Speech and Drama
GA 282
17 September 1924, Dornach
XIII. Study of the Text from Two Aspects: Delineation of Character and the form of the Play
My dear Friends,
For the dramatist the play is finished when he has composed it, when he has put it into words. If he intends it for the stage, then while composing it he must all the time hear and see it taking place. A play that may truthfully be called a work of art has been seen by the author; he has had it before his mind's eye just as it should unfold when performed on the stage. If this is not so, if the dramatist has not the power continually to ‘behold’ the stage, to feel beating within him, as he writes, the life-blood of the stage—then the actor can do very little with that play. And now when the dramatist has finished his work, the written play is for the actor what the score is for the musician. The poem, the work of art, has in a sense disappeared; the written text is like a musical score. From the text the actor has to re-create the poem in his performance on the stage, even as the musician re-creates the music from the score. For the score is a kind of zero-point between composer and performer; there they meet. It should be the same with the text of the drama. But in order to attain his goal, the actor will have to prepare himself in two directions.
The first thing needed is that the characters in the play are thoroughly understood. That the individual actor must have a thorough grasp of his own part goes without saying; but no part can be rehearsed except in conjunction with the other parts, and the producer has to see that all the parts play into one another in the right way. Thus, besides being studied individually, the characters will have to be brought into right relation with one another, so that the play, as it takes its course on the stage, shall in this respect present a rightly coloured, a well-integrated whole. And this it will do if we have first of all practised the art of delineation of character. It is an art that can be studied from what we have already seen to be the essential elements of drama. Let me show you how this can be done. Again I will proceed by taking an example.
In an earlier lecture we had a play under consideration that can once more be helpful to us here; for it is excellent material for the study of delineation of character, and also for the other necessary study which I will explain later. Particularly striking, however, is the skill in the delineation of character that is evinced in this play. I refer to Hamerling's Danton and Robespierre.
If it is our aim to achieve a complete and true delineation of character, in other words so to place each separate character on the stage that in the working out of their mutual relationships a whole is attained, an inwardly integrated whole, then we must before all else set out to study the play just from this point of view. In the play we are considering we shall find four characters whom we can well single out for particular study. There are of course many others we could choose, but for our present purpose we cannot do better than concentrate on these four: Robespierre, Hébert, Chaumette, Danton.
A full study of the drama as a whole would naturally have to include also the rest of the cast. As far as our immediate study is concerned, we shall require to come to the point where we can take a survey of the complete drama with its various characters; and then, having done this, we shall be in a position to give to some particular character its right performance, allowing it to be neither isolated from the others nor eclipsed by them.
Assuming therefore that you have worked through Hamerling's Danton and Robespierre in this way and have also made yourselves thoroughly familiar with all that we have been considering in these last days, you will be able to go forward with clarity and confidence, and place these four characters on the stage, showing up the varying shades of their several qualities and dispositions, in their relation to one another.
Take first Danton. We shall find, if we have understood the play aright, that Danton will express his own inner soul best if we connect with him the sound-feelings: ä (ay in ‘say’), i (ee); ä, i.
Danton: ä i
To act the part with this sound-feeling will bring the jovial side of his nature to expression; there will then be something large and generous about his manner as he comes on to the stage. And when Danton has to move about on the stage, then, if you have come to a really deep understanding of him, you will instinctively be tempted to let him walk like this: knees held rather stiff, and feet firmly planted on the ground. You will even feel that his arms too should be a little stiff at the elbow; he will move them as though he could not bend them right up, but only at a rather obtuse angle. Yes, you could very well have the impression that Danton is a man who would never be able to sing either a major or a minor third!1See Eurhythmy as Visible Song.
If this is the feeling you have about his character, then you may be sure the true Danton will be there on the stage, taking his right place among the other characters. And you will be impelled to let him be constantly making gestures with the mouth that help to produce the right tone of voice—pressing the lips forcefully into the corners of the mouth. Danton should, in fact, be spoken with lips nearly closed and stretched to their utmost, but as if there at the corners of the mouth they met with some powerful resistance.
All this is a direct and perfectly natural outcome of a serious study of the part. And that is how it should be. Then, when Danton has to speak, we shall have a Danton there ready. I will now illustrate this for you, taking for the purpose the second scene of the play, where he steps out in front of the people and speaks to them in true Danton manner
(Enter DANTON and ROBESPIERRE—Robespierre plainly dressed but
both his hair and clothes showing meticulous care; Danton in more showy,
unconventional garments, and with a flowing cravat.)PEOPLE. Long live Danton! Long live Robespierre!
DANTON. (raising his hat and nodding in a jovial way to the people)
Good Morrow, Sansculottes!
What means this crowd? What is there, then, a fete?
With maidens all in white, with splendid speeches,
And with brass bands? Deuce take it! is there not
A Bastille still to storm? No further trip
To Versailles still to take? By Jupiter
Those times were different! Do you ever think
Of how it was when first around us all
War fury did break loose, and down you laid
Your ears upon the ground to try and hear
Whether already cannon-thunder roared—
Forbidden now those swarms who danced around
Our Paris streets—and how then many thought
To hear a deadened rolling from afar
And started up, until a neighbour said:
Don't be disturbed—it's Danton thundering
At the Cordelier's Club!PEOPLE. (beside themselves with enthusiasm)
Long live Danton! ça ira, ça ira!
Do you see? There you have Danton's large—and yet at the same time revolutionary—manner. I want you to understand that I am accentuating what is characteristic of Danton, but that this accentuation has its particular value; I do it on purpose to show you how you can find your own way to a true delineation of character. And you will furthermore discover, if you are prepared to carry your expression of the character so far, that Danton will have to speak every j2As y in’ yacht', but pronounced so as to emphasise its consonantal character. and every l, (and whatever sounds resemble them) in a manner that is all his own. So we have for
Danton: ä i j l
And now let us look at Hebert. When the character of Hebert begins to come alive for us, we shall find he is not a man of action like Danton. Nor has Hebert been endowed with Danton's jovial disposition. Danton with his big, broad mouth gives us the impression that he will be large and liberal in his actions too, and we shall even feel inclined to choose a broad-shouldered person to play him, should it happen that one is available. We could of course also adapt the clothes to give more breadth. Danton's outward appearance would then be in accord with his speaking.
Hebert on the other hand will have to be of medium size; he must not look big and stout. With Hebert we get the impression that he is continually on the point of stepping forward, but suddenly hangs back and goes no farther. Whenever he has to move on the stage, the actor will have to show this hesitation. He will begin to step out, but then always stand still again. For Hebert is a man who only denounces and scolds, he is not a man to get things done. And this trait the actor will have to reveal by continually starting to walk and then stopping short.
You will find that Hebert is particularly at home in g and k; the utterance of these sounds gives him a feeling of satisfaction. The actor will take care to note where these sounds occur and will attune his whole speaking accordingly. He will see that Hebert gröhlt and jühlt (bawls and howls) when he is cross—ö ü (French eu in `feu', French u in ‘du’)—and that with g (hard) and k he is as pleased and happy as Danton is with j and l.
Hebert: ö ü g k
As the audience leaves the theatre, you ought to catch them saying to one another: ‘By Jove, how that fellow who plays Danton says ‘Ja’! No one else in the world could say Ja as he does. And did you hear the way Hebert hacks at the words with his k and g? It's simply marvellous! ’
Hamerling prepares us well beforehand for the situation in the scene. A citizen steps forward to announce the approach of the Goddess of Reason, whose festival is now about to be celebrated.
(The procession appears amid strains of music, HENRIOT on horseback at the head, then a troop of girls in white and garlanded with roses, after whom, carried on high like regimental colours, the busts of Voltaire and Marat. Immediately before the GODDESS a flaming torch is carried. The goddess herself rests on a flower-bedecked triumphal car. She is clad in a white tunic with, over it, a sky-blue mantle, a red Phrygian cap on her head. Behind her come HEBERT and CHAUMETTE, and other members of the Council of the Commune. The cortege having arrived at the centre of the square the triumphal car is halted, the goddess descends and is led by Hebert and Chaumette to the throne-like scaffolding where she takes her seat. The torch hitherto carried in front of her, is now given into her hand. The maidens group themselves at the foot of the scaffolding. The music ceases.)
A CITIZEN. (in the foreground, to his neighbour) Fine figure of a woman this Goddess of Reason!
NEIGHBOUR. Yes, she's a beauty, Mistress Momoro; only her teeth are none too good.
A WOMAN. (to her neighbour) Just look what great sparkling earrings she's wearing!
HER NEIGHBOUR. She got those from the rich German Baron.
HÉBERT. (mounts the stage but does not go to the level at which the goddess is sitting) Co-citizens! The shameless rebellion of the executive and administrative powers against the sovereign people, which has gone on in France and everywhere else, has been crushed. The abuse of office practised up to now by the leading officers of state, the kings, has been once and for all abolished. From the moment the head of Louis Capet fell, and the dust of his ancestors out of their ostentatious tombs in St. Denys met its brother dust in the streets of Paris, the kingly spell, the kingly magic, has been broken. We proceeded to St. Denys, we opened the costly shrines of the perished despots of France. There they lay, the once all-powerful idols before whom we bent the knee; there they lay in their coffins of silver, phantoms of dust still held together by the last remnants of their gold- embroidered garments. When with gentle fingers one softly touched these majesties, the ashes of the dead showered forth from the gold and purple tatters like the dust out of a crushed puff-ball. They rose up in dusty clouds, these kingly ashes, and those who stood around had, the next morning, decayed potentates brushed with other dirt from their clothes. For mankind there are no more hereditary idols. Mankind in future will honour only those who serve them, not those who are their masters. (Pointing to the busts.) There you see the bust of Voltaire, the great protagonist of freedom of thought; there that of Marat, the genuine, ardent patriot who, for freedom, suffered privation, pined away, was mocked at and finally murdered—who put to shame both the half-hearted and the ambitious who even yet try to incite the free people to selfish ends.—Let such men as Voltaire, as Marat, be our geniuses, our gods, for the future! Before them, 0 people, uncover your heads!
