht, indem wir in die Tiefe der Seele hinuntersteigen, daß wir da nicht nur Wünsche, Gefühle, Affekte, nicht nur Erkenntnismäßiges finden, welches zu den Weltengeheimnissen führt, sich aber nicht sondern läßt vom Wunsch- und Willensmäßigen. Es tritt im Zusammenhang damit auch dasjenige auf, was mit unserer Organisation zusammenhängt. Wir suchen in uns durch eine falsche Mystik das Ewige und finden nur das Allerzeitlichste, mit dem Ewigen allerdings in unklarer Weise vermischt. Erkennen wir das, so wissen wir, daß in jedem Augenblick, in dem wir durch Eintauchen ins eigene Innere suchen, wir vor der Vision stehen, die uns ein Unwirkliches vorgaukelt, das mehr zu sein scheint als die bloße Phantasie, das uns aber doch nur in den wüstesten Irrtum hineinführt. Goethe war wohl bekannt mit diesem Geheimnis des Menschendaseins, daß man, wenn man nicht fortwährend mit der Vernunft sich korrigiert, beim Untertauchen in mystischer Art, wodurch man wieder die Tiefe beeinträchtigt, in die Visionen hineingeraten kann. Man braucht nicht krankhaft visionär zu werden, man gelangt aber in ein Leben hinein, das ein visionäres Leben wird, wenn es krankhaft wird.

So stellen sich aber diese beiden Elemente, die ins menschliche Leben hineinkommen, noch in anderer Art gegenüber. Goethe sprach es nicht aus. Es stand aber vor seiner Seele, wenn wir all das ins Auge fassen, was als Illusion in der Welterkenntnis liegt. Wozu ist, wenn man philiströs, pedantisch diese Dinge betrachtet, diese Illusion da? Wozu werden wir durch sie fortwährend von der Wirklichkeit abgetrieben? Diese Illusion hängt mit all dem zusammen, was in unsere Entwickelung, in unsere ganz normale Entwickelung durchaus eingreift. Griffe nicht fortwährend die Gefahr der Illusion in unser Seelenleben hinein, so könnten wir nicht derjenigen Entwickelung unterliegen, die uns nicht zum Wachsen, Sprossen, Gedeihen, nicht zur Kindheitsentwickelung bringt, sondern zur reifen Entwickelung. Die hängt aber mit dem zusammen, was vom fünfunddreißigsten Lebensjahre das absteigende Menschendasein bedeutet. Diese rückwärtsgerichtete Entwickelung hängt gerade mit all dem, was in unserer Seele lebt, zusammen. Wir können nicht klug, gescheit, lebenserfahren werden, wenn wir nicht von der Geburt an entwickeln, was dann in der herabsteigenden Entwickelung zum besonderen Dasein kommt. Der Mensch lebt von den Kräften, welche eigentlich zu seinem Tode führen, nicht von den sprossenden. Der Mensch stirbt von der Geburt an, und im Moment des Todes ist alles zusammengefaßt, was das ganze Leben hindurch wirkt. Es wirkt so, daß es, das Fortentwickeln zurückdrängend, gerade unser Seelisches zum Vorschein bringt. Wäre nicht das Mephistophelische, das Illusionsleben eingebettet in die Welterkenntnis, wir könnten nicht zur menschlichen Entwickelung kommen; die absteigenden Kräfte könnten nicht in uns leben. Dadurch hängt die Illusion mit all dem zusammen, was uns Menschen in die zerstörerische Welt bringt, was uns einzelne Menschen zum Niedergang bringt, was zusammenhängt mit dem Herabstimmen unserer Kräfte.

Anders ist es mit all dem, was aus der Selbsterkenntnis hervorgeht. Indem wir hinuntersteigen in unser Inneres, gelangen wir allerdings in den geistigen Teil unseres Wesens. Wir erfassen uns in unserem eigenen Kern, der zusammenhängt mit dem Kern der Welt und dem, was an unterbewußtem Willen, Wunschgefühlen, mächtig in uns lebt. Dadurch gewinnen wir einen gewissen Einfluß auf unsere Mitwelt, denjenigen Einfluß, den man im Leben kennt, man studiert ihn nur nicht ordentlich. Was zerstörend sich auswirken kann auf die Mitmenschen, indem wir mit ihnen leben, was sie beeinträchtigen kann, das geht in Wirklichkeit aus vom Hinuntersteigen zu Kräften, denen wir nur gewachsen sein können, wenn wir sie in richtiger, geistiger Art erfassen. Diese Kräfte sind die luziferischen Kräfte. Das Eigentümliche ist, daß Goethe in seinen Gefühlen diese Zweiheit vor sich hatte, das Ahrimanisch-Mephistophelische und das Luziferische. Er hatte aber aus der abendländischen Geistesentwickelung und ihrer Tradition heraus eine scharfe Trennung vom Mephistophelischen und Luziferischen nicht in sich aufgenommen. Daher hat Goethe Mephisto leider eingestaltig hingestellt. Und wenn Kommentatoren vielfach hervorgehoben haben, daß Mephisto als einheitliche Figur hingestellt ist, hat Goethe in seinem Unterbewußtsein aber doch gefühlt, daß Mephisto als Zweiheit, als ahrimanisch und luziferisch dargestellt werden müßte. Daher ist es von selbst gegeben, daß in dem Augenblick, wo sich Faust abwenden muß vom Erdgeist, wo er sich ihm nicht gewachsen zeigt mit seiner Erkenntnis, die in der eigenen und in der Seele des Menschen überhaupt ruht, dann Mephisto als Luzifer an Faust herantritt. Das ergibt den Zusammenschluß dessen, was aus den Tiefen sich mit den Wünschen, Gefühlen, Begierden, verbindet. Das ergibt mit anderen Worten die ganz wunderbare, großartig eindringliche Gretchentragödie. Es gibt auch die Möglichkeit, daß Faust in all das sich begeben muß, was zusammenhängt mit Wünschen, Wollen; es ergibt einen großen Teil desjenigen, was wir im ersten Teil von Goethes «Faust» erleben. Dort erleben wir alles das, was durch das luziferische Element auftritt. Aber das alles kommt davon her, daß Goethe eigentlich seinen «Faust» in den siebziger, achtziger Jahren als Träger der Menschenerkenntnis aufnahm, daß Goethe nichts wissen wollte vom Zusammenhang des Menschen mit der großen Welt. Aber immer lebt doch in ihm das Gefühl, daß es einen Ausweg geben muß.

