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And The Temple Becomes Man
GA 286

12 December 1911, Berlin

Translated by D. S. Osmond

And The Temple Becomes Man I

In the Building that is to be a home for Spiritual Science, full account must be taken of the evolutionary conditions and necessities of mankind as a whole. And unless this demand is fulfilled, the aim of such a Building will not be achieved. In an undertaking like this we have a deep responsibility to the laws of the spiritual life, the spiritual Powers and the conditions of human evolution of which we have a certain knowledge; and above all we must be mindful of the judgment which future times will pass upon us. In the present cycle of human evolution, this responsibility is altogether different from what it was in times gone by.

Great and mighty creations of art and of culture through the ages have many things to tell us. In a beautiful and impressive lecture this morning, [Lecture by Dr. Ernst Wagner: “Works of Art as Records of the Evolution of Humanity.”] you heard how the creations of art and of culture help us to understand the inner constitution and attitude of the human soul in earlier times.

Now there is a certain reason why the responsibility of those who shared in the creation of ancient works of art, was made easier than it is for us to-day. In ancient times, human beings had at their disposal means of help which are no longer available in our epoch. The Gods let their forces stream into the unconscious or subconscious life of the soul; and in a certain sense it is an illusion to believe that in the brains or souls of the men who built the Pyramids of Egypt, the Temples of Greece and other great monuments, human thoughts alone were responsible for the impulses and aims expressed in the forms, the colours and so on. For in those times the Gods themselves were working through the hands, the heads and the hearts of men.

The Fourth Post-Atlantean epoch already lies in the far past and our age is the first period of time in which the Gods put man's own free, spiritual activity to the test. True, the Gods do not refuse their help, but they vouchsafe it only when by the strength of aspiration developed in the soul through a number of incarnations, men make themselves worthy to receive the forces streaming to them from above. What we ourselves have to create is essentially new — in the sense that we must work with forces differing altogether from those in operation in bygone times. We have to create out of the free activity of our own human souls. The hallmark of our age is consciousness — it is the epoch of the Consciousness Soul, the Spiritual Soul. And if the future is to receive from us such works of culture and of art as. we have received from the past, we must create out of full and clear consciousness, free from any influence arising from the subconscious life. That is why we must open our minds and hearts to thoughts which shed light upon the task ahead of us. Only if we know upon what laws and fundamental spiritual impulses our work must be grounded, only if what we do is in line and harmony with the evolutionary forces operating in mankind as a whole — only then will achievement be within our reach ... And now let us turn to certain fundamental ideas which can make our work fruitful — for what we have to create must be basically, and in its very essence, new.

In a certain sense our intention is to build a Temple which is also to be a place of teaching — as were the ancient Temples of the Mysteries. Buildings erected to enshrine what men have held most sacred have always been known as Temples. You have already heard how the life of the human soul in the different epochs came to expression in the temple-buildings. When with insight and warmth of soul we study these buildings, differences are at once apparent. A very striking example is afforded by the forms of temples belonging to the Second Post-Atlantean epoch of culture. Outwardly, at any rate, very little is left of these temples of the ancient Persian epoch, and their original form can only be dimly pictured or reconstructed from the Akasha Chronicle. Something reminiscent of their forms did indeed find its way into the later temples of the third epoch, into Babylonian-Assyrian architecture and above all into the temples of Asia Minor, but only to the extent that the structure of these later buildings was influenced by the conditions obtaining in that region of the Earth.

What was the most striking and significant feature of this early Art of Building?

Documentary records have little information to give on the subject. But if, assuming that investigation of the Akasha Chronicle itself is not possible, we study the buildings of a later epoch, gleaning from them some idea of what the earlier temples in that part of the world may have been, it will dawn upon us that in these very ancient temples, everything depended upon the facade, upon the impression made by the frontage of the temple upon those who approached its portals. A man who made his way through this facade into the interior of the temple, would have felt: “The facade spoke to me in a secret, mysterious language. In the interior of the temple I find everything that was striving to express itself in the façade.” He would have felt this no matter whether he came as a layman or as one who had to some extent been initiated.

If we now turn from these temples — the character of which can only be dimly surmised by those unable to read the Akasha Chronicle — if we now turn to the temples, the pyramids or other sacred monuments of Egypt, we find something altogether different. Sphinxes and symbolic figures of mystery and grandeur stand before us as we approach an ancient Egyptian Temple; even the obelisks are enigmas. The Sphinx and the Pyramids are riddles — so much so that the German philosopher Hegel spoke of this Art as the “Art of the Riddle.” The upward-rising form of the pyramid in which there is scarcely an aperture, seems to enshrine a mystery; from outside at any rate, a façade is indicated only in the form of a riddle presented to us. In the interior, as well as information on manifold secrets contained in the ancient mystery-scripts or what later took their place, we find indications in the innermost sanctuary, of how the hearts and souls of men were led to the God who dwelt in deep concealment within the temple. The building enshrines the most sacred Mystery — the Mystery of the God. The pyramids, too, are shrines around the holiest secret of humanity, namely. Initiation. These buildings shut themselves off from the outer world, together with the Mystery they contain.

Passing now to the temples of Greece, we find that they retain the basic principle of many Egyptian temples in that we have to think of the Greek Temple as the dwelling place of the Divine-Spiritual; but the outer structure itself indicates a further stage. In its wonderful expression of dynamic power, of inner forces weaving in the forms, it is whole and complete, intrinsically perfect — an Infinitude in itself. The Greek God dwells within the temple. In this building, with its columns which in themselves reveal their function as ‘bearers’ capable of supporting what lies upon them, the God is enshrined in something that is whole and perfect in itself; an infinitude is here embodied, within Earth-existence. This is expressed in the whole form and in every detail of the building.

The idea of the temple as an expression of all that is most precious to man, is embodied in the Christian Temple or Church. Such buildings, erected originally over a grave, indeed over the Grave of the Redeemer, culminate in the spire which tapers upwards to the heights. Here we have before us the expression of an altogether new impulse, whereby Christian architecture is distinguished from that of Greece. The Greek Temple is, in itself, one complete, dynamic whole. The Church of Christendom is quite different. I once said that by its very nature, a temple dedicated to Pallas Athene, to Apollo or to Zeus needs no human being near it or inside it; it stands there in its own self-contained, solitary majesty as the dwelling-place of the God. The Greek Temple is an infinitude in itself in that it is the dwelling-place of the God. And it is really the case that the farther away human beings are from the temple itself, the truer is the effect it makes upon us. Paradoxical as it may seem, this is the conception underlying the Greek Temple. The Church of Christendom is quite different. The call of a Christian church goes out to the hearts and minds of the Faithful; and every one of the forms in the space we enter tells us that it is there to receive the community, the thoughts and aspirations of the congregation. There could hardly have been a truer instinct than that which coined the word Dom for the Temple of Christianity, for Dom expresses a gathering-together, a togetherness of human beings. (Dom is akin to tum, as in Volkstum).

We cannot fail to realise that a Gothic building, with its characteristic forms, is trying to express something that is never as separate and complete in itself as a Greek Temple. Every Gothic form seems to reach out beyond its own boundaries, to express the aspirations and searchings of those within the walls; there is everywhere a kind of urge to break through the enclosing walls and mingle with the universe. The Gothic arch arose, of course, from a deep feeling for the dynamic element; but there is something in all Gothic forms which seems to lead out and beyond; they strive as it were to make themselves permeable. One of the reasons why a Gothic building makes its wonderful impression is that the multi-coloured windows provide such a mysterious and yet such a natural link between the interior space and the all-pervading light. Could there be any sight in the world more radiant and glorious than that of the light weaving through the coloured windows of a Gothic cathedral among the tiny specks of dust? Could any enclosed space make a more majestic impression than this — where even the enclosing walls seem to lead out beyond, where the interior space itself reaches out to the mysteries of infinite space?

From this rapid survey of a lengthy period in the development of temple-architecture, we cannot have failed to realise that its progress is based upon underlying law. But for all that, we still confront a kind of Sphinx. What is really at the root of it? Why has it developed in just this way? Can any explanation be given of those remarkable frontages and facades covered with strange figures of winged animals and winged wheels, of the curious pillars and columns to be found in the region of Asia Minor as the last surviving fragments of the first stage of temple-architecture? These frontages tell us something very remarkable ... exactly the same, in reality, as the experience which arises within the temple itself. Can there be any greater enigma than the forms which are to be seen on fragments preserved in modern museums? What principle underlies it all?

There is an explanation, but it can only be found through insight into the thoughts and aims of those who participated in the building of these temples. This, of course, is a matter in which the help of occultism is indispensable. What is a Temple of Asia Minor, in reality? Does its prototype or model exist anywhere in the world?

The following will indicate what this prototype is, and throw light upon the whole subject. Imagine a human being lying on the ground, in the act of raising his body and his countenance upright. He raises his body upwards from the ground in order that it may come within the sphere of the downstreaming spiritual forces and be united with them. This image will give you an inkling of the inspiration from which the architectural forms of the early temples of Asia Minor were born. All the pillars, capitals and remarkable forms of such temples are a symbolic expression of what we may feel at the sight of a human being raising himself upright — with the movements of his hands, his features, the look on his face, and so on. If with the eyes of the Spirit we are able to look behind this countenance into the inner man, into the microcosm that is an image of the macrocosm, we should find, inasmuch as the countenance expresses the inner man, that the countenance and the inner man are related in just the same way as the facade or frontage of a temple of Asia Minor was related to its interior. A human being in the act of raising himself upright — that is what the early temple of Asia Minor expresses, not as a copy, but as the underlying motif and all that this motif suggests. The spiritual picture given by Anthroposophy of the physical nature of man helps us to realise the sense in which such a temple was an expression of the microcosm, of man. Understanding of the aspiring human being, therefore, sheds light on the fundamental character of that early Art of Building. Man as a physical being has his spiritual counterpart in those remarkable temples of which only fragments and debris have survived. This could be pointed out in every detail, down to the winged wheels and the original forms of all such designs. The Temple Is — Man! rings to us across the ages like a clarion call.

And now let us turn to the temples of Egypt and of Greece. Man can be described not only as a physical being, but also as a being of soul. When we approach man on Earth as a being of soul, all that we perceive in his eyes, his countenance, his gestures, is, to begin with, a riddle as great in every respect as that presented by the Egyptian Temple. It is within man that we find the holy of holies — accessible only to those who can find the way from the outer to the inner. And there, in the innermost sanctuary, a human soul is concealed, just as the God and the secrets of the Mysteries were concealed in the Temples and Pyramids of Egypt.

But the soul is not so deeply concealed in man as to be unable to find expression in his whole bearing and appearance. When the soul truly permeates the body, the body can become the outward expression and manifestation of the soul. The human body is then revealed to us as a work of artistic perfection, permeated by soul, an infinitude complete in itself. And now look for something in the visible world that is as whole and perfect in itself as the physical body of man permeated by soul. In respect of dynamic perfection you will find nothing except the Greek Temple which, in its self-contained perfection, is at the same time the dwelling-place and the expression of the God. And in the sense that man, as microcosm, is soul within a body, so is the temple of Egypt and of Greece, in reality, MAN!

The human being raising himself upright — that is the prototype of the oriental temple. The human being standing on the soil of the Earth, concealing a mysterious world within himself but able to let the forces of this inner world stream perpetually through his being, directing his gaze horizontally forward — that is the Greek Temple. Again the annals of world-history tell us: The Temple is — MAN!

We come now to our own epoch. Its origin is to be found in the fruits of the ancient Hebrew culture and of Christianity, of the Mystery of Golgotha, although, to begin with, the new impulse had to find its way through architectural forms handed down from Egypt and from Greece. But the urge is to break through these forms, to break through their boundaries in such a way that they lead out beyond all enclosed space to the weaving life of the universe. The seeds of whatever comes to pass in the future have been laid down in the past. The temple of the future is foreshadowed, mysteriously, in the past. And as I am speaking of something that is a perpetual riddle in the evolution of humanity, I can hardly do otherwise than speak of the riddle itself in rather enigmatical words.

Constant reference is made to Solomon's Temple. We know that this temple was meant to be an expression of the spiritual realities of human evolution. We hear much of this Temple of Solomon. But a question that leads nowhere — and here lies the enigma — is often put to men living on the physical Earth. It is asked: Has anyone actually seen King Solomon's Temple? Is there anyone who ever saw it, in all its truth and glory? Here indeed there is a riddle! Herodotus traveled in Egypt and the region of Asia Minor only a few centuries after the Temple of Solomon must already have been in existence. From the descriptions of his travels — and they mention matters of far less importance — we know that he must have passed within a few miles of Solomon's Temple, but he did not set eyes upon it. People had not seen this temple! The enigma of it all is that here I have to speak of something that certainly existed — and yet had not been seen. But so it is ... In Nature, too, there is something that may be present and yet not be seen. The comparison is not perfect, however, and to press it any further would lead wide of the mark. Plants are contained within their seeds, but human eyes do not see the plants within the seeds. This comparison, as I say, must not be pressed any further; for anyone who attempted to base an explanation of Solomon's Temple upon it would be speaking quite falsely. In the way I have expressed it, however, the comparison is correct — the comparison between the seed of a plant and the Temple of Solomon.

