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The History of Art
GA 292

17 January 1917, Dornach

8. Raphael and the Northern Artists

The pictures we shall show today will enable us to give a kind of recapitulation of various things that came before our souls in former lectures. I shall draw attention today to further aspects, arising out of what we have said before. In the course of these studies, we have distinguished between the more Southern European and the Northern or Mid-European artistic streams and we have indicated characteristic aspects of these two. I do not wish to repeat what has already been set forth. Today we are able to show some further reproductions of pictures by Raphael, and I wish to say a few words about him, unfolding—if I may so describe it—a more special outcome of our ideas concerning the artistic genius of the South.

Anyone who lets Raphael's creations work upon his soul, will admit that in Raphael—with respect to certain artistic intentions—the highest ideal has been attained. When we let them work upon us and try to understand them, we ask ourselves again and again: What is it that comes to expression in his works, and how does it stand in relation to the World? Think for a moment from this aspect of the Madonna della Sedia,—how this picture is placed in a great world-perspective: It is so, indeed, in all directions. To begin with, you may consider the picture as an outcome of the Christian world-conception. So perfectly does it express this theme: The Birth of Christ Jesus in connection with the Madonna, that we must say, 'The ides, the meaning, the impulse, the world-historic significance which it is desired to express, has here been expressed by means that cannot ever be transcended.

From a certain point of view you cannot imagine a further enhancement of this theme—the Madonna with the Jesus Child—in its impression on the human soul. One of the ideas of the Christian conception of the world has come to expression here in the highest imaginable way, seen from a certain aspect.

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1. Raphael. Madonna With Child.

And now let us look at the picture for a moment as though we knew nothing of the Christian world-conception. Let us consider it in the way Herman Grimm once spoke of it, simply as an expression of the deep mystery of the relation of the mother to the child. A mother with her child: Once more, the highest means of expression have been found by Raphael for one of the most mysterious themes in the whole Cosmos, as it lies before us human beings living in the Physical. Thus even if we take the pure picture of Nature—the mother and child—apart from the world-historic happenings, once more the thing is perfect in itself, the highest of its kind.

It is always so with Raphael. His themes are of universal significance, and perfectly expressed,—the means of expression proceeding from those streams and influences which we recognise as characteristic of the South. Always, however, his themes must be seen in the context of great universal meanings. We can regard them from a Christian aspect (and the above two points of view are by no means the only ones),—looking at it in a Christian way, the theme places itself at once in a great context of Nature. Again it rises free from the individually human; we seem to forget the human being that worked to create it—the human being, Raphael himself. Behind the artist stand great cosmic perspectives—world-conceptions coming to expression in him. This, indeed, is to characterise such an artist as Raphael, as the artist of an epoch that was drawing to it close: the Fourth Post Atlantean epoch. Such epochs, when they draw near their end—or when their inner essence reaches beyond the boundary of times, often bring forth their very highest.

We shall presently see how very different it is when we consider in this light, say, the personality of Albrecht Dürer. There it is altogether different. But you might also think of the Sistine Madonna, even as we have now spoken of the Madonna della Sedia. Again we should have to say: What is here placed before us interests us, above all, inasmuch as it stands out against the background of a great world-conception. Without this background of a great world-conception, the Sistine Madonna is, indeed, unthinkable.

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2. Raphael. Sistine Madonna With Child

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3. Raphael. Sistine Madonna With Child (detail)

Looking at some of Raphael's pictures today, let us bear in mind the aspect which has thus been characterised. For Raphael to create in this way—for his pictures to arise out of a mighty world-perspective—something of cosmic law and principle had to be working in his very soul. This is, indeed, the case. It comes to expression in the remarkable course of his life, which was already emphasized by Hermann Grimm. Raphael's work takes its course in regular cyclic periods. At the age of twenty-one he creates the Sposalize; four years later the Entombment; four years after this he completes the Frescoes of the Camera della Segnatura; four years later, once again, the Cartoons for the tapestries in the Vatican and the two Madonnas. And finally, four years after this, at the age of thirty-seven, he is working at the Transfiguration, which stands unfinished when he leaves this physical plane. In cyclic periods of four years, something of the nature of a cosmic principle works in Raphael. Truly, we here have something that proceeds from a great cosmic background. Hence Raphael's work is so strongly separated from his personality. Again and again the question comes to us: How is it that the themes—and they are world-historic themes—come to expression in his work so perfectly; so self-contained, so inwardly complete?

Down to this day, the study of Art derives—more than from any other source—from that great Art in the center of which is Raphael.

The study of Art in the exoteric life today is more or less of this kind. All its available ideas have been learned from the Art which finds its highest expression in Raphael—the Art of the Italian Renaissance. Thus in the outer life the concepts to express this Art are the most perfect, and all other Art is measured by this standard. The works of this Art are the ideal, and we have few words at our disposal, few concepts and ideas, even to speak of any other streams in Art, specifically different from this one. That is the unique thing.

And now we will let pass before our souls a number of pictures by Raphael, most of which we have not yet seen in these lectures.

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4. Raphael. The Vision of Ezekiel. (Florence, Palazzo Pitti.)

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4. Raphael. The Vision of Ezekiel. (detail) (Pitti. Florence.)

The ideas, the living conceptions, out of which such a picture proceeded even in Raphael's time, are naturally no longer near us today. To represent so truly this wandering of the soul in human form through the spiritual world, would no longer be attainable today for those who have not Spiritual Science. The animal nature below expressed what man has cast aside from himself, but it is still there, needless to say, even in his etheric body, and we find it there when the etheric is freed from the physical. The union of the soul with something childlike, as it is is represented by the angel figures here, is an absolutely true conception. The conception corresponds to a reality. We must consider man in his full being, such as he really is. In recent communications on the Guardian of the Threshold we had to speak of the Threefold being of Man. This threefold nature of man emerges everywhere, where reference is made to the Spiritual part of man emancipated from the Physical. We find this threefoldness in manifold forms—not symbolic, but corresponding to spiritual Realities. And so we find it here, in the full-grown Man related to the Child and the Beast.

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5. Perugino. The Marriage of Maria. (Vienna, Albertina.)

Today we are able to show a study from the Sposalizo, the picture with which Raphael's great career as an artist properly begins. He did this at the age of twenty-one—at the beginning of the four-year period which dominated all his work.

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6. Perugino. “Sposalizo”. (Caen.)

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7. Raphael. “Sposalizo”. (Milan, Brera.)

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8. Raphael. The Call of St. Peter. (London, Kensington Museum.)

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9. Raphael. The Road to Calvary. (Madrid, Prado.)

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10. Raphael. Sketch of the Mourning for Christ. (Louvre. Paris.)

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11. Raphael. Sermon of St. Paul at Athens. (London, Kensington Museum.)

We will now show once more a reproduction of the so-called “Disputa,” with certain details.

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12. Raphael. Disputa. (Vatican. Rome.)

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13. Raphael. The Holy Trinity. (Perugia, San Severo.)

The Holy Trinity, as it is called.

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14. Raphael. Sketch for the Disputa. (Windsor.)

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15. Raphael. St. Cecilia. (Bologna.)

And now, as an example of Raphael's portraiture:—

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16. Raphael. Cardinal Bihbiens. (Pitti. Florence.)

The next two are examples of his tapestries in the Vatican.

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17. Raphael. The Miraculous Draught of Fishes. (Tapestry in the Vatican.)

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18. Raphael. The Healing of the Lame. (Tapestry in the Vatican.)

These are the things of which Goethe said that nothing he had known till then could compare with them in greatness.

Looking back once more over the pictures by Raphael which we have seen today, I beg you observe how we may recognise in them the echoing of a mighty tradition of great Art. Even the sketches which we have shown today reveal this most especially. Raphael's work is the last, the highest, the closing act in a great tradition. There is also another point I would ask you to consider. Think of the picture of the Sermon of St. Paul and others—the “Disputa,” for example. You may take any one of those that we have seen today. In every case, having distinguished the subject of the picture, you may naturally ask yourself about the event or personality represented. But it will never be sufficient to answer: The subject is such and such; it represents this or that. In Raphael's case you will have to ask: How is the artist contriving to express—whatever the subject is—in accordance with the ideas and canons of great Art? We cannot merely ask: How would St. Paul actually have lifted up his hand to speak? With Raphael we must ask: What angle will the arm have to make with the body according to aesthetic laws of balance and proportion? And so forth ... A magic breath is poured out over it all,—a magic breath of aesthetic traditions, of harmony and balance. Look at the boy who stands here, in this picture. It is not enough to ask: What is going on in the soul of the boy? Your question must, rather, be directed to these laws of artistic harmony. See how the line of the arm, reaching out on either side, is placed into the composition. In short, you can distinguish what is purely artistic from the underlying subject-matter. Here, however, the artist's power is so magnificent that it draws the subject-matter into its own sphere. With such an artist as Raphael, we may, indeed, pronounce the word, for it is literally true:—“Artistic truth makes all the rest true,—compels all the rest into its circle.”

You cannot apply this saying, in its present meaning, to the works we shall now let pass before our souls. We will begin with one by Martin Schongauer, who died in 1488.

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19. Martin Schongauer. The Road to Calvary.

Here you see the very opposite. To begin with, the artist is simply concerned to express his subject. No longer is there poured out over it the magic breath of a peculiarly aesthetic truth, the climax of a great tradition. Here the effort is, to the best of the artist's technique and ability, with the artistic means at his disposal, to bring to expression what is there in the souls of men. Here the world speaks to us directly—not through the medium of a tradition of great Art.

We will now let work upon our souls the personality of Albrecht Dürer; showing a number of pictures which we did not see in the former lectures. In Albrecht Dürer, whom we may speak of as a contemporary of Raphael, we have before us an altogether different personality. It is impossible to think of Dürer's works in the same way as of Raphael's. In Dürer's case we shall not easily forget the personality, the human being. Not that we must always necessarily imagine him; but the pictures themselves are eloquent of all that is direct and intimate and near to the human soul, springing from the soul with elemental force. Raphael paints with the ever-present background of great world-perspectives. He is only conceivable if we imagine, as it were, the Genius of Christianity itself painting in the soul of Raphael. And, again, he is only conceivable as one who stands at the close of a great epoch, during which pupils were learning from their Masters many a tradition of aesthetic law, artistic harmony,—learning that certain things should be done in certain ways, to correspond with the canons of great Art.

In Raphael's works these things are always there before us. In Dürer's work, on the other hand, we feel in the background, as it were, the aura of the life of the time in Middle Europe,—the German towns and cities. Invisibly his pictures are pervaded by all that blossomed forth in the free life of the cities, working its way towards the Reformation. Nor does he stand before us with any cosmic perspectives in the background. It is, rather, the ordinary individual man's approach to the Bible and to his fellow-men, bringing his own soul to expression. The Human element can never be separated from his works. We cannot seek in Dürer for a cosmic principle working through his soul, as we can in Raphael. But we may look for something intimate and deep; deeply connected—we cannot say so too often—with the human soul, its feelings and its seeking, its longing and striving.

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20. Dürer. The Four Witches. (Etching)

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21. Dürer. Hercules.

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22. Dürer. Melanchthon Etching.

Here we have a portrait of Melanchthon, the theological bearer of the Reformation, as against Luther, who was the “priestly” bearer.

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23. Dürer. “Rosenkranzfest.” (Prague.)

This picture is now in the “Rudolfinum” at Prague. The Pope, the Emperor and representatives of Christianity are being crowned with roses by Mary, the Jesus Child and St. Dominic. The two figures against the tree trunk will be shown in detail in the next slide.

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24. Dürer. Portrait of Himself and Pirkheimer. (Detail of the above.)

Further examples of Dürer's portraiture:—

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25. Dürer. Portrait of his Father. (Uffizi. Florence.)

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26. Dürer. Portrait. (Prado. Madrid.)

Looking at such a portrait, the whole life of the time comes vividly before you. Truly, in this sense Dürer is an historic figure of the very first rank. No historic document tells us so well, what the people of that time were like.

We shall now show some characteristic examples of Dürer's drawings—etchings and woodcuts. To begin with, from his cycle on the Apocalypse—fifteen leaves, done in 1498.

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27. Dürer. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. (1498.)

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28. Dürer. The Woman Clothed with the Sun and the Seven-headed Dragon (1498.)

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29. Dürer. The Adoration of the Lamb and The Hymn of the Chosen. (1497).

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30. Dürer. The Battle of the Angels. (1498.)

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31. Dürer. Michael and the Dragon. (1493.)

And now we will show a number of pictures from the series of etchings of the Passion—known as the “Kupferstich-Passion.”

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32. Dürer. The Kerchief of St. Veronica. (Etching)

Then the motif that occurs again and again in that time:—

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33. Dürer. The Man of Sorrows. (Etching)

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34. Dürer. The Scourging. (Etching)

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35. Dürer. The Crowning with Thorns. (Etching)

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36. Dürer. Ecce Homo. (Etching)

We will next show a number of pictures from the Holzschnitt-Passion—of thirty-six small woodcuts. They are extraordinarily tender and intimate. The first is the title-page:—

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37. Dürer. Christ with the Crown of Thorns. (Woodcut)

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38. Dürer. Saint Veronica. (Woodcut)


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39. Dürer. The Last Supper. (Woodcut)

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40. Dürer. The Scourging. (Woodcut)

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41. Dürer. Ecce Homo. (Woodcut)

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42. Dürer. The Way to Calvary. (Woodcut)

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43. Dürer. Christ on the Cross. (Woodcut)

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44. Dürer. Mourning for Christ. (Woodcut)

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45. Dürer. The Resurrection. (Woodcut)

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46. Dürer. The Ascension. (Woodcut)

We can also show two pictures by Hans Baldung, who worked for a certain time, at any rate—in Dürer's workshop. These pictures date from the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century.

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47. Hans Baldung. The Three Fates.

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48. Hans Baldung. Ecce Homo.

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49. Hans Sebald Beham. The Man of Sorrows.

I would like to make the following remarks:—The transition from the Fourth to the fifth post-Atlantean epoch and all that is connected with it, finds expression—far more than we can realise from the ordinary textbooks of History—in the whole life of the 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. We must remember that at such times, at the turning-point of one epoch and another, many things are perceptible in the life of the time, expressing the mighty transformation that is taking place. History, truly, does not take its course—though the text-books might lead one to suppose so—like a perpetual succession of causes and effects. At characteristic moments, at the turning-points of epochs, characteristic phenomena emerge, in the most varied spheres of life. Thus, at the transition from the age of the Intellectual Soul or Soul of the Higher Feelings to that of the Spiritual Soul, phenomena appear in all domains of life, revealing how men felt when the impulses of the Spiritual Soul were drawing near. The evolution of the Spiritual Soul involved the development of those relationships with the purely physical plane into which men had to enter during the fifth post-Atlantean age. To a high degree, man was about to be fettered to that physical plane. Naturally, this brought in its train all the phenomena of reaction—of opposition and revulsion at this process. Moreover, at the same time many things emerged out of the former epoch, reaching over with multitudinous ramifications into the new.

Among the many symptoms of that time we see, for instance, the intense preoccupation of man with the phenomenon of Death. In many different spheres—as we can easily convince ourselves—the thought of Death came very near to men. Death as a great mystery—the Mystery of Death—drew near to men at the very time when their Souls had to prepare to come out most of all on to the physical plane of existence.

Moreover. the things of the fourth epoch were reaching over into the Fifth. There were the excesses of the Papacy which had degenerated more and more into a pure impulse of might. There were the excesses connected with the old divisions—the riches of the higher orders, their overweening arrogance, their growing superficiality of life,—while the religious themes themselves were being made external, flat and superficial. Those human beings, on the other hand, who attained some inwardness of soul were pondering deeply on the penetration of the Spiritual world into the physical. Added to this, there was the absolute need to turn one's attention to the spiritual world; inasmuch as the seeds of decay and destruction were entering most terribly into the physical world just at that time. For in those centuries the plague was raging far and wide in Europe—truly, an awful death, Death, in the Plague, came face to face with men as a visible phenomenon in its most awful form.