That, then, is Hebert. Let us turn now to Chaumette. If we study the part carefully, we shall feel we can detect in Chaumette a sort of soughing or sighing in ü, indicating a timidity which he conceals under a show of bravado. He tries all the time to stand up to his feeling of fear with ö. And so we have the mood ü ö. Chaumette's will not be a speaking that goes to extremes in any direction; there will be in it a savour of supplication, but of a rather poor and mean kind. The sounds h and sch (sh) will frequently occur, and all the time there will be a sort of insincere heaving and sighing.
Chaumette: ü ö h sch
If we can speak the part with this feeling, then it will be Chaumette.
PEOPLE. Long live the Goddess of Reason! (waving their caps) Long live the Republic!
DANTON. (aside, to Robespierre) ‘He's desperately savage today is Father Duchesne !’
(Both men mingle in the crowd.)
CHAUMETTE. (mounts the tribune on HEBERT leaving it)
Republicans! We have thrown down tyranny not only from the throne but also from the pulpit. Ever since the time of Voltaire, when disbelief for the first time gnawed at the vitals of the Church, and since natural philosophy has arisen from the idle bed where slept the concept of divine omnipotence, since all this, France has progressed with giant strides. But let us go forward on this road, brothers! Let us cast to the four winds not only the ashes of the kings but also those of the calendar saints of the Church! And in as far as they are of metal, these saints, shall they become good patriots and go into the fire for the Republic; we will melt them down! Let us pull down from the Church towers the clamorous tongues of the bells and make them roar as cannon on the field of battle; let us make cartridge cases of their missals! Let us write up ‘eternal sleep‘at the entrance to their graveyards and no longer offer the best of our possessions to the heavens! Let us be as shrewd as the old heathen who brought to their gods only the skins and bones of the sacrificial animals, eating the flesh themselves. Our goddess shall be reason, sound reason, without speculation and unencumbered by knowledge or by the learning of aristocrats. And as Frenchman and republican I add: Science must be made of use, and the arts must serve patriotism alone; they shall be no tools of aristocratic effeminacy. This worthy, noble old pile of Notre Dame we shall dedicate today as the Temple of Reason. But first, as token that light is common property to every one of us, (turning to the maidens) kindle the torches and distribute them among all the people!
(The maidens seize upon the torches, a great heap of which is stacked at the foot of the scaffolding, and light them from the torch held by the goddess.)
CLOOTS. (approaching with his crowd) Let everyone light his torch from this light which has arisen in France!
Chaumette, you see, makes it plain that he wants not only to haul the tyrants down from their thrones but to push them out of their pulpits. This is the character Hamerling gives him. And if you study the part, letting yourself hear Chaumette speak with the voice of a priest who has grown rather insincere, then you will have hit upon the tone that should be maintained for Chaumette throughout.
Robespierre may be said to be the character that interests Hamerling most of all. He should appear rather tall on the stage. Whatever he may have been in real life, here in Hamerling's play Robespierre is a tall man, rather thin and worn, and all the sounds that he utters tend somewhat in the direction of i. There is always a decided contraction at the middle of his palate. He is moreover always ready to talk of great matters—to ‘embrace the world’—in rather grandiloquent phrases. i o, i o; these are the sounds you hear in Robespierre.
Then Robespierre is also very much the schoolmaster whose speaking abounds in d and t. He has a distinct liking for d and t, the pointing sounds.
Robespierre: i o d t
And now there is a passage in the play that can be particularly helpful to us if we want to have a complete picture of the character of Robespierre. Look up the scene that takes place in the house of the carpenter Duplay, where Robespierre has his lodging. The scene is laid in a kind of ante-room which divides Robespierre's apartments from the rooms and workshop of his landlord. Here then we have Robespierre at home.
Hamerling begins the scene by letting Robespierre indulge in a little self-admiration, in the true i o mood. We need to take note of this trait in Robespierre, if we are going to present him on the stage; for it provides us with a key to his character. Robespierre sets great value on what others think about him; but he would not like to admit it—either to himself or to them. And he undoubtedly has at the same time a good deal, as we said, of the schoolmaster in him and even gives the whole Revolution something of that tone. 1 am not of course speaking of the Robespierre of history; all that I am saying refers to the Robespierre of Hamerling's play.
Danton, Billaud-Varenne and the rest are ready to hang people who say anything in favour of the old aristocracy or royalty—or who even dream about them. But Robespierre,—he would like to hang persons who are guilty, for example, of writing an r in the wrong place. He detects in a spelling mistake like this an unforgivable conservatism which hinders the guilty person from taking his place in the new order of things. Schoolmasters, accordingly, whose pupils do not spell correctly—these in particular he is ready to hang.
The two traits are remarkably well brought out by Hamerling; and we shall find we can understand the character of Robespierre if we study the part with these traits in mind and with the sound-feelings that belong to them.
Act I, Scene II
ROBESPIERRE. (withdrawing from a window) The last carts
have gone by—Hebert is cursing and swearing, Chaumette is making a face like a sick skylark; the people who two weeks ago loudly acclaimed them now sneer at them.
He seats himself at a little table, turns over newspapers and opens letters. His expression, attitude and movements convey an almost pedantic precision, repose and apparent indifference to what the writings contain.
He takes up a newspaper in which he is referred to.
‘Robespierre, you mighty one! Soul of the Republic—persevere! Continue with courage on the road to the goal which beckons you!’
He smiles, well pleased and satisfied.—Another paper.
‘Robespierre, representative of the citizens, I can see you are aiming at dictatorship! Give up these plans to betray the people, or know that the daggers of twenty-two Brutuses, who are plotting against your life, you murderer of freedom, are pointed at you, day in, day out—’
Puts the paper irritably on one side.—A third paper.
‘Robespierre, true friend of the people, you, the incorruptible, continue long to uphold your destiny for the wellbeing of France and of the world! ’
Lays aside the paper, well pleased.—Another paper.
‘You are still alive, you tiger, stained as you are with the blood of the noblest houses of France ? Butcher of mankind, you still live? Beware! The descendant of an ancient race has survived and his ready sword lies in wait—’
‘Robespierre, you dear, noble, virtuous man ! Forgive an enthusiastic daughter of the Republic, burning with admiration of you, if she pleads for the indulgence of a sight of you, of speech with you, of being allowed to refresh her republican heart by gazing upon you!’
‘You carrion, you miserable carcass, food for the worms, you wretched Robespierre, have you no shame in the sight of God, the Lord and Ruler of heaven and earth? Know then, miserable tyrrant’—why, the fellow spells it with a double r—so the people never learn to spell correctly when they write!—‘Miserable tyrrant, that you and your accomplices in our Parris’—a double r again. I shall have the master beheaded who taught at the school where this creature went.
There you have the tones of mood and voice that need to be carefully studied. As I said just now, I am accentuating the special features of the characters; here I have purposely
exaggerated a little in order to help you to come to a deep and thorough understanding of the whole figure of Robespierre, as portrayed by Hamerling. For nothing less will suffice if you want to act the part; you will need to find your way right into the very heart and being of the character.
And now when you have learned to understand Robespierre in these two aspects of his character, you will continue your study of the part further. I would like you to take what I am saying here rather as giving a description of how these matters can be gradually brought before students in a school of dramatic art. Having then brought your students so far, you may take with them that moment in the play when Robespierre is called upon to account for the fact that he is not willing to be made ‘dictator’, when all the time he definitely wants to be it! His friend St. Just asks him why it is he spurns the title. And now Robespierre is compelled to divulge something of his true character. Yes, it comes out! And at the same time a third trait of his makes its appearance: we are shown Robespierre the dogmatist, the rationalist, perpetually wanting to pose as schoolmaster for the whole world (ready also to be an opportunist for that end), promulgating a theory of which we are to be repeatedly reminded as the play proceeds; for from now on Robespierre makes every endeavour to justify himself by it with subtlety and precision at the bar of reason. St. Just says to him:
ST. JUST. You spurn the name—why not the thing itself?
Robespierre is naturally deeply annoyed at such a question; it probes his weaknesses to the quick—those weaknesses of his that are at the same time the things that make him great. He grows restless, walks up and down. St. Just remains standing still. Robespierre does not answer at once. He has, you see, to find a way to justify himself before the tribunal of reason; he walks to and fro to gain time. Then he claps St. Just on the shoulder.
ROBESPIERRE. Listen to me, St. Just! Words on other occasions are my tools, my weapons. To you they shall be the trusty conveyors of my thoughts—as far as you may grasp my thoughts. Perhaps I am, as you say, in secret a sentimentalist. I love mankind as Rousseau loved them! But what are individual men to me? I despise them. Take the average man out of the mass—in his nature he is utterly devoid of reason. Leave him in the mass, in his place, and he is part of a blind whole, blind, it is true, but a whole that is infallible. Men move always towards the goal, but unconsciously, from a blind urge, like a sleepwalker. All those high-sounding phrases with which they seek to make clear to themselves this blind urge, this path and this goal—say very little. Most of the words they employ in their progress are without sense, spoken merely to cheer them on, like the barking of dogs round the wheels of a passing cart. It is but a few of the elect who go on their way in full consciousness. These few are those who govern, leaders of men, instigators, pioneers—these alone have the great aim before them.—Do you know, friend, what a great idea is ?
ST. JUST. I think I do.
ROBESPIERRE. Do you know what the word ‘consistency’ implies?
ST. JUST. So I believe.
ROBESPIERRE. That is what I hold dear.—To me the individual, his weal and woe, his very life, are nothing. To further the great aim, without hesitation I send him to his death. Am I inhuman? Mother Nature does the same. It is my wish, it is my determined will, that the reasonable should be realised on earth. That is my principle, my ideal, that by which I am inspired—or possessed if you prefer it, demoniacally possessed.—The inevitable disturbs me, torments me, like a discordant note in the ear. I can't suffer it. I will not have kings, I will not have aristocrats, nor will I have privileges, priestly rule, nor the rule of the sabre; I will not even have the people as rulers, I want nothing of any domination conceded to chance, birth, selfish cunning or brute force,—for all that is lacking in reason and is an abomination on the face of the earth. I want no other domination but that of reason over foolishness. Whoever belongs to the specially favoured receives his power over the multitude only because he represents a still greater multitude—mankind. I consider myself to be one of the specially favoured. I feel the flame of mankind shining, burning, within me—it kindles within me the glow of fever—it shines but it also consumes—the light demands subjection, obedience, even from me—it is relentless—it eats up what is human in me—and then the small fry are surprised to find me inhuman. Whoever bears the torch of this light is the slave of this light, but over the children of darkness and dusk he rules as lord and king. Kings there will always be—but sceptre and crown and the masquerade and military splendour of courts are a contemptible lack of reason! The better head has only to come forward in order to rule. Therefore, friend, not a word about dictators, not a word! Have done with names, titles, honours, have done with all mummery, with life-guards and the axes of lictors—things of that kind only compromise and bring discredit... . Let me keep to the path of our republican law. When France carries out what I counsel—what need for me to command?—No word of dictatorship, friend, spare me that!