What is the aim of Solomon's Temple? Its aim is the same as that of the Temple of the Future. The physical human being can be described by Anthroposophy; the human being as the temple of the soul can be described by Psychosophy; and as Spirit, the human being can be described by Pneumatosophy. Can we not then picture man spiritually in the following way: — We envisage a human being lying on the ground and raising himself upright; then we picture him standing before us as a self-contained whole, a self-grounded, independent infinitude, with eyes gazing straight forward; and then we picture a man whose gaze is directed to the heights, who raises his soul to the Spirit and receives the Spirit! To say that the Spirit is spiritual is tautology, but for all that it underlines what is here meant, namely, that the Spirit is the super-sensible reality. Art, however, can work only in the realm of sense, can create forms only in the world of sense. In other words: The spirit that is received into the soul must be able to pour into form. Just as the human being raising himself upright and then the human being consolidated in himself were the prototypes of the ancient temples, so the prototype of the temple of the future must be the human soul into which the Spirit has been received. The mission of our age is to initiate an Art of Building which shall be able to speak with all clarity to the men of future times: The Temple is — Man — the Man who receives the Spirit into his soul! But this Art of Building will differ from all its predecessors. We now come back to what was said at the beginning of the lecture.

With our physical eyes we can actually see a man who is in the act of raising himself upright. But man as a being pervaded by soul must be inwardly felt, inwardly perceived. And this was indeed the case — as you heard this morning when the lecturer so graphically said that the sight of a Greek Temple “makes us feel the very marrow of our bones.” Truly, the Greek Temple lives in us because we are that Temple, in so far as we are each of us a microcosm permeated by soul. The quickening of the soul by the Spirit is an invisible, super-sensible fact ... and yet it must become perceptible in the world of sense if it is to be expressed in Art. No epoch except our own and the epochs to come could give birth to this form of Art. It is for us to make the beginning, although it can be no more than a beginning, an attempt ... rather like the temple which having been once whole and perfect in itself, strove in the Church of Christendom to break through its own walls and make connection with the weaving life of the universe.

What have we to build?

We have to build something that will be the completion of this striving. With the powers that Spiritual Science can awaken in us, we must try to create an interior which in the effects produced by its colours, forms and other features, is a place set apart — and yet, at the same time, is not shut off, inasmuch as wherever we look a challenge seems to come to our eyes and our hearts to penetrate through the walls, so that in the seclusion as it were of a sanctuary, we are at the same time one with the weaving life of the Divine. The temple that belongs truly to the future will have walls — and yet no walls; its interior will have renounced every trace of egoism that may be associated with an enclosed space, and all its colours and forms will give expression to a selfless striving to receive the inpouring forces of the universe.

At the opening of our building in Stuttgart 1See the lecture: “Die okkulte Gesichtspunkte des Stuttgarter Baues.” Stuttgart, October, 1911. I tried to indicate what can be achieved in this direction by colours, to what extent colours can be the link with the Spirits of the surrounding world, with the all-pervading spiritual atmosphere. And now let us ask: Where does the super-sensible being of man become externally manifest? When does an indication reach us of the super-sensible reality within physical man? Only when man speaks, when his inner life of soul pours into the word; when the word is the embodiment of wisdom and prayer which — without any element of sentimentality — enshrines world-mysteries and entrusts them to man's keeping. The word that becomes flesh within the human being is the Spirit, the spirituality which is expressing itself in the physical human being. And we shall either create the building we ought to create ... or we shall fail, in which case the task will have to be left to those who come after us. But we shall succeed if, for the first time, we give the interior the most perfect form that is possible to-day — quite apart from the outside appearance of the building. The exterior may or may not be prosaic ... that does not fundamentally matter. The outside appearance is there for the secular world — with which the interior is not concerned. It is the interior that is of importance. And what will this interior be?

At every turn our eyes will light upon something that seems to say to us: This interior, with its language of colours and forms, in its whole living reality, is an expression of the deepest spirituality that man can entrust to the sphere of his bodily nature. The mystery of Man as revealed to wisdom and to prayer, and the forms which surround the space, will be one in such a building. And the words sent forth into this space will set their own range and boundaries, so that as they strike upon the walls they will find something to which they are so attuned that what has issued from the human being will resound back into the interior. The dynamic power of the word will go forth from the centre to the periphery and the interior space itself will then re-echo the proclamation and message of the Spirit. This interior will set and maintain its own boundaries and at the same time open itself freely to the spiritual infinitudes.

Such a building could not have existed hitherto, for Spiritual Science alone is capable of creating it. And if Spiritual Science does not do this in our day, future epochs will demand it of us. Just as the Temple of Western Asia, the Temple of Egypt, the Temple of Greece, the Church or Cathedral of Christendom have arisen in the course of the evolution of humanity, so must the place of the Mysteries of Spiritual Science — secluded from the material affairs of the world and open to the spiritual world — be born from the Spirit of man as the work of art of the future.

Nothing that is already in existence can prefigure the ideal structure that ought, one day, to stand before us. Everything, in a certain sense, must be absolutely and in essence new. Naturally, it will arise in a form as yet imperfect, but at least it will be a beginning, leading to higher and higher stages of perfection in the same domain.

How can men of the modern age become mature enough to understand the nature of such a building?

No true art can arise unless it is born from the whole Spirit of an epoch in human evolution. During the second year of my studies at the Technical High School in Vienna, Ferstel, the architect of the Votivkirche there, said something in his Presidential Address which often comes back to me. On the one side his words seemed to me at the time to strike a discordant note, but on the other, to be absolutely characteristic of the times. Ferstel made the strange statement: “Styles of architecture cannot just be found, cannot be invented.” To these words there should really be added: “Styles of architecture are born from the intrinsic character of the peoples.” Up to now, our age has shown no aptitude, as did the men of old, for finding styles of architecture and of building and then placing them before the world. Styles of architecture are “found,” but in the real sense only when they are born from the spirit of an epoch. How can we to-day reach some understanding of the Spirit of our age by which alone the true architecture of the future can be found? ... I shall try now to approach the subject from quite a different angle and point of view.

During the course of our work, I have come across artists in many different domains who feel a kind of fear, a kind of dread of spiritual knowledge, because Spiritual Science tries to open up a certain understanding of works of art and the impulses out of which they were created. It is quite true that efforts are made to interpret sagas, legends, and works of art, too, in the light of Spiritual Science, to explain the impulses underlying them. But so often it happens — and it is very understandable — that an artist recoils from such interpretations because, especially when he is really creative, he feels: ‘When I try to formulate in concepts or ideas something that I feel to be a living work of art, or at least a fertile intuition, I lose all power of originality, I lose everything I want to express — the content as well as the form.’ ... I assure you that little has been said to me through the course of the years with which I have greater sympathy. For if one is at all sensitive to these things, it is only too easy to understand the repulsion that an artist must feel when he finds one of his own works or a work he loves, being analysed and ‘explained.’ That a work of art should be taken in hand by the intellect is a really dreadful thought for the artist who is present, somewhere, in all of us. We seem to be aware of an almost deathlike smell when we have an edition of Goethe's Faust before us ... and there, at the bottom of the pages are the analytical notes of some scholar who may even be writing them as a philosopher, not merely as a philologist! How ought we to regard these things? I will try to make the point clear to you, very briefly, by means of an example.

I have before me the latest edition of the legend of “The Seven Wise Masters,” published this year by Diederichs. It is an old legend of which many different versions exist. Fragments of it are to be found practically all over Europe. It is a remarkable story, beautiful and artistically composed. I am, of course, speaking here of the art of epic poetry, but the same kind of treatment might also be applied to architectural art. I cannot take you through all that is contained, sometimes in rather unpolished phraseology, in this legend of the Seven Wise Masters, but I will give you a skeleton outline of it.

A series of episodes graphically narrated in connection with one main theme, have the following superscription: “Here begins the Book which tells of Pontianus the Emperor, his wife the Empress and his son, the young Prince Diocletian, how the Emperor desired to hang his son on the gallows, and how he is saved by words spoken each day by Seven Wise Masters.”

An Emperor has a wife and by her a son, Diocletian. She dies, and the Emperor takes a second wife. His son Diocletian is his lawful heir; by the second wife he has no son. The time comes for the education of Diocletian. It is announced that this will be entrusted to the most eminent and wisest men in the land, and Seven Wise Masters then come forward to undertake it. The Emperor's second wife longs to have a son of her own in order that her stepson may not succeed his father; but her wish is not fulfilled and she then proceeds to poison the mind of the Emperor against his son; finally she resolves to get rid of the son at all costs. For seven years Diocletian receives instruction from the Seven Wise Masters, amassing a wide range of knowledge — sevenfold knowledge. But in a certain respect he has outgrown the wisdom that the Seven Wise Masters had been able to impart to him. He has, for instance, himself discovered a certain star in the heavens and it is thereby intimated to him that when he returns to his father, he must remain dumb for seven consecutive days, must utter no single word and appear to be a simpleton. But knowing too, that the Empress is intent upon his death, he asks the Seven Wise Masters to save him. And now the following happens, seven times in succession, The son comes home, but the Empress tells the Emperor a story with the object of persuading him to let his son be hanged. The Emperor gives his assent, for the story has convinced and deeply moved him. The son is led out to the gallows in the presence of the Emperor and on the way they come upon the first of the Seven Wise Masters. When the Emperor holds him responsible for his son's stupidity, he — the first of the Masters — asks leave to tell the Emperor a story, and receives permission. “Very well,” says the Wise Man, “but first you must allow your son to come home, for it is my wish that he shall listen to us before he is hanged.” The Emperor acquiesces and when they have returned to their home, the first of the Seven Wise Masters tells his story. This story makes, such an impression upon the Emperor that he allows his son to go free. But the next day the Empress tells the Emperor another story, and again the son is condemned to death. As he is being led to the gallows, the second of the Seven Wise Masters comes forward, begging leave to tell the Emperor a story before the hanging takes place. Again the upshot is that Diocletian still lives. The same happenings repeat themselves seven times over, until the eighth day has come and Diocletian is able to speak. This is the story of how the Emperor's son comes to be saved.

The whole tale and its climax are graphically told. And now, think of it: We take the book and absorb ourselves in it; the graphic, if at times rather crude pictures, cannot fail to delight us; we are carried away by a really masterly portrayal of souls. But such a story immediately makes people call out for an ‘explanation.’ Would it always have been so? No indeed! It is only so in our own age, the Fifth Post-Atlantean epoch, when the intellect predominates everything. In the days when this story was actually written, nobody would have been asked to ‘explain’ it. But the verdict nowadays is that explanation is necessary ... and so one makes up one's mind to give it. And after all, it is not difficult. The Emperor's first wife has given him a son who is destined to receive teaching from Seven Wise Masters and whose soul has descended from times when men were still endowed with natural powers of clairvoyance. The soul has lost this clairvoyance but the human ‘I’ has remained — and can be instructed by the Seven Wise Masters, who are presented to us in many different forms. As I once said, we have essentially the same theme in the seven daughters of Jethro, the priest of Midian, who came to Moses by the well belonging to their father; he, eventually, became the father-in-law of Moses. In the Middle Ages, too, there are the seven Liberal Arts. The second wife of the Emperor who has no consciousness of the Divine, represents the human soul as it is to-day, when it has lost consciousness of the Divine and is therefore also unable to ‘have a son.’ Diocletian, the son, is instructed in secret by the Seven Wise Masters and must finally be freed by means of the powers he has acquired from these Seven. And so we could continue, giving an absolutely correct interpretation which would certainly be useful to our contemporaries. But what of our artistic sense? I do not know whether what I now have to say will find an echo or not! When we read and absorb such a book and then try to be clever, explaining it quite correctly, in the way demanded by the modern age, we cannot help feeling that we have wronged it, fundamentally wronged it. There is no getting away from the fact that a skeleton of abstract concepts has been substituted for the work of art in all its living reality — whether the explanation is true or false, illuminating or the reverse.

The greatest work of art of all is the world itself — Macrocosm or Microcosm! In olden times the secrets of the world were expressed in pictures, or symbols. We, in our day, bring the intellect, and Spiritual Science too, to bear upon the ancient wisdom which has been the seed of the culture of the Fifth Post-Atlantean epoch. We do this in order to ‘explain’ the secrets of the world. In comparison with the living reality this is just as abstract and barren as a commentary in comparison with the work of art itself. Although Spiritual Science is necessary, although the times demand it, nevertheless in a certain respect we must feel it to be a skeleton in comparison with the living realities of existence. It is indeed so. When Theosophy keeps only our intellects busy, when with our intellects we draw up tables and coin all kinds of technical expressions, Theosophy is nothing but a skeleton — above all when it is speaking of the living human being. It begins to be a little more bearable when we are able to picture, for instance, the conditions of existence on Saturn, Sun and Moon, the earlier epochs of Earth-evolution or the work of the several Hierarchies. But to say that the human being consists of physical body, ether-body, astral body and Ego — or Manas and Kama-Manas ... this is really dreadful, and it is even more dreadful to have charts and tables of these things. Thinking of the human being in all his majesty, I can scarcely imagine anything more horrible than to be surrounded in a great hall by a number of living people and to have on the blackboard beside one a chart of the seven principles of man! But so, alas, it must be ... and there is no getting away from it. It is not, perhaps, actually necessary to inflict these things upon our eyes — they are anything but pleasing to look at — but we must have them before the eyes of the soul! That is part of the mission of our age. And whatever may be said against these things from the point of view of art, they are, after all, part and parcel of the times in which we live.

But how can we get beyond this? In a certain respect we have to be arid and prosaic Theosophists; we have to strip the world bare of its secrets and drag glorious works of art into the desert of abstract concepts, reiterating all the time that we are “Theosophists!” How can we get out of this dilemma?

There is only one way. We must feel that Theosophy is for us a Cross and a Sacrifice, that in a sense it takes away from us practically all the living substance of world-secrets in the possession of mankind hitherto. And no degree of intensity is too great for words in which I want to bring home to you that for everything that truly lives, in the course of the evolution of mankind and of the Divine World too, Theosophy must, to begin with, be a field of corpses.