In Art, too, we see this intensive study of the significance of Death. It comes before us especially in the famous Procession of Death on the cemetery wall at Pisa—one of the earliest appearances of this kind. Then we find many pictures of Death as it draws near to men under the inexorable laws of Fate—draws near to man of whatsoever rank or class. The “Dance of Death,” the “Wandering of Death through the World,” Death's entry into all human relationships—this becomes a very favorite theme. It was out of this mood and feeling that Holbein himself created his cycle on the Dance of Death, three examples of which we shall now show. In Holbein's Dance of Death the object was especially to show how Death approaches the rich man, for instance; approaches man of every social rank—from the highest in the land to the lowest. Moreover, the object was to show Death as a righteous judge. Holbein in his Dance of Death desired to show every conceivable circumstance under which Death draws near to human life.

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44a. Holbein. Death and the King.

Here we see Death coming to the King, to tear him away from his royal life.

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44b. Holbein. Death and the Monk.

The people of that time had great delight in pictures such as these. This was the time when the Reformation strove to put an end to all the growing worldliness and emptiness of the religious life—to the corruption of the Church and the religious orders.

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45. Holbein. Death and the Rich Man.

Death draws near to the rich man, and finds him with his pile of money.

My dear friends, we have seen how the German Art came to expression in these great examples—and especially in the greatest, in Dürer,—at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century. One question cannot but interest us again and again: How is it with the origin and evolution of this special stream of Art? In order to say a little more upon this subject, we shall presently show a few pictures revealing how the several factors stood at a characteristic moment. We can make very interesting studies on the evolution of the Mid-European or German Art—and notably the Southern German Art—at the beginning of the 15th century. True, the pictures of the period, which we shall show, give only the outcome of a long line of evolution. But this outcome appears in them strongly and characteristically. When we wish to characterise a great range of phenomena, we have to sum up many things in a few words; and if we desire to be true, it is by no means easy ... It may be that the characteristic pictures we choose does not fully represent all that is here intended. But if we take things on the whole, we shall find it is confirmed, undoubtedly.

The origin of the Mediaeval Art of the German people shows itself most characteristically on the slopes of the Alps reaching out into Southern Germany, into the regions of Southern Bavaria and Swabia. And we must realise that here was a flowing together of two factors. The one represented by all that was imported from the South along the paths of evolution of the Church—and notably the Roman Church system. We must decidedly imagine (though the historic documents contain little about it) that in artistic matters, too, many an impulse came through the Church and the clerical orders. This applies especially to the districts to which I have just referred. Undoubtedly, many priests and clerics also became painters—good and bad—and they, of course, were always in close connection with the whole system of the Church, working its way upwards with its Roman, Latin impulses from the South. They carried with them all that was living there as artistic tradition. Needless to say, this great tradition reached its eminence only in men of genius, but it existed and was taught as a tradition even among lesser men. Tradition was especially at home in Italy, and thence the priests and monks absorbed and carried it with them to the North.

With all the other things which they derived from the Roman Church, they also took with them these conceptions of how the artist should work, ideas of artistic harmony and balance: Of how one ought to group the persons in a picture, and how the lines should go, and so forth. All this that we see at its loftiest eminence, say in the works of Michelangelo and, above all, Raphael, too, did not create naively, but, as I said before, out of a far-reaching artistic tradition. These artists knew how the figures should be grouped, in the composition, how the single figures should be placed, and so forth. And as I mentioned recently, they had brought the laws of perspective to a high degree of perfection.

All this was taken Northward. Monks and Priests who had enjoyed artistic training would frequently discuss such things with those who showed signs of artistic talent. But it must be said that the people whose home was in the German-speaking districts of what is now called Austria or Southern Bavaria or Swabia absorbed these rules of Art only with great reluctance. There can be no doubt about it; they confronted many of these things without real understanding. They heard that a thing must be done so, and so; but it did not truly appeal to them, it did not strike home. They had not yet developed in themselves a vision for these things. For a period, from which little has been preserved, we must assume, proceeding from these districts, works of Art carrying forward in a very clumsy fashion whatever had to do with the great artistic tradition of the Latin, Roman South. They could not enter into it; they had very little talent for it. The talents of the people of these districts lay in another direction.

I have spoken of all that was carried Northward by the Roman priesthood. This, as I said, was the one factor. The other was what I would call the elemental originality of heart and mind of the human beings themselves who in these regions showed any kind of talent for the Art of painting. They had no talent to follow the rules which were considered the highest requirements of Art in the South. To begin with, they had no eye for perspective. That a picture must somewhat express the fact that one figure is standing more in the foreground and another towards the back,—this they could only understand with great difficulty. To the people of these districts in the first half of the 15th century the spatial conception was still well nigh a closed book. Yet these very districts are in many respects the source and fountainhead of German Art. They could not work their way through to feel the laws of perspective independently and of their own accord. At most, they felt that the things must somehow be expressed by overlapping. The figure that overlaps the other is in front, the other is behind. In this way they tried to bring some measure of spatial order into their pictures, and so they began to find their way into the laws of space.

Primitive as they still are, we see in these pictures—appearing so characteristically in the first half of the 15th century—how hard it is for that stream of evolution which tries to take shape out of the elemental forces of the human heart, to discover for itself the laws of artistic creation. We will now show some examples from the above-mentioned districts. We shall see that they had no real inner relation to the tradition that has been brought to them. They absorbed it, as it were, unwillingly, with reluctance. Nor had they yet the power to obey the laws of space out of their own understanding. To begin with, I will show you an artist of the first half of the 15th century: Lucas Moser.

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46. Lucas Moser. The Voyage of Mary and Lazarus. (Altar-piece at Tiefenbronn.)

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46. Lucas Moser. The Voyage of Mary and Lazarus. (detail)

Here you see how difficult, how well-nigh impossible the artist finds it to escape from the flat surface. He seems quite unable to obey any kind of perspective law. He creates out of the elemental forces of heart and mind, but his figures are in the flat—he can scarcely get out of the plane. It is, however, interesting for once to see something so primitive.

Lucas Moser was one of those artists, creating within a social order wherein undoubtedly some of the laws and canons of Art, that had been introduced from the South, were living. Some element of the Southern style undoubtedly plays into his works. At the same time he tries to contribute something of what he sees for himself. And the one thing does not quite agree with the other. For one does not actually see things in accordance with the laws of Art.

Look at this Voyage of the Saints across the Sea, as it is called. Look in the foreground (although one can scarcely speak of a “foreground” here),—see the water in which the ship is floating. The waves are merely indicated by the crests, painted in lighter color. If you try to imagine a visual point from which the whole picture might be seen, you will get into difficulties at once. We must imagine it high up so as to look down on the water. But that, again, will not agree with the aspect of the figures of the saints, below.

On the other hand, you see this artist is already striving towards what afterwards emerged—as their essential greatness—in the German artists of a later time, whom we have now considered. Look at the element of naturalism—the faithful portrayal of expression in the faces of these saints. And yet they are sitting on the very edge of the boat, so that they would certainly fall overboard at the least breath of wind. In spite of this, how intimate is the artist's observation; how delicately the souls are expressed. He makes an unskillful attempt to observe the laws of Art, and tries to be realistic at the same time, and the two things do not agree ... Needless to say, the face could not be in this position, in relation to the body (see the figure of the saint, with the mitre). There are countless faults of the same kind. It is all clue to the fact that the artist is striving on the one hand towards what afterwards became the real greatness of the German Art, while on the other hand he is impressed with certain rules. For instance: That there should be a full-face figure in the middle of the picture, and others in profile to contrast with it. He has been taught certain rules in arrangements of composition. All this he tries his best to observe. But he can only do so according to the measure of his own elementary conceptions. He has not yet worked his way through to any kind of perspective or observation of the laws of space.

Observe these little hills,—and yet the picture does not really recede towards the background. You will realise the immense progress that has been made by the time of Dürer and Holbein. And yet how short was the intervening time! This alter-piece was done in the first half of the 15th century. How strongly the forces must have worked, overcoming the artistic traditions imported from the South (for these they did not want) and bringing forth a new stream out of an independent elemental impulse. They rebelled against the Southern tradition and tended to overcome it, and to find for themselves what they required. And you have seen how far they got in a comparatively short time.

We will now show another picture by the same artist.

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47. Lucas Moser. Saints Asleep. (Marseilles. From the Altar of Tiefenbronn.)

Look at this creation! It shows how the artist combines a clear vision of Nature with an absolute disregard of some of the simplest natural facts. The tiled roof and the church tower—the whole ensemble is such that the artist cannot possibly have seen it anywhere. He just puts it together, having learned certain rules about the distribution of figures in space. Yet look how he brings out the single items according to his own vision. There is a decided beginning of Naturalism. He tries to be naturalistic and yet to express what he feels should be. His subject is "Sleeping Saints," but he conceives that they must appear worthy and dignified. Look at the figure of St. Cedonius (?) here, with his mitre.

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48. Lucas Moser. Saints Asleep. (Detail)

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49. Lucas Moser. Self Portrait. (Detail)

Once more the whole thing seems on the flat. But you will already observe the first attempt to bring out of the spatial effects by the strong shadows thrown. His relations to the laws of perspective are very strained, to say the least. But he contrives to get the effect of space by the strong shadows, and altogether by the distribution of light and dark.

This, as we saw in former lectures, is a peculiar characteristic of the German stream,—to feel the quality of space by catching the light, using the spatial virtue of the light itself. Here we do not take our start from the laws of lineal perspective—laws of perspective drawing. We extend the surface forward and backward by discovering the hidden effects of light itself.

We can see this most significantly in another artist, who already seeks for truth of Nature, but can still be characterised fundamentally in the same way as the former one. I refer to Multscher.

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50. Multscher. The Nativity. (Berlin.)

Here is a representation of the Birth of Christ. Once again there is really nothing of those Laws of Space that came from the South. But you see the beginnings of the spatial working of the light itself. Space is born, as it were, out of the activity of light, and in this element the artist works with keen attention. This picture dates from 1437.

In Moser's and Multscher's works we have a true artistic impulse, born out of the very nature of the German South. Here is the element that afterwards rose to its height in Dürer, Holbein and the rest, though the latter were also influenced from Flanders and the Netherlands. The Cologne Masters, too, are rooted in these same impulses. Again and again we see how wonderfully the characteristics emerge even at the very beginning of the evolution of such an impulse. Observe in this picture the striving to express the inner quality of soul of every single person. And yet the artist's relation to certain other truths of Nature is very strained; Imagine you were in this crowd of people standing in the background. Look at the faces. Considering how near some of them are, they could not be standing side by side in that way unless their arms were chopped off, right and left; the artist pays no heed to these elementary matters of spatial distribution. One person is dovetailed into the other. The next is another picture by Multscher.

Diagram HA08-065

51. Multscher. Christ in Gethsemane. (Town Hall. Sterzing.)

The artist tries to find his way into the representation of landscape. Note how deeply he has felt the three figures of the apostles, left behind. Yet how little he succeeds in making any real distinction between foreground and background. He seems almost unable to follow any of the laws of space. But he tries once more to express the spatial by the effects of light. Here once again we see the element which afterwards became so great in German Art.

Diagram HA08-066

52. Multscher. The Entombment. (Stuttgart. Museum.)

In Lucas Moser and in Multscher we see the actual beginnings of German Art. There are others, too, but very little has been preserved; most of it is to be found in the churches. With all their primitive unskilfulness, we have here the beginning of what emerged with real greatness in the pictures of a later date, that we have seen. They paint out of a primitive feeling, while they simply cannot find their way into the traditions that come to them from the South. Their inwardness is in opposition to these laws in which they are instructed. One more picture by Multscher.

Diagram HA08-067

53. Multscher. The Resurrection. (Berlin.)

All that we have said of the two artists comes out very prominently in this picture. If you look for a point from which these figures with the sarcophagus (for so we might call it) are seen, you have to look high up above. We are looking down on the whole scene. And yet if you look at the trees you will see, they are seen from a frontal aspect. There is no single visual point for the picture as a whole. The trees are seen from in front; the picture as a whole, from above. There is no single point of vision according to the laws of space. Indeed, whatever of perspective you do see in the pictures would largely be eliminated were it not for the strong differentiation of the space through the effects of the light itself. In this respect, our eyes will easily deceive us. You would look in vain for line perspective in this picture. You would find mistakes everywhere. I do not mean naturally admissible mistakes, but errors which by themselves would make the picture quite impossible. We see once more the striving to get beyond the mere linear perspective by means of a spatial depth and quality which the light itself begets.

We see how these artists of Middle Europe have to feel their own way towards a totality of composition. There is another interesting point,—less evident in these pictures, but you will find it in other works by Multscher belonging to the same altar-piece. His fine feeling for light enables him to bring out the facial expression beautifully. But he is scarcely able to do the eyes with artistic truth. You can see it here to some extent, though it is less evident than on other pictures. And as for the ears—he does them just as he has been taught. Here he does not yet possess a free and independent feeling. Thus on the one hand he observes what he has been told, but without much artistic understanding. The things he does according to tradition he does badly. On the other hand, we see in him, in a primitive form, what was only afterwards able to appear more perfectly in German Art.

It is, indeed, remarkable how all these things, which we find in the German Art, emerge already in a highly perfect form in the Hamburg Master, Meister Francke, who was practically a contemporary of Moser and Multscher.

Diagram HA08-068

54. Meister Francke. The Man of Sorrow. (Hamburg.)

In this Ecce Homo, this Man of Sorrows, you see how high a degree of perfection the expression of the Head of Christ, which was elaborated by and by in the course of time, had already reached. Compare this Head of Christ with the one by Multscher which we saw just now. You will recognise a great advance. Likewise, in the whole forming of the figures. Of course, the peculiar quality which afterwards came out through greater skill and variety of technique in Dürer's work,—in his paintings, etchings and woodcuts,—is lacking still.

Diagram HA08-069

55. Meister Francke. The Resurrection. (Schwerin.)

All in all, considering the artistic developments that are potentially there in these first beginnings, and that produced Dürer and Holbein and the others, we must admit that the thread is broken. For afterwards there came a break; they turned back again to the Roman, Latin principle. And in the 19th century, artistic evolution was decidedly on a retrogressive path. There can, however, be no doubt that this fact is connected with deep and significant laws of human evolution. This stream of evolution in Art works out of the element of light and dark, and discovers—as I tried to explain in the lecture on Rembrandt—the inner connection of the world of color with the light and dark. Through the historic necessity of the time, it could not but tend towards a certain Naturalism; but it can never find its culmination in Naturalism. For in this peculiar talent to perceive the inwardness of things, the possibility to paint, to represent the spiritual Mysteries, still lies inherent. When I say “inwardness of things,” I mean not merely inwardness of soul, but the inwardness of things themselves, expressed in the spatial laws of light and darkness which also contain the mysteries of color. Goethe, as you know, tried to express this systematically in his Theory of Color. This possibility, therefore, still lies open and unrealised in evolution. The possibility to paint the spiritual Mysteries out of the inner virtues of the world of color, out of the inner essence of the light and dark. And the possibilities in this direction can be extended also to the other Arts.

But such a thing can only be brought about through the inspiration of Spiritual Science, of the anthroposophical conception of the world. In the none too distant future, the possibilities that lie inherent in the beginnings of this stream of Art must all be brought together. To create out of the inner light—out of the forming and shaping power of the light—will at the same time be to create out of the inner source of being, and that, I need not say, can only be the Spiritual. In the portrayal of the sacred History, this stream in Art could not, in the nature of the case, attain the high perfection which Raphael attained, for instance. (Nevertheless, in some respects it attained a perfection of its own—notably in the great artists whose works we have seen again today.) But the Spiritual that pervades the works of this Art is still alive. We must only find the connection of what surges through these works of Art, with the underlying laws of the spiritual life. Then will spiritual Imagination and artistic fancy join together and create a true Imaginative Art.

To some extent, as a first beginning, this has been attempted in our (Goetheanum) Building. For this is, after all, a beginning of new artistic impulses. Naturally, there is something primitive about every new beginning; but we have ventured, none the less, to strive for something new and in a grander style. The time may come when people will understand what we have been striving for in this Building. Then it will be realised why certain occult impulses that came already to expression in this art which we have seen today and in the preceding and contemporary sculpture (examples of which we have also seen) remained to this day unrealised. It will be understood why a certain break was inevitable in the evolution of this art. How remote, after all, is that which emerges in the 19th century in the art of a Kaulbach or a Cornelius from what is living in this art which we have seen today! In Kaulbach, Cornelius, Overbeck and the rest, we see a mere repeat of the Southern element. In this art, on the other hand, we see on all hands a radical rebellion and revolution against the Latin and Roman.