Es ist interessant, daß alles, was sich nach dem luziferischen Element hinwenden muß, in unbefriedigender Weise sich ergibt. Zur Befriedigung kann der Mensch nur kommen, wenn er versucht, das Verhältnis zu finden zwischen dem Luziferischen auf der einen und dem Ahrimanischen auf der anderen Seite, dem Mephistophelischen, das aus der Welterkenntnis heraus kommt. Interessant ist es, daß Goethe anfangs den Zusammenschluß des Mephisto mit dem Faust ganz unausgearbeitet gelassen hat. Er fühlte, da muß ein Tieferes darin leben, in dem, was Mephisto mit Faust zusammenführt, wußte es aber nicht in seinem alltäglichen Bewußtsein. Später wollte er das sogar in einer Disputationsszene vorführen. Das ist der ahrimanische Charakter, der in Mephisto lebt und zum Ausdruck kommt, wenn Mephisto sich hinstellt und über die Weltgeheimnisse disputiert. Denn darin, in der Disputation, lebt gerade die Illusion. So wollte Goethe irgend etwas einführen, was dieses andere Element vor das geistige Auge gebracht hätte.

Nun sehen wir ein Merkwürdiges in Goethes persönlicher Entwickelung. Er hatte Mephisto als eigene Figur behandelt, Faust zu dichterischer Entwickelung gebracht. 1790 veröffentlichte er den «Faust» als Fragment. Von Schiller wird er angeregt, ihn weiter auszuführen, und es ist merkwürdig, wie ablehnend Goethe sich dazu stellt. Er betrachtet ihn als alt, abgetan, kann nicht recht weiter. Was ist denn eigentlich da gewesen? - Das persönliche Verhältnis Goethes zu seinem «Faust» wird ein ganz anderes.

Was da gewesen ist, versteht man nur, wenn man sich Einblick verschafft, was für eine Weltanschauung Goethe sich in den neunziger Jahren gebildet hatte. Was wollte diese Naturerkenntnis werden? Man hat viel davon gesprochen, ist ihr auch hier und da gerecht geworden, auf den springenden Punkt ist man aber wenig eingegangen. Dasjenige, auf das es dabei ankommt, ist, daß Goethe durch die Naturerkenntnis die Brücke zu bauen sucht zwischen Selbsterkenntnis und Welterkenntnis. Wenn man dasjenige betrachtet, was von Goethes Art in der Naturanschauung ist, findet man, daß die einzelnen Ereignisse dieser Forschung und seine Entdeckungen gar nicht die Hauptsache sind. Die Art und Weise, wie er sich die Entwickelung dachte, ist es, worauf es ankam. Wie war sie? So war sie, daß Goethe nach ganz anderen Begriffen und Ideen suchte, als man sie gewöhnt ist. Wenn man nicht sein Augenmerk auf diesen Punkt wenden will, wird man niemals Goethes Naturanschauung verstehen. Bis in die Farbenlehre hinein versteht man Goethe nicht, wenn man nicht ins Auge faßt, was Goethe wollte. Er wollte mit seiner metaphysischen Lehre zu solchen Begriffen kommen, die nicht von Vorstellung zu Vorstellung, von Begriff zu Begriff in äußerlicher Weise vorgehen, sondern wollte, daß man in die Wirklichkeit selber untertaucht, daß die Idee im Selbsterleben entwickelt wird, welches aber selbstlos genug ist, um gleichzeitig Welterleben zu sein. Er wollte mit dieser seiner Naturanschauung dasjenige erreichen, was wirklich in die Wirklichkeit untertaucht: er wollte verbinden Selbsterkenntnis und Welterkenntnis. Goethe konnte nicht, indem er sich in dasjenige, was ihm wissenschaftlich entgegentrat, vertiefte, eine ihn befriedigende Naturanschauung schaffen; er mußte aus seinem eigenen Wesen heraus zu einer Weltanschauung kommen; die mußte er sich redlich erringen, und dann erst war ihm die Möglichkeit gegeben, Selbsterkenntnis an Welterkenntnis zu knüpfen. Früher glaubte er, daß man durch Selbsterkenntnis zu etwas kommen könne. Aber nur, wenn diese so tief heruntertaucht, daß sie in der Tiefe die Welt mit Seelen-Ideen ergreift wie Goethes Natur-Ideen, dann ist die Brücke geschaffen, um das illusionäre Element der Welt zu finden.

Nun wurde Goethe von Schiller angeregt, den «Faust» wieder aufzunehmen. Hier war nur die Selbsterkenntnis zu ihrem Rechte gekommen. Jetzt aber war sie eine Einseitigkeit und sollte verknüpft werden mit der Welterkenntnis, mit dem Makrokosmos. Faust muß sich wieder hinwenden zu dem Zeichen des Makrokosmos, von dem er sich früher abgewendet hat. Es müssen hineingestellt werden ins Weltall die guten und die bösen Kräfte. Die vorwärts- und rückwärtsschreitenden Kräfte müssen in dem Felde der Welterkenntnis das Streben des Faust aufnehmen. Das war es, was sich ihm als Notwendigkeit ergab. Mephisto mußte den ahrimanischen Charakter annehmen. Daher hat Goethe seinen Mephisto mehr und mehr in diesem Sinne ausgebildet. Daher der Widerspruch in dieser Gestalt. Goethe stellt nun den Faust ins Weltall hinein, indem er den Prolog im Himmel schreibt. Die guten und bösen Mächte kämpfen, und Faust steht mitten drin.