But if we realise that pain and suffering are inseparable from Theosophy, in that it brings knowledge of what is greatest and most sublime in the world, if we feel that we have in us one of the divine impulses of its mission — then Theosophy is a corpse which rises out of the grave and celebrates its resurrection. Nobody will rejoice to find the world being stripped of its mysteries; but on the other hand nobody will feel and know the creative power inherent in the mysteries of the world as truly as those who realise that the source of their own creative power flows from Christ, Who having carried the Cross to the ‘Place of Skulls,’ passed through death. This is the Cross in the sphere of knowledge which Theosophy carries in order to experience death and then, from within the grave, to see a new world of life arising. A man who quickens and transforms his very soul — in a way that the intellect can never do — a man who suffers a kind of death in Theosophy, will feel in his own life a source of those impulses in Art which can turn into reality what I have outlined before you to-day.

True spiritual perception is part and parcel of the aim before us — and we believe that the Johannesbau-Verein will help to make this aim understood in the world. I hardly think any other words are needed in order to bring home to you that this Building can be for Anthroposophists one of those things which the heart feels to be a vital necessity in the stream of world-events. For when it comes to the question of whether Anthroposophy will find a wider response in the world to-day, so much more depends upon deed than upon any answer expressed in words or thoughts; very much depends, too, upon everyone contributing, as far as he can, to the aim which has found such splendid understanding on the part of the Johannesbau-Verein and may thus be able to take its real place in the evolution of mankind.

1. Der Ursprung der Architektur aus dem Seelischen des Menschen und Ihr Zusammenhang nit dem Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung

Meine lieben Freunde! Der Johannesbau, insofern er umschließen soll die Wirkungsstätte unserer Geisteswissenschaft, soll etwas sein, was mit den Entwickelungsbedingungen der gesamten Menschheit rechnet. Und er wird entweder dieses sein, oder wird nicht dasjenige sein, was er eigentlich sein sollte. Bei einer solchen Angelegenheit hat man eine Verantwortung gegenüber alledem, was als geistige Gesetze, als geistige Mächte, als geistige Entwickelungsbedingungen der Menschheit uns bekannt ist und zu unserer Seele sprechen kann. Vor allen Dingen hat man auch eine Verantwortung gegenüber dem Urteil der zukünftigen Menschheit. Ein solches Verantwortlichkeitsgefühl ist in unserer Zeit, in dem gegenwärtigen Menschheitszyklus noch etwas ganz anderes als es ein ähnliches Verantwortungsgefühl in den verflossenen Zeitaltern war.

Große, mächtige Kunst- und Kulturdenkmäler sprechen zu uns in der mannigfaltigsten Weise herüber aus dem Laufe der Zeit. Wie Kunst- und Kulturdenkmäler aus dem Laufe der Zeiten uns die inneren Verhältnisse der Menschenseelen in jenen Zeiten künden, darüber haben Sie eine schöne, bedeutungsvolle Betrachtung gerade heute morgen von dieser Stelle aus gehört. Wenn wir in unserem Sinne über etwas sprechen sollen, was all den Menschen, die an jenen Kultur- und Kunstdenkmälern beteiligt waren, ihr Verantwortlichkeitsgefühl in einer gewissen Weise leichter machte, als es uns gemacht wird, wenn wir in unserer Sprache darüber sprechen wollen, dann müssen wir sagen: Diese Menschen der Vorzeit hatten noch andere Hilfen als unser Zeitenzyklus sie hat; ihnen halfen die Götter, die, diesen Menschen unbewußt, in deren Unter- oder Unbewußtsein ihre eigenen Kräfte einströmen ließen. Und in einer gewissen Weise ist es Maja, wenn man glaubt, daß in den Denkapparaten oder in den Seelen derjenigen, welche die ägyptischen Pyramiden, die griechischen Tempel und andere Kunstwerke gebaut haben, allein diejenigen Gedankenformen, Impulse und Intentionen wirksam waren für dasjenige, was uns entgegentritt, was im Laufe der Zeit den Menschen entgegentrat in den Formen, den Farben und so weiter, denn Götter wirkten mit durch die Hände, durch die Hirne, durch die Herzen der Menschen. Unsere Zeit ist, nachdem die vierte nachatlantische Kulturperiode vorübergegangen ist, der erste Zeitenzyklus, in welchem die Götter die Menschen auf ihre Freiheit hin prüfen, in welchem die Götter zwar ihre Hilfe nicht versagen, aber den Menschen nur dann entgegenkommen, wenn diese Menschen in eigenem freien Aufstreben aus ihrer individuellen Seele heraus, die sie nun erhalten haben durch genügend viele Inkarnationen, dasjenige aufnehmen, was von oben herunterströmt. Etwas Neues haben wir auch zu schaffen in dem Sinne, daß wir in ganz anderem Stile noch als es in den verflossenen Zeiten der Fall war, in freier Selbsttätigkeit aus den menschlichen Seelen heraus schaffen müssen. Bewußtsein, das geboren ist mit der Bewußtseinsseele, welche das Charakteristikon unseres Zeitenzyklus ist, das ist die Signatur unserer Zeit. Und mit Bewußtsein, mit voll durchleuchtetem Bewußtsein, in welches nichts aufgenommen werden kann aus dem bloß Unterbewußten herauf, müssen wir schaffen, wenn die Zukunft von uns ähnliche Kulturdokumente erhalten soll, wie wir sie von der Vergangenheit erhalten haben. Daher geziemt es uns wohl, heute den Versuch zu machen, unser Bewußtsein anzuregen mit denjenigen Gedanken, die uns Licht bringen sollen über das, was wir zu tun haben. Und wir können nur etwas tun, wenn wir wissen, aus welchen Gesetzen, aus welchen spirituellen Grundimpulsen heraus wir handeln sollen. Das aber kann sich auf keinem anderen Wege ergeben, als wenn wir im Einklang arbeiten mit der gesamten Evolution der Menschheit.

Versuchen wir jetzt einmal, wenigstens ganz skizzenhaft, einige der Hauptgedanken vor unsere Seele hinzurücken, die uns befruchten können in bezug auf das, was wir mit diesem neuartigen, nicht bloß neuen Werke schaffen sollen.

In gewisser Beziehung sollen wir ja einen Tempel bauen, der zugleich, etwa wie dies die alten Mysterientempel waren, eine Lehrstätte ist. «Tempel» benennen wir immer im Laufe der Entwikkelungsgeschichte der Menschheit alle die Kunstwerke, die dasjenige umschlossen, was den Menschen das Heiligste war. Und Sie haben ja heute morgen schon gehört, in welcher Art die verschiedenen Zeiten im Tempel das Seelische zum Ausdruck brachten. Wenn man mit dem von der Seele durchwärmten Auge tiefer eingeht auf das, was man vom Tempelgebäude, vom Tempelkunstwerke kennen kann, so stellt sich denn doch eine große Verschiedenheit dar in den einzelnen Tempelkunstwerken. Und ich möchte sagen: Besonders groß ist der Unterschied zu jenen Tempelkunstwerken, von denen allerdings äußerlich nur mehr wenig vorhanden ist, und die wir in ihrer Grundform, in ihrer ältesten Form, eigentlich nur entweder ahnen oder aus der Akasha-Chronik uns rekonstruieren können; jene Tempelformen, die wir als die der zweiten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode, herübergehend dann in die dritte, etwa bezeichnen können als die urpersischen Tempel, von denen etwas übergeflossen ist in die späteren Tempel... [Lücke in der Nachschrift] nur insofern sie von jener Gegend der Erde in ihrer Konfiguration beeinflußt sind. Übergegangen ist etwas von ihnen in die babylonisch-assyrische, überhaupt in die vorderasiatische Tempelkunst.

Was war das Bedeutsamste jener Baukunst?

Äußere Dokumente sprechen, wie gesagt, nicht gerade viel von dieser Baukunst. Aber selbst wenn man nicht eingehen kann auf die Dokumente der Akasha-Chronik, sondern auf sich wirken läßt, was aus einer späteren Zeit erhalten ist, und hinweist darauf, wie Tempelbauten in einer so frühen Zeit in dem Gebiete, von dem gesprochen worden ist, ausgesehen haben können, so muß man sich sagen: Bei diesen Tempeln kam ungeheuer viel - ja, wohl alles - auf die Fassade an, auf die Art und Weise, wie einem der Tempel sich präsentierte, wenn man zum Eingange hin sich ihm nahte. Und würde man durch eine solche Fassade in das Innere des Tempels geschritten sein, so würde man in dem Tempel - je nachdem, ob man zu den mehr oder weniger profanen oder mehr oder weniger eingeweihten Persönlichkeiten gehört hätte - aber auf jeden Fall die Empfindung gehabt haben: Da sagt mir die Fassade etwas, was wie in einer geheimnisvollen Sprache gesprochen ist, und drinnen finde ich dasjenige, was sich ausdrücken wollte in der Fassade.

Und wenden wir den Blick von diesen für die nicht-akashachronikmäßige Forschung nur zu ahnenden Tempelbauten hinüber nach gewissen ägyptischen Tempeln oder anderen ägyptischen sakralen Bauten, wie den Pyramiden, so finden wir allerdings einen anderen Charakter. Wir nähern uns einem ägyptischen Tempelbau - und uns treten, geheimnisvoll grandios, Symbole, Kunstgebilde entgegen, die wir erst enträtseln müssen. Sphinxe, selbst die Obelisken, wir müssen sie erst enträtseln. Vor allen Dingen steht das Rätselhafte, dem wir uns in der Sphinx und in der Pyramide nähern, so vor uns, daß ein deutscher Denker, Hegel, diese Kunst geradezu die Kunst des «Rätsels»> genannt hat.

In der eigentümlichen pyramidal ansteigenden Form, ohne viele äußere Fensteröffnungen, umschließt sich uns etwas, was schon durch seine ganze Umschließung sich ankündigt als ein Geheimnisvolles, das von außen, jedenfalls zunächst durch die Fassade, nicht anders verraten wird als dadurch, daß uns zunächst ein Rätsel aufgegeben wird. Und wir treten ein und finden, neben den geheimnisvollen Mitteilungen über allerlei Mysterien, geschrieben in der alten Mysterienschrift oder ihrer Nachfolgerin, im Allerheiligsten das, was des Menschen Herz und des Menschen Seele hinführen soll zu dem in tiefster Verborgenheit auch innerhalb des Tempels wohnenden Gott. Wir finden den Tempelbau als Umschließung des heiligsten Geheimnisses der Gottheit und wir finden auf der anderen Seite den Pyramidenbau selbst als Umschließung des heiligsten Geheimnisses der Menschheit: der Initiation, der Einweihung, als etwas, was sich von der Außenwelt abschließt, weil es sich abschließen soll in seinem inneren, geheimnisvollen Gehalte.

Wenden wir von diesem ägyptischen Tempel den Blick hinüber nach der griechischen Tempelkunst, so finden wir dort allerdings festgehalten den Grundgedanken vieler ägyptischer Tempel, indem wir diese griechischen Tempel aufzufassen haben als die Wohnung des Göttlich-Geistigen, aber wir finden zugleich den äußeren Tempelbau selber in der Weise fortgeschritten, daß er in einer wunderbaren Dynamik - nicht etwa bloß der Form, sondern der in den Formen lebenden inneren Kräfte - ein in sich Selbständiges ist, wie in einer inneren Unendlichkeit, wie in einer inneren Vollendetheit. Da wohnt der griechische Gott in einem Tempelkunstwerk. In diesem Tempelkunstwerk - angefangen von den tragenden Säulen, die in jeder Weise in ihrer Dynamik sich als Träger erweisen und gerade so sind, daß sie das, was auf ihnen liegt, tragen können, ja tragen müssen - finden wir den Gott eingeschlossen in einem in sich Vollendetem; in einem, das innerhalb des Erdenseins ein in sich Unendliches darstellt, angefangen von dem Gröbsten bis in das Einzelnste hinein.

Und wir finden den Gedanken «des Menschen Teuerstes ausgedrückt im Tempelbau» festgehalten, wenn wir herankommen an den christlichen Tempelbau, der zunächst über einem Grabe oder auch über dem Grabe des Erlösers erbaut ist, der sich dann angliedert dem in die Höhe strebenden Turm und so weiter. Aber hier tritt uns ein merkwürdiges neues Moment entgegen, ein Moment, das im Grunde genommen die spätere Tempelkunst, die christliche Tempelkunst, ganz und gar unterscheidet von der griechischen. Der griechische Tempel ist gerade dadurch ein so Charakteristisches, daß er eben ein in sich Abgeschlossenes ist, ein in sich dynamisch Vollendetes. Das ist keine christliche Kirche. Ich habe einmal den Ausdruck gebraucht: ein Tempel der Pallas Athene oder des Apollon oder ein Zeus-Tempel braucht keine Menschenseele in seiner Nähe oder in seinem Innern, denn er ist zunächst gar nicht dazu veranlagt, daß ein Mensch in seiner Nähe oder in seinem Innern sein soll; sondern er soll dastehen in seiner grandios einsamen Unendlichkeit, bloß zeigend die Wohnung des Gottes. Der Gott wohnt in ihm, und dieses Wohnen des Gottes in ihm bildet seine in sich abgeschlossene Unendlichkeit. Und je weiter, möchte man sagen, die Menschen im Umkreise entfernt sind von einem griechischen Tempel, desto echter wirkt ein griechischer Tempel. Lassen Sie mich das Paradoxon aussprechen, denn so ist der griechische Tempel gedacht, und das ist nicht der Fall bei einer christlichen Kirche: Die christliche Kirche fordert den Gläubigen mit seinen Empfindungs- und Gedankenformen; und was wir betreten als Raum, es sagt uns, wenn wir es näher studieren, in jeder dieser einzelnen Formen, daß es aufnehmen will die Gemeinde und die Gedanken und die Empfindungen und die Gefühle der Gemeinde. Und man hätte wohl kaum einen glücklicheren Instinkt entfalten können, als für den christlichen Tempel später das Wort «Dom» zu prägen, in welchem sich ausdrückt das Zusammendringen von Menschen, die «Beisammenheib» von Menschen, um das sonderbare Wort zu gebrauchen. «Dom» ist innig verwandt mit «tum», wie es sich etwa im Wort «Volkstum» als Nachsilbe zum Ausdruck bringt.