He who is prepared to look more closely, will find still deeper connections. Think of the four pictures by Multscher which we have shown today. They represent, if I may say so, the native Swabian tendencies in the realm of Art. Here we find a certain native talent for a flat surface with the help of light. Anyone who has a feeling for finer, more intimate relationships will perceive a similar quality in the Philosophy of Hegel—likewise a product of the Swabian talent, and in that of Schelling, of whom the same thing may be said, and in the poetry of Holderlin.

This grasp of the flat surface, but working forth from the flat surface with the help of light,—we find it not only in the primitive beginnings of this art; we find it again even in Hegel's Philosophy. Hence Hegel's Philosophy, if I may say so, makes such a ‘flat’ impression on us. It is like a great canvas, like an ideal painting of the world. It works from the surface; and in its turn, after all, it can but be the philosophic beginnings of what will now work its way—not merely into this projection of Reality on the flat—but into the full Reality itself. And this “Reality,” I need not say, can be none other than the Spiritual.

These things are interrelated in all truth. What I have lately been trying to describe to you for other realms of life, with regard to the history and civilisation of Europe, is wonderfully confirmed, in all detail, in the sphere of Art. All that we recognised in the lecture the day before yesterday—the impulses working in the different regions of Europe—you can trace it again in the life of Art. Bring before your minds again the art of the Netherlands which we have seen,—coming from thence into Western Germany. Then consider what we have studied today—as something growing absolutely and originally out of the German spirit itself. For the country of which we have spoken today, the soil on which Lucas Moser and Multscher worked, is, after all, the central region of the German Spirit. It is here that the German Spirit has evolved most originally and most truly. Here, too, Christianity was inwardly absorbed, as though by an inner kinship with the spiritual nature of the German heart and mind. The absorption of Christianity was a far more inward process in these districts; and here the original and elemental gifts of the German nature came forth in the realms of Art. They did not accept what brought Christianity to them from the South in a form already marred by Rome; they tried to recreate Christianity themselves artistically out of their inner heart and feeling.

Such a thing could not emerge in the same measure in the more Northern regions of Germany without the coming of an impulse from the South. We see the same thing once more in the fact that Hegel's philosophy received its quickening from the Southern region, and Schelling's too; while, on the other hand, the philosophy of Kant reveals itself quite evidently as a North German product. The peculiar quality of the Kantian philosophy is not unconnected with the fact that the originally Prussian districts remained Heathen for comparatively long. They were brought over to Christianity at a later period and by a rather external process—a conversion far more external than in the Southern German districts. Prussia, properly speaking, remained Heathen till a very late period.

The things we otherwise recognise in historic evolution—we can find them confirmed in the evolution of Art and in the evolution of the life of Thought. For this very reason I wanted to place Moser and Multscher before you at the close of our considerations for today.

8. Raffael Dürer und Andere Deutsche Meister

Spezielle Ergebnisse aus den Ideen über südeuropäische und nordische Künstlerschaft:

Wir werden heute durch die Bilder, die wir Gelegenheit haben vorzuführen, in der Lage sein, eine Art Rekapitulation von manchem vorzunehmen, was schon in Anlehnung an die früher vorgeführten Bilder durch unsere Seele ziehen konnte. Ich möchte bei dieser Gelegenheit im Verlauf der Vorführung der Bilder auf einiges aufmerksam machen, das sich nun auch anschließt an das schon Gesagte. Wir haben im Laufe unserer Betrachtungen unterschieden zwischen einer mehr südeuropäischen künstlerischen Strömung und einer nord- beziehungsweise mitteleuropäischen künstlerischen Strömung, und wir haben ja aus beiden Strömungen Charakteristisches vorgeführt. Wiederholen diejenigen Vorstellungen, die schon vorgebracht worden sind, möchte ich nicht, sondern ich möchte, da wir in der Lage sind, einige Reproduktionen von Raffaels Schöpfungen vorzuführen, zunächst solche, die wir früher nicht vorgeführt haben, gerade in bezug auf die Persönlichkeit Raffaels einige Worte sagen, die sich, ich möchte sagen wie eine Art speziellen Ergebnisses — gerade mit Bezug auf Raffael spezielle Ergebnisse -— aus den Ideen über südeuropäische Künstlerschaft entwickeln lassen.

Wer Raffaels Schöpfungen auf sich wirken läßt, der wird finden, daß in Raffael wirklich mit Bezug auf gewisse künstlerische Intentionen ein Höchstes erreicht ist. Man frägt, wenn man Raffaels Schöpfungen verstehen will, wenn man sie auf sich wirken läßt, man frägt gleichsam in sich selbst nach der Art, wie dasjenige, was in seinen künstlerischen Schöpfungen zum Ausdruck kommt, in allgemeinen Weltbeziehungen darinnensteht. Denken Sie einmal von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus an die «Madonna della Sedia»:

195* Raffael Madonna della Sedia

Denken Sie, wie im Grunde genommen nach allen Richtungen hin dieses Madonnenbild in eine große Weltperspektive hineingestellt ist. Nehmen Sie zunächst das Bild als Ausfluß der christlichen Weltanschauung: Es gibt einen Impuls der christlichen Weltanschauung — die Geburt des Christus Jesus im Zusammenhange mit der Madonna - in einer solchen Weise, daß man sich sagt: Dasjenige, was der Idee, der Intention, dem Impuls nach ausgedrückt werden soll, der welthistorischen Bedeutung nach ausgedrückt werden soll, ist mit Mitteln ausgedrückt, die nicht überboten werden können. Man kann sich von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus keine Erhöhung des Eindruckes denken, den jenes Motiv auf die Menschenseele machen könnte: die Madonna mit dem Jesuskinde — man kann sich keine Erhöhung des Eindruckes denken - als diese Darstellung. So ist eine der Ideen, eine der Vorstellungen der christlichen Weltanschauung mit in einer gewissen Beziehung höchsten denkbaren Mitteln zum Ausdruck gekommen.

Betrachtet man das Bild, ich möchte sagen so, als ob man nichts wüßte von christlicher Anschauung, so, wie Herman Grimm einmal von diesem Bilde gerade gesprochen hat, betrachtet man es einfach als Ausdruck für das tiefe Mysterium des Zusammenhanges der Mutter mit dem Kinde: eine Mutter mit dem Kinde -, [so ist] wiederum durch die Mittel des Ausdruckes ein Höchstes erreicht in bezug auf eines der mysteriösesten Motive des ganzen uns Menschen im physischen Leibe vorliegenden Kosmos. Also selbst, wenn man das von allem welthistorischen Geschehen abliegende, reine Naturbild nimmt: die Mutter mit dem Kinde - wiederum ein in sich Abgeschlossenes, in seiner Art ein Höchstes Darstellendes.

Immer ist es bei Raffael so, daß man nach der Weltbedeutung der Motive fragen kann, und dann aus jenen Strömungen, die wir darstellen konnten für die südliche Welt, hervorgehend die Mittel, in einer in sich vollendeten Weise das Motiv zum Ausdruck gebracht. Aber das ist eben das Eigentümliche, daß man die Motive in einer gewissen Weltbedeutung darinnen denken muß. Sieht man das Motiv christlich an - man könnte es noch von verschiedenen anderen Gesichtspunkten als den zwei angeführten betrachten -, sieht man das Motiv christlich an, dann stellt es sich in einen großen historischen Zusammenhang hinein, löst sich von dem einzelnen Individuell-Menschlichen los; stellt man es in den Naturzusammenhang hinein wie in dem zweiten der Gesichtspunkte es löst sich los von den Menschen; es ist gleichsam so, daß man vergißt das Menschliche, das dabei betätigt war im Hervorbringen, das Menschliche des Raffael. Hinter dem Maler stehen die großen Weltanschauungsperspektiven, die sich in ihm zum Ausdruck bringen. Das kennzeichnet solch einen Maler wie Raffael gerade als den Maler des ausgehenden Zeitalters, das wir als den vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum bezeichnet haben. Solche Zeiträume, zu Ende gehend oder auch in ihrer Innerlichkeit noch herüberragend über die Zeitengrenze, drücken ein Höchstes aus.

Wir werden nachher sehen, wie ganz anders die Dinge liegen, wenn wir ebenso etwa die Persönlichkeit Dürers betrachten; da liegen die Dinge ganz anders. Sie könnten ebenso, wie wir das mit Bezug auf die genannte Madonna getan haben, die Sixtinische Madonna betrachten:

193° Raffael Die Sixtinische Madonna 194* Teil von 193

Wiederum würden Sie sich sagen müssen: Dasjenige, was dargestellt ist, interessiert vor allen Dingen dadurch, daß es sich abhebt von einer größeren Weltanschauungsperspektive — und ohne den Hintergrund einer größeren Weltanschauungsperspektive ist die Sache nicht zu denken.

Von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus sehen wir uns einmal Raffaels Bilder an, soweit sie uns heute zur Verfügung stehen, und beachten wir gerade diesen charakterisierten Gesichtspunkt. Um in diesem charakterisierten Gesichtspunkte zu schaffen, um gerade von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus herauszuheben die Schöpfungen aus einer großen Weltenperspektive, mußte in Raffaels Seele etwas so, ich möchte sagen auch Kosmisch-Gesetzmäßiges wirken, wie es sich ausdrückt in seinem ja höchst merkwürdigen Lebensgange. Man denke sich nur, wie regelmäßig — Herman Grimm hat es bereits hervorgehoben - Raffaels Schaffen eigentlich zyklisch erfolgt: Einundzwanzigjährig schafft er «Marias Vermählung» (178), vier Jahre etwa danach «Die Grablegung» (225); weitere vier Jahre danach wird er mit den Ausmalungen der «Camera della Segnatura» (197-198; 202-210) fertig; weitere vier Jahre danach schafft er die «Kartons zu den Teppichen» (231-234) und die beiden Madonnen (193 und 195) und weitere vier Jahre danach - siebenunddreißigjährig - ist er damit beschäftigt, «Christi Verklärung» (217) zu gestalten, die unfertig dasteht, als er den physischen Plan verlassen hat. In richtigen vierjährigen zyklischen Perioden schafft, ich möchte sagen etwas wie ein kosmisches Prinzip in Raffael dasjenige, was «aus Weltperspektiven Hervorgehen» ist. Deshalb löst sich Raffaels Schaffen so stark von seiner Persönlichkeit ab. Und wir können immer bei ihm veranlaßt sein, die Frage aufzuwerfen: Wie vollkommen, wie in sich geschlossen werden die Motive, die nun weltgeschichtliche Motive sind, zum Ausdruck gebracht, die er zum Ausdruck bringen will. Und weil, mehr noch als von irgend etwas anderem, gerade von der Kunst, in der Raffael darinnensteht, alle Kunstbetrachtung auch bis heute noch hergenommen ist, so sehen wir alle Kunstbetrachtung, die heute im exoterischen Leben waltet, mehr oder weniger so gestaltet, daß man sieht: die Begriffe, die Vorstellungen, die Ideen sind an der Kunst gelernt, deren höchster Ausdruck Raffael ist, an der Kunst der italienischen Renaissance. Daher hat man im äußeren Leben die besten Begriffe, um diese Kunst auszudrücken und alle andere Kunst an den Hervorbringungen dieser Kunst wie an Idealen zu messen; und weniger Worte stehen uns zur Verfügung, weniger Vorstellungen und Ideen, um irgendeine andere, spezifisch davon unterschiedene Kunstrichtung eigentlich auch nur zu besprechen. Das ist das Eigentümliche.

Und jetzt werden wir eine Reihe von Bildern einfach an unserer Seele vorüberlaufen lassen, die wir noch nicht bei Raffael betrachtet haben - mit Ausnahme von einigen. Das ist «Die Vision des Ezechiel»:

215 Raffael Die Vision des Ezechiel

Die Vision des Ezechiel — natürlich leben die Vorstellungen heute nicht mehr, aus denen dergleichen, auch zu Raffaels Zeiten noch, lebendig hervor gegangen ist. Dieses Wandern der Seele durch die geistige Welt in Menschengestalt so sachgemäß vorzustellen, gelingt den Menschen, die der Geisteswissenschaft fernstehen, heute selbstverständlich nicht mehr: das Tierische nach unten, als Ausdruck desjenigen, was der Mensch von sich abgestreift hat, was aber selbstverständlich sogar noch in seinem ätherischen Leibe wohl zu finden ist, wenn dieser ätherische Leib losgetrennt wird von dem physischen Leibe; das Verbundensein mit dem Kindlichen in der Weise, wie es hier durch die Engelfiguren dargestellt ist. Das entspricht einer ganz realen Vorstellung, das entspricht der Vorstellung einer wirklichen Realität. Wenn man den Menschen völlig betrachtet, wie er ist, so kann man sagen: Die Dreigliedrigkeit, von der gesprochen werden mußte, als über den «Hüter der Schwelle» Mitteilung gemacht wurde, diese Dreigliedrigkeit tritt überall hervor, wo das vom Physischen emanzipierte Geistige des Menschen gemeint ist; so daß man dieses Dreigliedrige in den mannigfaltigsten Formen, die nicht symbolisch sind, sondern die eigentlich geistigen Wirklichkeiten entsprechen, findet wie hier in dem ausgewachsenen Menschen in seinem Verhältnis zum Kinde und zum Tier.

76 Pietro Perugino Die Vermählung der Maria, Karton

Hier haben wir die Möglichkeit, eine Studie vorzuführen zu der Vermählung der Maria,

75* Pietro Perugino «Lo Sposalizio»

75a” Raffael «Lo Sposalizio»

also jenem Gemälde, mit dem Raffaels große Künstlerlaufbahn eigentlich erst beginnt, das er einundzwanzigjährig geschaffen hat, als den Anfang der vierjährigen Perioden, die sein ganzes künstlerisches Schaffen beherrschen.

230 Raffael Die Übergabe der Schlüssel an Petrus

216 Raffael Die Kreuztragung

Das ist nun wiederum ein Entwurf zu einer Beweinung Christi durch die Frauen:

226 Raffael Entwurf zu einer «Beweinung»

234 Raffael Die Predigt des Paulus in Athen

Und nun haben wir noch einmal eine Reproduktion der sogenannten «Disputa»,

197 Raffael Camera della Segnatura: «Disputa»

zu der wir auch Details haben.

201 Raffael Camera della Segnatura: Die Dreifaltigkeit

«Die Dreifaltigkeit», wie sie genannt wird, und eine «Skizze zur Disputa»:

199 Raffael Entwurf zur «Disputa»

Dann folgt die «Heilige Cäcilie»,

196 Raffael Die hl. Cäcilie

von der wir schon im ersten Vortrag gesprochen haben.

Dann haben wir eine Probe von Raffaels Porträtkunst:

224 Raffael Bildnis eines Kardinals

Und nun zwei Proben seiner «Teppiche» im Vatikan:

232 Raffael Der wunderbare Fischzug

Es sind das diejenigen Bilder Raffaels, denen gegenüber Goethe gemeint hat, daß nichts sich ihnen vergleichen ließe an Größe von dem, das er damals kannte.