(Translation by V. E. W.)
There you have Robespierre.
That is then the first way in which we should learn to study our text, namely, from the aspect of delineation of character. When we have made progress in this, we can pass on to the second, which consists in learning to give the relevant colouring to the play in all its scenes from beginning to end, but always so that the fundamental tone of the play as a whole is maintained throughout. today we will begin to consider certain things we shall need to understand for this; then tomorrow we shall be in a position to carry the study further.
You will remember, my dear friends, that I showed you how the vowels can be thought of as forming in their sequence a kind of scale. I want now to write them in a circle, making seven halts or stopping-places in the circle where I will write in the vowels in order, so that the last comes round again to the first. Thus, this time they will not be side by side in a line, but inscribed on a circle so that the series returns upon itself: a e i o ä ö ü make seven, and u is the eighth.
When now we study plays in connection with this circle of vowels, we discover something of extraordinary interest.
Imagine we are studying a play, and find we want to arrange for the play as a whole to have a mood that arises out of the feeling of u; we want to let the audience feel from the beginning that up there on the stage the prevailing general tone corresponds to the feeling one has with u. We shall then get each actor to speak his part in such a way that something of the u mood is present. This may be done by accentuation here and there,. or again by the colouring the actor gives to his voice. Then, as the play goes on, we find we have to pass on from u to a, to e—and now to i (see the arrow in the drawing). The play has thus moved on in respect of mood as far as i. We feel, however, that we cannot now go on from i to o. We have instead to come back, we have to let the mood come back again to e, with a slight tendency of warding something off; and yet after all we allow it to come near us again, we return to a; but before u we call a halt, at most letting u only begin to sound.
When we go through the play in this manner, giving it throughout the right colouring in accordance with the feelings that belong to the several vowels, what have we? We set out from u—that is to say, fear. We go on farther and come to i. With i is associated the experience of compassion. We have now reached the middle of the play. In the remaining acts, we are obliged to retrace our steps; we have to come again, even if warding it off a little (for we must not lose hold of what is happening), we have to come back to a. And that is the mood in which the play ends.
We have thus found in the play this sequence: fear, compassion, wonder. But these are the very moods of soul of which Aristotle speaks, although of course he does not connect them with sounds as we have done, fear as we set out in u, and returning at last to wonder in a; and in a coming to a standstill before reaching u, for of fear only a faint murmur still lingers on at the end of the play.
And now suppose we take the other path, setting out this time from i; but from a special kind of i that does not express veritable deep compassion, but does still suggest entering into another's experience, though perhaps less intensely—the i, namely, that conveys the impression of inquisitiveness, curiosity. Let us say we have a play where we find we have to take our start in this mood. We are curious to know what will happen; we are all expectation. We pass on, as the play proceeds, to ä and ö and come then to ii; that is to say, we begin to find ourselves apprehensive, lest things may perhaps not turn out well. That is then the path that the play takes. But now it is essential that we do not go on from apprehension into fear, we must on no account pass from ii to u; for then our play would have an unhappy ending; and that is not the intention. We must, in fact, now go back. And as we return, we are brought into a mood of relief and satisfaction—ä.
Thus, the circle of the vowels gives us, first the sequence: fear—compassion—wonder ; and then, another time, the sequence: curiosity—apprehension—relief, happy ending!
Fear—Compassion—Wonder Curiosity—Apprehension—Relief.
With the first sequence, we have tragedy, and with the second, comedy.
The terms are of course categorical; you will not find that the course of a play ever exactly fits into them. They can, however, provide an excellent basis upon which you can study how to stage your play.
Thus, in dealing with the text of a play, we have first to study it
from the point of view of delineation of character, and then go on to
probe to the very heart and essence of its form.
13. Charakteristik und Konfiguration der Stückgestaltung
Der Dichter hat sein Drama fertig, wenn es in Worten gestaltet ist. Er wird dabei, wenn das Drama bühnenmäßig sein soll, dasjenige gewissermaßen in Ohr und Auge haben müssen, was das Bühnenbild gibt. Wirkliche dramatische Dichtung ist vom Dichter geschaut, so geschaut, wie sie zuletzt dastehen muß schauspielerisch auf der Bühne vot dem Publikum. Sonst kann der Schauspieler mit der Dichtung nichts im Ernste anfangen, wenn nicht der Dichter Bühnenanschauung — Bühnenblut kann man es ja auch nennen - hat. Dann aber, wenn also der Dichter seine Dichtung fertig hat, dann ist sie für den Schauspieler, damit das Bühnendrama wirklich auf der Bühne steht, die Partitur. Die Dichtung verschwindet sozusagen, indem sie aufgeschriebenes — so könnte man ja sagen — Werk wird. Aber aufgeschriebenes Werk ist sie wie eine Partitur. Und der Schauspieler muß, geradeso wie der ausübende Musiker, das Werk wieder erschaffen. Es liegt zwischen dem Komponisten und dem ausübenden Musiker in gewissem Sinne eine Art Nullpunkt in der Partitur. Da müssen beide einander entgegenkommen. So aber muß es auch für den Schauspieler sein. Und der Schauspieler wird zu seinem Ziele kommen, wenn er zunächst vorbereitet ist dazu, zweierlei zu machen. Das erste ist, Charaktere zu erfassen, jeder Schauspieler selbstverständlich seinen Charakter; aber geprobt werden kann nur im völligen Einklange mit allen Partnern durch den Regisseur. Daher handelt es sich darum, die Charaktere aufeinander abzustimmen, ineinander einzuspielen, das ganze Drama auch in bezug auf die Charakteristik zu einem kolorierten, in Charaktere kolorierten, in sich gegliederten Ganzen zu machen. Das wird, wenn man zuerst die Kunst der Charakteristik ausübt.
Aber die Kunst der Charakteristik kann wirklich herausgeholt werden aus den Elementen, die wir bisher schon angedeutet haben, und zwar, wenn ich beispielsmäßig wiederum vorgehe, etwa in der folgenden Art.
Wir haben im Laufe dieser Vorträge ein Drama vor unsere Seele gestellt, das ich auch jetzt wiederum benützen will, weil auch Charakteristik und dasjenige, was ich nachher besprechen will, sich ganz gut an diesem Drama besprechen läßt. Aber vorzugsweise auf die Charakteristik ist es PJamerling angekommen, als er seinen «Danton und Robespierre» geschaffen hat.
Nun wird man, um zur totalen Charakteristik zukommen, das heißt, um jeden Charakter bühnenmäßig so in das Drama hineinzustellen, daß in der Auswirkung der Zugehörigkeit durch das ganze Drama hindurch ein Ganzes, ein innerlich gegliedertes Ganzes zustande kommt, vor allen Dingen das Drama auf seine Charaktere hin zu studieren haben. Da folgt eigentlich für die dramatische Darstellung niemals ein Charakter, den man für die Bühne braucht, einzeln heraus aus der Anschauung derPersonen, um die es sich handelt. In diesem Drama haben wir es mit den vier Persönlichkeiten zu tun, das heißt auch mit vielen anderen, aber zunächst mit den vier Persönlichkeiten zu tun, an die ich bei der Charakteristik der Charakteristik - verzeihen Sie das Wort - anknüpfen möchte: Robespierre, Hebert, Chaumette, Danton.
Man müßte, wenn man das ganze Drama studieren wollte, natürlich auch die anderen dramatischen Charaktere hinzunehmen. Zum Studium des Dramas genügt, daß man es soweit bringt, daß man das Drama überschaut, überschaut nach den Charakteren, damit man den einzelnen Charakter so gestalten kann, daß er nicht herausbricht oder nicht vollständig herausfällt unter den anderen Charakteren.
Wenn man dies mit dem Hamerlingschen Drama «Danton und Robespierre» absolviert hat, dann wird man, wenn man dasjenige recht inne hat, was in diesen Stunden hier vorgekommen ist, gewissermaßen von innen heraus ein Licht bekommen, wie man, um sie in der richtigen Weise gegeneinander abzustufen, sagen wir also zunächst diese vier Charaktere zu gestalten hat.
Danton: ä i.
Da haben wir zunächst den Danton. Man wird finden, wenn man das Drama inne hat, daß der Danton sein Innenleben am besten ausspricht, wenn man ihm die Lautempfindungen ä i, ä i zuschreibt. Dabei, durch diese Empfindung, die in ihm sein muß, lebt sich dasjenige aus, was sein joviales Wesen ist; so etwas Breites hat er in seinem Auftreten. Und man wird schon von selbst dazu versucht, wenn man ihn auf der Bühne gehen läßt, dadurch daß man dieses, ich möchte sagen, im innerlichen Griffe hat, ihn auf der Bühne so gehen zu lassen, daß er, wenn er geht, die Knie etwas steif hält und stark auftritt mit den Füßen. Und man wird empfinden, daß man ihn auftreten lassen wird so, daß er seine Armbewegungen macht, als ob er den Arm nicht ganz biegen könnte hier im Gelenke, am Ellbogen, sondern als ob er da ein bißchen steif wäre und einen sehr stumpfen Winkel hätte zwischen dem Oberarm und dem Unterarm. Man wird das Gefühl haben, daß ein solcher Mensch wie der Danton weder ordentlich die große noch die kleine Terz singen könnte.