Und wenn wir den Blick weiter wenden, zur Gotik hin, wie könnten wir verkennen, daß die Gotik noch mehr dahin strebt, in ihren Formen etwas auszudrücken, was keineswegs so in sich abgeschlossen ist wie etwa der griechische Tempelbau. Man möchte sagen: Allüberall strebt die gotische Form über sich selbst hinaus, überall strebt sie darnach, etwas auszudrücken, was sich in dem Räume, in dem man ist, wie etwas Suchendes ausnimmt, wie etwas, das die Grenzen durchdringen und ins All sich verweben will. Hervorgegangen aus der Empfindung von dynamischen Verhältnissen sind allerdings die gotischen Bogenformen; aber wie selbstverständlich fügt sich in sie ein dasjenige, was über diese Formen selber hinausführt, sie gleichsam durchdringlich machen will, und was in einer gewissen Beziehung dadurch so wunderbar wirkt, daß wir als etwas Naturgemäßes in einem gotischen Bau empfinden können - nicht müssen - die vielfarbigen Fenster, die das Innere mit dem alldurchwebenden Licht geheimnisvoll in Verbindung setzen. Wie könnte es denn im äußeren Raumesweben etwas lichtvoll Grandioseres geben, als wenn wir in einem gotischen Dome stehen und durch die vielfarbigen Fenster das Licht webend in den Staubwölkchen schauen! Wie könnte man grandioser empfinden das Wirken einer Raumesbegrenzung, die, über sich selbst hinausgehend, nach dem All und seinen Geheimnissen strebt, wie sie sich ausbreiten im großen Werden!

Wir haben den Blick schweifen lassen über eine längere Zeit tempelkünstlerischer Entwickelung und uns ist aufgefallen, wie ganz regelmäßig, gesetzmäßig, die Tempelkunst in der Menschheitsevolution fortschreitet. Aber wir stehen in gewisser Weise vor einer Art Sphinx. Was liegt denn da zugrunde? Warum ist das gerade so geschehen? Gibt es eine Erklärung für die merkwürdige Fassade, die wir als die letzten Reste des ersten Stadiums der Tempelbaukunst, die ich anzudeuten versuchte, in Vorderasien uns entgegentreten sehen mit den merkwürdigen geflügelten Tieren, mit den geflügelten Rädern, mit den merkwürdigen Säulen und Kapitellen, die uns etwas sagen, etwas Merkwürdiges sagen, und in einer gewissen Weise ganz dasselbe sagen, was wir in der Seele erleben, wenn wir in den Tempel hineintreten? Gibt es vielleicht etwas Rätselvolleres an äußerer Formenkunst als so etwas, wenn wir es selbst in den Trümmern in einem heutigen Museum erblicken? Was hat denn das gemacht?

Es gibt eines, was uns sofort eine Erklärung gibt, was das gemacht hat. Aber diese Erklärung finden wir nicht anders, als wenn wir hineinschauen in die Gedanken und Kunstintentionen derjenigen, die an diesem Tempelbauen beteiligt waren. Das ist allerdings zunächst eine Sache, die nur mit Hilfe des Okkultismus zu lösen ist. Was ist letzten Endes ein vorderasiatischer Tempel? Wo tritt uns in der Welt ein Vorbild dafür entgegen?

Das Vorbild, das uns sogleich Licht wirft auf das, was hier geschehen ist, das ist in Folgendem gegeben: Sie denken sich einen Menschen am Erdboden liegend und sich mit seinem Vorderleibe und seinem Antlitze aufrichtend. Und Sie haben in dem Menschen, der am Erdboden liegend sich aufrichtet, um seinen Körper einfangen zu lassen von den herabströmenden höheren geistigen Kräften, um sich mit diesen in Verbindung zu setzen, dasjenige gegeben, was die anregende Inspiration geben kann für einen vorderasiatischen Tempel. Alle die Säulen, die Kapitelle, alle die merkwürdigen Gestalten dieses Tempels sind Symbole für das, was man empfinden kann, wenn man sich gegenüberstellt einem so sich aufrichtenden Menschen, mit alledem, was sich in seinen Handbewegungen, in seinen Gesten und in seinem Antlitze verrät. Würde man nun mit dem geistigen Blick dieses Antlitz durchbrechen, würde man eindringen in das Innere des Menschen, in den Mikrokosmos, der ein Abdruck ist des Makrokosmos, so würde man finden - insofern das menschliche Antlitz ein voller Ausdruck ist für das, was im Innern des Menschen, des Mikrokosmos ist - dasselbe Verhältnis zwischen dem menschlichen Antlitz und dem Innern, wie zwischen der Fassade des vorderasiatischen Tempels und dem, was in seinem Innern war. Ein sich aufrichtender Mensch ist ein vorderasiatischer Tempel; allerdings nicht kopiert, sondern als Motiv betrachtet mit alle dem, was er in der Seele anregt. Insofern wir physische Menschen sind und die menschliche Leiblichkeit durch Anthroposophie geistig geschildert werden kann, insofern ist der vorderasiatische Tempel der Ausdruck des menschlichen Mikrokosmos. So ist aus der Erfassung des menschlichen Mikrokosmos mit dem Streben nach aufwärts jener Teil der menschlichen Baukunst erschlossen. Dieser physische Mensch hat seinen getreuen spirituellen Abdruck in jenen merkwürdigen Tempeln, von denen nicht viel anderes mehr als Trümmer erhalten sind. In allen Einzelheiten, bis zum geflügelten Rade und den Urformen dieser Dinge würde man nachweisen können, daß dies so ist. In lauten Tönen sprechen zu uns herüber die Zeiten: Der Tempel ist der Mensch!

Und der ägyptische und der griechische Tempel?

Wir können den Menschen nicht bloß vom anthroposophischen, sondern auch vom psychosophischen Standpunkte aus schildern, vom Standpunkte der Betrachtung der Seele. Nähern wir uns dem Menschen, insofern er uns auf der Erde in hauptsächlichster Art als Seelenwesen entgegentritt, dann ist uns dasjenige, was wir, wenn wir dem Menschen gegenübertreten, betrachten in seinem Auge, in seinem Antlitz, in seiner Geste, wahrhaftig zunächst ein Rätsel. Und wie mancher Mensch ist in dieser Beziehung ein großes Rätsel! Wahrhaftig, wenn wir in dieser Beziehung dem Menschen entgegentreten, so ist das nicht anders, als wenn wir dem ägyptischen Tempel entgegentreten, der uns das Rätsel darbietet. Und wenn wir in sein Inneres hineintreten, so finden wir dort des menschlichen Seelischen Allerheiligstes. Aber wir finden es nur zugänglich denjenigen, die über das Äußere hinübergehen und in das Innere eintreten können. Eine Menschenseele ist verschlossen in der innersten Cella, wie des Gottes Heiligtum, wie die Mysteriengeheimnisse selber im ägyptischen Tempel, in der ägyptischen Pyramide.

Aber nicht so verschlossen ist die Seele in dem Menschen, daß sie nicht in der Geste, in alle dem, was am Menschen uns entgegentreten kann, sich ausdrücken könnte. Der Leib kann, wenn die Seele ihn in ihrer Eigentümlichkeit durchdringt, zum äußeren Ausdruck der Seele werden. Dann erscheint uns dieser Menschenleib als etwas im höchsten Maße künstlerisch in sich Vollendetes, als ein Durchseeltes, als ein in sich vollendetes Unendliches. Und suchen Sie sich etwas in der ganzen sichtbaren Schöpfung, das in sich ein so Vollendetes darstellen würde, wie der menschliche Leib es ist, insofern dieser durchseelt ist: Sie werden innerhalb der sichtbaren Schöpfung nichts finden - nicht in bezug auf Dynamik - außer den griechischen Tempel, ihn, der den Gott in sich so einschließt, aber auch als Wohnung ihm zum Ausdruck dient in einem in sich vollendeten Unendlichen, wie der menschliche Leib der menschlichen Seele. Und insofern der Mensch als Mikrokosmos Seele in einem Leibe ist, ist der ägyptische, ist der griechische Tempel - der Mensch.

Der sich aufrichtende Mensch: das ist der orientalische Tempel. Der Mensch, der auf dem Erdboden steht, eine Welt in sich rätselvoll verschlossen hält, aber diese Welt einströmen lassen kann in voller Ruhe in sein Wesen und ruhig den Blick horizontal nach vorn richtet, abgeschlossen nach oben und nach unten: das ist der griechische Tempel. Und wiederum sprechen die Annalen der Weltgeschichte: Der Tempel - das ist der Mensch!

Und wir nähern uns unserer Zeit, jener Zeit, welche ihren Ursprung hat - wie wir unverbrüchlich zum Teil schon bewiesen haben und immer mehr werden beweisen können - in alledem, was hervorgegangen ist aus dem althebräischen Altertum und dem Christentum, dem Mysterium von Golgatha, was aber zunächst sich selber hereindrängen mußte in jene Formen, die man übernommen hat von Ägypten, von Griechenland, was aber immer mehr und mehr darnach strebte, diese Formen zu durchbrechen, so zu durchbrechen, daß sie als Raumesgrenzen - wie durchbrochen in sich selber - hinausweisen über den begrenzten Raum in das Weben des unendlichen Alls.

Alle Dinge, die in der Zukunft geschehen, sind in der Vergangenheit schon veranlagt. In einer gewissen Weise rätselvoll veranlagt ist der Tempelbau der Zukunft in der Vergangenheit. Und indem ich über ein immerhin großes Rätsel der Menschheitsentwickelung zu sprechen habe, kann ich kaum anders, als dieses Rätsel selber in einer etwas rätselvollen Form zum Ausdruck zu bringen.

Wir hören von dem salomonischen Tempel bei mancherlei Gelegenheiten als von jenem Tempel, von dem wir wissen, daß in ihm zum Ausdruck kommen sollte der ganze Geist der Menschheitsentwickelung. Wir hören davon; an die Menschen der physischen Erde stellt man aber - und das ist das Rätselhafte an der Sache - die ganz vergebliche Frage: wer hat jenen salomonischen Tempel, von dem wir als einer grandiosen Wahrheit sprechen - wenn wir überhaupt im Ernst davon sprechen -, wer hat ihn mit physischen Augen gesehen? Ja, es ist ein Rätsel, was ich da sage! Herodot hat wenige Jahrhunderte, nachdem der salomonische Tempel aufgebaut gewesen sein mußte, Ägypten bereist, hat Vorderasien bereist. Aus seinen Reiseschilderungen, die sich wahrhaftig über viel Geringeres hermachen als über das, was der salomonische Tempel gewesen sein muß, wissen wir, daß er nur wenige Meilen vorbeigegangen sein mußte am salomonischen Tempel - aber er hat ihn nicht gesehen. Den salomonischen Tempel hatten die Leute noch nicht gesehen!

Das Rätselvolle ist nun, daß ich über etwas sprechen muß, was doch da war und was die Leute nicht gesehen haben. Aber es ist so. Nun, es gibt auch in der Natur etwas, was da sein kann und was die Leute doch nicht sehen. Der Vergleich ist aber nicht vollständig, und wer ihn ausnützen wollte, würde ganz danebenschießen. Es sind die Pflanzen, die in ihrem Samen enthalten sind; aber die Menschen sehen die Pflanzen in ihrem Samen nicht. Es sollte aber nun niemand weitergehen in diesem Vergleich, denn wer jetzt darnach den salomonischen Tempel interpretieren würde, der würde gleich etwas Falsches sagen. Soweit ich es selbst gesagt habe, ist der Vergleich durchaus richtig, der Vergleich des Pflanzensamens mit dem salomonischen Tempel.

Was will der salomonische Tempel? Er will dasselbe, was der Tempel der Zukunft wollen soll und allein wollen kann.

Man kann den physischen Menschen darstellen in der Anthroposophie. Man kann den Menschen, insofern er der Tempel der Seele selber ist und von der Seele durchseelt ist, darstellen in der Psychosophie. Und man kann den Menschen darstellen durch Pneumatosophie, insofern der Mensch Geist ist. Der geistige Mensch, dürfen wir ihn denn nicht so vor uns hinstellen, daß wir sagen: Zuerst erblicken wir den Menschen, der, am Boden liegend, sich aufrichtet, dann den Menschen, der in sich selbst geschlossen wie ein in sich gegründetes Unendliches vor uns steht mit dem gerade vor sich hingerichteten Blick, und dann erblicken wir den Menschen, der nach oben schaut, seelisch in sich gegründet, aber die Seele zum Geiste erhebend und den Geist empfangend. «Der Geist ist spirituell», das ist eine Tautologie, aber sie kann uns doch klarmachen, was wir zu sagen haben: Der Geist ist das Übersinnliche, die Kunst kann nur im Sinnlichen formen und im Sinnlichen überhaupt zum Ausdruck kommen. Mit anderen Worten: Was die Seele als Geist empfängt, muß in die Form sich ergießen können. So wie der sich aufrichtende Mensch, der in sich gefestigte Mensch zum Tempel geworden ist, so muß die Seele zum Tempel werden können, die den Geist empfängt. Dazu ist unser Zeitalter da, daß es den Anfang macht mit einer Tempelkunst, die laut zu den Menschen der Zukunft sprechen kann:

Der Tempel, das ist der Mensch, der Mensch, der in seiner Seele den Geist empfängt!