Das andere stellt dar die «Heilung des Lahmen»:

233 Raffael Die Heilung des Lahmen

Nun bitte ich Sie, wenn Sie gerade wiederum Ihren Blick auf die heutigen Bilder Raffaels zurückwenden, zu gedenken, wie in diesen Bildern - man kann das zum Beispiel gerade auch mit Rücksicht auf die heute vorgezeigten Skizzen sagen - zu sehen ist der Nachglanz einer gewaltigen Kunsttradition. Es ist ein Letztes und damit ein Höchstes, das den Abschluß bildet einer Kunsttradition. Dann aber bitte ich Sie, denken Sie nur zum Beispiel an das Bild der «Paulus-Predigt» (234), an andere, wie zum Beispiel die «Disputa» (197) oder sonstige Bilder, Sie können ja im Grunde genommen nehmen, was Sie wollen, von den gesehenen Bildern, überall können Sie sagen: Ich unterscheide dasjenige, was dargestellt ist, und frage mich um den Vorgang oder die Persönlichkeit, die dargestellt ist. Es wird niemals genügen, bloß die Antwort zu geben, nun ja, was dargestellt ist, hat diese oder jene Beschaffenheit, drückt dieses oder jenes aus, sondern überall muß die Frage aufgeworfen werden: Wie denkt der Künstler dasjenige, was er darstellt, hohen Kunstideen gemäß auszudrükken? - Wir dürfen nicht bloß fragen: wie wird Paulus die Hände emporgehoben haben, wenn er gepredigt hat? - , sondern wir müssen fragen bei Raffael: wie muß dem Kunstebenmaß gemäß zum Ausdruck gebracht werden der Winkel, den die Arme mit dem Körper zu bilden haben und dergleichen. Überall ist, ich möchte sagen der Zauberhauch besonderer Kunstgesetzmäßigkeit über alles ausgegossen. Sie können bei dem Knaben, der hier neben der rechten Säule steht, nicht bloß fragen, was geht in der Seele dieses Knaben vor? —, sondern Sie müssen nach besonderen Kunstebenmäßigkeitsgesetzen fragen, müssen fragen, wie in das Ganze des Bildes sich hineinstellt die nach beiden Seiten hin gehende Verlängerung der Arme, die in der gleichen Richtung sind und so weiter, überall nach den Gesetzen der Harmonie fragen. Kurz, wir können genau unterscheiden dasjenige, was sich künstlerisch abhebt, möchte ich sagen, und dasjenige, was als Motiv dahinter liegt, nur so, daß die Kunst hier so gewaltig auftritt, daß sie alles Motivhafte in ihre Sphäre hereindrängt. Und wir können daher geradezu bei einem solchen Künstler wie Raffael das Wort prägen in seiner ureigensten Bedeutung: Die künstlerische Wahrheit macht alles übrige wahr, die künstlerische Wahrheit zwingt alles übrige in ihren Kreis.

Dieses Wort, so wie es hier gemeint ist, können Sie nun nicht anwenden auf die Reihe der folgenden Bilder, die wir jetzt werden vor unserer Seele vorbeiziehen lassen.

Da haben wir - um uns wiederum an Schongauer, der 1491 gestorben ist, zu erinnern — eine «Kreuztragung» von ihm:

252 Martin Schongauer Die große Kreuztragung

Da sehen Sie allerdings, ich möchte sagen genau das Umgekehrte. Hier sehen Sie überall zunächst, daß der Künstler den Hauptwert darauf legt, dasjenige auszudrücken, was er ausdrücken will, und daß ein solches besonderes Künstlerisch-Wahres, das schon den Abschluß einer größeren Tradition bilden würde, nicht wie ein Zauberhauch darüberliegt, sondern daß angestrebt wird, so gut es durch die Bewältigung der Kunstmittel dem Künstler eben möglich ist, dasjenige, was in den Seelen liegt, auszudrücken. Hier spricht die Welt unmittelbar, nicht durch eine große Kunsttradition, zu uns.

Und nun werden wir ebenso in einer Reihe von Bildern, die wir uns noch nicht vorgeführt haben, die Persönlichkeit Dürers auf unsere Seele wirken lassen. Bei Dürer - man könnte sagen: dem Zeitgenossen Raffaels - haben wir nun eine ganz und gar andere Persönlichkeit vor uns. Unmöglich ist es, bei Dürer ebenso zu denken wie bei Raffael. Bei Dürer werden wir nicht leicht finden, daß wir die Persönlichkeit, das Menschliche vergessen könnten; nicht, als ob wir es unbedingt uns immer vorstellen müßten, aber die Bilder selber zeigen das unmittelbar der Menschenseele Intime, der Menschenseele elementar Entspringende. Und wie Raffael im Grunde immer auf dem Hintergrunde einer großen Weltperspektive malt, so daß er nur denkbar ist, wie wenn in seiner Seele, ich möchte sagen der christliche Genius selber malte, auf der einen Seite; und auf der anderen Seite nur denkbar ist so, wie stehend eben im Abschluß einer großen Kunstepoche, in der vorangegangen ist, daß Schüler bei ihren Meistern viel gelernt haben über dasjenige, was künstlerisches Ebenmaß ist, was in einer gewissen Weise gemacht werden muß, daß es den Anforderungen der großen Kunst entspricht. Während man bei Raffael immer vor dies gestellt ist, sieht man bei Dürer überall im Hintergrunde, ich möchte sagen etwas wie die Aura des damaligen mitteleuropäischen Lebens, die Aura des deutschen Städtewesens. Und unsichtbar waltet in diesen Bildern alles dasjenige, was in der Freiheit des Städtetums aufblühte, was sich entgegenarbeitete der Reformation. Zugleich steht Dürer eigentlich nicht so, daß irgendeine irgendwie große Weltperspektive im Hintergrunde ist, sondern, ich möchte sagen das gewöhnlich Menschliche, das an die Bibel herantritt, das an die Mitmenschen herantritt und die eigene Seele zum Ausdruck bringt, so daß man dieses Menschliche eben, wie gesagt, niemals trennen kann davon. Etwas so kosmisch durch die Seele Durchwirkendes wie bei Raffael wird man allerdings bei Dürer nicht suchen dürfen; dagegen etwas Inniges, etwas, man kann es nicht oft genug sagen, eng mit der Menschenseele, ihrem Fühlen, Suchen, Sehnen, Trachten Zusammenhängendes.

294 Albrecht Dürer Die vier Hexen

295* Albrecht Dürer Der große Herkules

277 Albrecht Dürer Philipp Melanchthon, Kupferstich

Hier haben wir das Bild des Melanchthon, des theologischen Trägers der Reformation, gegenüber Luther, der der priesterliche Träger war.

Nun haben wir das sogenannte Rosenkranzfest, das in Prag ist:

282 Albrecht Dürer Das Rosenkranzfest

Es werden der Papst, der Kaiser und Vertreter der Christenheit mit Rosen gekrönt von Maria, vom Jesuskind und von dem heiligen Dominikus. Wie sich da oben rechts die zwei Gestalten an den Baum lehnen, von denen der eine Dürer darstellt, das sehen Sie dann auf dem Detailbild:

283 Albrecht Dürer Selbstbildnis, Teil von 282

Dann haben wir wiederum Proben von Dürers Porträtkunst. Das ist Dürers Vater.

275 Albrecht Dürer Dürers Vater

276 Albrecht Dürer Bildnis eines Unbekannten

Gerade wenn Sie solch ein Porträt ansehen, so kann lebendig werden das ganze Leben der damaligen Zeit, und insofern kann man wirklich sagen, daß Dürer eine historische Persönlichkeit allerersten Ranges ist; denn man lernt eigentlich durch kein historisches Dokument so gut kennen, was es für Leute in der damaligen Zeit gab, als durch dasjenige, was Dürer geschaffen hat.

Damit haben wir die Reproduktionen einer Anzahl von Gemälden, die wir zur Verfügung haben, vorgeführt. Jetzt wollen wir von Dürers Zeichnungen und so weiter dasjenige vorführen, was ihn bis zu einem gewissen Grade cha rakterisieren kann. Zuerst einige Holzschnitte aus seinem Zyklus «Die Apo kalypse», den er 1498 in fünfzehn Blättern geschaffen hat. Sie sehen hier das Bild der vier apokalyptischen Reiter

Albrecht Dürer, Zyklus «Apokalypse» 1498

296 Albrecht Dürer Die vier apokalytischen Reiter

Das nächste Bild gibt das Sonnenweib wieder:

297 Das Sonnenweib und der siebenköpfige Drache

298 Die Huldigung der Heiligen vor Gott

299 Der Kampf der Engel

300 Michaels Kampf mit dem Drachen

Und jetzt wollen wir aus der sogenannten «Kupferstich-Passion» eine

Anzahl von Bildern vorführen:

Albrecht Dürer, «Kupferstich-Passion»

302 Das Schweißtuch der hl. Veronika

Dann das Motiv, das ja in dieser Zeit immer wieder auftritt:

303 Der Schmerzensmann

304 Die Geißelung

305 Die Dornenkrönung

306 Ecce Homo

Nun wollen wir eine Reihe von Bildern aus der Passion in kleinen Holz schnitten, der «Kleinen Holzschnitt-Passion», vorführen, die im ganzen siebenunddreißig Bilder umfaßt. Wir werden also einige dieser außerordentlich innigen Bilder vorführen. Das ist das Titelblatt:

307 Albrecht Dürer Der Schmerzensmann

Nun innerhalb dieser Passion:

Albrecht Dürer, «Kleine Holzschnitt-Passion»

312 Das Schweißtuch der Veronika

309 Das Abendmahl

Dann das, was man die «Verspottung Christi» nennt:

310 Die Geißelung

313 Ecce Homo

314 Die Kreuztragung

311 Christus am Kreuz

316 Die Beweinung

317 Die Auferstehung

Und nun die «Himmelfahrt»:

318 Die Himmelfahrt

Nun können wir noch zwei Holzschnitte zeigen von Hans Baldung, Ende des 15. und Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts, der vermutlich in Dürers Werkstatt, wenigstens eine Zeitlang, gearbeitet hat: «Die drei Parzen»,

332 Hans Baldung Grien Die drei Parzen

und auch einen «Ecce homo».1Siehe hierzu den Hinweis zu Vortrag VIII auf S. 370.

331 Hans Baldung Grien Ecce Homo

332 Hans Sebald Beham Der Schmerzensmann

Nun möchte ich folgendes bemerken: Mehr als man aus den gebräuch lichen Geschichtshandbüchern, die man so gewöhnlich zur Hand nimmt, wissen kann, drückt sich wirklich in dem ganzen Leben im 12., 13., 14., 15., 16. Jahrhundert das aus, was zusammenhängt mit dem Übergang aus dem vierten in den fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum. Man muß ja in Betracht ziehen, daß in solchen Zeiten, in denen man also an Zeitengrenzen steht, wirklich im Zeitleben vieles wahrzunehmen ist, das den großen Umschwung zum Ausdruck bringt. Die Geschichte verläuft schon nicht so, wie man dieses nach den Handbüchern glauben könnte, daß immer Wirkung auf Ursache, und immer wieder und wiederum Wirkung auf Ursache und so weiter kommt; sondern in charakteristischen epochalen Wendungspunkten stehen auch ganz charakteristische Erscheinungen auf den verschiedensten Gebieten. Beim Übergang aus der Zeit der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele in die Zeit der Bewußtseinsseele liegen verschiedene Erscheinungen der verschiedensten Mittel, die zeigen, wie gefühlt wurde, als eben herankamen die Impulse, die mit der Entwickelung der Bewußtseinsseele zusammenhängen. Mit dieser Entwickelung der Bewußtseinsseele hängt ja zusammen die Ausgliederung der Verhältnisse, die der Mensch besonders ausbilden soll im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum, zum rein physischen Plane; und der Mensch soll besonders gekettet werden an den physischen Plan. Nun natürlich erscheinen damit auch alle Reaktionserscheinungen, alle Erscheinungen, die sich dagegen auflehnen; es erscheint aber auch alles dasjenige, was wiederum aus dem früheren Zeitraum herüberragt, sich herüberverzweigt und sich herübergliedert.

Und so sehen wir hervortreten unter den vielerlei Symptomen dieser Zeit das Beschäftigen der Menschen in intensiver Weise mit dem Phänomen des Todes. Auf den verschiedensten Gebieten - man kann das schon nachweisen - tritt der Gedanke an den Tod an den Menschen heran. Der Tod gewissermaßen in seinem Mysteriencharakter tritt an die Seelen heran in der Zeit, als gerade die Seelen sich anschicken sollen, am meisten herauszutreten auf den physischen Plan. Außerdem aber ragen ja die Erscheinungen des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraums herüber in den fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum: die Auswüchse des zum reinen Machtimpuls gewordenen romanischen Papsttums und alles dessen, was damit zusammenhängt: die Auswüchse der alten Ständegliederung, des überhandnehmenden Reichtums der höheren Stände und des Übermutes der höheren Stände, die Veroberflächlichung der höheren Stände und die Veräußerlichung der religiösen Motive auf der einen Seite, auf der andern Seite das Nachdenken der zur Innerlichkeit kommenden Menschen über das Hereinragen der geistigen Welt in die physische; dazu die Notwendigkeit, die Aufmerksamkeit zu wenden auf die geistige Welt, da die Keime und Impulse des Verderbens ja gerade in dieser Zeit so furchtbar hereinragen in die physische Welt. Es sind ja auch die Jahrhunderte, in denen die Pest wütet in weiten Gegenden Europas, ein furchtbares Sterben. Der Tod trat an die Menschen heran auch unmittelbar, als sichtbare Erscheinung in furchtbarster Gestalt. Und so sehen wir auch in der Kunst den Tod in seiner Bedeutung studiert. Es tritt uns ja das besonders entgegen in jenem berühmten «Zug des Todes», ich möchte sagen als eine der ersten Erscheinungen, in der Kirchhofmauer in Pisa (80-84). Dann aber finden wir die Darstellungen des Todes, wie er herantritt an den Menschen, wie er unter der Gesetzgebung des Schicksals an jeden einzelnen Menschenstand herantritt. Der «Totentanz» in Darstellungen, das heißt: der Umzug des Todes durch die Welt, der Einzug des Todes in alle menschlichen Verhältnisse, wird ein oft, oft dargestelltes Thema. Und aus dieser ganzen Stimmung heraus schafft nun auch Holbein seine «Totentanz-Bilder», von denen wir drei vorführen wollen.

Diese Totentanzbilder des Holbein hatten mehr die Aufgabe zu zeigen, wie der Tod herantritt an den reichen Menschen, herantritt an Menschen in allen Ständen, an Oben und Unten herantritt, aber auch als ein gerechter Richter. Alle möglichen Verhältnisse, in denen der Tod an das Leben herantritt, wollte gerade Holbein in seinen Totentanzbildern darstellen. Erst: der Tod an den König herantretend, ihn herausreißend aus seinem königlichen Leben.

319 Hans Holbein d. J. «Totentanz»: Der König

Dann: der Tod an den Mönch herantretend.

320 Hans Holbein d. J. «Totentanz»: Der Mönch

An solchen Darstellungen hatte das Volk seinen besonderen Gefallen in der damaligen Zeit. Es ist ja die Zeit, in der die Reformation ein Ende machen will mit all der Verweltlichung, der Veroberflächlichung, der Veräußerlichung des religiösen Wesens, mit all dem eben, was man dazumal die «Verderbnis der Kirche und des Klerus» nannte. Dann: wie der Tod an den reichen Mann herantritt und ihn beim Haufen Geld finder.

321 Hans Holbein d. J. «Totentanz»: Der Reiche

Wir haben nun gesehen, wie sich die deutsche Kunst auslebt an bedeutenden Erscheinungen, insbesondere in ihrer bedeutendsten Erscheinung, in Dürer, Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts, im Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts. Die Frage muß einen immer wieder und wieder interessieren: Wie ist es eigentlich mit der Entstehung, mit der Entwickelung dieser besonderen Kunstströmung? Und um einiges über diese Entwickelung zu sagen, seien jetzt ein paar Bilder vorgeführt, welche in einem charakteristischen Momente uns zeigen, wie die Faktoren stehen.

In der Entwickelung gerade der mitteleuropäischen, der deutschen Kunst, und zwar der süddeutschen Kunst im Beginne des 15. Jahrhunderts, können wir eigentümliche Studien machen. Allerdings, die Bilder, die wir zeigen werden, sollen vorführen die Ergebnisse erst einer längeren Entwickelung; aber diese Ergebnisse werden uns an diesen Bildern charakteristisch hervortreten. Gewiß, wenn man einen größeren Umriß von Erscheinungen zu charakterisieren hat, muß man vieles zusammenfassen, und will man wahr sein, so muß man dieses so zusammenfassen, daß dasjenige, was man als charakteristisches Bild wählt, vielleicht nicht in einem einzelnen Fall gerade sich verwirklicht hat, aber im Ganzen sich doch verwirklicht hat. Man muß sich insbesondere - und charakteristisch zeigt sich schon das Entstehen der mittelalterlichen Kunst, die Entstehung der mittelalterlichen Kunst der Deutschen gerade am Abhange der Alpen und nach Süddeutschland hinein, in südbayrische Gegenden, in schwäbische Gegenden -, man muß sich ja klar sein, daß hier ein Zusammenfließen stattfindet von zwei Faktoren.