Wenn man dieses Gefühl hat gegenüber seinem Charakter, dann wird er richtig als Danton unter den anderen dastehen. Und man wird dann für sein Sprechen ganz versucht sein, viel diejenige Mundgeste zu gebrauchen - die den Ton dann erzeugt -, welche die Gewalt der Lippen hineinpreßt in die Gewalt der Mundwinkel. Also mit möglichst breit geschlossenen Lippen und einem Impuls in den Mundwinkeln muß der Danton gesprochen werden.
Das ergibt sich alles sachgemäß aus der Sache selbst heraus, und das muß es. Dann wird man also dazu kommen, wenn der Danton zu sprechen hat, eben einen Danton sprechen zu haben. Ich benütze zu dieser Charakteristik die zweite Szene des Stückes, wo unter das Volk der Danton tritt und zum Volke spricht, eben in Danton-Art.
(DANTON und ROBESPIERRE treten auf. Robespierre in einfacher, aber pedantisch sorgfältiger Frisur und Tracht, Danton in mehr prunkhafter, doch burschikoser Gewandung, eine gewaltige Halsschleife hängt über seine Brust herab.)
VOLK. Es lebe Danton! Es lebe Robespierre!
DANTON. (den Hut lüftend und dem Volke zunickend, jovial)
Guten Morgen, Sansculotten!
Was soll denn das Gedräng'? Was gibt's? Ein Fest?
Mit weissgeputzten Jungfern, schönen Reden
Und Blechmusik? Verdammt! Gibt's wirklich keine
Bastille mehr zu stürmen? Keinen Ausflug
Mehr nach Versailles zu machen? Alle Wetter,
Das waren andre Zeiten! Denkt ihr's noch
Wie's war, als rings um uns zum ersten
Mal Losbrach die Kriegsfurie, und die Ohren
Ihr an den Boden legtet, um zu horchen,
Ob man nicht schon Kanonendonner höre,
Vorboten jener Haufen, die sich wälzten
Her auf Paris—und wie dann wirklich mancher
Zu hören meint‘ein fernes dumpfes Rollen,
Und auffuhr, bis ein Nachbar zu ihm sagte:
Lass gut sein—Danton ist's, der eben donnert
Im Club der Cordeliers!VOLK. (in Enthusiasmus geratend) Es lebe Danton! Ça ira! Ça ira!
Sehen Sie, da haben Sie die breite und doch revolutionäre Art. Ich betone ausdrücklich, daß ich selbstverständlich nur markiere, aber ich will gerade auf das Markierende den Hauptwert legen, damit herauskomme, wie eben die Charakteristik gesucht werden soll.
Sie werden sehen, daß Sie da noch dazu kommen, wenn Sie in dieser Weise charakterisieren wollen, daß ein Danton jedes j und was dem ähnlich ist und jedes l und was dem ähnlich ist, besonders charakteristisch ausspricht. Danton: ä i j l.
Gehen wir dagegen über zu Hebert. Wenn man den Hebert im Stücke erlebt, so merkt man, der ist eigentlich nicht so wie der Danton ein Tatenmensch. Dem Hebert ist auch gar nicht gestattet, jovial zu sein. Man hat das Gefühl, der Danton mit seinem breiten Maul ist auch breit in bezug auf sein Tun, und man wird gut tun - wenn man es hat notabene! -, einen breitschultrigen Schauspieler für den Danton zu wählen und noch durch das Kostüm etwas zu tun, damit er möglichst breit auftritt; dann wird auch das Kostüm im Einklange mit seiner Rede sein. Dagegen beim Hebert wird man das Gefühl haben, er muß mittelgroß sein, er darf nicht allzu dick auftreten, denn er ruft den Eindruck hervor, daß er immer gehen will, aber immer wieder stehen bleibt. Das wird man auch zum Ausdrucke bringen, wenn er über die Bühne geht; er wird immer wiederum versucht sein, stehen zu bleiben, denn er schimpft ja eigentlich nur, tut nicht viel. Das muß man aus‚drücken in seinem Anlaufnehmen zum Gehen und fortwährenden Stehenbleiben.
Man wird finden, daß er sich insbesondere wohl fühlt, wenn er g oder k auszusprechen hat. Das wird der Schauspieler üben, wird achtgeben, wo die g und k stehen und wird den ganzen Hebert so abstimmen, daß er grölt und jühlt, wenn er schimpft = ö ü, daß er sich aber wohl fühlt bei g und k.
Hébert: ö ü g k.
Während Danton sich wohl fühlt bei j und l.
Das Publikum müßte eigentlich herausgehen aus dem Theater und sagen: Donnerwetter, so wie dieser Danton «ja» sagen kann, kann es keiner! Und Hebert, wie der haken kann in seinen Reden mit dem k und g, das ist ganz wunderbar!
Hamerling bereitet die Situation auch gut vor. Es tritt ein Bürger auf, um anzudeuten, daß nun eben die Göttin der Vernunft da ist, das Fest der Göttin der Vernunft gefeiert werden soll.
(Der Festzug erscheint unter den Klängen der Musih. Voraus Henriot zu Pferde. Dann eine Schar weissgekleideter, rosenbekränzter Mädchen, dann folgen die wie Feldzeichen erhöht getragenen Büsten Voltaires und Marats. Unmittelbar vor der Göttin wird eine grosse angezündete Fackel hergetragen. Die GÖTTIN selbst ruht auf einem blumengeschmückten Triumphwagen, angetan mit weisser Tunika, darüber eine wallende Chlamys von himmelblauer Farbe. Auf dem Haupte eine rote phrygische Mütze. Hinter ihr Hebert, Chaumet und andere Mitglieder des Rates der Kommune. Nachdem c/er Zug in der Mitte des Platzes angelangt, macht der Triumphwagen Halt, die Göttin verlässt denselben und wird von Hebert und Chaumette auf das thronartige Gerüst hinaufgeleitet, wo sie Platz nimmt. Die bisher ihr vorgetragene Fackel wird in ihre Hand gegeben. Die Jungfrauen gruppieren sich um den Fuss des Gerüstes. Die Musik verstummt.)
EIN BÜRGER. (im Vordergrund zu seinem Nachbar) Prächtige Gestalt, diese Göttin der Vernunft!
DER NACHBAR. Ja, sie ist ein schönes Weib, die Momoro; nur ihre Zähne sollen schon einigermassen defekt sein.
EIN WEIB. (zu ihrer Nachbarin) Seht einmal, was sie für große funkelnde Ohrringe trägt!
DIE NACHBARIN. Die hat sie von dem reichen deutschen Baron.
HÉBERT. (besteigt die Bühne, doch nicht ganz zu der Höhe, auf welcher die Göttin sitzt) Mitbürger! Die freche Rebellion der exekutiven und der administrativen Gewalten gegen das souveräne Volk, welche in Frankreich wie allenthalben ihr Wesen trieb, ist niedergeworfen. Der von den ersten Beamten des Staates, den Königen, bisher geübte Amtsmissbrauch ist für immer abgestellt. Seit dem Augenblick, da das Haupt Ludwig Capets fiel und der Staub seiner Ahnen in den Prunkgräbern von St. Denys im Staub der Strassen von Paris seinen Bruder begrüsste, ist der Königsbann und Zauber, der auf den Völkern lastete, gebrochen. Wir zogen nach St. Denys, wir öffneten die kostbaren Schreine der verblichenen Despoten von Frankreich: da lagen sie, die einst allmächtigen Abgötter, vor welchen wir das Knie beugten; da lagen sie in ihren Silbersärgen, Staubphantome, nur noch mit den letzten Resten goldgestickter Gewande zusammengehalten. Wenn man mit den Fingern an die Majestäten tippte, rieselte die Totenasche aus den Gold- und Purpurfetzen hervor, wie der Staub aus einem Staubschwamm, den man in der Hand zerdruckt. In ganzen Wolken stäubte sie empor, die Königsasche, und wer da herumging, dem klopfte sein Diener am nächsten Morgen verweste Potentaten mit dem anderen Staube aus den Kleidern. Es gibt keine geborenen Götzen der Menschheit mehr. Die Menschheit wird künftig nur diejenigen ehren, die ihr gedient, nicht diejenigen, die sie beherrscht haben. (Auf die Büsten deutend.) Da seht das Bild Voltaires, des grossen Vorkämpfers der Gedankenfreiheit; da seht das Bild Marats, des echten glühenden Patrioten, der für die Freiheit darbte, siechte, verhöhnt, und zuletzt gemeuchelt wurde—der die Lauen und die Ehrgeizigen zugleich beschämt, die auch jetzt noch das freie Volk zu eigensüchtigen Zwecken zu umgarnen trachten.—Das seien unsere Genien, das seien unsere Götter für die Zukunft! Vor diesen, Volk, entblösse dein Haupt!
Das ist der Hebert. Schauen wir nun den Chaumette an. Wir bekommen, wenn wir das Stück durchstudieren, so das Gefühl, der säuselt im ü, unterdrückte, in Courage verwandelte Fürchtelei. Und er will sich aufrechterhalten gegen diese Fürchtelei mit ö. Wir haben die Stimmung ü ö. Und dabei wird seine Rede wie ein nicht gerade ins Extrem gehendes, aber immerhin so ein bißchen ein Anflug davon, wie ein schlechtes Gebet, in dem immer h und sch vorkommt und in dem sogar immer etwas geblasen wird.
Chaumette: ü ö h sch.
Wir haben ihn dann, den Chaumette, wenn wir ihn so empfinden.
VOLK. Es lebe die Göttin der Vernunft! (Schwenken der Mützen.) Es lebe die Republik!
DANTON. (zu Robespierre abseits) ‘Er ist verzweifelt wild heute, der Vater Duchesne!'
(Beide verlieren sich unter dem Volk.)