Die geisteswissenschaftliche Entwickelung war nicht so weit, daß Goethe dies klar geworden wäre. Aus dem einen Mephisto konnte er nicht zwei Gestalten machen. In seinem Unterbewußtsein aber lebten sie. Daran krankt Goethe in den neunziger Jahren. Das macht den «Faust» so schwierig. Man hat vielfach den zweiten Teil des «Faust» verkannt, indem man nämlich im zweiten Teil nach Allegorien sucht. Es gibt, wenn man wirklich in ihn eindringt, nichts Lebensvolleres, nichts Unmittelbareres, Lebendigeres als alle die Gestalten! Aber warum sehen sie allegorienmäßig aus? Weil, wenn wir als einzelne Menschen uns mit unserer Lebensarbeit, unseren Vorstellungen einzeln in die Welt hineinstellen, wir genötigt sind, von der Wirklichkeit etwas abzuwerfen, was wollen wir absehen von dieser Wirklichkeit als Abstraktion - die Menschen in der Gegenwart dann so recht lernen sollten! Wir leben in einer Gegenwart, in der wir darüber nachdenken sollten, wie das Verhältnis des Menschen zur Wirklichkeit geartet ist, und geben uns den furchtbarsten Illusionen hin. Gerade in den Ideen, die wir auf sozialem, politischem Gebiete haben, darinnen leben die Abstraktionen, die Allegorien. Aber wir leben mit ihnen. Es ist die Art und Weise, wie das MephistoElement durch das Welt-Miterleben an unser eigenes Leben herantritt. Das wird anschaulich mit unendlichem Humor in der Kaiserszene des zweiten Teiles vorgeführt, wo die äußeren Verknüpfungen der Wirklichkeiten mit ihren Illusionen grandios humoristisch dargestellt sind. Torheit und Klugheit, wie sie sich im Welt-Miterleben zeigen. In wunderbar anschaulicher Weise treten sie uns entgegen. Wir sehen dann, wie Faust, indem er so recht in eine Wirklichkeit der großen Welt hineingestellt ist, wo illusionäre Elemente leben, wo sie sich mit Torheit verbinden, genötigt, wird, wieder in die Tiefen der eigenen Seele hinunterzusteigen.

Nun ist die Selbsterkenntnis in noch höherem Sinne ausgestaltet. Das ist da, wo Faust zu den Müttern hinuntersteigt. «Die Mütter! Mütter! — ’s klingt so wunderlich!» Gar wunderlich klingt es, wenn wir hinuntersteigen ins eigene Innere, so wie Faust jetzt hinuntersteigt! Jetzt ist Goethe genötigt, weil Mephisto in sich die zwei Gestalten hat - Luzifer und Mephisto -, eine Art Nebenrolle dem Mephisto zu geben. Faust steigt hinunter in diejenigen Welten, wo Luzifers Kraft den Menschen in der Einsamkeit ergreift, um ihn recht begreifen zu können. Dasjenige, was er da unten in den Tiefen der Seele erlebt hat, lebt er in einem Traume aus, und er lebt es so aus, daß wir sehen: es strebt dasjenige, was er aus den Tiefen seiner Seele heraufgetragen hat, aus der Selbsterkenntnis in Welterkenntnis sich umzugestalten. Es müßte ja etwas da sein von Wissenschaft, welche auf die Selbsterfassung des Menschen geht. Das, was man in den Tiefen der Seele gefunden hat, betäubt uns, läßt uns bloß träumen, wenn wir es nicht heraufholen können.

Hatte man im Zeitalter Goethes, haben wir in unserem Zeitalter Gelegenheit, eine solche Geist-Erkenntnis zu entwickeln? Was Faust von den Müttern geholt hat, nein, das hatte man nicht! Was Menschenerkenntnis war, war ein künstliches Produkt, das die Menschen wie einen Mechanismus erfaßt. Aus der lebendigen Wirklichkeit quillt kein Homunkulus. Und jetzt kommt dasjenige, wonach Goethe in allen Tiefen seiner Seele strebte. Dasjenige, was aus der Welterkenntnis geworden ist, das soll sich vereinigen mit der Selbsterkenntnis. Sie sollen so verschmolzen werden, daß es eines wird. Das hat Goethe dadurch erreicht, daß er nun seine wunderbare Naturerkenntnis von biologischer und sonstiger Metamorphosen-Erkenntnis als Band gleichsam betrachtet hat zwischen dem, was Faust von den Müttern mitbringt, und demjenigen, was die äußere Welterkenntnis seines Zeitalters ihm geben kann. Dadurch wird Goethe in das Zeitalter des Griechentums hineingeführt. Danach strebt Goethe. Nicht nach einseitiger Geistesabstraktion und Lebensabstraktion - nach der Vollendung der Seele strebt Goethe. So etwas, wie es in der griechischen Seele war, kann nicht wieder kommen, aber es muß sich wieder etwas gewinnen lassen, was ähnlich ist dem Griechentum, aber in der neuen Zeit wieder erlebt werden kann. Goethe hat in Italien selbst dasjenige erfahren, was er an der griechischen Kunst sah. Er sah die griechischen Künstler als solche, welche der Natur ihre Geheimnisse abgelauscht haben. Indem er auf das Griechentum schaute, war Vollendung für ihn gegeben. In seiner Zeit war sie noch nicht da, war noch gespalten in Welt- und Selbsterkenntnis. Faust sollte durch das Hineingeführtwerden ins Griechentum die Kraft aufnehmen, zusammenzubinden Selbsterkenntnis und Welterkenntnis. Nun hat Goethe versucht, am Schlusse seines zweiten Teiles des «Faust», soviel als möglich in moderner Art, wie es seinem Zeitalter gemäß war, Faust von dem zu führen, was er von den Müttern gebracht hat, zu dem, was die große Welt, das Weltall dem Menschen geoffenbart hat. Gerade aus dem Grunde, weil sich für sein Bewußtsein nicht gespalten hat, was in den Tiefen seiner Seele war, deshalb mußte Goethe — was er dann in seiner Art rechtfertigt — traditionelle Formen aufnehmen. Die traditionelle Form des kirchlichen Christentums nahm er auf, um nun Faust, nachdem er die tiefen Elemente der eigenen Seele von den Müttern hervorgebracht hat, in das einzuführen, wovon er sich im Anfang abgewendet hat, was das Zeichen des Makrokosmos offenbaren sollte. Und wir sehen Goethe am Schlusse dasjenige überwinden, was er als junger Mann abgelehnt hatte: die einseitige Selbsterkenntnis. Faust wird eingeführt ins ganze Weltall, in die Ströme des Weltalls, in die Geheimnisse, wo die ahtimanische Welt mit der physischen zusammenfällt.