Der eine Faktor ist alles dasjenige, was auf den Wogen der kirchlichen Entwickelung vom Süden her gebracht wird, ich möchte sagen [auf den Wogen] des römischen Kirchenwesens. Wir müssen uns durchaus vorstellen wenn auch die geschichtlichen Dokumente darüber sehr wenig enthalten, wahr ist es doch, daß die Dinge so sind -, daß auch über Künstlerisches auf dem Umwege durch die Kirche und ihre Träger insbesondere in die genannten Gegenden hinein außerordentlich viele Impulse gekommen sind. Kirchliche Persönlichkeiten wurden ganz gewiß auch Maler, gute und schlechte Maler, und sie standen im Zusammenhang mit der ganzen Entwickelung des Kirchenwesens vom Süden herauf, vom romanischen Wesen herauf. Da brachten sie mit alles dasjenige, was da an Traditionen vorhanden war. Die künstlerische Tradition, die ihren Höhepunkt selbstverständlich nur in Genies erreichen konnte, aber als Tradition auch bei Stümpern gelehrt worden ist und vorhanden war, die ist ja insbesondere in Italien heimisch; da nehmen sie auf auch die Priester, die Mönche, welche nach dem Norden gehen; und sie übertragen neben allem übrigen, das sie aus dem Römisch-Kirchlichen her haben, auch die Begriffe, wie man künstlerisch schaffen muß: die Begriffe von künstlerischer Harmonie, von künstlerischem Ebenmafß, die Begriffe, wie man in ein Bild hinein Personen gruppieren soll, wie man sonst Linien zu führen hat. All dasjenige, was man in einem Höhepunkt an solchen Schöpfungen wie denen von Michelangelo und besonders von Raffael sieht, das ging ja hervor aus weit verzweigten Kunstlehren; das war durchaus nicht naive Schöpfung. Raffael hat auch nicht naiv geschaffen, sondern geschaffen, wie ich sagte, eben aus einer weitgehenden künstlerischen Tradition. Da wußte man, wie man an der oder jener Stelle die Personen anzuordnen hat, wie man eine Person zu stellen hat, daß sie künstlerisch richtig steht und dergleichen. Da hatte man auch schon und ich habe das ja das letztemal erwähnt - die Gesetze der Perspektive bis zu einem hohen, vollendeten Grade gebracht.

Das alles wurde herauf nach dem Norden übertragen. Solche Dinge wurden mit denjenigen, die Talent hatten, künstlerisch tätig zu sein, von Mönchen und Priestern, die selber künstlerische Ausbildung genossen hatten, vielfach besprochen. Aber man muß sagen: Die Menschen, die aus den Gegenden, aus den deutschen Gegenden des heutigen Österreichs, des heutigen Südbayerns, Schwabens waren, sie haben ganz gewiß nur mit einem großen Widerstreben diese künstlerischen Regeln aufgenommen, waren gewissermaßen vielem unverständig gegenüberstehend. Sie haben gehört: So muß man das machen. Aber so recht ein ging ihnen das nicht, daß man’s so machen müsse; denn sie hatten in sich selber noch nicht ausgebildet das Sehen für diese Dinge, so daß man in der Zeit, aus der ja weniges mehr erhalten ist, gerade aus jenen Gegenden heraus Schöpfungen annehmen muß, welche all das, was der großen Kunsttradition des romanischen Südens entspricht, in recht stümperhafter Weise gefördert hatten. Man konnte nicht recht darauf eingehen, da man dazu nicht viel Talent hatte. Die menschlichen Talente waren eben in diesen Gegenden anders. Und wenn ich sage, auf der einen Seite kam all das, was durch römische Priesterschaft nach dem Norden getragen war - wenn ich dies das eine Element genannt habe, so möchte ich eben das andere Element nennen die elementarische Ursprünglichkeit des Gemütes der Menschen selber, die sich in diesen Gegenden geeignet zeigten, irgendwie sich als Maler zu betätigen. Die hatten kein Talent eigentlich, gerade dasjenige zu befolgen, was im Süden als höchste Anforderung des Künstlerischen galt. Für Perspektive hatten sie zunächst gar kein Auge. Daß in einem Bilde zum Ausdruck gebracht werden müsse: die eine Person steht vorne, im Vordergrund, die andere Person weiter im Hintergrund, das konnten sie nach perspektivischen Gesetzen außerordentlich schwer begreifen. Für diese Gegenden, die in vieler Beziehung aber der Ausgangspunkt der deutschen Kunst sind, für diese Gegenden ist die Anschauung des Raumes durchaus in der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts noch etwas Verschlossenes. Man kann sich nicht durchringen, die perspektivischen Gesetze wirklich als etwas Eigenempfundenes zu fühlen. Man fühlt höchstens, daß man durch Überschneidungen ausdrücken muß: das eine ist vorne, das andere ist hinten; dasjenige, das überschneidet ist vorne; was überschnitten wird, ist hinten. Und auf diese Weise sucht man einige Raumanordnung in die Bilder hineinzubringen. Auf diese Weise beginnt man, sich in die Gesetze des Raumes hineinzufinden.

Aber gerade an diesen, aus der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts in charakteristischer Weise auftretenden, noch primitiven Bildern ersieht man, wie schwierig es ist für jene Entwickelung, die sich unmittelbar aus den elementaren Kräften des Menschenherzens heraus bilden will, selbständig zu den Gesetzen des künstlerischen Schaffens zu kommen. Ich möchte sagen: wir wollen jetzt an Beispielen gerade aus diesen Gegenden zeigen, wie kein rechtes Verhältnis besteht zu dem, was übertragen ist, zur Tradition, die gleichsam wiiderwillig aufgenommen worden ist, und wie noch nicht die Möglichkeit besteht, aus dem eigenen Verständnisse heraus die Gesetze des Raumes zu befolgen.

Da möchten wir Ihnen zunächst vorführen einen Künstler aus der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts - Lucas Moser:

334* Lucas Moser Der Magdalenen-Altar

335 Lucas Moser Die Meerfahrt der Heiligen, Teil von 334

Da können Sie sehen, wie es dem Künstler schwer, fast unmöglich wird, aus der einen Fläche hinauszukommen, wie er ganz unvermögend ist, irgend etwas von perspektivischen Gesetzen zu befolgen. Er schafft aus den elementaren Kräften seines Gemütes heraus; aber er schafft so, daß er kaum über die Ebene, in der alle Figuren sind, irgendwie hinauskommt. Trotzdem ist es interessant, einmal etwas so Primitives zu sehen wie dieses.

Lucas Moser ist also einer derjenigen Künstler, die ja schaffen in einer sozialen Ordnung darinnen, in der natürlich einige von den Kunstgesetzen leben, die vom Süden heraufgebracht worden sind; es spielt schon etwas von dem südlichen Stil herein. Aber es wird zu gleicher Zeit versucht, das, was man selber sieht, dem Bilde mitzugeben. Und das eine widerspricht gewissermaßen dem andern, denn man sieht nicht selbst irgendwie dasjenige, was die Kunstregeln zum Ausdruck bringen.

Sehen Sie sich diese sogenannte «Meerfahrt der Heiligen» an, das Wasser, in dem das Schiff, das Sie hier sehen -— man kann eben kaum sagen: im Vordergrunde sehen -, fährt, das Wasser geht bis nach vorne. Die Wellen werden ausgedrückt dadurch, daß man Wellenkämme macht, die heller sind. Aber wenn Sie versuchen, sich den Augenpunkt des Bildes zu vergegenwärtigen, den Punkt, von dem aus das Ganze als gesehen gedacht werden kann, so werden Sie sogleich in Verlegenheit kommen. Natürlich müssen Sie sich den Augenpunkt hoch denken, so daß man eine Art Heraufsicht hätte; damit aber stimmt wiederum nicht dasjenige, was unten in den Heiligen als Haupt Praniiehnbt D:.1iArlIf Strinnar MAahbIinn Mamasmihi uns m.._L,asAa MA _,m1iiin gestalten erscheint. Auf der andern Seite sehen Sie überall, daß schon dasjenige angestrebt wird, was dann bei den deutschen Künstlern der späteren Zeit, die wir ja betrachtet haben, als ihr eigentliches Großes herauskommt. Also das Naturalistische, die Wiedergabe des Ausdruckes, sehen Sie bei diesen Heiligen, die in diesem Schiffe sind, die auf dem Rande so sitzen, daß sie wohl bei dem geringsten Windstoß sicherlich ins Wasser fallen würden. Aber Sie sehen doch wiederum, wie Feinheit der Beobachtung, Feinheit des seelischen Ausdruckes trotzdem durchaus zum Ausdruck kommen, wie versucht wird, neben allem ungeschickten Beobachten der Kunst- und Harmonieregeln, realistisch zu sein — wenn Sie sich den heiligen Maximin anschauen in der Mitra, wie versucht wird, zum Ausdruck zu bringen realistisch das, was man beobachtet hat wiederum, ich möchte sagen im Gegensatze zu der inneren Wahrheit. Denn selbstverständlich könnte das Gesicht nicht diese Haltung haben bei dieser Körperlage. Und dergleichen sind ungeheuer viel Fehler noch darinnen. Das kommt daher, daß der Künstler auf der einen Seite nach dem strebt, was dann die Größe der deutschen Kunst ist, und zu gleicher Zeit unter dem Eindrucke steht: du mußt in die Mitte ein Gesicht machen, das das Antlitz en face zeigt, im Gegensatze dazu mußt du Profile machen. Gewisse Regeln, die man ihm beigebracht hat, gewisse Anordnungen im Bilde, das alles will er beobachten - aber er kann es nur nach Maßgabe seiner elementaren Anschauungen, die eben sich noch nicht durchgearbeitet haben zu irgendeiner Perspektive, zu irgendeiner Befolgung der Raumgesetzbeobachtung.

Wenn Sie sich die kleinen Hügel vorstellen und das Ganze doch wiederum so, daß ein eigentliches Zurückgehen durchaus nicht darinnen liegt in dem Bilde, so sehen Sie, welch immenser Fortschritt vorliegt. Wenn Sie die Zeit nehmen - wir haben also dieses Altarbild in der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts -, wenn Sie beachten, wie kurz die Zeit ist bis zu Dürer und Holbein, so werden Sie sehen, wie stark die Kräfte gewirkt haben, die hier aus selbständigen elementaren Impulsen heraus mit Überwindung der vom Süden hergebrachten Kunsttradition — denn die wollte man nicht; man sieht, wie man sich sträubt dagegen -, mit Überwinden der Tradition und mit dem Selbstfinden desjenigen, was man nötig hatte, wie man in verhältnismäßig kurzer Zeit weit gekommen ist.

Noch ein anderes Bild von Lucas Moser:

336 Lucas Moser Die schlafenden Heiligen, Teil von 334

Sehen Sie sich dieses Bild an: Sie schen auf der einen Seite, nicht wahr, wie der Künstler etwas schafft, das eigentlich zeigt, wie er Naturanschauung vereint mit einem vollen Sündigen gegen die unmittelbaren Naturalien. Dieses Ziegeldach, der Kirchturm hier, das ganze Ensemble ist natürlich so, daß es der Künstler nirgends gesehen haben kann; das stellt er zusammen. Das stellt er zusammen, weil er gewisse Kunstregeln bekommen hat über «Verteilung der Figuren im Raum». Dabei sehen Sie, wie er die einzelnen Dinge nach seiner Anschauung ausbildet; durchaus naturalistischer Anfang ist bereits darinnen. Sie sehen zu gleicher Zeit, wie er sich bemüht, naturalistisch zu sein, und dabei doch zum Ausdruck bringen will dasjenige, was er fühlt. Er stellt dar schlafende Heilige; aber er stellt sie so dar, daß sie durchaus würdig dargestellt werden sollen: den Cedonius mit der Mitra schlafend als ersten dort links, rechts Lazarus im Schoße seiner Schwester - das Ganze wiederum wie in der Fläche gelegen.

337 Lucas Moser Lazarus im Schoße seiner Schwester, Teil von 334

Aber eines werden Sie bereits bemerken: daß hier schon auftritt der Versuch, durch Schlagschatten Raumwirkungen hervorzubringen. Während Lucas Moser mit den Gesetzen der Perspektive auf dem allergespanntesten Fuße steht, versucht er durch Schlagschatten und überhaupt durch Licht- und Schatten-Verteilen Räumlichkeit hervorzubringen. Ich habe Ihnen bei früheren Gelegenheiten charakterisiert, wie das gerade eine Eigentümlichkeit der deutschen Kunstströmung ist: durch die Fassung des Lichtes, durch die Räumlichkeit des Lichtes, durch die Raumwirkung des Lichtes zu fühlen die Räumlichkeit. Während man also nicht ausgeht hier von den Gesetzen der linearen Perspektive, von den Gesetzen der Zeichnung in der Perspektive, geht man aus von dem nach vorn und rückwärts Erweitern der Fläche dadurch, daß man die Lichtwirkungen aufsucht.

338 Lucas Moser Selbstbildnis, Bogenfeld des Magdalenen-Altars, Teil von 334

Besonders bedeutsam sehen wir dieses bei einem Künstler, der schon Naturwahrheit sucht, aber im Grunde genommen ebenso zu charakterisieren ist wie dieser, bei Multscher:

339 Hans Multscher Die Geburt Christi

Hier sehen Sie eine Geburt Christi. Wiederum eigentlich von Raumgesetzen in dem Sinne, wie ich vorhin sagte, wie sie vom Süden gekommen sind, nichts; dagegen bereits der Beginn in der Raumwirkung des Lichtes, ich möchte sagen in dem, was Raum wird aus den Wirkungen des Lichtes heraus, mit großer Aufmerksamkeit schaffend. Das Bild ist 1437 gemalt, ein Sterzinger Altarbild.

Gerade in den Bildern von Moser und Multscher haben wir einen wirklichen, aus der Natur des deutschen Südens herausgeborenen Kunstimpuls. Dasjenige haben wir da, was dann später aufgegangen ist in der Kunst Dürers, Holbeins und so weiter im Grunde genommen, nur daß sie von den Niederlanden her, von Flandern beeinflußt waren; auch die Kölner wurzeln in diesen selben Impulsen. Überall sehen Sie, wie merkwürdig im Beginne einer solchen Impulsentwickelung die charakteristischen Dinge schon hervortreten. Sie sehen überall das Bestreben, das Innerliche der Seele der verschiedenen Personen zum Ausdruck zu bringen; aber Sie sehen zu gleicher Zeit eben ein Aufgespanntem-Fuße-Stehen mit gewissen anderen Dingen der Naturwahrheit, wenn Sie sich, nicht wahr, in die Masse, die dort rückwärts ist, hineindenken: Nehmen Sie die Nähe der Antlitze — die Personen können nicht nebeneinander stehen, ohne daß man ihnen links und rechts die Arme weghackt, wenn Sie sich sie vorstellen nach der Nähe, die die Gesichter zuweilen haben. Also auf solche Dinge der Raumverteilung wird keine Rücksicht genommen. Eine Person steckt in der anderen darinnen.

Ein anderes Bild von Multscher,

340 Hans Multscher Christus am Ölberg

wobei ich Sie aufmerksam mache, wie er versucht, in die Landschaft, in die Darstellung der Landschaft hineinzukommen. Sehen Sie, wie innig die drei Gestalten der zurückgelassenen Apostel sind, wie wenig es aber dem Künstler gelingt, wirklich einen Unterschied zu machen zwischen Vorder- und Hintergrund. Wie wenig er imstande ist, irgendwie Raumgesetze zu verfolgen, das können Sie an diesem Bilde ganz besonders scharf ins Auge fassen. Dagegen wiederum, wie er bestrebt ist, durch Lichtwirkungen das Räumliche auszudrücken, so daß allerdings gerade dasjenige, was dann besonders groß wird in der deutschen Kunst, auch an diesem Bilde wiederum wahrzunehmen ist.

Ein anderes Bild von Hans Multscher: Die Grablegung.