CHAUMETFE. (besteigt die Tribüne, nachdem sie HEBERT
verlassen) Republikaner! Wir haben die Tyrannei nicht bloss vom Throne, wir haben sie auch von der Kanzel geworfen. Seitdem zu des grossen Voltaire Zeiten die Mäuse des Unglaubens zum erstenmal den Speck der Kirche benagt, und seit die Naturforschung aufgestanden vom Faulbett des Begriffs der göttlichen Allmacht, auf dem sie geschlafen, ist Frankreich vorwärts gegangen mit Giganten- schritt. Nur fort auf diesem Wege, Brüder! Streuen wir mit der Asche der Könige auch die Asche der Kalenderheiligen aus den Kirchen in alle vier Winde! Und insofern sie von Metall, diese Heiligen, sollen sie gute Patrioten werden und für die Republik ins Feuer gehen: wir schmelzen sie ein! Reissen wir den Kirchtürmen ihre geschwätzigen Glockenzungen aus, und lassen wir sie im Felde als Kanonen brummen; schneiden wir Patronen aus den Messbüchern! Auf die Friedhöfe lasst uns die Inschrift pflanzen: ‘Ewiger Schlaf!’ Opfern wir nicht mehr das beste unserer Habe dem Himmel! Seien wir klug wie die alten Heiden: die brachten den Göttern von den Opfertieren auch nur die Häute und Knochen dar, das Fleisch assen sie selbst. Unsere Göttin sei die Vernunft, die gesunde Vernunft ohne Grübeleien, ohne Wissenskram, ohne aristokratische Gelehrsamkeit. Und als Franzose und Republikaner füg‘ich hinzu: Die Wissenschaft muss nützlich sein, und die Künste müssen einzig dem Patriotismus dienen; sie sollen keine Werkzeuge aristokratischer Verweichlichung sein. Den alt-ehrwürdigen Prachtbau von Notre Dame, der vor uns ragt, weihen wir von heut an zum Tempel der Vernunft! Vorerst aber, zum Zeichen, dass das Licht allen gemein ist (sich zu den Jungfrauen wendend), entzündet die Fackeln und verteilt sic unter das ganze Volk!(Die Jungfrauen ergreifen Fackeln, von welchen ein grosser Haufe am Fusse des Gerüstes aufgeschichtet ist, und entzünden sie an der Fackel der Göttin.)
CLOOTS. (sich mit seiner Schar nähernd) Lasst alle Völker die Fackeln an diesem Licht entfachen, das in Frankreich aufgegangen!
So stellt sich Chaumette dar, indem er nicht nur die Tyrannen vom Throne, sondern auch von der Kanzel herunter haben will. Daher charakterisiert ihn Hamerling so. Und wenn Sie die Sache als Partitur nehmen, ihn sprechen hören wie einen etwas unehrlich gewordenen Priester, so ist das der Ton, den wir festhalten, wenn wir Chaumette sprechen lassen.
Robespierre — Robespierre steht ja doch in einer gewissen Beziehung im Hauptinteresse Hamerlings - ist der Mann, der auf der Bühne erscheinen muß ziemlich groß. Mag er im Leben gewesen sein wie immer, hier im Hamerlingschen Stücke ist er groß gewachsen, hager, alle seine Töne sind etwas nach dem i hin. Er hat einen guten Verschluß in der Mitte des Gaumens, und er ist immer dabei, in etwas phrasenhafter Weise die Welt zu umfassen: i o, i o, das ist dasjenige, was er immer hat.
Dann ist er aber auch der Schulmeister, der Lehrer, der ganz besonders die d und t übt, liebt, meine ich, die d und t = deutend. Aber hier haben wir einen sehr guten Anhaltspunkt, um zu einer adäquaten Charakteristik des Robespierre zu kommen. Denn sehen Sie sich die Stelle an, die gerade maßgebend ist für das Erfassen des Robespierre: das ist im Hause des Tischlers Duplay, wo er zur Miete wohnt. Eine Art Vorgemach, welches die Wohnung und Werkstätte des Mietsherrn von dem Wohngemache Robespierres trennt. Da wohnt Robespierre.
Robespierre: i o d t.
Nun führt ihn uns Hamerling vor, wie er sich in der richtigen i o-Stimmung zunächst selbst bespiegelt. Das müssen wir auffassen, wenn wir schauspielerisch darstellen wollen; wir müssen in dieser Selbstbespiegelung etwas Maßgebendes in seiner Charakteristik sehen. Ihm liegt viel daran, wie die anderen über ihn denken, aber er möchte nicht gerne sich und den anderen das gestehen. Doch hat er wirklich etwas Schulmeisterliches und gibt — ich meine natürlich immer den Robespierre nicht in der Geschichte, sondern den Robespierre im Stücke Hamerlings - der Revolution wirklich eine Farbe von Schulmeisterlichem.
Danton, Billaud Varennes und die anderen wollen die Leute hängen, wenn sie irgend etwas zugunsten der alten Aristokratie oder Königsherrschaft sagen, oder wenn sie nur davon träumen. Aber Robespierre will die Leute auch hängen, wenn sie an eine falsche Stelle unorthographisch ein r oder so etwas schreiben, weil er darinnen schon einen unverzeihlichen Konservativismus findet, der die Menschen nicht in die neueren Zeiten hineinbringt. Namentlich die Schulmeister möchte er hängen, wenn die Kinder bei ihnen nicht an die richtige Stelle die Buchstaben zu setzen vermögen.
Diese zwei Züge klingen zunächst in der Charakteristik Robespierres besonders gut an bei Hamerling. Und wir werden dadurch in die Möglichkeit versetzt, diesen Robespierre zu verstehen, wenn wir ihn gerade mit dem entsprechenden Lautempfinden so auffassen.
ROBESPIERRE. (tritt von einem Fenster zurück) Vorbei die letzten Karren—Hebert flucht—Chaumette macht ein Gesicht wie eine kranke Lerche—der Pöbel, der ihnen vor zwei Wochen zugejauchzt, verhöhnt sie.
(Er nimmt Platz an einem Tischchen, durchblättert Zeitungen und öffnet Briefe. Miene, Haltung und Bewegung drücken eine fast pedantische Gemessenheit, Ruhe und anscheinende Gleichgültigkeit gegen den Inhalt der Zuschriften aus.)
Er nimmt eine Zeitung, wo über ihn drinnen steht:
“Robespierre, du Gewaltiger! Seele der Republik—harr’aus! Geh’ mutig weiter auf deiner Bahn, entgegen dem Ziele, das dir winkt!”
Lächelt wohlgefällig und befriedigt. Andere Zeitung.
“Bürgerrepräsentant Robespierre, ich merke, du strebst nach der Diktatur! Gib sie auf, die volksverräterischen Pläne, oder wisse, dass die Dolche von zweiundzwanzig Brutussen, die sich gegen dein Leben, du Meuchelmörder der Freiheit, verschworen, Tag für Tag über dir gezückt sind —”
Legt ärgerlich die Zeitung weg. Dritte Zeitung.
‘Robespierre, wahrhafter Freund des Volkes, Unbestechlicher, erhalte dich das Schicksal noch lange, lange für das Wohl Frankreichs und der Welt!’
Legt wohlgefällig die Zeitung weg. Andere Zeitung.
‘Du lebst noch, Tiger, befleckt mit dem Blute der edelsten Geschlechter von Frankreich? Henker der Menschheit, du lebst noch? Gib acht! ein Sprössling aus edlem Stamme ist noch übrig und sein geschliffenes Schwert lauert—’
‘Robespierre, du teurer, edler, tugendhafter Mann! vergib einer begeisterten Tochter der Republik, die in Bewunderung für dich erglüht, wenn sie dich anfleht um die Gnade, dich sehen, dich sprechen, ihr republikanisches Herz an deinem Anblick laben zu dürfen!’
‘Du Aas, du Madensack, du Würmerfrass, elender Robespierre, hast du keine Scheu vor Gott dem Herrn, dem Beherrscher Himmels und der Erden? Denn wisse, elender Tyrrann’—Tyrann schreibt der Bursche mit einem doppelten r! Dass doch das Volk nie orthographisch schreiben lernt!‘ Elender Tyrrann, dass du samt deinen Spiessgesellen unser Parris»—wieder ein doppeltes r—ich werde den Schulmeister köpfen lassen, zu welchem der Wicht in die Schule ging—
Da haben wir zunächst die Töne, die man besonders gut studieren muß. Wie gesagt, ich will nur markieren; es ist manches so ein bißchen ins Extrem gezogen, um hineinzukommen in diese ganze Figur des Hamerlingschen Robespierre. Man muß eben hineinkommen in diesen Hamerling, wenn man es darstellen will.
Und sehen Sie, wenn man auf diese Weise hineingekommen ist und man ihn nach den zwei angedeuteten Seiten kennengelernt hat — ich möchte die Dinge so ausdrücken, wie sie in einer Schauspielschule sein können, wie sie da dargestellt sein sollen zur Unterweisung -, wenn man in dieses hineingekommen ist, geht man weiter und weiter und studiert diesen Charakter des Robespierre an der Stelle, wo er aufmerksam darauf gemacht wird, warum er eigentlich nicht Diktator werden wolle, da er doch die Sache will. Er will eigentlich Diktator sein; da frägt ihn sein Freund St. Just, warum er den Namen verschmäht. Da muß sich der Robespierre etwas entpuppen; da kommen die Dinge heraus. Aber man sieht zugleich eine dritte Eigenschaft bei Robespierre hervortreten, die neben allem anderen lebt: man sieht den Dogmatiker, den Rationalisten, den immerzu als Weltenschulmeister Lehrenden und daher auch in eine gewisse Utopie hineinkommenden Weltenschulmeister, eine Theorie vertretend, deren man immer wiederum mit schneidender Schärfe gewahr wird, weshalb er nachher immer das Bestreben hat, sich zu rechtfertigen. — Also der St. Just sagt ihm:
Du verschmähst den Namen - warum nicht auch die Sache?