Aber es unterscheidet sich diese Tempelkunst von allen früheren. Und hier schließt sich das, was nunmehr im Inhaltlichen zu sagen ist, an den Ausgangspunkt unserer Betrachtung an.

Den äußeren Menschen, der sich aufrichtet, sieht man, den braucht man nur zu deuten. Den in sich selbst zu deutenden Menschen, den die Seele durchseelt hat, muß man fühlen und empfinden, das Deuten reicht da nicht hin. Er wurde empfunden - wie es Ihnen heute morgen so lebhaft zum Ausdruck gebracht worden ist -, er wurde empfunden, wie wirklich ein griechisches Kunstwerk in uns sich empfinden muß, indem gesagt worden ist, man fühlt die Knochen knacken. - Es lebt in uns der griechische Tempel, weil wir es sind, insofern als wir durchseelter Mikrokosmos sind. Aber unsichtbar, übersinnlich ist die Tatsache der Geistempfängnis durch die Seele, und doch: sie muß sinnlich werden, soll sie Kunst werden!

Kein anderes Zeitalter vermag eine solche Kunst zu entwickeln als das unsrige und das kommende. Aber das unsrige muß den Anfang machen. Alles sind nur Versuche, alles sind nur Anfänge, in der Art etwa, wie der in sich selbst vollendete Tempel gestrebt hat in der bisherigen christlichen Kirche das Mauerwerk zu durchbrechen und die Verbindung zu finden mit dem unendlichen Weben des All.

Was müssen wir nun bauen?

Die Vollendung von dem eben Angedeuteten müssen wir bauen! Aus dem, was uns die Geisteswissenschaft geben kann, müssen wir die Möglichkeit finden, jenen Innenraum zu schaffen, der in seinen Farben- und Formenwirkungen und in anderem, was er an künstlerischen Darbietungen in sich enthält, zugleich abgeschlossen und zugleich in jeder Einzelheit so ist, daß die Abgeschlossenheit keine Abgeschlossenheit ist, daß sie uns überall, wo wir hinblicken, auffordert, die Wände mit dem Auge, mit dem ganzen Gefühl und Empfinden zu durchdringen, so daß wir abgeschlossen sind und zugleich in der Abgeschlossenheit der Zelle in Verbindung sind mit der Allheit des webenden Weltgöttlichen.

«Wände haben und keine Wände haben», das ist es, was beantworten wird die Tempelkunst der Zukunft: Innenraum, der sich selbst verleugnet, der keinen Egoismus mehr des Raumes entwikkelt, der selbstlos in allem, was er an Farben, an Formen darbieten wird, nur da sein will, um das Weltall in sich hereinzulassen. Wie das die Farben können, inwiefern Farben sein können die Verbindung mit den Geistern der Umgebung, sofern sie in der geistigen Atmosphäre enthalten sind, versuchte ich schon darzustellen bei der Eröffnung unseres Stuttgarter Baues.

In der äußeren physischen Vollendung des Menschen, was ist da der übersinnliche Mensch? Wo tritt uns noch eine Andeutung entgegen von dem überphysischen Menschen in dem äußeren physischen Menschen? Nirgends anders als da, wo der Mensch dem Worte das einverleibt, was in seinem Innern lebt, wo er spricht, wo das Wort Weisheit und Gebet wird und - ohne die gewöhnliche oder irgendeine sentimentale Nebenbedeutung dieser Worte — in der Weisheit und im Gebete dem Menschenjleibe] sich anvertrauend, Weltenrätsel umhüllt! Das Wort, das in dem Menschen Fleisch geworden ist, das ist der Geist, das ist die Spiritualität, die sich ausdrückt auch im physischen Menschen. Und wir werden entweder den Bau schaffen, den wir schaffen sollen oder wir werden dies nicht tun, sondern es zukünftigen Zeiten überlassen müssen. Wir werden es tun, wenn wir in der Lage sind, unseren Innenraum zum ersten Male in entsprechender Weise zu gestalten, so vollkommen als es heute geht, ganz abgesehen davon, wie der Bau nach außen sich darstellen wird. Da könnte er von allen Seiten mit Stroh umhüllt sein - das ist ganz gleichgültig. Der äußere Anblick ist für die äußere profane Welt da, die das Innere nichts angeht. Der Innenraum wird das sein, um was es sich handelt. Was wird er sein?

Er wird sich so darbieten, daß jeder Blick, den wir werfen, auf etwas fällt, das uns ankündigt: dies drückt in den Farben und Formen, in seiner ganzen Farben- und Formensprache, in all dem, was es ist, in all seinem real Lebendigen dasselbe aus wie das, was an diesem Orte getan und gesprochen werden kann, was der Mensch seinem eigenen Leiblichen anvertrauen kann als das Spirituellste an ihm. Und eins wird sein an diesem Bau, was in ihm als Weisheit, als Gebet Menschenrätsel kündet, und dasjenige, was den Raum umschließt. Und naturgemäß wird es sein, daß das Wort, das hinausdringt in den Raum, sich selbst so begrenzt, daß es gleichsam auffällt an den Wänden, und an den Wänden dasjenige trifft, was ihm so verwandt ist, daß es wieder zurückgibt an den Innenraum, was gegeben wird durch den Menschen selber. Von dem Zentrum des Wortes nach der Peripherie des Wortes wird ausgehen die Dynamik, und ein peripherisches Echo der Geisteskundschaft und Geistesbotschaft selber soll das sein, was als Innenraum sich darbietet, nicht als Fenster sich durchbrechend, sondern an seinen Grenzen, an dem, was er selber ist, zugleich begrenzt und zugleich sich frei öffnend nach den Weiten der spirituellen Unendlichkeit.

Das konnte bisher noch nicht da sein, denn erst die Geisteswissenschaft ist imstande, solches zu schaffen. Aber die Geisteswissenschaft muß einmal solches schaffen. Schafft sie es nicht in unserem Zeitalter, so werden spätere Zeitalter es von ihr verlangen. Und ebenso, wie es wahr ist, daß in die Menschheitsentwickelung eintreten mußte der vorderasiatische Tempel, der ägyptische Tempel, der griechische Tempel, die christliche Kirche, ebenso wahr ist es, daß der geisteswissenschaftliche Mysterienraum mit seinem Abschluß vor der materiellen Welt, mit seinem Aufschluß gegenüber der spirituellen Welt, als das Kunstwerk der Zukunft aus dem Menschengeist entspringen muß. Nichts von dem, was schon da ist, kann an die Idealgestalt mahnen, die da vor uns hintreten soll. Alles muß in einer gewissen Beziehung neu sein. Es wird selbstverständlich in unvollkommener Gestalt erstehen, aber das genügt zunächst, damit wird der Anfang gemacht sein. Gerade damit wird der Anfang gemacht sein für immer höhere und höhere Vollkommenheitsstufen auf demselben Gebiete.

Was brauchen die Menschen der Gegenwart, um sich einigermaßen reif zu machen für ein solches Tempelkunstwerk?

Es kann keine Kunst entstehen, wenn sie nicht aus dem Gesamtgeiste eines Menschheitszyklus heraus entsteht. Oft noch klingen mir in den Ohren die Worte, die im zweiten meiner Studienjahre an der Wiener Technischen Hochschule der Architekt Ferstel, der Erbauer der Wiener Votivkirche, gesprochen hatte bei seiner Rektoratsrede, Worte, die mir dazumal wie ein Mißklang auf der einen Seite, auf der anderen Seite aber doch wieder wie ein Ton, der unsere Zeit so recht charakterisiert, in der Seele tönten. Ferstel sagte damals die merkwürdigen Worte: Baustile werden nicht erfunden. - Hinzufügen muß man zu diesen Worten: Baustile werden geboren aus der Eigentümlichkeit der Völker heraus. - Nun, unsere Zeit zeigt bisher keinerlei Anlagen, Baustile zu finden in demselben Sinne, wie die alten Zeiten sie gefunden haben, und solche wieder vor die Welt hinzustellen. Baustile werden zwar gefunden, aber sie werden nur gefunden von dem Gesamtgeist irgendeines Menschheitszyklus.

Wie können wir uns heute irgend etwas von diesem Gesamtgeiste vor die Seele führen, der den zukünftigen Baustil, den wir heute meinen, finden soll?

Ich werde jetzt von einer ganz anderen Seite und von einem ganz anderen Gesichtspunkte aus etwas zur Charakteristik dieser Sache zu sagen versuchen.

Es sind mir im Laufe der geisteswissenschaftlichen Wirksamkeit diese oder jene Künstler auf den verschiedensten Gebieten immer wieder und wieder gegenübergetreten, die eine gewisse Furcht, eine gewisse Scheu hatten vor der Geist-Erkenntnis und zwar aus dem Grunde, weil die Geistesforschung ein gewisses Verständnis der Kunstwerke und auch der Impulse, welche den Kunstwerken zugrunde liegen, zu eröffnen versucht. Wie oft kommt es vor, daß dasjenige, was uns als Sage und Legende, aber auch als Kunstwerk entgegentritt, durch die Geisteswissenschaft zu interpretieren versucht wird, das heißt zurückzuführen versucht wird auf die zugrundeliegenden Kräfte. Wie oft kommt es aber auch vor, daß sich gerade vor einer solchen Interpretation in begreiflicher Weise der Künstler zurückzieht, weil er - insbesondere wenn er auf einem Gebiet produktiv ist - sich sagt: Es geht mir alles Ursprüngliche verloren; was ich in die Form gießen will, alles - Inhalt wie Form - geht mir verloren, wenn ich in irgendein Begriffs- oder Ideengebilde bringe, was mir doch als lebendig erfühltes Kunstwerk oder wenigstens als lebendig erfühlte Intuition vor die Seele tritt.

Es gibt wenig Dinge, die mir Menschen sagen konnten im Laufe der Zeit, die ich besser verstehen konnte, als diese Furcht und diese Ängstlichkeit. Denn voll nachempfinden kann man, wenn man dafür Veranlagung hat, das Grauenerregende, das der Künstler empfinden müßte, wenn er einmal da oder dort sein eigenes Werk, oder ein Werk, das er liebt, analysiert fände: vom Verstande übernommen das Kunstwerk! Welch furchtbarer Gedanke für alles, was Künstler in unsererer Seele ist! Fast drängt sich uns etwas wie Leichengeruch auf, wenn wir einen Goetheschen «Faust» vor uns liegen haben, und unten die Anmerkungen eines analysierenden Gelehrten [lesen], selbst wenn er zu den interpretierenden Philosophen gehört, nicht zu den interpretierenden Philologen bloß! Ja, was sollen wir dazu sagen? Ich möchte es Ihnen ganz kurz in ein paar Minuten an einem Beispiel Klarmachen.

Ich habe hier vor mir die jüngste Ausgabe der «Legende von den sieben weisen Meistern», die jetzt (1911) bei Diederichs erschienen ist. Diese alte Legende - die in mannigfaltigen Wiedergaben, und auch so vorhanden ist, daß Stücke daraus, fast über ganz Europa zerstreut, immer wieder vorkommen - ist eine höchst merkwürdige Erzählung, die recht schön auch als Kunstwerk gebaut ist. Ich rede jetzt von der dichterischen Kunst; aber was man dieser gegenüber unternimmt, könnte man auch der Baukunst gegenüber unternehmen. Ich kann Ihnen jetzt nicht erzählen, was in zum Teil höchst derben Wendungen in der Legende von den sieben weisen Meistern enthalten ist, aber ich möchte das Gerippe in der folgenden Weise darstellen.