Das ist das große Tableau am Schlusse des «Faust», wo Goethe anstrebt, Faust einzuführen in den Makrokosmos. Man versteht Goethes «Faust» nicht, wenn man nicht einsieht, daß dieses Werk, das Goethe fast durch sechzig Jahre seines Lebens begleitet hat, Goethes eigene seelische Schicksale mitgemacht hat, aber in höherer Form, als man gewöhnlich meint. Goethe hatte sich als junger Mann einseitig hingewendet zur bloßen Selbsterkenntnis und wollte sie nicht einmünden lassen in die Welterkenntnis. Sein Ringen mit den Naturerscheinungen und Naturgewalten, das sich in seiner Naturanschauung ausspricht, hat ihn dazu kommen lassen, Faust einzuführen in die große Welt. Am Schlusse steht Faust doch da, sagend: Ein Schauspiel, aber ach, kein Schauspiel nur, sondern ein Element, das der Mensch erlebt und in das durch das eigene menschliche Leben hereinströmen alle die Strömungen, die durch den Makrokosmos, das Weltall gehen! — Faust wendet sich wieder zurück zu dem, was das Zeichen des Makrokosmos ihm einseitig hat offenbaren wollen.

Es steht schlimm, wenn man immer nur «Faust» zitiert nach dieser oder jener Richtung hin. Man muß gerade anerkennen, daß Goethe dasjenige überwunden hat, was er in seiner frühen Jugend hineingeheimnißt hat. Ich glaube nicht, daß sich Goethe dadurch, daß er sich in seinem Alter gewissermaßen in Widerspruch dazu gesetzt hat, das verkleinert hat, was er im «Faust» in seiner Jugend geschaffen hat. Gerade dadurch steht er groß da, weil er so ehrlich war in seinem persönlichen Verhältnis zum «Faust», weil er zeigt, wie er gerungen und gestrebt hat nach dem Weg von der Selbsterkenntnis zur Welterkenntnis. Und wer die einzelnen Etappen durchmacht, wirklich hineindringt in die einzelnen Elemente, die im «Faust» leben, wird ihn anders beurteilen.

Um in die eigene Seele unterzutauchen, wendet sich in einer Etappe Faust wieder zur Bibelübersetzung. Er bleibt nicht stehen bei der traditionellen Überzeugung: Im Anfang war das Wort, sondern er versucht: Sinn, Kraft, Tat. Im Anfang war die Tat! Gerade diese Übersetzung bringt Mephisto herein. Es ist eine Verkleinerung des bloß Äußerlichen, indem Faust nach diesem Punkt, auf dieser Stufe seiner Entwickelung, in dem trivialen «im Anfang war die Tat», von dem tiefen «im Anfang war das Wort» abkommt. Dadurch aber, weil Faust sich hineinfinder in alle Illusionen der Welterkenntnis, dadurch kann er Mephisto überwinden. Aus jeder Zeile im «Faust» würde sich erhärten lassen, was ich nur habe andeuten können. Es wird kein kleineres Werk in der Weltliteratur dadurch, daß man so sein persönliches Verhältnis ins Auge faßt.

«Faust» ist kein geringeres Kunstwerk geworden. Vollkommener ist es gerade dadurch, daß die größte Kraft in die eigene Seele hineingeflossen ist, daß ein Mensch allerhöchsten Ranges nach den Geistesrätseln der Menschheit strebt und ringt. So glaube ich allerdings, daß in Goethes «Faust» vor der Menschheit ein Werk steht, zu dem diese Menschheit immer wieder zurückkommen muß.

Es hat auf mich einen eigentümlichen Eindruck gemacht, als ich ein auf englisch geschriebenes, ins Französische übersetztes Werk eines Spaniers las, das Kritik, eine herbe Kritik, auch an Goethes «Faust» übt und ihn als Ausgangspunkt alles dessen hinstellt, was man im mitteleuropäischen Wesen bekämpfen muß. Ich glaube, daß man alle Schwächen, alles dasjenige, was einen nicht mitgehen läßt, wo immer man steht, anerkennen kann, daß aber in Goethes «Faust» diesem mitteleuropäischen Wesen und nicht nur diesem, sondern der ganzen Welt ein Werk entstanden ist, das einen gewissen Sinn erhält, was nicht nur ihr, der Menschheit, gegeben werden sollte, sondern was diese Menschheit fortwährend sucht. Doch darf man sich der Hoffnung hingeben, daß dieser Goethesche «Faust» in immer erneuter Gestalt sich in die Menschenseele hineinleben wird, eben deshalb, weil mit ihm der Menschheit nicht bloß ein Werk gegeben worden ist, sondern etwas, was sie sucht. Und weil Goethes eigenes Suchen so innig verbunden ist mit dem Suchen der Menschheit, deshalb glaube ich auch, daß Goethe durch seinen «Faust» der Menschheit ein Kostbarstes mitgeben kann, denn die kostbarsten Güter sind diejenigen, zu denen die Menschheit hinkommen muß, weil, wenn sie sich selber richtig versteht, sie diese Güter unablässig suchen muß.

Goethe's Personal Relationship to His “Faust”

Goethe's “Faust” is undoubtedly one of those works of world literature to which one can always, I would say, return from decade to decade of one's life in such a way that one finds something new in them, that one can believe that one gains much more from them than one did before. And this is particularly true of Goethe's “Faust,” not because one has become more mature—for this reason, one can always find new things in other works of world literature—but because with Goethe's “Faust,” one has the feeling that it is necessary to have ever new life experiences, which advancing age can offer, in order to fully absorb certain secrets, inner feelings that are found in this work. Now, of course, when one delves into Goethe's Faust again and again, one feels a decisive need to turn to Goethe's life, to get to know his life anew, because by contemplating Goethe's Faust oneself, one can know that only then do the right rays of light fall on this work. One could, of course, object that there is an imperfection in such a relationship between a poet and a work. One could say that a work of art must be understood as it is, independently of the personality of its creator. But one can also set aside all such more or less pedantic objections and, by considering Goethe's relationship to his work, hold fast to the view that such a wealth of power must appear to us as something higher, more significant than even any impression or the like. These are the thoughts from which the topic of today's lecture has grown.