Robespierre, dem natürlich das recht fatal ist, daß er da in das Zentrum sozusagen seiner Schwächen, die aber seine Größen sind, hingewiesen wird - St. Just bleibt stehen -, Robespierre wird etwas unruhig, geht hin und her. Weil er erst vor der Vernunft sich zu rechtfertigen hat, antwortet er nicht gleich, benützt aber das, um etwas auf und ab zu gehen. Dann klopft er dem St. Just auf die Schulter:
Hör’ mich, St. Just! Das Wort ist mir sonst Werkzeug, Waffe. Dir gegenüber soll es ein vertraulicher Bote meiner Gedanken sein — so weit du sie begreifen magst. Ich bin vielleicht, wie du gesagt, ein heimlicher Schwärmer. Ich liebe die Menschheit, wie Rousseau sie geliebt! Aber was sind mir die einzelnen Menschen? Ich verachte sie. Nimm den Durchschnittsmenschen aus der Masse heraus - sein Wesen ist die bare Unvernunft. Laß ihn in der Masse, an seinem Ort, und er ist Teil eines zwar blinden, aber infalliblen Ganzen. Die Menschheit geht immer den Weg zum Ziel, aber unbewußt, in blindem Drang, wie ein Nachtwandler. Das Schellengeläut der Phrasen, mit welchen sie sich ihren blinden Drang, ihren Weg und ihr Ziel deutlich machen will, hat wenig zu sagen. Die meisten Worte mischen sich in ihren Fortgang ohne Sinn, bloß zur Ermunterung, wie Hundegebell ins Räderrollen. Wahrhaft bewußt gehen den Weg nur wenige Auserwählte. Diese Wenigen sind Regulatoren, Lenker, Förderer, Bahnbrecher - sie haben den großen Zweck vor Augen - und einzig diesen. — - Weißt du, Freund, was eine große Idee ist?
ST. JUST: Ich meine es zu wissen.
ROBESPIERRE: Weißt du, was das Wort Konsequenz sagen will?
ST. JUST: Ich denke.
ROBESPIERRE:!
Das ist mir lieb. - Der einzelne, sein Wohl und Wehe, sein Leben ist mir nichts. Ich lasse ihn unbedenklich für den großen Zweck über die Klinge springen. Bin ich grausam? Mutter Natur macht’s ebenso. Ich wünsche, ich will, daß das Vernünftige sich auf Erden verwirkliche. Das ist mein Prinzip — mein Ideal - davon bin ich begeistert oder besessen, wenn du lieber willst, dämonisch besessen. -— Das Unvermeidliche stört mich, quält mich, wie ein Mißklang im Ohr. Ich kann es nicht ausstehen. Ich will keine Könige, ich will keine Aristokraten, ich will keine Privilegien, ich will keine Priesterherrschaft, ich will keine Säbelherrschaft, ich will auch keine Pöbelherrschaft — nichts von einer Übermacht, die Zufall, Geburt, eigensüchtige Schlauheit oder rohe Gewalt gewährt — denn das ist alles Unvernunft und ein Greuel auf Erden. Ich will keine andere Übermacht als die der Vernunft über den Blödsinn. Wer zu den wahrhaft Bevorzugten gehört, erhält seine Präpotenz über die Menge nur dadurch, daß er dieser Menge gegenüber eine noch größere Menge vertritt: die Menschheit. Ich halte mich für einen von diesen. Ich fühle die Flamme der Menschheit in mir leuchten und brennen - Fiebergluten entzündet sie in mir - sie leuchtet, aber sie verzehrt auch — das Licht fordert Unterwerfung, Gehorsam, — auch von mir - es ist grimmig - es verzehrt mein Menschliches — und dann wundern sich die Kleinen, daß ich ein «Unmensch» bin. Wer die Fackel dieses Lichtes trägt, ist dieses Lichtes Sklave: aber den Kindern der Finsternis und der Dämmerung gegenüber ist er Herr und König. Könige wird es ewig geben; aber Zepter und Kronen und höfischer Mummenschanz und Trabantenscharen, das ist Torheit, das ist schnöde Unvernunft! Der bessere Kopf braucht nur hervorzutreten, um zu herrschen. Darum nichts von Diktatur, Freund, nichts von Diktatur! Nichts von Namen und Titeln und Würden, nichts von Mummenschanz und Trabanten und Liktorenbeilen - dergleichen kompromittiert, diskreditiert nur... Bleiben wir auf republikanisch-gesetzlichem Wege. Wenn Frankreich tut, was ich rate -— was brauch’ ich zu befehlen? — Nichts von Diktatur, Freund, verschone mich damit!
Das ist dann Robespierre.
Wenn wir in dieser Art dann versuchen, die Charakteristik zu üben, kommen wir durch die erste Art, wie wir als Schauspieler die dichterische Partitur benützen, vorwärts.
Das zweite ist, meine lieben Freunde, daß wir dazu kommen, das ganze Stück so zu kolorieren, daß es nun auch im Fortgang der Handlung den Grundton beibehalten kann.
Da möchte ich Ihnen heute zunächst die Anfänge von dem geben, was man in bezug darauf verstehen soll, um morgen damit fortzufahren. Sehen Sie, ich habe Ihnen die Vokale, die im wesentlichsten wie eine Skala in Betracht kommen, aufgezeichnet. Ich möchte sie heute im Kreise schreiben, indem ich in diesem Kreis sieben Etappen mache und der Reihe nach die Vokale so schreibe, daß aber das ganze wiederum in sich zurückkehrt, nicht nebeneinander, sondern im Kreise das ganze wiederum zurückkehrt. (Siehe Schema.) ae70o@ö6ä# = sieben, und das ist eben der achte.
Nun gibt es eine gewisse sehr merkwürdige Eigentümlichkeit. Denken Sie, wir ordnen, indem wir ein Drama studieren, so an. Wir wollen von einer solchen Stimmung im ganzen des Dramas, die von der u-Empfindung hergekommen ist, ausgehen, wollen die Darstellung so gestalten, wie wenn dasjenige, was in der u-Empfindung liegt, oben auf der Bühne als der Gesamtton da wäre. Wir lassen jeden seinen Charakter so markieren, so kolorieren, daß immer ein bißchen u darinnen ist, lassen dann übergehen von dem u zum a, zum e, zum i (siehe Pfeil); lassen also diesen Weg in den Stimmungen machen bis zum i. Dann haben wir das Gefühl, über das i zum o dürfen wir nicht hinausgehen zunächst, sondern wir müssen jetzt wieder zurück; wir müssen die Stimmung entwickeln wiederum zum e hin (siehe Pfeil, Kreis), wodurch wir leise etwas abwehren, aber doch wiederum an uns herankommen lassen und wiederum zum a (siehe Pfeil), bleiben aber vor dem u stehen, lassen höchstens das u etwas antönen.
Wenn wir so das ganze Stück durchgehen, das ganze Stück kolorieren in den Empfindungen, was haben wir denn da? Wir gehen von dem u = Furcht aus; wir gehen weiter, kommen zu dem i. Mit dem i erlebt sich das Mitleid. Wir sind in der Mitte des Dramas. Wir sind genötigt, wieder zurückzugehen in den letzten Akten, kommen, indem wir leise abwehren - das ist zuletzt zum Bewahren desjenigen, was geschieht - zu dem a, was die letzte Stimmung ist.
Damit haben wir aber, wie schon Aristoteles andeutete — nicht im Anklang an diese Laute, aber an sich -, in der Lautempfindung auf der einen Seite gegeben den Gang: Furcht, Mitleid, Bewunderung. Die Furcht im Hingang zum u, Mitleid: i, Rückgangzur Bewunderung im a; im a vor dem u bleiben wir stehen. Die Furcht ist nur ein klein wenig noch anklingend.
Nehmen wir aber an, wir machen den anderen Weg. Wir gehen von einem besonderen i aus, das nicht richtiges tiefes Mitleid ausdrückt, aber doch auch ein Miterleben, vielleicht auf eine leichtere Art: das ist die Neugierde. Gehen wir nun von dem i aus, das wir in einem Drama finden. Wir müssen also von der Neugierde ausgehen: die Neugierde = i-Stimmung. Man ist aus der Exposition neugierig, was da kommen soll. Man ist recht neugierig; man geht über in ä und ö, kommt sogar bis zum ü, das heißt, man kommt in die Bangigkeit hinein (siehe Schema), daß es schief gehen könnte. So ist der Gang des Stückes. Jetzt ist man genötigt, nicht in Furcht hineinzugehen von der Bangigkeit, nur ja nicht vom ü in das u, sonst wird es schlimm. Dazu ist das Stück nicht angetan, man muß wieder zurück. Und man bekommt in demjenigen, wozu man da zurückkommt, eine Stimmung des Befriedigten = ä; man kommt zur Befriedigung zurück.
Und der Kreis der Vokale gibt uns das eine Mal den Gang der Handlung: Furcht - Mitleid -— Bewunderung; das andere Mal: Neugierde - Bangigkeit - Befriedigung.
Wir haben hier das Trauerspiel:
Furcht - Mitleid - Bewunderung.
Wir haben hier das Lustspiel:
Neugierde - Bangigkeit — Befriedigung.
Das sind natürlich Kategorien; sie werden niemals ganz zutreffen. Aber studiert werden kann dasjenige, was man braucht von diesen Dingen, an der Stückgestaltung.
So handelt es sich darum, daß man vorschreitet in der Behandlung der Dichtung als Partitur erstens durch die Charakteristik, zweitens durch das Wesenhafte der Stückgestaltung.
Da werden wir dann morgen anknüpfen.
13. Characteristics and configuration of the play's design
The poet has finished his drama when it is written in words. If the drama is to be staged, he must have in his mind's eye and ear what the stage design will look like. True dramatic poetry is seen by the poet as it must ultimately appear on stage before the audience. Otherwise, the actor cannot seriously engage with the poetry unless the poet has a vision of the stage—one might even call it stage blood. But then, when the poet has finished his poetry, it becomes the score for the actor, so that the stage drama can really be performed on stage. The poetry disappears, so to speak, by becoming a written work, one might say. But as a written work, it is like a musical score. And the actor, just like the performing musician, must recreate the work. In a sense, there is a kind of zero point in the score between the composer and the performing musician. Both must meet each other halfway. But it must also be so for the actor. And the actor will achieve his goal if he is first prepared to do two things. The first is to grasp characters, each actor his own character, of course; but rehearsals can only take place in complete harmony with all partners through the director. Therefore, it is a matter of coordinating the characters, playing them into each other, making the whole drama, also in terms of characterization, into a colorful, character-colored, structured whole. This will happen if one first practices the art of characterization.
But the art of characterization can really be brought out of the elements we have already indicated, and if I proceed again by way of example, it can be done in the following manner.