341 Hans Multscher (?) Die Grablegung

Gerade in Lucas Moser und Hans Multscher haben wir eben neben anderen, von denen aber weniger etwas erhalten ist - man muß diese Dinge eben eigentlich nur überall in den Kirchen finden -, in diesen beiden haben wir direkte Anfänge der deutschen Kunst zu sehen. Mit aller Ungeschicklichkeit, mit allem Primitiven, aber eben Anfänge desjenigen, was in den Bildern, die wir aus späterer Zeit angeführt haben, bereits groß herauskommt, sehen wir hier aus dem Primitiven heraus — mit direktem Unvermögen, sich in die Traditionen, die aus dem Süden her kommen, hineinzufinden -, mit diesem direkten Unvermögen malen. Wir sehen eben die Innerlichkeit opponieren gegen dasjenige, was als Regel gebracht wird.

Und nun noch ein anderes Bild von Johannes Multscher:

342 Hans Multscher Wurzacher Altar: Die Auferstehung

Sehen Sie sich dieses Bild an, so werden Sie sehen, daß all das, was in bezug auf die beiden Künstler gesagt worden ist, an diesem Bilde ganz besonders deutlich hervortritt; wenn Sie einen Punkt suchen wollen, von dem aus die Figuren mit dem Sarkophag - so können wir’s ja wohl nennen — gesehen sind, so müßten Sie ihn hoch oben suchen, so daß man eigentlich auf das Ganze daraufsieht; es ist eine Daraufsicht. Wenn Sie aber die Bäume sich anschauen, so werden Sie sehen, daß diese Bäume so sind, daß sie von vorne gesehen sind; so daß also kein einheitlicher Augenpunkt für das Bild vorhanden ist. Die Bäume sind ausgesprochen in frontaler Ansicht; das ganze Bild ist in der Daraufsicht, also einheitliche Raumgesetzanschauung ist nicht vorhanden. Und auch dasjenige, was Sie sonst an diesem Bild schon sehen, ich möchte sagen an Perspektive, das würde stark in Wegfall kommen - darinnen täuscht das Auge sehr leicht -, wenn nicht eine innere Gliederung des Raumes in so ausgesprochenem Maße durch die Lichtwirkungen vorhanden wäre. Eine Linienperspektive zu suchen darinnen, das wäre ganz vergeblich, und man würde überall Fehler finden; nicht solche Fehler, wie sie selbstverständlich gemacht werden können, sondern solche Fehler, die eben das Bild unmöglich machen würden. Aber wir sehen überall das Streben, aus dem, was das Licht an Räumlichkeit erzeugt, heraus zu überwinden die bloße Linearperspektive. Wir sehen zugleich, wie diese Künstler in Mitteleuropa darauf kommen müssen, aus sich selbst heraus ein Ensemble zu empfinden. Es ist interessant, trat allerdings bei diesen Bildern weniger hervor, aber wenn man anderes, gerade auch zu diesen Altarbildern Zugehöriges bei Multscher noch sieht, so kann man finden, wie er zum Beispiel wirklich gerade dadurch, daß er eine feine Lichtempfindung schon hat, fähig ist, Gesichtsausdruck gut hervorzubringen; wie er aber - hier tritt es weniger stark hervor, obwohl auch etwas - kaum in der Lage ist, wahr, künstlerisch wahr die Augen zu bilden, von den Ohren ganz abgesehen, die er noch durchaus so macht, wie es ihn gelehrt worden ist, weil er eben für all das noch nicht die entwickelte selbständige Empfindung hat. Er beobachtet auf der einen Seite dasjenige, was ihm gesagt worden ist, aber ohne viel künstlerisches Verständnis, macht die Dinge so, wie es der Tradition entspricht, aber das macht er schlecht. Dagegen sehen wir schon in primitiver Weise dasjenige, was dann in deutscher Kunst später eben vollendet auftreten kann. Es ist allerdings merkwürdig, wie nun bei einem, der fast Zeitgenosse von Moser und Multscher ist, bei dem Hamburger Meister Francke, all die Dinge in einer großen Vollendung schon auftreten, die wiederum in der deutschen Kunst zu sehen sind.

343 Meister Francke Christus als Schmerzensmann

Also bei diesem Ecce Homo, Schmerzensmann, sehen Sie eigentlich, wie der Ausdruck, der sich dann herausarbeitet, ich will sagen für den ChristusKopf, wie der hier schon zu einer hohen Vollendung gekommen ist. Vergleichen Sie diesen Christus-Kopf mit dem eben vorhin von Multscher gesehenen, so sehen Sie darinnen natürlich einen bedeutenden Fortschritt, ebenso in der ganzen Gestaltung der Figuren. Natürlich fehlt das Eigenartige, das dann herausgekommen ist dadurch, daß eben später die Kunstmittel in vollkommenerer Weise gehandhabt wurden, wie es bei Dürer sowohl als Maler, als Kupferstecher, als Holzschneider zu bemerken war.

Nun noch von diesem Meister Francke eine «Auferstehung».

344 Meister Francke Die Auferstehung

Im ganzen muß man sagen, daß in einem gewissen Sinne die Kunstentwickelung, die in diesen Anfängen liegt und dann zu Dürer, Holbein und so weiter es gebracht hat, doch im Grunde genommen abgerissen ist. Später tritt eine Unterbrechung ein, indem man sich wiederum zurückwendet zu dem Romanischen, zu dem romanischen Prinzip. Und das 19. Jahrhundert ist ja entschieden in rückläufiger Entwickelung gewesen. Dies hängt ganz sicher mit bedeutsamen inneren Gesetzen der Menschheitsentwickelung zusammen. Es ist in dieser ganzen Kunstentwickelung, die im Grunde herausarbeitet aus dem Hell-Dunkel, und die entdeckt den Zusammenhang des Farbigen mit dem Hell-Dunkel - ich habe das bei Rembrandt erklärt, zu erklären versucht -, diese Kunst arbeitet zu gleicher Zeit aus gewissen kulturhistorischen Notwendigkeiten heraus auf einen Naturalismus hin. Allein, ihren Gipfel kann sie nicht im Naturalismus haben, weil gerade dieses besondere Begabtsein für die Innerlichkeit der Dinge - nicht die Innerlichkeit der Seele bloß, sondern die Innerlichkeit der Dinge, wie sie in den Raumesgesetzen des Hell-Dunkels, die dann in sich das Mysterium der Farben enthalten, das Goethe in seiner Farbenlehre theoretisch zum Ausdruck zu bringen versucht -, weil darin zugleich die Möglichkeit liegt, die geistigen Geheimnisse zu malen, darzustellen. Daher liegt das noch offen in der Entwickelung: die geistigen Geheimnisse zu malen aus dem Innerlichen der Farbengebung und aus dem Innerlichen des Hell-Dunkels heraus. Das kann dann natürlich auch auf andere Künste ausgedehnt werden.

Das ist erst möglich aus einer geisteswissenschaftlichen Weltanschauung heraus zu bewirken, so daß sich in einer gewissen Zukunft zusammenschließen muß dasjenige, was in den Anfängen dieser Kunst liegt: das Schaffen aus dem inneren Lichte heraus, aus der Gestaltung des Lichtes, aus dem Formgebenden des Lichtes heraus. Solch ein Schaffen, das aber dann auch aus dem Inneren des Seins heraus schafft, das kann aber natürlich nur das spirituelle sein. Daher wird man immer finden, daß mit Bezug auf die Darstellung der Heiligen Geschichte diese Kunst jene Höhe natürlich nicht erreichen kann trotzdem sie ja in vieler Beziehung eine Vollendung bei dem einen Maler, den wir kennengelernt haben, erreicht hat -, eine solche Vollendung nicht erreichen konnte wie zum Beispiel bei Raffael die Darstellungen. Dagegen waltet dasjenige, was doch lebt in dieser Kunst bei den Darstellungen, das Geistige selber, wenn man nur findet den Zusammenhang zwischen dem, was aus dieser Kunst heraus pulst, mit den Gesetzen des geistigen Lebens, wo sich, ich möchte sagen Imagination und Phantasie zusammenschließen und eine imaginative Kunst schaffen werden.

Ein wenig wurde das ja versucht in seinen Anfängen hier bei unserem Bau, der ja doch vielleicht ein Anfang sein kann zu neuen künstlerischen Impulsen. Jeder Anfang muß selbstverständlich etwas haben, was noch primitiv ist; aber auf den verschiedensten Gebieten wurde doch hier versucht, eben ein Neues anzustreben in einem größeren Stile. Nun, vielleicht, wenn man später einmal verstehen wird, was hier angestrebt worden ist, dann wird man auch begreifen, warum gewisse Kunstimpulse, die sich schon in dieser Kunst und in der vorangehenden und gleichzeitigen Skulptur - wir haben ja auch diese Skulpturen - zum Ausdruck bringen, warum in dieser Kunstentwickelung gewissermaßen eine Unterbrechung eintreten mußte. Denn wie weit ist entfernt dasjenige, was dann im 19. Jahrhundert etwa hervortritt in der Kunst des Kaulbach, des Cornelius, Overbeck und andern, wie weit ist das wiederum entfernt von dem, was als Impulse in dieser Kunst lebt! Bei Kaulbach, Cornelius, Overbeck und so weiter sehen wir, wie das südliche Element durchaus, ich möchte sagen rekapituliert wird; während wir hier überall die radikalste Auflehnung gegen das Romanische darinnen haben. Derjenige aber, der dann genauer zusehen will, der wird tiefe Zusammenhänge finden. Denken Sie an die vier Bilder von Multscher, die wir Ihnen vorgeführt haben. Sie stellen ja gewissermaßen, ich möchte sagen die schwäbischen Kunstneigungen vor. Ja, da finden wir eine Begabung für die flächenhafte Auffassung der Welt und das Herausarbeiten aus der Fläche mit Hilfe des Lichtes.

Wer Empfindung hat für feinere Zusammenhänge, wird ein Gleiches noch wahrnehmen können in der Philosophie Hegels, die ja auch aus schwäbischen Talenten hervorgegangen ist, in der Philosophie Schellings - ebenso aus Schwäbischem hervorgegangen - und in der Kunst Hölderlins. Dieses Auffassen des Flächigen, aber des Herausarbeitens aus dem Flächigen mit Hilfe des Lichtes, das findet man nicht nur in dieser Kunst mit ihren primitiven Anfängen, sondern man findet es sogar in Hegels Philosophie; daher Hegels Philosophie, ich möchte sagen so flächenhaft wirkt, nur wie ein ideales oder ideelles Gemälde der Welt, das aus der Fläche heraus arbeitet und das ja auch nur darstellen kann seinerseits wiederum die philosophischen Anfänge für dasjenige, was in die volle Wirklichkeit hinein, nicht bloß in die Projektion der Wirklichkeit auf die Fläche, sondern in die volle Wirklichkeit hineinarbeiten muß. Und das kann wiederum nur die Spiritualität sein. Die Dinge hängen zusammen. Und ich möchte sagen: Dasjenige, was ich Ihnen jetzt in dieser Zeit darzustellen suchte für andere Gebiete in bezug auf die Kulturentwickelung Europas - es bewahrheitet sich so wunderbar auch in allen Einzelheiten der Kunst. Und Sie können alles dasjenige, was wir auch vorgestern erkannten als einen Impuls in den verschiedenen Gebieten Europas lebend, Sie können es verfolgen, wenn Sie verfolgen die Kunst im Westen, wenn Sie verfolgen dasjenige, was wir in der Kunst aus den Gegenden der Niederlande hervorgehen sahen und nach Westdeutschland hereinkommen sahen, und wenn wir Jetzt betrachten konnten etwas, was, ich möchte sagen in ureigenster Weise aus dem deutschen Geiste selbst herauswächst. Denn dies ist doch eben das Gebiet, das zentralste Gebiet des deutschen Geistes, was wir heute vorführen konnten als die Grundlage für Lucas Moser und Hans Multscher; das ist dasjenige, wo sich das Deutsche am ursprünglichsten dann, wirklich am entsprechendsten entwickelt hat, weil hier auf der einen Seite wie durch innere Verwandtschaft mit dem Spirituellen des deutschen Gemütes das Christentum innerlich angeeignet worden ist. Der Aneignungsprozeß des Christentums in diesen Gegenden war ein viel innerlicherer; daher werden auch die ursprünglichen, elementaren Begabungen des deutschen Wesens hier in der Kunst herausgebracht. Nicht dasjenige, was schon verrömisiert das Christentum vom Süden heraufbringt, sondern das Christentum selbst wird aus dem Gemüte heraus künstlerisch wiederum zu schaffen versuchen.

Solches konnte natürlich im nördlicheren Deutschland nicht in demselben Maße hervortreten, ohne daß die Anregung vom Süden kam, wie ja auch schon die Hegelsche Philosophie vom Süden her angeregt worden ist, die Schellingsche Philosophie vom Süden her angeregt worden ist, während es der Kantschen Philosophie wiederum durchaus anzusehen ist, daß sie ein im eminentesten Sinne norddeutsches Produkt ist und in ihrer Eigentümlichkeit damit zusammenhängt, daß ja die eigentlich ursprünglich preußischen Gegenden verhältnismäßig sehr lange heidnisch geblieben sind und durch einen gewissen äußerlichen Prozeß, viel äußerlicheren Prozeß als die süddeutschen Gegenden, zum Christentum gebracht worden sind in verhältnismäßig sehr späten Zeiten. Denn Preußen ist ja bis in sehr späte Zeiten heidnisch geblieben, das eigentliche Preußen.

Die Dinge, die wir sonst in der geschichtlichen Entwickelung sehen, können wir also gerade in der Entwickelung der Kunst und auch in der Entwikkelung des Gedankenlebens bewahrheitet finden. Aus diesem Grunde wollte ich gerade Lucas Moser und Hans Multscher heute an den Abschluß unserer Betrachtungen stellen.

8. Raffael, Dürer and Other German Masters

Special results from the ideas about Southern European and Nordic artists:

Today, through the pictures we have the opportunity to show, we will be able to recapitulate some of what has already passed through our souls in connection with the pictures shown earlier. I would like to take this opportunity, in the course of showing the pictures, to draw attention to a few things that follow on from what has already been said. In the course of our reflections, we have distinguished between a more southern European artistic movement and a northern or central European artistic movement, and we have presented characteristic examples from both movements. I do not wish to repeat the ideas that have already been put forward, but since we are in a position to show some reproductions of Raphael's creations, I would first like to say a few words about Raphael's personality, particularly in relation to the reproductions that we have not shown before, which, I would like to say as a kind of special result — specifically with regard to Raphael — can be developed from the ideas about Southern European artistry.

Anyone who allows Raphael's creations to work their magic on them will find that Raphael truly achieved the highest level in terms of certain artistic intentions. If one wants to understand Raphael's creations, if one allows them to have an effect on oneself, one asks oneself, as it were, how what is expressed in his artistic creations relates to the world in general. Consider the “Madonna della Sedia” from this point of view:

195* Raphael Madonna della Sedia

Consider how, in essence, this image of the Madonna is placed in a broad world perspective in all directions. First, consider the image as an expression of the Christian worldview: There is an impulse of the Christian worldview — the birth of Christ Jesus in connection with the Madonna — in such a way that one says to oneself: That which is to be expressed in terms of the idea, the intention, the impulse, which is to be expressed in terms of world-historical significance, is expressed by means that cannot be surpassed. From a certain point of view, one cannot imagine any enhancement of the impression that this motif could make on the human soul: the Madonna with the baby Jesus — one cannot imagine any enhancement of the impression — than this representation. Thus, one of the ideas, one of the concepts of the Christian worldview has been expressed in a certain relationship with the highest conceivable means.