Ungeheuer lebendig ist in aufeinanderfolgenden Erzählungen, an ein Gerippe gehängt, das gegeben, was nun zum Ausdruck kommt. Überschrieben ist das Ganze: «Hier fanget an das Buch, das da sagt von dem Kaiser Pontianus und von seiner Frauen, der Kaiserin, und von seinem Sohne, dem jungen Herrn Dyocletianus, wie er den henken wollte und ihn sieben Meister erlösten, alle Tage, jeglicher mit seinem Spruche.» Ein Kaiser ist vermählt mit einer Frau, von der er einen Sohn hat, der hier als Dyocletian geschildert wird. Die Frau stirbt, und der Kaiser heiratet eine andere Frau. Sein Sohn Dyocletian ist sein rechtmäßiger Nachfolger, von der zweiten Frau hat er keinen rechtmäßigen Nachfolger. Es rückt nun die Zeit heran, wo Dyocletian erzogen werden soll. Es wird ausgeschrieben, daß Dyocletian in der allerbedeutsamsten, befriedigendsten Weise erzogen werden soll durch die weisesten Leute des Landes, und es melden sich dann sieben weise Meister, die nun die Erziehung des Sohnes des Kaisers übernehmen sollen. Die zweite Frau des Kaisers will durchaus auch einen Sohn haben, um in irgendeiner Weise die Nachfolgerschaft des Stiefsohnes zu verhindern. Das gelingt ihr jedoch nicht. Da versucht sie nun, diesen Sohn des Kaisers in jeder Weise bei ihrem Gemahl anzuschwärzen, und sie beschließt endlich, ihn auf irgendeine Weise zu beseitigen. Dazu ergreift sie alle möglichen Mittel. Nun stellte sich heraus, daß Dyocletian unterrichtet worden ist durch sieben Jahre hindurch von den sieben weisen Meistern, daß er Großartiges und vieles in der mannigfaltigsten, das heißt in der siebenfältigen Weise gelernt hat. Aber er war in einer gewissen Weise sogar hinausgewachsen über alles, was an praktischer Weisheit die sieben weisen Meister bezwungen hatten. Und so war es ihm gelungen, einen Stern am Sternenhimmel zu deuten. Dadurch konnte er sich sagen, er müsse während sieben aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen, wenn er wieder zu seinem Vater zurückkäme, stumm bleiben, in keiner Weise etwas reden und wie ein Dummer sich darstellen. Nun wußte er aber ebenso, daß die Kaiserin auf seinen Tod sann. Daher bittet er jetzt die sieben weisen Meister, ihn vom Tode zu erretten. Und nun geschieht in sieben aufeinanderfolgenden Zeiten, in denen sich alles abspielt, das Folgende: Der Sohn kommt nach Hause. Aber die Kaiserin hat dem Kaiser eine Geschichte erzählt, die einen groBen Eindruck auf dessen Seele gemacht hat, und die eben den Zweck hatte, den Kaiser zu bewegen, daß er den Sohn henken ließe. Der Kaiser ist auch ganz damit einverstanden, denn die Geschichte hat ihn überzeugt. Der Sohn wird auch schon hinausgeführt zum Galgen, da treffen sie auf dem Wege den ersten der sieben weisen Meister. Nach dem ihm gemachten Vorwurf, daß er den Sohn so dumm gelassen habe, äußert sich dieser erste der Meister und sagt, er wolle dem Kaiser eine Geschichte erzählen. Der Kaiser will sie hören. Ja, sagt der Weise, dann mußt du aber erst den Sohn nach Hause kommen lassen, denn ich will, daß der Sohn uns hört, bevor er gehenkt wird. Der Kaiser willigt ein. Sie kommen nach Hause, und da erzählt der erste der sieben weisen Meister seine Geschichte. Auf den Kaiser macht diese Geschichte einen solchen Eindruck, daß er den Sohn nicht henken läßt, sondern ihn freiläßt. Am nächsten Tage aber erzählt die Kaiserin nun wieder dem Kaiser eine Geschichte, die wieder dazu führt, daß der Sohn zum Tode verurteilt wird. Schon wird er wieder hinausgeführt zum Galgen, da treffen sie auf dem Wege den zweiten der sieben weisen Meister, der ebenfalls dem Kaiser eine Geschichte erzählen will, bevor der Sohn gehenkt wird. Das geschieht, und die Folge davon ist, daß der Sohn wieder am Leben bleibt. Das wiederholt sich in dieser Weise siebenmal hintereinander, bis der achte Tag da ist, und der Sohn sprechen kann. Auf diese Weise geschieht die Rettung des Sohnes, die da erzählt ist.

Die ganze Erzählung, wie auch der ganze Abschluß, sind in einer hervorragenden Weise lebendig dargestellt. Ich möchte nun sagen: Man nimmt auf der einen Seite das Buch in die Hand und versenkt sich darin und man hat seine große Freude an den großen, zum Teil derben Bildern; wunderbar geht man auf in der Schilderung von Seelen. Aber eine solche Geschichte fordert es geradezu heraus, erklärt zu werden. Geradezu? - Nein, nur in unserer Zeit, weil wir im fünften nachatlantischen Kulturzeitraum leben, wo der Intellekt die dominierende und immer mehr und mehr dominierende Kraft ist. In dem Zeitalter, in welchem diese Geschichte geschrieben worden ist, hätte sie niemanden zu Erklärungen veranlaßt. Wir in unserer Zeit aber sind verurteilt dazu, eine Erklärung dafür zu geben, und dann entschließt man sich, eine solche zu geben. Wie nahe liegt sie? Der Kaiser hat eine Frau gehabt, von der ist ihm ein Sohn geblieben, der dazu bestimmt ist, von sieben weisen Meistern erzogen zu werden, und der seinem Bewußtsein nach herstammend ist aus der Zeit, als die Menschheit noch die hellseherische Seele hatte. Gestorben ist die hellseherische Seele, aber das menschliche Ich ist noch immer geblieben, und kann unterrichtet werden von den «sieben weisen Meistern», die uns in der mannigfaltigsten Gestalt entgegentreten.

Ich habe selbst einmal darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß wir es bei den sieben Töchtern des midianitischen Priesters Jethro, welche Moses am Brunnen seines Schwiegervaters trifft, aber auch bei den sieben freien Künsten im Mittelalter im wesentlichen mit demselben zu tun haben.

Die zweite Frau, die nun kein göttliches Bewußtsein mehr entwickeln kann, das ist die jetzige Menschenseele, die deshalb auch keinen Sohn haben kann. Dyocletian, der Sohn, wird in der Verborgenheit unterrichtet bei den sieben weisen Meistern, und er muß zuletzt befreit werden durch die Kräfte, die er sich bei den sieben weisen Meistern erworben hat.

Wir könnten so noch weitergehen und ein absolut richtiges Bild geben, und würden unserer Zeit selbstverständlich damit dienen. Aber nehmen wir jetzt unseren künstlerischen Sinn. Ich weiß nicht, inwiefern das, was ich jetzt zu sagen habe, ein Echo finden wird! Aber liest man das Buch, läßt man es auf sich wirken und ist dann sehr klug und erklärt es ganz richtig auch im Sinne unserer Zeit, wie es unsere Zeit verlangt, so kommt man sich doch so vor, als wenn man eigentlich ein Unrecht, ein schweres Unrecht an dem Buch getan hat, weil man eigentlich ein strohernes Gerippe von allerlei abstrakten Begriffen hingestellt hat an die Stelle des lebendigen Kunstwerkes. Und es ändert nichts daran, ob dies richtig oder falsch ist, geistreich oder nicht geistreich. - Wir können noch weiter gehen.

Das größte Kunstwerk ist die Welt, entweder der Makrokosmos oder der Mikrokosmos. In Bildern oder Symbolen, in allerlei dergleichen drückten die alten Zeiten aus, was sie auszudrücken hatten von den Geheimnissen der Dinge, und wir kommen mit der «uralte» Weisheit - die aber nur so alt ist, wie sie sich als Same vorbereitet hat für das fünfte nachatlantische Kulturzeitalter, wir kommen mit dem Intellekt, wir kommen mit der ganzen Geisteswissenschaft als einer Welterklärung. Das ist etwas ebenso Abstraktes und Trockenes gegenüber der lebendigen Wirklichkeit, wie der Kommentar gegenüber dem Kunstwerk! Trotzdem es Geisteswissenschaft geben muß, trotzdem unsere Zeit Geisteswissenschaft verlangt, müssen wir sie in gewisser Beziehung doch empfinden wie ein strohernes Gerippe gegenüber der lebendigen Wirklichkeit. Das ist in einer gewissen Weise nicht zu viel gesagt. Denn insofern Theosophie oder Geisteswissenschaft nur unseren Verstand beschäftigt, insofern wir nur mit dem Intellekt dabei sind, insofern wir Schemen und allerlei Termini technici prägen, besonders in den Teilen, die sich auf den Menschen selbst beziehen, insofern ist Theosophie ein ganz strohernes Gerippe. Und sie fängt erst an, etwas erträglicher zu werden da, wo wir ausmalen können zum Beispiel die verschiedenen Zustände von Saturn, Sonne und Mond und den früheren Erdenzeiten, oder die Tätigkeiten der verschiedenen Hierarchien. Greulich aber ist es, davon zu sprechen: der Mensch bestehe aus physischem Leib, Ätherleib, Astralleib und Ich - oder gar aus Manas und Kama-Manas - und noch greulicher ist es, wenn man in Schemen und auf Tafeln diese Dinge zum Ausdruck gebracht hat. Ich kann mir kaum etwas Grauenvolleres denken als den ganzen, in sich grandiosen Menschen, und daneben auf einer Tafel den Menschen mit den sieben Menschengliedern; in einem großen Saal umgeben sein von einer großen Menschenzahl und neben sich zu haben eine Tafel mit der Skala der sieben menschlichen Grundteile. Ja, so ist es! Aber so etwas müssen wir erfühlen. Wir brauchen diese Dinge nicht gerade vor unsere Augen hinzuhängen, denn sie sind nicht einmal schön, aber wir müssen sie vor unsere Seele hinhängen! Das ist die Mission unserer Zeit. Und man mag noch so viel gegen diese Dinge vom Standpunkte des Geschmackes, der künstlerischen Produktivität aus sagen - das gehört in unsere Zeit herein, das ist die Aufgabe unserer Zeit.

Aber wie kommen wir über dieses Dilemma überhaupt hinweg? Wir sollen in gewisser Beziehung auch öde Theosophen, Anthroposophen sein, sollen die Welt zerpflücken und zerblättern, grandiose Kunstwerke in Abstraktionen hineinziehen und sogar noch sagen: Wir sind Theosophen! Wie kommen wir aus diesem Dilemma heraus?

Nur durch ein einziges Mittel! Und dieses Mittel liegt darin, daß Geisteswissenschaft für uns ein Kreuz ist, daß Geisteswissenschaft für uns ein Opfer ist, daß wir sie wirklich so empfinden, daß sie uns fast alles nimmt, was die Menschheit bisher an lebendigem Weltinhalt gehabt hat. Und es gibt keinen Grad von Intensität, den ich schildern möchte, um begreiflich zu machen, daß für alles, was lebendig sproßt - auch im Hergange der Menschheitsentwickelung und der göttlichen Welt - Geisteswissenschaft zunächst sein muß etwas wie ein Leichenfeld!

Aber wenn wir dann Geisteswissenschaft als Künderin des Größten, was es in der Welt gibt, so empfinden, daß sie uns der größte Schmerz, die größte Entbehrung wird, so daß wir in uns einen der göttlichen Züge ihrer Mission in der Welt empfinden, dann wird sie zu dem Leichnam, der sich aus dem Grabe erhebt, dann feiert sie die Auferstehung, dann steht sie aus dem Grabe auf Keiner wird eine Freude empfinden über die Entblätterung und Verödung des Weltengehaltes, doch keiner kann die Produktivität der Weltengeheimnisse empfinden wie der, welcher sich mit seiner Produktivität als eine Nachfolge des Christus empfindet, der das Kreuz zur Schädelstätte getragen hat, der durch den Tod gegangen ist. Das ist aber auch auf dem Erkenntnisgebiete das Kreuz der Erkenntnis, das die Geisteswissenschaft auf sich nimmt, um darinnen zu sterben und aus dem Grabe zu erfahren, wie eine neue Welt aufsteigt, ein neues Lebendiges. Wer so umprägt was dem Intellekt niemals gefallen darf - sein Seelenwesen wie ein lebendiges Inneres, wer wie durch einen Tod durchgeht in der Geisteswissenschaft selber, der wird auch das Leben fühlen als eine lebendige Kraft zu neuen künstlerischen Impulsen, welche dasjenige in die Wirklichkeit umzusetzen vermögen, was ich Ihnen heute skizzieren konnte.

So eng hängt mit allem spirituellen Empfinden das zusammen, was wir tun sollen, und wovon wir glauben, daß der Johannesbau-Verein ein Verständnis dafür eröffnen wird. Ich glaube kaum nötig zu haben, weitere Worte zu sagen, um begreiflich zu machen, daß dieser Johannesbau für den Anthroposophen eine Herzensangelegenheit sein kann von jener Art, die als Notwendigkeiten im Zeitenlaufe empfunden werden. Denn für die Beantwortung der Frage, ob in einem gewissen weiteren Sinne Anthroposophie heute verstanden wird, hängt zunächst außerordentlich viel von einer Antwort ab, die wir nicht mit Worten geben können, die wir nicht mit Gedanken ausdrücken können, sondern davon, daß wir zur Tat übergehen und daß ein jeglicher, wie es ihm möglich ist, in der einen oder andern Weise beitrage zu dem, was, in so schöner Weise verständnisvoll sich hineinstellend in die Evolution der Menschheit, unser Johannesbau-Verein will.

1. The origin of architecture from the human soul and its connection to the course of human development

My dear friends! The Johannesbau, insofar as it is intended to enclose the sphere of activity of our spiritual science, should be something that takes into account the conditions of development of humanity as a whole. And it will either be this, or it will not be what it should actually be. In such a matter, one has a responsibility toward all that is known to us as spiritual laws, spiritual powers, and spiritual conditions for the development of humanity, and which can speak to our soul. Above all, one also has a responsibility toward the judgment of future humanity. Such a sense of responsibility in our time, in the present cycle of humanity, is something quite different from a similar sense of responsibility in past ages.

Great, powerful monuments of art and culture speak to us in the most diverse ways from the course of time. Just this morning, you heard a beautiful, meaningful reflection from this very place about how monuments of art and culture from the course of time tell us about the inner conditions of human souls in those times. If we are to speak in our own terms about something that made the sense of responsibility easier for all the people who were involved in those cultural and artistic monuments than it is for us when we want to talk about it in our own language, then we must say: These people of ancient times had other aids than our cycle of time has; they were helped by the gods, who, unconsciously to these people, allowed their own powers to flow into their subconscious or unconscious. And in a certain sense, it is Maya to believe that in the minds or souls of those who built the Egyptian pyramids, the Greek temples, and other works of art, only those thought forms, impulses, and intentions were effective for what we encounter, what encountered people over time in the forms, colors, and so on, for the gods worked through the hands, through the brains, through the hearts of human beings. Now that the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period has passed, our time is the first cycle in which the gods test humans for their freedom, in which the gods do not withhold their help, but only come to the aid of humans when these humans, in their own free striving from their individual souls, which they have now received through sufficient incarnations, take in that which flows down from above. We also have something new to create in the sense that we must create in a completely different style than was the case in past times, in free self-activity from the human souls. Consciousness, which is born with the consciousness soul, which is the characteristic of our cycle of time, is the signature of our time. And with consciousness, with fully illuminated consciousness, into which nothing can be absorbed from the mere subconscious, we must create if the future is to receive from us similar cultural documents as we have received from the past. Therefore, it is fitting for us today to attempt to stimulate our consciousness with those thoughts that will bring us light about what we have to do. And we can only do something if we know from which laws, from which spiritual impulses we should act. But this can only come about if we work in harmony with the entire evolution of humanity.