I would like to talk specifically about Goethe's personal relationship to his “Faust,” but not about his closest personal relationships, rather about the relationship between Goethe's intellectual personality and his “Faust.” One might easily think that, when considering these relationships between Goethe's intellectual personality and his “Faust,” it would be particularly useful to study what Goethe said about himself, about his life, about his aspirations, about the way he approached knowledge and questions of art. But when one gets closer and closer to Goethe's life, one realizes that this is not actually the case. And this is precisely where the difficulties of considering Goethe's intellectual personality lie. On the other hand, there is something that leads deep not only into Goethe's idiosyncrasies, but into the inner life of human beings themselves. One becomes convinced that Goethe's statements, as formulated by him in letters addressed to one or another personality, are of no use for the above-mentioned consideration. When one considers Goethe's own confessions, one finds that they do not really provide any useful insights into Goethe's deepest and most significant work, Faust. If one wants to find the correct answer to a clearly posed riddle from Goethe's works or from a consideration of Goethe's life, one discovers that what lived in Goethe's soul as he created his works, and especially his Faust, was always something so great, so powerful, so comprehensive, and so radiant that Goethe himself, in his personal consciousness, in his knowledge, could not comprehend what was actually at work in his soul. If the expression “unconscious—subconscious” had not been so misused in recent decades, I would apply it to Goethe in the most eminent sense, for what one finds in Goethe's work gradually radiates into one's own soul to such an extent that it becomes greater than anything Goethe can say about it in prose.

What I am saying now applies in particular to Goethe's relationship to his “Faust.” Due to time constraints, I cannot go into detail about the inspiration Goethe drew from folk tradition, such as puppet shows and the like. I would like to limit myself to discussing Goethe's relationship to his “Faust” itself. Above all, it is necessary to approach Faust as impartially as possible. It is precisely from Faust itself that we gain insight into Goethe's relationship to his Faust. What is admirable about Goethe in it, what can we find in it after long contemplation of Goethe? What is Goethean about Faust? When one first considers Faust—leaving aside the prologue and the affection, which were not there at first—when one begins the consideration of Faust with the monologue “Habe nun, ach, Philosophie ...” (Now, alas, I have philosophy ...), then one usually allows oneself to say at first: in this lives Goethe's rebellion against external knowledge, against the external pursuit of science. We see the greatness in this, in that Goethe lets his Faust despair of the power of all four faculties and so on; we then see how Faust, despairing of the power of all four faculties, turns to magic and so on. But if we spend more time with Faust, we do not get the feeling that this monologue already represents Goethe's specific ideas. That only begins at a certain point. That rebellion against the four faculties, that resort to magic, was something Goethe encountered in the Faust tradition; it was not what Goethe's soul wanted to reveal in Faust in the eminent sense. What Goethe's soul reveals for the first time in Faust in an eminent sense comes to the fore when Faust, after opening the book of Nostradamus, turns away from the sign of the macrocosm and turns to the sign that leads him to conjure up the spirit of the earth. When Goethe wrote this scene in his Faust, what was at work there was what lived in Goethe's soul as his particular form of the world riddle. But what is that? Goethe has his Faust open a magic book, which he calls the book of Nostradamus, to the sign of the macrocosm: it expresses the connection between man and the all-powerful forces of the world. The sign of the macrocosm expresses that the world is divided into three parts, that earthly and heavenly phenomena are divided into three parts, that in the three-part world, the three-part human being stands in secret connection with it in spirit, body, and soul.

And this connection was important to Goethe for a moment in his life. It was so important to him that he had Faust seek to reveal to him, through the images of this sign, the connection between man and the entire universe. At that time, however, Goethe was not inclined to regard what could be gained in this way in his spiritual knowledge as something satisfactory. And we hear with deep impact the words with which Goethe turns away from the sign of the macrocosm: “What a spectacle! But alas, only a spectacle!” This expresses Goethe's complete retreat in the 1770s from what can be recognized at all, what can be revealed about the connection between human beings and the whole world, with the universe. Goethe believed he had come to understand that everything that can be grasped in the imagination, in the idea, is nothing more than a reflection of reality. Therefore, Faust turns away from this sign and its revelation to another sign that leads him to bring forth the Earth Spirit. One must now look into Goethe's innermost being if one wants to understand his turning away from the macrocosm and turning toward the microcosm. Goethe belongs to those minds who were not concerned in the usual sense with the attainment of a certain knowledge consisting of a sum of ideas about the laws of nature and humanity. No, Goethe does not actually strive for knowledge in this sense, but rather he strives for knowledge insofar as the result of knowledge permeates the human soul, so that human beings develop within themselves everything that brings them to a dignified existence. Goethe also belongs to those minds who, in a certain sense, I would like to say, so as not to be misunderstood, have a certain anxiety, a fear of taking ideas of knowledge into the soul. What this means is that anyone who has really wrestled with the idea of knowledge, with an idea through which they want to penetrate the reality of the world, knows how unsatisfied one is that this idea does not express everything that can be revealed when penetrating into the depths. Whenever one has gained a piece of knowledge, one always wants to say to oneself: Yes, you have brought this or that into your thoughts, but you know that what is in the depths of the soul, what is revealed from the depths of the soul world, has only partially flowed into this idea. — One is afraid that one has lost something on the way from life to knowledge. And there is another oppressive feeling in this whole matter. Once you have brought forth an idea of insight, you have deprived yourself of the opportunity to later bring back into your mind what you have lost in the process. Once you have formed an idea, you must despair of bringing back to life what it has not expressed. This anxiety lay in Goethe's soul. Therefore, he always strove to present the mysteries of the world as pure and powerful mysteries rather than to be satisfied with easily woven solutions. He had a fear, a reverence for knowledge. But he says to himself: What you can present to the human soul as knowledge can only be a reflection, a spectacle... But alas, only a spectacle! — That is why Goethe turns to that which does not have to remain a spectacle, lets Faust turn away from that which the universe can reveal, and lets him turn to the sign that does not reveal itself from the universe, but rises from the depths of the human soul itself.