In the course of these lectures, we have presented a drama to our minds, which I would like to use again now, because characterization and what I want to discuss later can be discussed quite well in relation to this drama. But PJamerling focused primarily on characterization when he created his “Danton and Robespierre.”
Now, in order to arrive at a complete characterization, that is, to place each character in the drama in such a way that the effect of their belonging throughout the entire drama creates a whole, an internally structured whole, one must first and foremost study the drama in terms of its characters. In dramatic representation, a character needed for the stage never emerges individually from the view of the persons involved. In this drama, we are dealing with four personalities, which means we are also dealing with many others, but first and foremost with the four personalities to whom I would like to refer in my characterization of the characterization—if you will pardon the expression: Robespierre, Hébert, Chaumette, and Danton.
If one wanted to study the entire drama, one would of course also have to include the other dramatic characters. To study the drama, it is sufficient to get to the point where one has an overview of the drama, an overview of the characters, so that one can shape the individual characters in such a way that they do not break out or fall completely out of line with the other characters.
Once you have completed this with Hamerling's drama “Danton and Robespierre,” and if you have a good grasp of what has happened in these lessons, you will, in a sense, gain an insight from within on how to shape these four characters in order to differentiate them from one another in the right way.
Danton: ä i.
First we have Danton. If you understand the drama, you will find that Danton best expresses his inner life when you attribute the sound sensations ä i, ä i to him. Through this sensation, which must be within him, his jovial nature comes to life; he has something broad about his demeanor. And one is naturally tempted, when letting him walk on stage, to let him walk in such a way that, when he walks, he he keeps his knees somewhat stiff and steps strongly with his feet. And one will feel that one will let him perform in such a way that he makes his arm movements as if he could not quite bend his arm here at the joint, at the elbow, but as if he were a little stiff there and had a very obtuse angle between his upper arm and forearm. One will have the feeling that a person like Danton could not sing either the major or minor third properly.
If you have this feeling about his character, then he will stand out correctly as Danton among the others. And then you will be tempted to use the mouth gesture that produces the sound, which presses the force of the lips into the force of the corners of the mouth. So Danton must be spoken with the lips closed as wide as possible and an impulse in the corners of the mouth.
All of this follows naturally from the subject matter itself, and that is how it must be. Then, when Danton has to speak, you will end up with Danton speaking. I use the second scene of the play for this characterization, where Danton steps among the people and speaks to them in his own Danton style.
(DANTON and ROBESPIERRE enter. Robespierre in simple but pedantically careful hairstyle and attire, Danton in more ostentatious but boyish garb, a huge bow hanging down over his chest.)
PEOPLE. Long live Danton! Long live Robespierre!
DANTON. (raising his hat and nodding to the people, jovially)
Good morning, sans-culottes!
What's all this crowding? What's going on? A celebration?
With white-clad maidens, fine speeches
and brass bands? Damn it! Is there really no
Bastille left to storm? No more trips
to Versailles? Good heavens,
those were different times! Do you still remember
How it was when all around us for the first
time the fury of war broke out, and you
laid your ears to the ground to listen,
whether you could already hear the thunder of cannons,
harbingers of those masses rolling
toward Paris—and how then many
thought they heard a distant, muffled rumbling,
and jumped up until a neighbor said to them:
“Calm down—it's Danton thundering
in the Cordeliers Club!”PEOPLE. (becoming enthusiastic) Long live Danton! Ça ira! Ça ira!
You see, there you have the broad yet revolutionary style. I emphasize that I am, of course, only marking, but I want to place the main emphasis on the marking so that it becomes clear how the characteristic should be sought.
You will see that you will get there if you want to characterize in this way, that a Danton pronounces every j and what is similar to it, and every l and what is similar to it, in a particularly characteristic way. Danton: ä i j l.
Let's move on to Hebert. When you experience Hebert in the play, you realize that he is not really a man of action like Danton. Hebert is not allowed to be jovial at all. One gets the feeling that Danton, with his big mouth, is also broad in his actions, and it would be a good idea—if one has it, mind you!—to choose a broad-shouldered actor for Danton and to use the costume to make him appear as broad as possible; then the costume will also be in harmony with his speech. In contrast, with Hebert, one will have the feeling that he must be of medium height, he must not appear too fat, because he gives the impression that he always wants to go, but keeps stopping. This will also be expressed when he walks across the stage; he will always be tempted to stop, because he is actually only ranting, not doing much. This must be conveyed by in his attempts to walk and his constant stopping.
You will find that he feels particularly comfortable when he has to pronounce g or k. The actor will practice this, will pay attention to where the g and k are, and will adjust the whole Hébert so that he roars and yells when he rants = ö ü, but feels comfortable with g and k.
Hébert: ö ü g k.
While Danton feels comfortable with j and l.
The audience should actually leave the theater and say: Wow, no one can say “yes” like Danton can! And Hébert, the way he can hook into his speeches with the k and g, it's wonderful!
Hamerling also sets the scene well. A citizen appears to indicate that the goddess of reason is now here and that the festival of the goddess of reason should be celebrated.
(The procession appears to the sounds of music. Henriot leads the way on horseback. Then a group of girls dressed in white and crowned with roses, followed by the busts of Voltaire and Marat, carried aloft like military standards. Immediately in front of the goddess, a large lit torch is carried. The GODDESS herself rests on a flower-decorated triumphal chariot, dressed in a white tunic, over which she wears a flowing sky-blue chlamys. On her head is a red Phrygian cap. Behind her are Hebert, Chaumet, and other members of the Council of the Commune. When the procession reaches the middle of the square, the triumphal chariot stops, the goddess leaves it and is led by Hebert and Chaumette up to the throne-like scaffold, where she takes her seat. The torch that has been carried before her is placed in her hand. The virgins gather around the foot of the scaffold. The music falls silent.
A CITIZEN. (in the foreground to his neighbor) What a magnificent figure, this goddess of reason!
THE NEIGHBOR. Yes, Momoro is a beautiful woman; only her teeth are said to be somewhat defective.
A WOMAN. (to her neighbor) Look at the big sparkling earrings she's wearing!
THE NEIGHBOR. She got them from the rich German baron.
HÉBERT. (climbs onto the stage, but not quite to the height at which the goddess is seated) Fellow citizens! The insolent rebellion of the executive and administrative powers against the sovereign people, which was rampant in France as everywhere else, has been crushed. The abuse of office practiced until now by the highest officials of the state, the kings, has been stopped forever. From the moment Louis Capet's head fell and the dust of his ancestors in the magnificent tombs of St. Denis greeted his brother in the dust of the streets of Paris, the royal ban and spell that weighed on the people has been broken. We went to St. Denis, we opened the precious shrines of the deceased despots of France: there they lay, the once almighty idols before whom we had bent our knees; there they lay in their silver coffins, dust phantoms, held together only by the last remnants of gold-embroidered robes. When one touched the majesties with one's fingers, the ashes of the dead trickled out of the scraps of gold and purple, like dust from a dust sponge crushed in your hand. The royal ashes rose in clouds, and the next morning, the servants of those who had been walking around there knocked the decayed potentates and other dust from their clothes. There are no more born idols of humanity. In future, humanity will honor only those who have served it, not those who have ruled it. (Pointing to the busts. ) There you see the image of Voltaire, the great champion of freedom of thought; there you see the image of Marat, the true ardent patriot who starved, languished, was mocked, and was finally assassinated for freedom—who shames both the lukewarm and the ambitious, who even now seek to ensnare the free people for their own selfish purposes. —These are our geniuses, these are our gods for the future! Before them, people, bare your heads!
That is Hebert. Now let's look at Chaumette. When we study the piece, we get the feeling that he is whispering in ü, suppressed fear transformed into courage. And he wants to stand up against this fear with ö. We have the mood ü ö. And in doing so, his speech becomes like a bad prayer, not exactly extreme, but with a hint of it, in which h and sch always appear and in which something is always being blown.
Chaumette: ü ö h sch.
We then have him, Chaumette, if we feel that way about him.
PEOPLE. Long live the goddess of reason! (Waving their caps.) Long live the Republic!
DANTON. (to Robespierre aside) ‘He is desperately wild today, Father Duchesne!’
(Both disappear among the crowd.)
CHAUMETFE. (climbs onto the platform after leaving HEBERT
) Republicans! We have not only thrown tyranny from the throne, we have also thrown it from the pulpit. Ever since the great Voltaire's time, when the mice of unbelief first gnawed at the fat of the church , and ever since natural science rose from the rotten bed of the concept of divine omnipotence on which it had been sleeping, France has moved forward with giant strides. Let us continue on this path, brothers! Let us scatter the ashes of the kings and also the ashes of the calendar saints from the churches to the four winds! And insofar as they are made of metal, these saints, they shall become good patriots and go into the fire for the republic: we shall melt them down! Let us tear the chattering tongues of the church bells from the steeples and let them rumble in the fields as cannons; let us cut cartridges from the missals! Let us plant the inscription on the cemeteries: 'Eternal sleep! ' Let us no longer sacrifice the best of our possessions to heaven! Let us be wise like the ancient pagans: they offered only the skins and bones of sacrificial animals to the gods, eating the meat themselves. Let our goddess be reason, sound reason without brooding, without knowledge, without aristocratic erudition. And as a Frenchman and a Republican, I add: Science must be useful, and the arts must serve patriotism alone; they must not be tools of aristocratic effeminacy. From this day forward, we consecrate the venerable old building of Notre Dame, which towers above us, as a temple of reason! But first, as a sign that the light belongs to all (turning to the virgins), light the torches and distribute them among the people!(The virgins take torches, a large pile of which is stacked at the foot of the scaffold, and light them from the torch of the goddess. )
CLOOTS. (approaching with his followers) Let all peoples light their torches from this light that has risen in France!
This is how Chaumette presents himself, wanting to see the tyrants not only removed from their thrones, but also from their pulpits. This is how Hamerling characterizes him. And if you take the matter as a score, hear him speak like a priest who has become somewhat dishonest, that is the tone we maintain when we let Chaumette speak.
Robespierre — Robespierre is, after all, of some interest to Hamerling — is the man who must appear on stage quite tall. Whatever he may have been like in life, here in Hamerling's play he is tall, gaunt, and all his tones are somewhat toward the i. He has a good closure in the middle of the palate, and he is always trying to embrace the world in a somewhat phraseological way: i o, i o, that is what he always has.