Let us now try, at least in outline, to bring to our soul some of the main thoughts that can inspire us in relation to what we are to create with this novel, not merely new, work.

In a certain sense, we are to build a temple that is also a place of learning, much like the ancient mystery temples. Throughout the history of human development, we have always called “temples” all those works of art that enclosed what was most sacred to human beings. And you have already heard this morning how the different eras expressed the spiritual in the temple. If one looks more deeply, with eyes warmed by the soul, at what one can know about the temple building, about the temple artworks, then a great diversity emerges in the individual temple artworks. And I would like to say: the difference is particularly great in comparison to those temple artworks of which, admittedly, little remains externally, and which we can actually only either guess at in their basic form, in their oldest form, or reconstruct from the Akashic Records; those temple forms that we can describe as belonging to the second post-Atlantean cultural period, then transitioning into the third, for example, as the ancient Persian temples, some of which spilled over into the later temples... [gap in the transcript] only insofar as they are influenced in their configuration by that region of the earth. Something of them has passed into Babylonian-Assyrian, and indeed into Near Eastern temple architecture in general.

What was the most significant aspect of that architecture?

As already mentioned, external documents do not say much about this architecture. But even if one cannot refer to the documents of the Akashic Records, but instead considers what has been preserved from a later period and points out what temple buildings may have looked like in such an early period in the area mentioned, one must say: In these temples, an enormous amount — indeed, probably everything — depended on the façade, on the way the temple presented itself when one approached it from the entrance. And if one had stepped through such a facade into the interior of the temple, one would have had the feeling in the temple – depending on whether one belonged to the more or less profane or more or less initiated personalities – but in any case: The façade is saying something to me in a mysterious language, and inside I find what the façade wanted to express.

And if we turn our gaze away from these temple buildings, which can only be guessed at by non-Akashic research, to certain Egyptian temples or other Egyptian sacred buildings, such as the pyramids, we find a different character. We approach an Egyptian temple building—and we are confronted with mysterious, grandiose symbols and works of art that we must first unravel. Sphinxes, even the obelisks, we must first unravel them. Above all, the mysterious nature of the sphinx and the pyramid is so evident to us that a German thinker, Hegel, called this art the art of the “mystery.”

In the peculiar pyramidal ascending form, without many external window openings, something encloses us that, by its very enclosure, announces itself as something mysterious, which from the outside, at least initially through the façade, is revealed only by presenting us with a riddle. And we enter and find, alongside the mysterious messages about all kinds of mysteries, written in the ancient mystery script or its successor, in the Holy of Holies that which is supposed to lead the human heart and soul to the God who dwells in the deepest secrecy even within the temple. We find the temple building as the enclosure of the most sacred mystery of the deity, and on the other hand we find the pyramid building itself as the enclosure of the most sacred mystery of humanity: initiation, consecration, as something that closes itself off from the outside world because it is supposed to be closed off in its inner, mysterious content.

If we turn our gaze from this Egyptian temple to Greek temple art, we find there, however, the basic idea of many Egyptian temples preserved, in that we must understand these Greek temples as the dwelling place of the divine-spiritual, but at the same time we find the external temple building itself advanced in such a way that, in a wonderful dynamism—not merely of form, but of the inner forces living in the forms—it is independent in itself, as in an inner infinity, as in an inner perfection. There the Greek god dwells in a temple work of art. In this temple work of art — starting with the supporting columns, which in every way prove themselves to be supports in their dynamism and are just such that they can, indeed must, carry what rests upon them — we find the god enclosed in something that is complete in itself; in something that represents an infinity within earthly existence, starting with the coarsest and extending into the most detailed.

And we find the idea of “man's most precious possession expressed in temple building” captured when we approach Christian temple building, which is first built over a tomb or even over the tomb of the Savior, which then joins the tower striving upward, and so on. But here we encounter a strange new moment, a moment that, in essence, completely distinguishes later temple art, Christian temple art, from Greek temple art. The Greek temple is so characteristic precisely because it is self-contained, dynamically complete in itself. That is not a Christian church. I once used the expression: a temple of Pallas Athena or Apollo or Zeus does not need a single soul in its vicinity or inside it, because it is not designed for people to be in its vicinity or inside it; rather, it is meant to stand in its grandiose, lonely infinity, merely showing the dwelling place of the god. God dwells in it, and this dwelling of God in it forms its self-contained infinity. And the further, one might say, people in the vicinity are removed from a Greek temple, the more authentic a Greek temple appears. Let me express the paradox, for this is how the Greek temple is conceived, and this is not the case with a Christian church: the Christian church challenges the believer with its forms of feeling and thought; and what we enter as a space tells us, when we study it more closely, in each of these individual forms, that it wants to take in the congregation and the thoughts and feelings of the congregation. And one could hardly have developed a happier instinct than to later coin the word “cathedral” for the Christian temple, which expresses the gathering of people, the “togetherness” of people, to use the strange word. “Dom” is closely related to “tum,” as expressed in the word “Volkstum” (folklore) as a suffix.

And if we turn our gaze further, to Gothic architecture, how could we fail to recognize that Gothic architecture strives even more to express something in its forms that is by no means as self-contained as, for example, Greek temple architecture. One might say: everywhere, the Gothic form strives beyond itself, everywhere it strives to express something that, in the space in which one finds oneself, seems like something searching, like something that wants to penetrate boundaries and weave itself into the universe. The Gothic arch forms did indeed arise from a sense of dynamic relationships; but what goes beyond these forms themselves, what wants to make them permeable, as it were, and what in a certain sense has such a wonderful effect that we can—but do not have to—perceive as something natural in a Gothic building, fits into them as a matter of course: the multicolored windows that mysteriously connect the interior with the light that permeates everything. How could there be anything more light-filled and grandiose in the external web of space than when we stand in a Gothic cathedral and see the light weaving through the multicolored windows into the dust clouds! How could one feel more grandiose than the effect of a spatial boundary that, going beyond itself, strives toward the universe and its mysteries, as they spread out in the great becoming!

We have let our gaze wander over a long period of temple art development and noticed how regularly and lawfully temple art progresses in human evolution. But in a way, we are faced with a kind of sphinx. What is the underlying reason for this? Why did it happen this way? Is there an explanation for the strange facade that we see before us in the Middle East as the last remnants of the first stage of temple architecture, which I have tried to suggest, with the strange winged animals, the winged wheels, the strange columns and capitals that tell us something, something strange, and in a certain way say exactly the same thing that we experience in our souls when we enter the temple? Is there perhaps anything more mysterious in external art than this, when we see it ourselves in the ruins in a museum today? What caused this?

There is one thing that immediately gives us an explanation of what created it. But we can only find this explanation by looking into the thoughts and artistic intentions of those who were involved in building this temple. However, this is initially something that can only be solved with the help of occultism. What is a Near Eastern temple, ultimately? Where in the world do we find a model for it?

The model that immediately sheds light on what happened here is given in the following: Imagine a person lying on the ground, raising their upper body and face. And in this person lying on the ground and raising themselves up in order to allow their body to be captured by the higher spiritual forces flowing down, in order to connect with them, you have what can provide the stimulating inspiration for a Near Eastern temple. All the columns, the capitals, all the remarkable figures of this temple are symbols of what one can feel when one stands opposite such a person raising himself up, with all that is revealed in his hand movements, his gestures, and his face. If one were to penetrate this face with one's spiritual gaze, if one were to penetrate into the inner being of the human being, into the microcosm that is an imprint of the macrocosm, one would find – insofar as the human face is a full expression of what is inside the human being, the microcosm the same relationship between the human face and the inner self as between the facade of the Near Eastern temple and what was inside it. A person who stands upright is a Near Eastern temple; not copied, of course, but viewed as a motif with everything that it inspires in the soul. Insofar as we are physical human beings and human physicality can be described spiritually through anthroposophy, the Near Eastern temple is the expression of the human microcosm. Thus, from the understanding of the human microcosm with its upward striving, that part of human architecture is revealed. This physical human being has its faithful spiritual imprint in those remarkable temples, of which little more than ruins remain. In every detail, down to the winged wheel and the archetypes of these things, one could prove that this is so. The ages speak to us in loud tones: the temple is the human being!

And the Egyptian and Greek temples?

We can describe the human being not only from an anthroposophical point of view, but also from a psychosophical point of view, from the point of view of contemplating the soul. If we approach human beings insofar as they encounter us on earth primarily as soul beings, then what we see when we face them — in their eyes, their faces, their gestures — is truly a mystery at first. And how many human beings are a great mystery in this respect! Truly, when we encounter human beings in this respect, it is no different than when we encounter the Egyptian temple, which presents us with a mystery. And when we enter into its interior, we find there the inner sanctum of the human soul. But we find it accessible only to those who can go beyond the exterior and enter into the interior. A human soul is enclosed in the innermost cell, like the sanctuary of God, like the mysteries themselves in the Egyptian temple, in the Egyptian pyramid.

But the soul is not so locked away in the human being that it cannot express itself in gestures, in everything that we encounter in human beings. When the soul permeates the body with its uniqueness, the body can become the outward expression of the soul. Then this human body appears to us as something supremely artistic and perfect in itself, as something imbued with soul, as something infinite and perfect in itself. And if you look for something in the whole of visible creation that would represent something as perfect in itself as the human body is, insofar as it is imbued with soul, You will find nothing within visible creation—not in terms of dynamism—except the Greek temple, which encloses the god within itself, but also serves as his dwelling place in a self-contained infinity, like the human body is to the human soul. And insofar as man is a microcosm, a soul in a body, the Egyptian and Greek temples are man.

Man standing upright: that is the Oriental temple. The human being who stands on the ground, holding a world mysteriously enclosed within himself, but who can allow this world to flow into his being in complete tranquility and calmly direct his gaze horizontally forward, closed off above and below: that is the Greek temple. And once again, the annals of world history speak: the temple is the human being!

And we approach our time, that time which has its origin—as we have already proven beyond doubt in part and will be able to prove more and more—in all that has emerged from ancient Hebrew antiquity and Christianity, the mystery of Golgotha, but which first had to force its way into those forms that were adopted from Egypt and Greece, but which increasingly strove to break through these forms, to break through them in such a way that, as spatial boundaries—broken through within themselves—they point beyond limited space into the weaving of the infinite universe.

All things that happen in the future are already predisposed in the past. In a certain mysterious way, the temple building of the future is predisposed in the past. And since I have to speak about what is after all a great mystery of human development, I can hardly do otherwise than express this mystery itself in a somewhat mysterious form.

We hear about Solomon's Temple on many occasions as the temple in which, we know, the whole spirit of human development was to be expressed. We hear about it; but the people of the physical earth are asked the completely futile question – and this is the mystery of the matter: who has seen that Temple of Solomon, of which we speak as a grandiose truth – if we speak of it seriously at all – who has seen it with physical eyes? Yes, what I am saying is a mystery! A few centuries after Solomon's Temple must have been built, Herodotus traveled through Egypt and the Near East. From his travelogues, which truly deal with much less than what Solomon's Temple must have been, we know that he must have passed only a few miles from Solomon's Temple—but he did not see it. People had not yet seen Solomon's Temple!

The puzzling thing is that I have to talk about something that was there but that people did not see. But that is how it is. Well, there are also things in nature that may be there but that people do not see. However, the comparison is not complete, and anyone who wanted to use it would be completely off the mark. It is the plants that are contained in their seeds; but people do not see the plants in their seeds. However, no one should go any further with this comparison, because anyone who would now interpret Solomon's Temple in this way would immediately say something wrong. As far as I myself have said, the comparison is quite correct, the comparison of the plant seed with Solomon's Temple.

What does Solomon's Temple want? It wants the same thing that the temple of the future should want and can want alone.

One can represent the physical human being in anthroposophy. One can represent the human being, insofar as he is the temple of the soul itself and is animated by the soul, in psychosophy. And one can represent the human being through pneumatosophy, insofar as the human being is spirit. The spiritual human being—may we not represent him before us in such a way that we say: First we see the human being who, lying on the ground, raises himself up, then the human being who stands before us, closed in on himself like an infinite being founded in himself, with his gaze directed straight ahead, and then we see the human being who looks upward, soulfully grounded in himself, but raising his soul to the spirit and receiving the spirit. “The spirit is spiritual” is a tautology, but it can nevertheless clarify what we have to say: the spirit is the supersensible; art can only form in the sensible and express itself in the sensible. In other words, what the soul receives as spirit must be able to pour itself into form. Just as the upright human being, the human being who is established within himself, has become a temple, so must the soul that receives the spirit be able to become a temple. Our age is here to make a start with a temple art that can speak loudly to the people of the future:

The temple is the human being, the human being who receives the spirit in his soul!

But this temple art differs from all previous ones. And here what now needs to be said in terms of content connects to the starting point of our consideration.

The outer human being who stands upright can be seen; one need only interpret him. The human being who is to be interpreted within himself, who has been imbued with the soul, must be felt and sensed; interpretation is not enough. He was sensed — as was so vividly expressed to you this morning — he was sensed as a Greek work of art must truly be sensed within us, in that it was said that one feels the bones cracking. The Greek temple lives within us because we are it, insofar as we are a microcosm imbued with soul. But the fact of spiritual conception through the soul is invisible, supersensible, and yet: it must become sensual if it is to become art!

No other age is capable of developing such art as ours and the coming age. But ours must make the beginning. Everything is only attempts, everything is only beginnings, in the same way that the temple, perfect in itself, has striven in the Christian church to date to break through the masonry and find the connection with the infinite weaving of the universe.