Thus Goethe has his Faust despair that reality is revealed in the vastness of the universe, and has him turn to the revelation from the depths. Goethe's Faust encounters the earth spirit in such a way that he finds it in the form in which it is found by those who descend deeper into the depths of the human soul than is usually the case. If we approach the universe, we can come to the spirit of revelation; if we approach what lives in the depths of the soul, we also come to spiritual revelation. At this moment, however, we discover the danger we are putting ourselves in with all our knowledge. These dangers of human striving in the experience of one's own soul life confronted Goethe, and he incorporated them mysteriously into his Faust. Now, through direct revelation, Goethe's Faust is confronted with his own inner self. Faust must turn away. That which lives in consciousness, that which is clearly expressed in Faust's soul, cannot grasp what lies in the depths of his own soul. Faust recoils in shock before the greatness of man, of the unknown man, of that within us which we cannot easily recognize. He must turn away. “Not you? Then who? I, the image of the deity! And not even you!” The spirit had previously called out to him: “You resemble the spirit you understand, not me!” Who, then, is the spirit that Faust understands? To whom must Faust turn at this moment?

Well, this is one of the most dramatic moments in Goethe's “Faust.” One must disregard all the revelations of ideas that one usually seeks to interpret in “Faust”; one must look at the drama, the artistry itself, the elaboration. If one surrenders to this without commenting, explaining, or providing background information, one encounters a truly powerful element at this very point. Faust is stunned. He does not resemble the spirit; he cannot understand himself. Whom does he resemble? There is a knock at the door and Wagner enters. “You resemble the spirit...” Which spirit? He resembles Wagner. That is the dramatic crux. One must not look at the traditional interpretation, which is always given, where Faust is presented as the ambitious, spiritual idealist, and Wagner is allowed to hobble onto the stage as an insignificant figure, behaving a little like Faust himself. One would like to see Wagner appear in Faust's mask himself, because it is self-knowledge that Goethe wants to portray: You are no more than what is in Wagner's soul. Anyone who delves into the dialogue between the two will find a certain philistine streak in Wagner, but he is a complete personality, a personality who has brought a certain spiritual striving to a conclusion. Just take a more unbiased look at what Faust says to Wagner in this scene, what he expresses when he says that he is not looking for earthworms and the like. In this scene, if one understands it dramatically, artistically, not philistinely, Faust's self-knowledge comes to the fore. So what was it that Goethe wanted Faust to turn away from, and where did he want him to turn?

At the time Goethe wrote this scene in the 1770s, his soul was faced with a duality that I would describe as “knowledge of the world” and “self-knowledge.” Faust turns away from world knowledge as if from a sign of the macrocosm. Goethe does not yet want world knowledge. From self-knowledge, he believes he can draw everything that brings human beings to a dignified existence. Therefore, the first step is to turn toward self-knowledge. And in this Faust-Wagner scene, we encounter Goethe's particular striving to express and visualize human perfection in self-knowledge. If we now consider both impulses, knowledge of the world and self-knowledge, we can only point out that both are associated with certain human dangers.

Knowledge of the world: If one attempts to penetrate further and further into knowledge of the world, to strain the human imagination, to advance to what is spiritually present beneath the revelation of the senses, then one arrives at something in knowledge of the world that can be called the “temptation of illusion.” It is once in human culture, and Goethe feels it, that knowledge of the world, through the diversity of what it presents, through the entanglement of its laws, leads one into illusion, into what the Indians call Maya, which is always the companion of our life, insofar as it forces life to place the personality into the great world. In seeking our relationship to things, we are subject to illusion. Only by exerting all our power against this force, by preserving our consciousness, by never falling into a stupor like Faust after conjuring the Earth Spirit, only then can we wind our way through the illusion. It can appear to the deep cognizer in that form which Goethe later described as the Mephistophelean power. The danger in this knowledge of the world lies in the fact that, precisely because human beings cannot perceive it, emotional elements that do not even originate from ourselves mysteriously interfere with all thinking about the world, with all experiences, while we believe we are living in mere ideas. Closer examination shows that what is mixed in so emotionally does not come from ourselves, but from other forces. What can be summarized in the illusion as a Mephistophelean danger comes from the fact that emotions, will, and desires are mixed into this external knowledge. We often believe that we have objective knowledge, but we only have it when we do not succumb to the illusion that what has just been described interferes with all external knowledge. But when we try to remove from our knowledge everything that comes from feelings, desires, passions, and emotions, what remains is what Goethe calls his Faust: a spectacle! But alas, only a spectacle! — And one must take other paths to arrive at reality. For what is presented to us is permeated by illusion. When Faust stands before the sign that seeks to awaken in his soul such a view of the world, where everything related to will and feeling has been cast out, he stands before the spectacle. He does not want that. He wants to immerse himself in self-knowledge. He believes he can lead human beings down to the core of the world.

There is another danger lurking here. While illusion threatens our knowledge of the world, when we descend into the depths of the soul, we risk finding not only desires, feelings, and emotions, not only knowledge that leads to the secrets of the world, but also desires and will. In connection with this, there is also that which is related to our organization. Through a false mysticism, we search within ourselves for the eternal and find only the most temporal, mixed with the eternal in an unclear way. When we recognize this, we know that every moment we search by immersing ourselves in our own inner being, we are faced with a vision that deceives us with something unreal, something that seems to be more than mere fantasy, but which nevertheless leads us into the most desolate error. Goethe was well acquainted with this secret of human existence, that if one does not constantly correct oneself with reason, one can fall into visions when one submerges oneself in a mystical way, thereby impairing one's depth again. One does not need to become morbidly visionary, but one enters into a life that becomes a visionary life when it becomes morbid.

But these two elements that enter human life also contrast with each other in another way. Goethe did not say this explicitly. But it was before his soul when we consider all that lies as illusion in our knowledge of the world. If one looks at these things in a philistine, pedantic way, what is the purpose of this illusion? Why does it constantly drive us away from reality? This illusion is connected with everything that intervenes in our development, in our completely normal development. If the danger of illusion did not constantly interfere with our soul life, we would not be subject to the development that does not lead us to grow, sprout, and flourish, not to childhood development, but to mature development. But this is connected with what human existence means from the age of thirty-five onwards. This backward-directed development is connected precisely with everything that lives in our soul. We cannot become wise, intelligent, and experienced in life if we do not develop from birth what then comes into being in the descending development towards a particular existence. Human beings live from the forces that actually lead to their death, not from the sprouting ones. Human beings die from birth, and at the moment of death, everything that has been at work throughout their entire life is summarized. It works in such a way that, by pushing back further development, it brings our soul to the fore. If it were not for the Mephistophelean, the life of illusion embedded in our knowledge of the world, we could not achieve human development; the descending forces could not live within us. Thus, illusion is connected with everything that brings us humans into the destructive world, that brings individual humans to ruin, that is connected with the downward movement of our forces.