If one looks at the picture, I would say, as if one knew nothing about the Christian view, as Herman Grimm once said of this picture, one simply regards it as an expression of the deep mystery of the connection between mother and child: a mother with her child — [then] once again, through the means of expression, the highest has been achieved in relation to one of the most mysterious motifs of the entire cosmos present to us humans in our physical bodies. So even if one takes the pure image of nature, detached from all world-historical events: the mother with the child – once again, a self-contained image, in its own way representing the highest. p>

With Raphael, one can always ask about the world significance of the motifs, and then, emerging from those currents that we have been able to describe for the southern world, the means of expressing the motif in a self-contained manner. But that is precisely what is peculiar about it, that one must think of the motifs in a certain world significance. If one views the motif from a Christian perspective—one could also view it from various other perspectives besides the two mentioned—if one views the motif from a Christian perspective, then it is placed in a large historical context, detached from the individual human being; if one places it in the context of nature, as in the second perspective, it is detached from human beings; it is as if one forgets the human element that was at work in its creation, the human element of Raphael. Behind the painter stand the great worldview perspectives that find expression in him. This characterizes a painter such as Raphael precisely as the painter of the outgoing age, which we have designated as the fourth post-Atlantean period. Such periods, coming to an end or even in their inner life still towering above the limits of time, express the highest.

We will see later how different things are when we consider the personality of Dürer, for example; there, things are quite different. You could also consider the Sistine Madonna, as we did with the Madonna mentioned above:

193° Raphael The Sistine Madonna 194* Part of 193

Again, you would have to say to yourself: What is depicted is interesting above all because it stands out from a larger worldview perspective — and without the background of a larger worldview perspective, the thing is unthinkable.

From this point of view, let us look at Raphael's paintings, as far as they are available to us today, and pay particular attention to this characteristic point of view. In order to create from this characterized point of view, in order to highlight the creations from a broad world perspective from this very point of view, something had to be at work in Raphael's soul that I would describe as cosmic law, as expressed in his highly remarkable life story. Just think how regularly — as Herman Grimm has already pointed out — Raphael's work actually proceeds cyclically: at the age of twenty-one, he creates “The Marriage of Mary” (178), about four years later “The Entombment” (225) ; another four years later, he completed the paintings in the “Camera della Segnatura” (197-198; 202-210); another four years later, he created the “Cartons for the Tapestries” (231-234) and the two Madonnas (193 and 195), and another four years later—at the age of thirty-seven—he is busy designing “The Transfiguration” (217), which remains unfinished when he leaves the physical plane. In regular four-year cycles, I would say that something like a cosmic principle in Raphael creates that which “emerges from world perspectives.” That is why Raphael's work is so strongly detached from his personality. And we can always be prompted by him to ask the question: How perfectly, how coherently are the motifs, which are now world-historical motifs, expressed, which he wants to express. And because, more than anything else, it is precisely the art in which Raphael is immersed that still influences all art appreciation today, we see all art appreciation that prevails in exoteric life today as being more or less shaped in such a way that one sees: the concepts, the ideas, the notions are learned from art, the highest expression of which is Raphael, from the art of the Italian Renaissance. Therefore, in outer life, we have the best concepts to express this art and to measure all other art by the achievements of this art as ideals; and we have fewer words at our disposal, fewer concepts and ideas, to even discuss any other art movement that is specifically different from it. That is what is peculiar about it.

And now we will simply let a series of images pass before our eyes that we have not yet seen in Raphael's work—with the exception of a few. This is “The Vision of Ezekiel”:

215 Raphael The Vision of Ezekiel

The Vision of Ezekiel — of course, the ideas that gave rise to such works, even in Raphael's time, no longer exist today. People who are unfamiliar with spiritual science are naturally no longer able to imagine this wandering of the soul through the spiritual world in human form in such an appropriate way: the animalistic down below, as an expression of what man has cast off, but which of course can still be found in his etheric body when this etheric body is separated from the physical body; the connection with the childlike in the way it is represented here by the angel figures. This corresponds to a very real idea, it corresponds to the idea of a real reality. If one considers the human being completely as he is, one can say: the threefoldness that had to be spoken of when communicating about the “Guardian of the Threshold” emerges everywhere where the spiritual aspect of the human being, emancipated from the physical, is meant; so that this threefold nature is found in the most diverse forms, which are not symbolic but correspond to actual spiritual realities, as here in the adult human being in his relationship to the child and to the animal.

76 Pietro Perugino The Marriage of Mary, cardboard

Here we have the opportunity to present a study for the Marriage of Mary,

75* Pietro Perugino “Lo Sposalizio”

75a“ Raphael ”Lo Sposalizio"

that is, the painting with which Raphael's great artistic career actually began, which he created at the age of twenty-one, as the beginning of the four-year periods that dominate his entire artistic oeuvre.

230 Raphael The Delivery of the Keys to Peter

216 Raphael The Carrying of the Cross

This is another sketch for a Lamentation of Christ by the Women:

226 Raphael Sketch for a “Lamentation”

234 Raphael The Preaching of Paul in Athens

And now we have another reproduction of the so-called “Disputa,”

197 Raphael Camera della Segnatura: “Disputa”

of which we also have details.

201 Raphael Camera della Segnatura: The Trinity

“The Trinity,” as it is called, and a “Sketch for the Disputa”:

199 Raphael Sketch for the “Disputa”

Then comes “Saint Cecilia,”

196 Raphael Saint Cecilia

which we already discussed in the first lecture.

Then we have a sample of Raphael's portraiture:

224 Raphael Portrait of a Cardinal

And now two samples of his “tapestries” in the Vatican:

232 Raphael The Miraculous Draught of Fishes

These are the paintings by Raphael that Goethe said were unmatched in grandeur by anything he knew at the time.

The other depicts the “Healing of the Lame Man”:

233 Raphael The Healing of the Lame Man

Now I ask you, as you turn your gaze back to Raphael's paintings today, to remember how these paintings—and this can be said especially in view of the sketches shown today—reveal the afterglow of a mighty artistic tradition. It is a final and therefore supreme work that marks the conclusion of an artistic tradition. But then I ask you to think, for example, of the painting “The Preaching of St. Paul” (234), of others, such as “The Disputation” (197) or other paintings; you can basically take any of the paintings you have seen, and everywhere you can say: I distinguish between what is depicted and ask myself about the event or the personality that is depicted. It will never be enough to simply give the answer, well, what is depicted has this or that quality, expresses this or that, but everywhere the question must be raised: How does the artist intend to express what he depicts in accordance with high artistic ideals? We must not merely ask: how did Paul raise his hands when he preached? Instead, we must ask Raphael: how must the angle formed by the arms and the body be expressed in accordance with artistic standards, and so on. Everywhere, I would say, the magical touch of special artistic lawfulness is poured out over everything. You cannot simply ask, in the case of the boy standing here next to the right column, what is going on in the soul of this boy? — but you must ask about the specific laws of artistic proportion, you must ask how the extension of the arms, which are in the same direction on both sides, fits into the whole picture, and so on, you must ask about the laws of harmony everywhere. In short, we can distinguish precisely between what stands out artistically, I would say, and what lies behind it as a motif, only in that art appears so powerfully here that it pushes everything that is motif-like into its sphere. And we can therefore, with an artist such as Raphael, coin the word in its very own meaning: artistic truth makes everything else true; artistic truth forces everything else into its circle.

This word, as it is meant here, cannot be applied to the series of images that we will now allow to pass before our minds.

Here we have — to recall Schongauer, who died in 1491 — a “Carrying of the Cross” by him:

252 Martin Schongauer The Great Carrying of the Cross

Here, however, you see, I would say, exactly the opposite. Here you see everywhere, first of all, that the artist attaches primary importance to expressing what he wants to express, and that such a special artistic truth, which would already constitute the culmination of a greater tradition, does not lie over it like a magical breath, but that the artist strives, as best he can through the mastery of artistic means, to express what lies in the soul. Here, the world speaks to us directly, not through a great artistic tradition.

And now, in a series of pictures that we have not yet shown, we will allow Dürer's personality to work its magic on our souls. In Dürer—who could be described as Raphael's contemporary—we now have a completely different personality before us. It is impossible to think of Dürer in the same way as Raphael. With Dürer, we will not easily find that we can forget his personality, his humanity; not that we must always imagine it, but the pictures themselves show us directly what is intimate to the human soul, that springs from the human soul in an elementary way. And just as Raphael basically always paints against the backdrop of a grand world perspective, so that he is only conceivable as if the Christian genius itself were painting in his soul, on the one hand; and on the other hand, he is only conceivable as standing at the end of a great artistic epoch, in which pupils have learned a great deal from their masters about what artistic balance is, what must be done in a certain way so that it meets the requirements of great art. While Raphael always presents this, in Dürer one sees everywhere in the background, I would say, something like the aura of Central European life at that time, the aura of German urban life. And invisible in these pictures is everything that flourished in the freedom of urban life, everything that worked against the Reformation. At the same time, Dürer does not actually have any kind of grand world perspective in the background, but rather, I would say, the ordinary human approach to the Bible, the approach to fellow human beings, and the expression of one's own soul, so that, as I said, one can never separate this human aspect from it. However, one should not look for something as cosmic as in Raphael's work in Dürer's; instead, one finds something intimate, something that is closely connected to the human soul, its feelings, its searching, its longing, its striving.

294 Albrecht Dürer The Four Witches

295* Albrecht Dürer The Great Hercules

277 Albrecht Dürer Philipp Melanchthon, copperplate engraving

Here we have the image of Melanchthon, the theological leader of the Reformation, opposite Luther, who was its priestly leader.

Now we have the so-called Rosary Festival, which is in Prague:

282 Albrecht Dürer The Feast of the Rosary

The Pope, the Emperor, and representatives of Christianity are crowned with roses by Mary, the Baby Jesus, and St. Dominic. You can see the two figures leaning against the tree in the upper right corner, one of whom is Dürer, in the detailed image:

283 Albrecht Dürer Self-Portrait, part of 282

Then we have more examples of Dürer's portraiture. This is Dürer's father.

275 Albrecht Dürer Dürer's Father

276 Albrecht Dürer Portrait of an Unknown Man

When you look at a portrait like this, the whole life of that time can come alive, and in this respect one can truly say that Dürer is a historical figure of the highest order; for no historical document can teach us as much about the people of that time as Dürer's creations.

We have now shown you reproductions of a number of paintings that we have available. Now we would like to show you some of Dürer's drawings and other works that characterize him to a certain extent. First, a few woodcuts from his cycle “The Apocalypse,” which he created in 15 sheets in 1498. Here you see the image of the four horsemen of the apocalypse.

Albrecht Dürer, “Apocalypse” cycle, 1498 296 Albrecht Dürer The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse The next image depicts the Sun Woman:

297 The Sun Woman and the Seven-Headed Dragon

298 The Adoration of the Saints before God

299 The Battle of the Angels

300 Michael's Battle with the Dragon

And now we would like to show you a number of images from the so-called “Copperplate Passion.”

Albrecht Dürer, “Copperplate Passion”

302 The Holy Veil of St. Veronica

Then the motif that appears repeatedly during this period:

Then the motif that recurs repeatedly in this period:

303 The Man of Sorrows

304 The Flagellation

305 The Crowning with Thorns

306 Ecce Homo

Now we would like to present a series of images from the Passion in small woodcuts, the “Small Woodcut Passion,” which comprises a total of thirty-seven images. We will therefore present some of these extraordinarily heartfelt images. This is the title page:

307 Albrecht Dürer The Man of Sorrows

Now within this Passion:

Albrecht Dürer, “Small Woodcut Passion”

312 The Veil of Veronica

309 The Last Supper

Then what is called the “Mocking of Christ”:

310 The Flagellation

313 Ecce Homo

314 The Carrying of the Cross

311 Christ on the Cross

316 The Lamentation

317 The Resurrection

And now the “Ascension”:

318 The Ascension

Now we can show two more woodcuts by Hans Baldung, from the late 15th and early 16th centuries, who probably worked in Dürer's workshop, at least for a time: “The Three Fates,”

332 Hans Baldung Grien The Three Fates

and also an “Ecce homo.”1See the note on Lecture VIII on p. 370.

331 Hans Baldung Grien Ecce Homo

332 Hans Sebald Beham The Man of Sorrows

Now I would like to make the following observation: More than can be gleaned from the usual history textbooks that one commonly has at hand, the entire life of the 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries truly expresses what is connected with the transition from the fourth to the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. One must take into account that in such times, when one stands at the boundaries of time, there is really much to perceive in the life of the times that expresses the great upheaval. History does not proceed as one might believe from the textbooks, with cause always leading to effect, and effect always leading back to cause, and so on; rather, at characteristic turning points in history, there are also very characteristic phenomena in a wide variety of fields. At the transition from the time of the intellectual or emotional soul to the time of the consciousness soul, there are various phenomena of the most diverse kinds that show how people felt when the impulses associated with the development of the consciousness soul were approaching. Associated with this development of the consciousness soul is the separation of the conditions that human beings are to develop in particular in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch to the purely physical plane; and human beings are to be particularly chained to the physical plane. Now, of course, this also brings with it all the phenomena of reaction, all the phenomena that rebel against it; but it also brings with it everything that protrudes from the earlier period, branches over and is structured over.

And so we see emerging among the many symptoms of this time people's intense preoccupation with the phenomenon of death. In the most diverse areas — this can already be proven — the thought of death approaches people. Death, in a sense, in its mysterious character, approaches souls at a time when souls are preparing to step most prominently onto the physical plane. In addition, however, the phenomena of the fourth post-Atlantean epoch are spilling over into the fifth post-Atlantean epoch: the excesses of the Roman papacy, which has become a pure impulse of power, and everything connected with it: the excesses of the old class structure, the excessive wealth of the higher classes and the arrogance of the higher classes, the superficiality of the higher classes and the externalization of religious motives on the one hand, and on the other hand, the reflection of people who are becoming more inwardly oriented on the intrusion of the spiritual world into the physical world; and the necessity of turning one's attention to the spiritual world, since the seeds and impulses of destruction are so terribly encroaching on the physical world at this very time. These are also the centuries in which the plague rages in large parts of Europe, causing terrible death. Death approached people directly, as a visible phenomenon in its most terrible form. And so we also see death studied in its significance in art. This is particularly evident in the famous “Procession of Death,” I would say as one of the first manifestations, in the churchyard wall in Pisa (80-84). But then we find depictions of death as it approaches people, as it approaches each individual human being under the law of fate. The “dance of death” in depictions, that is, the procession of death through the world, the entry of death into all human circumstances, becomes a frequently depicted theme. And it is from this whole mood that Holbein creates his “dance of death” paintings, three of which we would like to present.

Holbein's dance of death paintings were intended to show how death approaches the rich, approaches people of all classes, approaches those at the top and those at the bottom, but also as a just judge. Holbein wanted to depict in his dance of death paintings all the possible circumstances in which death approaches life. First: death approaching the king, tearing him away from his royal life.

319 Hans Holbein the Younger, “Dance of Death”: The King

Then: death approaching the monk.

320 Hans Holbein the Younger, “Dance of Death”: The Monk

The people of that time took particular pleasure in such depictions. It was a time when the Reformation sought to put an end to all the secularization, superficiality, and externalization of religious life, to everything that was then called the “corruption of the church and the clergy.” Then: Death approaches the rich man and finds him with a pile of money.

321 Hans Holbein the Younger, “Dance of Death”: The Rich Man

We have now seen how German art flourished in significant manifestations, especially in its most significant manifestation, in Dürer, at the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century. The question must interest us again and again: What about the origin and development of this particular art movement? And to say something about this development, let us now look at a few pictures which show us, at a characteristic moment, how the factors stand.

We can conduct unique studies into the development of Central European art, specifically German art, and in particular South German art at the beginning of the 15th century. Admittedly, the images we will show are the result of a lengthy development, but these results will emerge characteristically in these images. Certainly, when one has to characterize a larger outline of phenomena, one must summarize many things, and if one wants to be true, one must summarize them in such a way that what one chooses as a characteristic image may not have been realized in a single case, but has nevertheless been realized as a whole. One must be aware, in particular—and this is already evident in the emergence of medieval art, the emergence of medieval German art precisely on the slopes of the Alps and into southern Germany, in southern Bavarian regions, in Swabian regions—one must be aware that two factors are converging here.