What must we build now?

We must build the completion of what has just been indicated! From what spiritual science can give us, we must find the possibility of creating that inner space which, in its effects of color and form and in other artistic presentations it contains, is at once complete and at the same time, in every detail, such that its completeness is not completeness, that it invites us, wherever we look, invites us to penetrate the walls with our eyes, with our whole feeling and sensation, so that we are enclosed and at the same time, in the enclosure of the cell, we are connected with the wholeness of the weaving divine world.

“To have walls and not to have walls” is what will answer the temple art of the future: an interior space that denies itself, that no longer develops any egoism of space, that selflessly, in all that it offers in colors and forms, wants only to be there to let the universe into itself. How colors can do this, to what extent colors can be the connection with the spirits of the environment, insofar as they are contained in the spiritual atmosphere, I already attempted to describe at the opening of our Stuttgart building.

In the outer physical perfection of man, what is the supersensible man? Where do we still encounter a hint of the superphysical man in the outer physical man? Nowhere else but where the human being incorporates into words what lives within him, where he speaks, where the word becomes wisdom and prayer and — without the usual or any sentimental connotation of these words — entrusting himself to the human body in wisdom and prayer, enveloping the mysteries of the world! The word that has become flesh in man is the spirit, it is spirituality, which also expresses itself in the physical human being. And we will either create the building that we are supposed to create, or we will not do so, but will have to leave it to future times. We will do it if we are able to design our interior space in an appropriate manner for the first time, as perfectly as possible today, regardless of how the building will appear on the outside. It could be covered with straw on all sides — that is completely irrelevant. The external appearance is for the external profane world, which has nothing to do with the interior. The interior will be what matters. What will it be?

It will present itself in such a way that every glance we cast will fall on something that announces to us: this expresses in its colors and forms, in its entire language of colors and forms, in all that it is, in all its real liveliness, the same thing as what can be done and said in this place, what man can entrust to his own physical being as the most spiritual thing about him. And there will be one thing in this building that proclaims the mystery of humanity as wisdom, as prayer, and that is what encloses the space. And it will be natural for the word that penetrates the space to limit itself in such a way that it strikes the walls, as it were, and encounters on the walls that which is so closely related to it that it returns to the interior space what is given by human beings themselves. From the center of the word to the periphery of the word, the dynamic will emanate, and a peripheral echo of spiritual knowledge and spiritual message itself shall be what presents itself as inner space, not breaking through as a window, but at its boundaries, at what it itself is, at the same time limited and at the same time opening freely to the vastness of spiritual infinity.

This could not yet be there, for only spiritual science is capable of creating such a thing. But spiritual science must create such a thing one day. If it does not do so in our age, later ages will demand it of it. And just as it is true that the Near Eastern temple, the Egyptian temple, the Greek temple, and the Christian church had to enter into human development, it is equally true that the spiritual science mystery room, with its closure to the material world and its openness to the spiritual world, must spring from the human spirit as the work of art of the future. Nothing that already exists can remind us of the ideal form that is to appear before us. Everything must be new in a certain sense. It will, of course, arise in an imperfect form, but that will suffice for the time being; it will mark the beginning. Precisely that will mark the beginning of ever higher and higher levels of perfection in the same field.

What do the people of the present need in order to make themselves reasonably ready for such a temple work of art?

No art can come into being unless it arises from the overall spirit of a human cycle. I can still hear the words spoken by the architect Ferstel, the builder of the Votive Church in Vienna, in his rector's speech during my second year of study at the Vienna University of Technology. At the time, these words sounded like a discordant note to me, but on the other hand, they also like a sound that truly characterizes our time. Ferstel said these remarkable words: Architectural styles are not invented. To these words we must add: Architectural styles are born out of the uniqueness of peoples. Well, our time has so far shown no inclination to find architectural styles in the same sense as the ancients found them and to present them to the world again. Architectural styles are found, but they are only found by the collective spirit of a particular cycle of humanity.

How can we today bring to our souls something of this collective spirit that is supposed to find the future architectural style we have in mind today?

I will now try to say something about the characteristics of this matter from a completely different angle and from a completely different point of view.

In the course of my work in spiritual science, I have repeatedly encountered artists in various fields who had a certain fear, a certain shyness, of spiritual knowledge, precisely because spiritual research attempts to open up a certain understanding of works of art and also of the impulses that underlie them. How often does it happen that what we encounter as myths and legends, but also as works of art, is interpreted through spiritual science, that is, traced back to the underlying forces? But how often does it also happen that the artist withdraws from such an interpretation in an understandable way because he says to himself, especially if he is productive in a particular field: I lose everything that is original; everything I want to pour into form, everything—content and form—is lost to me when I bring into some conceptual or ideological construct what appears before my soul as a work of art that I feel to be alive, or at least as an intuition that I feel to be alive.

There are few things that people have been able to tell me over the years that I could understand better than this fear and anxiety. For those who are predisposed to do so can fully empathize with the horror that the artist must feel when he finds his own work, or a work he loves, analyzed here and there: the work of art taken over by the intellect! What a terrible thought for everything that is artistic in our soul! Something like the smell of a corpse almost imposes itself on us when we have Goethe's “Faust” in front of us and [read] the comments of an analyzing scholar below, even if he belongs to the interpreting philosophers, not merely to the interpreting philologists! Yes, what can we say about this? I would like to explain it to you very briefly in a few minutes using an example.

I have here before me the latest edition of “The Legend of the Seven Wise Masters,” which has now (1911) been published by Diederichs. This old legend—which exists in so many versions that pieces of it appear again and again, scattered almost all over Europe—is a highly remarkable story, beautifully constructed as a work of art. I am now speaking of poetic art, but what one does with it could also be done with architecture. I cannot tell you now what is contained in the legend of the seven wise masters, some of which is expressed in very crude terms, but I would like to present the framework in the following way.

It is tremendously vivid in successive narratives, hung on a framework that gives expression to what is now being expressed. The whole thing is titled: “Here begins the book that tells of Emperor Pontianus and his wife, the Empress, and his son, the young Lord Diocletian, how he wanted to hang him and how seven masters redeemed him, every day, each with his own saying.” An emperor is married to a woman with whom he has a son, who is described here as Diocletian. The woman dies, and the emperor marries another woman. His son Diocletian is his rightful successor; he has no rightful successor from his second wife. The time is now approaching when Diocletian is to be educated. It is announced that Diocletian is to be educated in the most significant and satisfactory manner by the wisest people in the country, and seven wise masters come forward to take on the education of the emperor's son. The emperor's second wife also wants to have a son in order to prevent her stepson from becoming his successor in any way. However, she does not succeed in this. She now tries to slander the emperor's son to her husband in every way possible, and finally decides to get rid of him somehow. To this end, she resorts to all possible means. Now it turned out that Diocletian had been taught for seven years by the seven wise masters, that he had learned great and many things in the most diverse, that is, in the sevenfold way. But in a certain sense he had even surpassed all the practical wisdom that the seven wise masters had mastered. And so he had succeeded in interpreting a star in the starry sky. This enabled him to tell himself that he must remain silent for seven consecutive days when he returned to his father, not speak in any way, and act like a fool. But he also knew that the empress was plotting his death. Therefore, he now asks the seven wise masters to save him from death. And now, in seven consecutive periods in which everything takes place, the following happens: The son comes home. But the empress has told the emperor a story that has made a great impression on his soul, and which had the very purpose of persuading the emperor to have his son hanged. The emperor also agrees with this, because the story has convinced him. The son is already being led to the gallows when they meet the first of the seven wise masters on the way. After being reproached for leaving the son so stupid, this first of the masters speaks up and says he wants to tell the emperor a story. The emperor wants to hear it. Yes, says the wise man, but first you must let the son come home, for I want the son to hear us before he is hanged. The emperor agrees. They return home, and there the first of the seven wise masters tells his story. This story makes such an impression on the emperor that he does not have the son hanged, but sets him free. The next day, however, the empress tells the emperor another story, which again leads to the son being sentenced to death. He is already being led out to the gallows when they meet the second of the seven wise masters on the way, who also wants to tell the emperor a story before the son is hanged. This happens, and as a result, the son remains alive. This is repeated seven times in a row until the eighth day arrives and the son is able to speak. In this way, the son's salvation, as recounted, comes to pass. The entire narrative, as well as the entire conclusion, are presented in an outstandingly vivid manner. I would now like to say: On the one hand, you pick up the book and immerse yourself in it, and you take great pleasure in the grand, sometimes crude images; you are wonderfully absorbed in the depiction of souls. But such a story practically demands to be explained. Absolutely? No, only in our time, because we live in the fifth post-Atlantean cultural epoch, where the intellect is the dominant and increasingly dominant force. In the age in which this story was written, it would not have prompted anyone to seek explanations. But we in our time are condemned to give an explanation for it, and then one decides to give one. How obvious is it? The emperor had a wife who bore him a son who is destined to be educated by seven wise masters and who, according to his consciousness, originates from the time when humanity still had the clairvoyant soul. The clairvoyant soul has died, but the human ego remains and can be taught by the “seven wise masters” who appear to us in the most diverse forms.

I myself once pointed out that we are essentially dealing with the same thing in the case of the seven daughters of the Midianite priest Jethro, whom Moses meets at his father-in-law's well, but also in the case of the seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages.

The second woman, who can no longer develop divine consciousness, is the present human soul, which therefore cannot have a son. Diocletian, the son, is taught in secret by the seven wise masters, and in the end he must be liberated by the powers he has acquired from them.

We could continue in this way and give an absolutely correct picture, and would of course be serving our time in doing so. But let us now take our artistic sense. I do not know to what extent what I am about to say will find an echo! But if you read the book, let it sink in, and then are very clever and explain it quite correctly in the spirit of our time, as our time demands, you still feel as if you have actually done the book an injustice, a grave injustice, because you have actually put a straw skeleton of all kinds of abstract concepts in place of the living work of art. And it makes no difference whether this is right or wrong, witty or not witty. - We can go even further.

The greatest work of art is the world, either the macrocosm or the microcosm. In images or symbols, in all kinds of such things, the ancients expressed what they had to express about the mysteries of things, and we come with the “ancient” wisdom — which is only as old as it has prepared itself as a seed for the fifth post-Atlantean cultural epoch — we come with the intellect, we come with the whole of spiritual science as an explanation of the world. This is something just as abstract and dry in relation to living reality as a commentary is in relation to a work of art! Nevertheless, even though spiritual science must exist, even though our time demands spiritual science, we must nevertheless feel it in a certain sense as a straw skeleton in relation to living reality. In a certain sense, this is not an exaggeration. For insofar as theosophy or spiritual science only occupies our minds, insofar as we are only involved with the intellect, insofar as we coin schemes and all kinds of technical terms, especially in the parts that relate to human beings themselves, insofar is theosophy a mere straw skeleton. And it only begins to become somewhat more tolerable when we can imagine, for example, the different states of Saturn, the Sun, and the Moon and the earlier Earth periods, or the activities of the various hierarchies. But it is gruesome to speak of this: that human beings consist of a physical body, an etheric body, an astral body, and an ego—or even of manas and kama-manas—and it is even more gruesome when these things are expressed in diagrams and on charts. I can hardly think of anything more horrible than the whole human being, who is magnificent in himself, and next to him on a board the human being with the seven human members; to be surrounded by a large number of people in a large hall and to have next to you a board with the scale of the seven basic human parts. Yes, that's how it is! But we have to feel such things. We do not need to hang these things right in front of our eyes, because they are not even beautiful, but we must hang them in front of our souls! That is the mission of our time. And no matter how much one may say against these things from the point of view of taste and artistic productivity, they belong to our time; that is the task of our time.

But how can we overcome this dilemma? In a certain sense, we are supposed to be dreary theosophists and anthroposophists, picking the world apart and dissecting it, drawing grandiose works of art into abstractions and even saying: We are theosophists! How can we escape this dilemma?

Only by one means! And this means lies in the fact that spiritual science is a cross for us, that spiritual science is a sacrifice for us, that we really feel that it takes away from us almost everything that humanity has had so far in terms of living world content. And there is no degree of intensity that I would like to describe in order to make it clear that for everything that sprouts alive — even in the course of human development and the divine world — spiritual science must first be something like a field of corpses!

But when we then perceive spiritual science as the herald of the greatest thing that exists in the world, when we feel that it becomes our greatest pain, our greatest deprivation, so that we feel within ourselves one of the divine features of its mission in the world, then it becomes the corpse that rises from the grave, then it celebrates the resurrection, then it rises from the grave. No one will feel joy at the defoliation and desolation of the world's content, but no one can feel the productivity of the world's secrets like the one who, with his productivity, feels himself to be a successor to Christ, who carried the cross to Golgotha, who went through death. But this is also the cross of knowledge in the realm of knowledge, which spiritual science takes upon itself in order to die within it and to experience from the grave how a new world arises, a new living being. Those who thus transform what the intellect must never accept—their soul being as a living inner self, those who pass through a kind of death in spiritual science itself—will also feel life as a living force for new artistic impulses, which are capable of transforming into reality what I have been able to outline for you today.

What we are to do is so closely connected with all spiritual feeling, and we believe that the Johannesbau Association will open up an understanding of this. I hardly think I need to say more to make it clear that this Johannesbau can be a matter close to the heart of anthroposophists, of the kind that is felt to be a necessity in the course of time. For the answer to the question of whether anthroposophy is understood today in a certain broader sense depends first and foremost on an answer that we cannot give in words, that we cannot express in thoughts, but rather on our taking action and on each of us contributing in whatever way we can to what our Johannesbau Association wants to achieve by placing itself so beautifully and understandingly within the evolution of humanity.