It is different with everything that arises from self-knowledge. By descending into our inner being, we do indeed reach the spiritual part of our nature. We grasp ourselves in our own core, which is connected with the core of the world and with what lives powerfully within us in the form of subconscious will, desires, and feelings. In this way we gain a certain influence over our fellow human beings, the kind of influence that is familiar in life, but which is not properly studied. What can have a destructive effect on our fellow human beings when we live with them, what can impair them, actually stems from descending into forces that we can only cope with if we grasp them in the right, spiritual way. These forces are the Luciferic forces. The peculiar thing is that Goethe had this duality in his feelings, the Ahrimanic-Mephistophelean and the Luciferic. However, due to Western spiritual development and its tradition, he had not internalized a sharp separation between the Mephistophelean and the Luciferic. Therefore, Goethe unfortunately portrayed Mephisto as a single entity. And although commentators have often emphasized that Mephisto is portrayed as a unified figure, Goethe felt in his subconscious that Mephisto should be portrayed as a duality, as Ahrimanic and Luciferic. Therefore, it is only natural that at the moment when Faust must turn away from the Earth Spirit, when he proves himself unequal to it with his knowledge, which rests in his own soul and in the soul of humanity in general, Mephisto approaches Faust as Lucifer. This results in the union of what connects with the depths with desires, feelings, and cravings. In other words, this results in the wonderful, magnificently poignant tragedy of Gretchen. There is also the possibility that Faust must enter into everything that is connected with desires and will; this makes up a large part of what we experience in the first part of Goethe's Faust. There we experience everything that arises through the Luciferic element. But all this comes from the fact that Goethe actually took up his Faust in the 1870s and 1880s as a bearer of human knowledge, that Goethe wanted to know nothing about the connection between human beings and the greater world. But the feeling that there must be a way out always lives within him.

It is interesting that everything that must turn toward the Luciferic element yields unsatisfactory results. Human beings can only find satisfaction if they try to find the relationship between the Luciferic on the one hand and the Ahrimanic on the other, the Mephistophelean, which comes from knowledge of the world. It is interesting that Goethe initially left the union of Mephisto and Faust completely undeveloped. He felt that there must be something deeper in what brings Mephisto and Faust together, but he did not know what it was in his everyday consciousness. Later, he even wanted to demonstrate this in a disputation scene. This is the Ahrimanic character that lives in Mephisto and comes to expression when Mephisto stands up and disputes the secrets of the world. For it is precisely in this disputation that the illusion lives. Goethe wanted to introduce something that would have brought this other element before the mind's eye.

Now we see something strange in Goethe's personal development. He had treated Mephisto as a separate character and brought Faust to poetic development. In 1790, he published “Faust” as a fragment. Schiller encouraged him to continue working on it, and it is remarkable how dismissive Goethe was of this idea. He considered it old, finished, and unable to continue. What had actually been there? Goethe's personal relationship to his Faust became completely different.

What had been there can only be understood if one gains insight into the worldview Goethe had formed in the 1790s. What was this knowledge of nature to become? Much has been said about it, and it has been done justice here and there, but little attention has been paid to the crux of the matter. What what matters is that Goethe sought to build a bridge between self-knowledge and knowledge of the world through his knowledge of nature. When one considers Goethe's approach to nature, one finds that the individual events of this research and his discoveries are not the main thing. The way in which he conceived of development is what mattered. What was it like? It was such that Goethe sought entirely different concepts and ideas than those to which we are accustomed. If one does not focus on this point, one will never understand Goethe's view of nature. Even in his theory of colors, one cannot understand Goethe if one does not consider what Goethe wanted. With his metaphysical teaching, he wanted to arrive at concepts that do not proceed from idea to idea, from concept to concept in an external manner, but rather wanted one to immerse oneself in reality itself, so that the idea is developed in self-experience, which is, however, selfless enough to be at the same time world experience. With his view of nature, he wanted to achieve what really immerses itself in reality: he wanted to combine self-knowledge and knowledge of the world. Goethe could not, by immersing himself in what he encountered scientifically, create a view of nature that satisfied him; he had to arrive at a worldview from his own being; he had to earn it honestly, and only then was he given the opportunity to link self-knowledge to knowledge of the world. He used to believe that self-knowledge could lead to something. But only when it delves so deeply that it grasps the world in its depths with soul ideas, such as Goethe's ideas of nature, is the bridge created to find the illusory element of the world.

Goethe was then inspired by Schiller to take up “Faust” again. Here, self-knowledge had come into its own. But now it was one-sided and needed to be linked with knowledge of the world, with the macrocosm. Faust must turn back to the sign of the macrocosm from which he had previously turned away. The good and evil forces must be placed in the universe. The forces moving forward and backward must take up Faust's striving in the field of world knowledge. That was what became necessary for him. Mephisto had to take on the Ahrimanic character. That is why Goethe developed his Mephisto more and more in this sense. Hence the contradiction in this character. Goethe now places Faust in the universe by writing the prologue in heaven. The good and evil powers fight, and Faust stands in the middle.

The development of spiritual science was not so far advanced that Goethe could see this clearly. He could not make two characters out of one Mephisto. But they lived in his subconscious. This is what Goethe suffered from in the 1890s. That is what makes “Faust” so difficult. The second part of “Faust” has often been misunderstood, namely by looking for allegories in the second part. If you really delve into it, there is nothing more full of life, nothing more immediate, nothing more alive than all the characters! But why do they look allegorical? Because when we as individuals present ourselves to the world with our life's work and our ideas, we are forced to discard something of reality, what do we want to disregard from this reality as abstraction—something that people in the present should really learn! We live in a present in which we should reflect on the nature of man's relationship to reality, and yet we indulge in the most terrible illusions. It is precisely in the ideas we have in the social and political spheres that abstractions and allegories live. But we live with them. It is the way in which the Mephisto element approaches our own lives through our experience of the world. This is vividly demonstrated with infinite humor in the emperor scene in the second part, where the external connections between realities and their illusions are portrayed in a magnificently humorous way. Foolishness and wisdom, as they appear in our experience of the world. They confront us in a wonderfully vivid way. We then see how Faust, being placed in the reality of the great world, where illusory elements live, where they combine with foolishness, is compelled to descend again into the depths of his own soul.