But then he is also the schoolmaster, the teacher who particularly practices and loves the d and t, I mean, the d and t = deutend. But here we have a very good clue to arrive at an adequate characterization of Robespierre. For look at the place that is decisive for understanding Robespierre: it is in the house of the carpenter Duplay, where he lives as a tenant. A kind of antechamber separates the landlord's apartment and workshop from Robespierre's living quarters. That is where Robespierre lives.
Robespierre: i o d t.
Now Hamerling shows us how he first reflects on himself in the right i o mood. We have to understand this if we want to portray him dramatically; we have to see something decisive in his character in this self-reflection. He cares a lot about what others think of him, but he doesn't want to admit this to himself or to others. Yet he really does have something of a schoolmaster about him and — I am referring, of course, not to Robespierre in history, but to Robespierre in Hamerling's play — he really does give the revolution a schoolmasterly tone.
Danton, Billaud Varennes, and the others want to hang people if they say anything in favor of the old aristocracy or monarchy, or if they even dream of it. But Robespierre also wants to hang people if they write an r or something else incorrectly in the wrong place, because he finds this to be an unforgivable conservatism that prevents people from entering the modern era. He would particularly like to hang schoolmasters if their children are unable to put letters in the right place.These two traits are particularly well reflected in Hamerling's characterization of Robespierre. And this enables us to understand this Robespierre when we perceive him with the appropriate sensitivity to sound.
ROBESPIERRE. (steps back from a window) The last carts have passed—Hebert curses—Chaumette looks like a sick lark—the mob that cheered them two weeks ago now mocks them.
(He sits down at a small table, leafs through newspapers, and opens letters. His expression, posture, and movements express an almost pedantic composure, calmness, and apparent indifference to the contents of the letters.)
He picks up a newspaper that says about him:
“Robespierre, you mighty one! Soul of the republic—persevere! Continue courageously on your path toward the goal that beckons you!”
Smiles complacently and with satisfaction. Another newspaper.
“Citizen Representative Robespierre, I see that you are striving for dictatorship! Give up your treacherous plans, or know that the daggers of twenty-two Brutus, who have conspired against your life, you assassin of freedom, are drawn upon you day after day—”
Angrily puts the newspaper away. Third newspaper.
“Robespierre, true friend of the people, incorruptible, may fate preserve you for a long, long time for the good of France and the world!”
Puts the newspaper away with satisfaction. Another newspaper.
‘You are still alive, tiger, stained with the blood of the noblest families of France? Executioner of humanity, you are still alive? Beware! A scion of noble stock remains, and his sharpened sword lies in wait—’
‘Robespierre, you dear, noble, virtuous man! Forgive an enthusiastic daughter of the Republic who burns with admiration for you as she begs you for the mercy of seeing you, speaking to you, allowing her republican heart to be refreshed by your sight!’
‘You carrion, you maggot-filled sack, you worm-eater, wretched Robespierre, do you have no fear of God the Lord, the ruler of heaven and earth? For know this, wretched tyrant’—the lad writes tyrant with a double r! May the people never learn to spell correctly!' Miserable tyrant, that you and your cronies are our Parris'—again a double r—I will have the schoolmaster beheaded, to whom the little fellow went to school—
First of all, we have the tones, which must be studied particularly carefully. As I said, I only want to highlight; some things are taken a little to the extreme in order to get into the whole character of Hamerling's Robespierre. You have to get into this Hamerling if you want to portray him.
And you see, once you've gotten into it this way and gotten to know him from the two sides I've mentioned — I would like to express things as they might be in a drama school, as they should be portrayed there for instructional purposes — once you have gotten into this, you go on and on and study this character of Robespierre at the point where attention is drawn to why he actually does not want to become a dictator, since he wants the cause. He actually wants to be dictator; then his friend St. Just asks him why he spurns the name. Then Robespierre has to reveal something; then things come out. But at the same time, we see a third characteristic emerge in Robespierre, which lives alongside everything else: one sees the dogmatist, the rationalist, the ever-teaching world schoolmaster and therefore also a world schoolmaster who enters into a certain utopia, representing a theory whose sharpness one always becomes aware of, which is why he always strives to justify himself afterwards. — So St. Just says to him:
You spurn the name—why not the thing itself?
Robespierre, for whom it is of course quite fatal to be pointed to the center, so to speak, of his weaknesses, which are also his strengths—St. Just remains standing—Robespierre becomes somewhat restless, pacing back and forth. Because he first has to justify himself to reason, he does not answer immediately, but uses this to pace up and down a little. Then he pats St. Just on the shoulder:
Hear me, St. Just! Words are usually my tools, my weapons. But to you, they shall be a confidential messenger of my thoughts—as far as you can comprehend them. I may be, as you said, a secret enthusiast. I love humanity as Rousseau loved it! But what are individual human beings to me? I despise them. Take the average person out of the crowd—his nature is pure unreason. Leave him in the crowd, in his place, and he is part of a blind but infallible whole. Humanity always follows the path to its goal, but unconsciously, in blind urge, like a sleepwalker. The ringing of the phrases with which it seeks to make clear its blind urge, its path, and its goal has little to say. Most words mingle in their progress without meaning, merely for encouragement, like dogs barking at the rolling of wheels. Only a select few truly consciously walk the path. These few are regulators, leaders, promoters, pioneers—they have the great purpose in mind—and only this. — - Do you know, my friend, what a great idea is?
ST. JUST: I think I know.
ROBESPIERRE: Do you know what the word consequence means?
ST. JUST: I think so.
ROBESPIERRE:!
That is dear to me. — The individual, his welfare and misfortune, his life means nothing to me. I will gladly sacrifice him for the greater cause. Am I cruel? Mother Nature does the same. I wish, I want, for reason to prevail on earth. That is my principle—my ideal—and I am enthusiastic about it, or possessed by it, if you prefer, demonically possessed. — The inevitable disturbs me, torments me, like a discordant note in my ear. I cannot stand it. I want no kings, I want no aristocrats, I want no privileges, I want no priestly rule, I want no rule by the sword, nor do I want rule by the mob — nothing from a superior power granted by chance, birth, selfish cunning, or brute force — because all of that is irrationality and an abomination on earth. I want no superior power other than that of reason over nonsense. Those who belong to the truly privileged class obtain their preponderance over the masses only by representing an even greater mass in relation to these masses: humanity. I consider myself one of these. I feel the flame of humanity shining and burning within me—feverish heat ignites it in me—it shines, but it also consumes—the light demands submission, obedience—even from me—it is grim—it consumes my humanity—and then the little ones wonder why I am an “inhuman.” He who carries the torch of this light is a slave to this light: but to the children of darkness and twilight, he is lord and king. There will always be kings; but scepters and crowns and courtly masquerades and retinues of courtiers, that is folly, that is despicable unreason! The better head need only step forward to rule. Therefore, nothing of dictatorship, my friend, nothing of dictatorship! Nothing of names and titles and dignities, nothing of masquerades and attendants and lictors' axes—such things only compromise and discredit... Let us remain on the republican-legal path. If France does as I advise—what need have I to command? — No dictatorship, my friend, spare me that!
That is Robespierre, then.
If we try to practice the characteristics in this way, we will make progress through the first way in which we, as actors, use the poetic score.
The second thing, my dear friends, is that we come to color the whole piece in such a way that it can now maintain its basic tone as the action progresses.
Today, I would like to give you the beginnings of what you need to understand in this regard, so that we can continue with it tomorrow. You see, I have written down for you the vowels, which essentially function like a scale. Today I would like to write them in a circle, dividing the circle into seven stages and writing the vowels in sequence so that the whole returns to itself, not side by side, but in a circle. (See diagram.) ae70o@ö6ä# = seven, and that is precisely the eighth.
Now there is a certain very strange peculiarity. Think about it, we arrange it that way when we study a drama. We want to start from such a mood in the whole drama, which has come from the u-feeling, we want to shape the performance as if what lies in the u-feeling were there on stage as the overall tone. We let each character mark and color their role in such a way that there is always a little bit of u in it, then let it transition from u to a, to e, to i (see arrow); in other words, we let the moods follow this path to i. Then we have the feeling that we must not go beyond the i to the o at first, but that we must now go back again; we must develop the mood again towards the e (see arrow, circle), whereby we quietly ward something off, but still let it approach us again and again to the a (see arrow), but stop before the u, allowing the u to sound only slightly.
If we go through the whole piece in this way, coloring the whole piece with feelings, what do we have? We start from the u = fear; we continue and come to the i. With the i, we experience compassion. We are in the middle of the drama. We are compelled to go back to the last acts, coming, by quietly fending off—which is ultimately to preserve what is happening—to the a, which is the final mood.
With this, however, as Aristotle already indicated — not in reference to these sounds, but in themselves — we have, in the perception of sound on the one hand, the progression: fear, pity, admiration. Fear in the transition to u, pity: i, regression to admiration in a; in a before u we pause. Fear is only slightly audible.
But let's assume we take the other path. We start from a special i that does not express real deep compassion, but also a kind of empathy, perhaps in a lighter way: that is curiosity. Let us now start from the i that we find in a drama. So we must start from curiosity: curiosity = i mood. From the exposition, one is curious about what is to come. One is quite curious; one moves on to ä and ö, even reaching ü, which means one enters into anxiety (see diagram) that things could go wrong. This is the course of the play. Now one is compelled not to give in to fear of anxiety, not to go from ü to u, otherwise it will be bad. The play is not suited to that, one must go back. And in what one returns to, one gets a mood of satisfaction = ä; one returns to satisfaction.
And the circle of vowels gives us the course of the action: fear - pity - admiration; the other time: curiosity - anxiety - satisfaction.
Here we have the tragedy:
Fear - pity - admiration.
Here we have the comedy:
Curiosity - Anxiety — Satisfaction.
These are, of course, categories; they will never apply completely. But what one needs from these things can be studied in the structure of the play.
So it is a matter of progressing in the treatment of poetry as a score, first through its characteristics, and second through the essence of the play's structure.
We will continue with this tomorrow.