One factor is everything that was brought from the south on the waves of ecclesiastical development, I would say [on the waves] of the Roman Church. We must imagine, even though historical documents contain very little information about this, that it is true that things are this way – that an extraordinary number of artistic impulses also came indirectly through the church and its representatives, especially in the regions mentioned. Church figures certainly also became painters, good and bad painters, and they were connected with the entire development of the church from the south, from the Romanesque essence. They brought with them all the traditions that existed there. The artistic tradition, which of course could only reach its peak in geniuses, but as a tradition was also taught to amateurs and was present, is particularly at home in Italy; there it is also taken up by the priests and monks who go north; and, in addition to everything else they had from the Roman Church, they also transmitted the concepts of how to create art: the concepts of artistic harmony, of artistic proportion, the concepts of how to group people in a picture, how to draw lines. Everything that can be seen at the height of such creations as those of Michelangelo and especially Raphael emerged from widely ramified artistic teachings; it was by no means naive creation. Raphael did not create naively, but created, as I said, from a long artistic tradition. They knew how to arrange the figures in this or that place, how to position a figure so that it stood artistically correctly, and so on. They had also already—and I mentioned this last time—brought the laws of perspective to a high, perfected degree.

All of this was transferred to the north. Such things were discussed at length with those who had a talent for artistic activity, with monks and priests who themselves had enjoyed artistic training. But it must be said that the people who came from the German-speaking regions of what is now Austria, southern Bavaria, and Swabia, certainly accepted these artistic rules with great reluctance and were, in a sense, largely incomprehensible to them. They heard: This is how it must be done. But they did not really agree that it had to be done that way, because they had not yet developed an eye for these things, so that in the period from which little has survived, one has to accept creations from precisely those regions which had promoted everything that corresponds to the great artistic tradition of the Romanesque South in a rather amateurish way. It was difficult to appreciate this, as there was not much talent for it. Human talents were simply different in these regions. And when I say that, on the one hand, there was everything that had been brought to the north by the Roman priesthood—if I have called this one element, then I would like to call the other element the elementary originality of the minds of the people themselves, who in these regions showed themselves to be suited to working as painters in some way. They did not really have the talent to follow what was considered the highest artistic standard in the south. At first, they had no eye for perspective. They found it extremely difficult to understand the laws of perspective, which require that one person be shown in the foreground and another further in the background. For these regions, which in many respects are the starting point of German art, the perception of space was still something of a mystery in the first half of the 15th century. It was impossible to bring oneself to feel the laws of perspective as something that was truly felt. At most, one feels that one must express this through overlaps: one thing is in front, the other is behind; that which overlaps is in front; that which is overlapped is behind. And in this way, one seeks to bring some spatial arrangement into the pictures. In this way, one begins to familiarize oneself with the laws of space.

But it is precisely in these primitive images, which appear in a characteristic way in the first half of the 15th century, that one can see how difficult it is for that development, which wants to form directly out of the elementary forces of the human heart, to arrive independently at the laws of artistic creation. I would like to say: we now want to use examples from these very regions to show how there is no real relationship to what has been handed down, to the tradition that has been accepted, as it were, reluctantly, and how it is not yet possible to follow the laws of space from one's own understanding.

First, we would like to show you an artist from the first half of the 15th century—Lucas Moser:

334* Lucas Moser The Magdalene Altar

335 Lucas Moser The Sea Voyage of the Saints, part of 334

Here you can see how difficult, almost impossible, it is for the artist to break out of the single plane, how he is completely incapable of following any of the laws of perspective. He creates from the elemental forces of his mind, but he creates in such a way that he can hardly break out of the plane in which all the figures are located. Nevertheless, it is interesting to see something as primitive as this.

Lucas Moser is thus one of those artists who create within a social order in which, of course, some of the laws of art that have been brought up from the south are observed; there is already something of the southern style at play here. But at the same time, an attempt is made to convey what one sees oneself in the picture. And in a sense, the one contradicts the other, because you don't actually see what the rules of art express.

Take a look at this so-called “Sea Voyage of the Saints.” The water in which the ship you see here—you can hardly say “in the foreground”—is sailing reaches all the way to the front. The waves are expressed by making the crests of the waves brighter. But if you try to visualize the eye point of the picture, the point from which the whole can be thought of as seen, you will immediately be perplexed. Of course, you have to imagine the eye point high up, so that you have a kind of bird's-eye view; but then what appears below in the saints as the head Praniiehnbt D:.1iArlIf Strinnar MAahbIinn Mamasmihi uns m.._L,asAa MA _,m1iiin is no longer correct. On the other hand, you can see everywhere that the artists are already striving for what will later emerge as the true greatness of the German artists of the later period, whom we have considered. So you see naturalism, the reproduction of expression, in these saints who are in this boat, sitting on the edge in such a way that they would surely fall into the water at the slightest gust of wind. But you also see how subtlety of observation and subtlety of emotional expression are nevertheless expressed, how, despite all the clumsy observation of the rules of art and harmony, an attempt is made to be realistic—if you look at Saint Maximin in the miter, how an attempt is made to realistically express what has been observed, I would say in contrast to the inner truth. For, of course, the face could not have this expression in this position of the body. And there are many more mistakes like this in it. This is because, on the one hand, the artist strives for what is the greatness of German art, and at the same time is under the impression that he must place a face in the center that shows the face en face, in contrast to which he must make profiles. He wants to observe certain rules that he has been taught, certain arrangements in the picture, but he can only do so in accordance with his elementary views, which have not yet been worked out into any perspective, into any observance of the laws of space.

If you imagine the small hills and yet again the whole in such a way that there is no actual receding in the picture, you will see what immense progress has been made. If you take the time — we have this altarpiece from the first half of the 15th century — if you consider how short the time is until Dürer and Holbein, you will see how strongly the forces have worked here out of independent elementary impulses, overcoming the artistic tradition brought from the south — because people did not want that; you can see how people resisted it — by overcoming tradition and finding for themselves what they needed, how far they had come in a relatively short time.

Another painting by Lucas Moser:

336 Lucas Moser The Sleeping Saints, part of 334

Look at this painting: on the one hand, you see how the artist creates something that actually shows how he combines his view of nature with a complete sin against the immediate natural elements. This tiled roof, the church tower here, the whole ensemble is, of course, such that the artist cannot have seen it anywhere; he puts it together. He puts it together because he has learned certain rules of art about “distributing figures in space.” You can see how he shapes the individual things according to his view; there is already a thoroughly naturalistic beginning in there. At the same time, you can see how he strives to be naturalistic, yet still wants to express what he feels. He depicts sleeping saints, but he depicts them in such a way that they are portrayed with dignity: Cedonius with the mitre sleeping first on the left, Lazarus on the right in his sister's lap – the whole scene again lying as if on a flat surface.

337 Lucas Moser Lazarus in his sister's lap, part of 334

But you will already notice one thing: that here there is already an attempt to create spatial effects through cast shadows. While Lucas Moser is very strict about the laws of perspective, he tries to create spatiality through cast shadows and, in general, through the distribution of light and shadow. I have characterized on previous occasions how this is a peculiarity of the German art movement: to feel spatiality through the rendering of light, through the spatiality of light, through the spatial effect of light. So while the laws of linear perspective and the laws of drawing in perspective are not the starting point here, the starting point is the forward and backward expansion of the surface by seeking out the effects of light.

338 Lucas Moser Self-portrait, arch field of the Magdalene altar, part of 334

We see this as particularly significant in an artist who is already seeking natural truth, but who can basically be characterized in the same way as Multscher:

339 Hans Multscher The Birth of Christ

Here you see the birth of Christ. Again, there is nothing of the laws of space in the sense I mentioned earlier, as they came from the south; on the other hand, already the beginning of the spatial effect of light, I would say in what becomes space from the effects of light, created with great attention. The painting was painted in 1437, an altarpiece in Sterzing.

It is precisely in the paintings of Moser and Multscher that we have a real artistic impulse born out of the nature of southern Germany. We have here what later blossomed in the art of Dürer, Holbein, and so on, only that they were influenced by the Netherlands, by Flanders; the Cologne artists also have their roots in these same impulses. Everywhere you see how strangely the characteristic things already emerge at the beginning of such an impulse development. Everywhere you see the endeavor to express the inner soul of the various characters; but at the same time you see a certain tension with other aspects of natural truth when you think about the crowd in the background, don't you? Take the proximity of the faces — the people cannot stand next to each other without having their arms chopped off on the left and right, if you imagine them according to the proximity that the faces sometimes have. So no consideration is given to such things as the distribution of space. One person is stuck inside the other.

Another painting by Multscher,

340 Hans Multscher Christ on the Mount of Olives

in which I draw your attention to how he tries to enter into the landscape, into the representation of the landscape. See how intimate the three figures of the apostles left behind are, but how little the artist succeeds in really making a difference between the foreground and the background. You can see particularly clearly in this painting how little he is able to follow the laws of space. On the other hand, you can also see how he strives to express spatiality through the effects of light, so that what becomes particularly important in German art can also be perceived in this painting.

Another painting by Hans Multscher: The Entombment.

341 Hans Multscher (?) The Entombment

It is precisely in Lucas Moser and Hans Multscher, among others, of whom less has been preserved—one really only has to look in churches everywhere to find these things—that we see the direct beginnings of German art. With all their clumsiness, with all their primitiveness, but precisely as the beginnings of what already comes out strongly in the paintings we have cited from later periods, we see here, out of the primitive—with a direct inability to find their way into the traditions that come from the south—painting with this direct inability. We see the inner life opposing what is presented as the norm.

And now another painting by Johannes Multscher:

342 Hans Multscher Wurzacher Altar: The Resurrection

If you look at this painting, you will see that everything that has been said about the two artists is particularly evident in this painting; if you want to find a point from which the figures with the sarcophagus — as we might call it — are seen, you would have to look high above, so that you are actually looking down on the whole thing; it is a bird's-eye view. But if you look at the trees, you will see that they are depicted as if seen from the front, so that there is no uniform viewpoint for the picture. The trees are distinctly in frontal view; the whole picture is in bird's-eye view, so there is no uniform view of spatial laws. And even what you can already see in this picture, I would say in terms of perspective, would be greatly diminished—the eye is very easily deceived here—if there were not such a pronounced internal structure of space created by the effects of light. It would be completely futile to look for linear perspective in it, and one would find errors everywhere; not errors that can be made as a matter of course, but errors that would make the picture impossible. But we see everywhere the striving to overcome mere linear perspective from what the light creates in terms of spatiality. At the same time, we see how these artists in Central Europe must come to feel an ensemble from within themselves. It is interesting, although less prominent in these paintings, but if one looks at other works by Multscher, especially those related to these altarpieces, one can see how, for example, precisely because he already has a fine sense of light, he is able to bring out facial expressions well; how, however—and this is less evident here, although still somewhat apparent—he is hardly able to form the eyes truthfully, artistically truthfully, not to mention the ears, which he still renders exactly as he has been taught, because he does not yet have the developed, independent sensitivity for all this. On the one hand, he observes what he has been told, but without much artistic understanding, he does things in accordance with tradition, but he does them poorly. On the other hand, we already see in a primitive way what will later appear in a perfected form in German art. It is strange, however, how in the work of the Hamburg master Francke, who was almost a contemporary of Moser and Multscher, all these things already appear in great perfection, which can again be seen in German art.

343 Master Francke Christ as Man of Sorrows

So in this Ecce Homo, Man of Sorrows, you can actually see how the expression that then emerges, I mean for the head of Christ, has already reached a high level of perfection here. If you compare this head of Christ with the one we just saw by Multscher, you will of course see a significant improvement, as well as in the overall design of the figures. Of course, it lacks the distinctive character that emerged later when the artistic means were used in a more perfect way, as could be seen in Dürer's work as a painter, engraver, and woodcutter.

Now, from this Master Francke, a “Resurrection.”

344 Master Francke The Resurrection

Overall, it must be said that, in a certain sense, the artistic development that began in these early days and then led to Dürer, Holbein, and so on, has basically come to a halt. Later, there was an interruption as people turned back to the Romanesque, to the Romanesque principle. And the 19th century was definitely a period of regression. This is certainly connected with significant inner laws of human development. In this entire development of art, which is basically worked out from chiaroscuro and which discovers the connection between color and chiaroscuro—I have explained this in Rembrandt, or at least attempted to explain it—this art works at the same time toward naturalism out of certain cultural-historical necessities. However, it cannot reach its peak in naturalism, because it is precisely this special gift for the inner nature of things — not merely the inner nature of the soul, but the inner nature of things as they are contained in the spatial laws of light and dark, which in turn contain the mystery of colors, which Goethe attempts to express theoretically in his theory of colors — because therein lies the possibility of painting, of depicting spiritual mysteries. Therefore, it is still open in its development: to paint spiritual mysteries from the inner nature of color and from the inner nature of light and dark. This can then, of course, be extended to other arts.

This can only be achieved from a spiritual-scientific worldview, so that in the future, what lies at the beginning of this art must come together: creation from inner light, from the shaping of light, from the formative power of light. Such creation, which then also creates from within being, can of course only be spiritual. Therefore, one will always find that, with regard to the representation of sacred history, this art cannot naturally reach that height, even though it has achieved perfection in many respects in the one painter we have come to know — it could not achieve such perfection as, for example, Raphael's representations. On the other hand, what lives in this art in the depictions is the spiritual itself, if one only finds the connection between what pulsates out of this art and the laws of spiritual life, where, I would say, imagination and fantasy come together and create an imaginative art.

This was attempted to some extent in the early stages of our building project, which may perhaps be the beginning of new artistic impulses. Every beginning must of course have something that is still primitive; but in a wide variety of areas, attempts were made here to strive for something new on a larger scale. Well, perhaps when people later understand what has been attempted here, they will also understand why certain artistic impulses, which are already expressed in this art and in the preceding and contemporary sculpture—we also have these sculptures—why, in a sense, there had to be an interruption in this artistic development. For how far removed is what then emerged in the 19th century in the art of Kaulbach, Cornelius, Overbeck, and others, how far removed is that in turn from what lives as impulses in this art! In Kaulbach, Cornelius, Overbeck, and so on, we see how the southern element is, I would say, recapitulated, while here we have the most radical rebellion against the Romanesque everywhere. But those who want to look more closely will find deep connections. Think of the four paintings by Multscher that we have shown you. In a sense, they represent, I would say, the Swabian artistic tendencies. Yes, there we find a talent for the two-dimensional conception of the world and the carving out of the surface with the help of light.

Those who have a feeling for finer connections will be able to perceive the same thing in Hegel's philosophy, which also emerged from Swabian talents, in Schelling's philosophy – which also emerged from Swabia – and in Hölderlin's art. This perception of the flat, but of working from the flat with the help of light, is found not only in this art with its primitive beginnings, but even in Hegel's philosophy; which is why Hegel's philosophy, I would say, has such a flat effect, like an ideal or idealized painting of the world that works its way out of the flat surface and can in turn only represent the philosophical beginnings of that which must work its way into full reality, not merely into the projection of reality onto the flat surface, but into full reality. And that, in turn, can only be spirituality. Things are connected. And I would like to say: what I have now tried to present to you for other areas in relation to the cultural development of Europe – this is also wonderfully true in all the details of art. And you can follow everything that we recognized the day before yesterday as an impulse alive in the various areas of Europe, you can follow it if you follow art in the West, if you follow what we saw emerging in art from the Netherlands and coming into western Germany, and if we could now look at something that, I would say grows out of the German spirit itself in its most authentic way. For this is precisely the area, the most central area of the German spirit, which we were able to present today as the basis for Lucas Moser and Hans Multscher; this is where the German spirit developed in its most original, most appropriate form, because here, on the one hand, Christianity was internalized through an inner affinity with the spirituality of the German mind. The process of appropriation of Christianity in these regions was a much more internal one; hence, the original, elementary talents of the German character are brought out here in art. Not what Christianity, already Romanized, brings up from the south, but Christianity itself will try to create artistically again from the heart.

Of course, this could not emerge to the same extent in northern Germany without inspiration from the south, just as Hegel's philosophy was inspired by the south, Schelling's philosophy was inspired by the south, while Kant's philosophy, on the other hand, can clearly be seen that it is a North German product in the most eminent sense and is connected in its peculiarity with the fact that the originally Prussian regions remained pagan for a relatively long time and were brought to Christianity at a relatively late stage through a certain external process, a much more external process than in the southern German regions. For Prussia remained pagan until very late times, the actual Prussia.

The things we otherwise see in historical development can therefore be found to be true in the development of art and also in the development of intellectual life. For this reason, I wanted to conclude our reflections today with Lucas Moser and Hans Multscher.