Now self-knowledge is developed in an even higher sense. This is where Faust descends to the mothers. “The mothers! Mothers! — It sounds so strange!” It sounds very strange when we descend into our own inner being, just as Faust now descends! Now Goethe is compelled, because Mephisto has two figures within himself — Lucifer and Mephisto — to give Mephisto a kind of supporting role. Faust descends into those worlds where Lucifer's power seizes people in their loneliness in order to understand them properly. He lives out what he has experienced down there in the depths of the soul in a dream, and he lives it out in such a way that we see: what he has brought up from the depths of his soul strives to transform itself from self-knowledge into knowledge of the world. There must be something in science that goes to the self-understanding of man. What we have found in the depths of the soul numbs us, leaves us merely dreaming if we cannot bring it up.

Did people in Goethe's age, do we in our age, have the opportunity to develop such spiritual knowledge? What Faust brought from the mothers, no, people did not have that! What was human knowledge was an artificial product that grasped people like a mechanism. No homunculus springs from living reality. And now comes what Goethe strove for in all the depths of his soul. What has become of world knowledge should unite with self-knowledge. They should be fused together so that they become one. Goethe achieved this by viewing his wonderful knowledge of nature, of biological and other metamorphoses, as a link between what Faust brings with him from his mothers and what the external knowledge of the world of his age can give him. This leads Goethe into the age of Greek culture. This is what Goethe strives for. Not one-sided intellectual abstraction and abstraction from life – Goethe strives for the perfection of the soul. Something like what was in the Greek soul cannot come back, but something similar to Greek culture must be regained, something that can be experienced again in the new age. Goethe experienced in Italy what he saw in Greek art. He saw the Greek artists as those who had listened to the secrets of nature. By looking at Greek culture, perfection was given to him. In his time, it was not yet there, it was still divided between worldly knowledge and self-knowledge. By being introduced to Greek culture, Faust was to absorb the power to bind together self-knowledge and worldly knowledge. Now, at the end of the second part of Faust, Goethe attempted, as much as possible in a modern way, in keeping with his age, to lead Faust from what he had brought from his mothers to what the great world, the universe, had revealed to man. Precisely because his consciousness was not divided from what was in the depths of his soul, Goethe had to adopt traditional forms, which he then justified in his own way. He adopted the traditional form of ecclesiastical Christianity in order to introduce Faust, after he had brought forth the deep elements of his own soul from his mothers, to that from which he had turned away in the beginning, which was to reveal the sign of the macrocosm. And we see Goethe overcoming at the end what he had rejected as a young man: one-sided self-knowledge. Faust is introduced to the entire universe, to the currents of the universe, to the mysteries where the ahtimanic world coincides with the physical world.

This is the great tableau at the end of “Faust,” where Goethe strives to introduce Faust to the macrocosm. One cannot understand Goethe's Faust unless one realizes that this work, which accompanied Goethe for almost sixty years of his life, reflected Goethe's own spiritual destiny, but in a higher form than is usually thought. As a young man, Goethe had turned one-sidedly toward mere self-knowledge and did not want to let it flow into knowledge of the world. His struggle with natural phenomena and forces, which is expressed in his view of nature, led him to introduce Faust into the great world. At the end, Faust stands there saying: A spectacle, but alas, not just a spectacle, but an element that man experiences and into which all the currents that flow through the macrocosm, the universe, flow through his own human life! — Faust turns back to what the sign of the macrocosm wanted to reveal to him in a one-sided way.

It is unfortunate when people always quote “Faust” in one direction or another. One must recognize that Goethe overcame what he had mystified in his early youth. I do not believe that Goethe, by contradicting himself in his old age, diminished what he had created in “Faust” in his youth. It is precisely because of this that he stands tall, because he was so honest in his personal relationship to Faust, because he shows how he struggled and strived for the path from self-knowledge to world knowledge. And anyone who goes through the individual stages, who really delves into the individual elements that live in Faust, will judge him differently.

In order to delve into his own soul, Faust returns to translating the Bible at one stage. He does not stop at the traditional conviction: In the beginning was the Word, but he tries: Meaning, Power, Deed. In the beginning was the Deed! It is precisely this translation that brings Mephisto in. It is a reduction of the merely external, in that Faust, at this point, at this stage of his development, departs from the profound “in the beginning was the Word” to the trivial “in the beginning was the deed.” But because Faust finds himself in all the illusions of worldly knowledge, he is able to overcome Mephisto. Every line in “Faust” would confirm what I have only been able to hint at. It does not become a lesser work in world literature by considering one's personal relationship to it.

Faust has not become a lesser work of art. It is more perfect precisely because the greatest power has flowed into the author's own soul, because a man of the highest rank strives and wrestles with the spiritual riddles of humanity. I believe, however, that Goethe's Faust presents humanity with a work to which it must return again and again.

It made a peculiar impression on me when I read a work by a Spaniard, written in English and translated into French, which criticizes, harshly criticizes, Goethe's “Faust” and presents it as the starting point for everything that must be fought against in the Central European character. I believe that one can acknowledge all weaknesses, everything that prevents one from moving forward, wherever one stands, but that in Goethe's “Faust,” a work has been created for this Central European essence, and not only for this, but for the whole world, which takes on a certain meaning that should not only be given to humanity, but which humanity is constantly seeking. But we can hope that Goethe's Faust will continue to live on in people's souls in ever-changing forms, precisely because it has given humanity not just a work, but something it seeks. And because Goethe's own search is so closely connected with the search of humanity, I also believe that Goethe, through his Faust, can give humanity something most precious, for the most precious goods are those to which humanity must come, because, if it understands itself correctly, it must seek these goods incessantly.