Waldorf Education and Anthroposophy I
GA 304
26 September 1921, Dornach
III. Knowledge of Health and Illness in Education
The education that has arisen from the whole anthroposophical understanding of the world—which is being put into practice in the Waldorf school in Stuttgart and other, smaller schools organized on the same principles—has to be far more comprehensive than the forms of education usual today. Above all, it has to be far more closely linked to knowledge of human beings as a whole. Once what we call anthroposophical education is properly understood, we will speak of it not so much as an objective pedagogical science or art but rather, and more importantly, as a way of understanding the whole human being. We shall speak of it in terms of the growing, unfolding child who is to be educated. And we shall know more about what one human being can mean to another and particularly what the teacher means to the pupil.
The important relationship of one human being to another existing between teacher and pupil has suffered from the tendency toward specialization that has increasingly entered all work and striving in the cultural-spiritual sphere in recent times. Specialization has gone so far that it is now believed that it is not only teachers who should influence the growing child. Since schools have to deal with the healthy or unhealthy ways in which children develop, it is now thought that the physician too should exert an influence in school. And, in most recent times, it is even considered necessary for a qualified psychologist, who has acquired specialized knowledge of the human soul by the usual methods, to be present to advise the teachers. We thus see teachers receiving advice from medical doctors on one side and from psychologists on the other. This is nothing but an introduction of specialization into the life of the school.
But if we understand correctly the close relationship that has to form between the teacher and the child who is to be educated, and understand how intimately the teacher must know what is actually happening in the growing child, then we can hardly favor such superficial forms of cooperation among people who are thrown together only by outward circumstances, each understanding only one aspect of human development. We will not think it helpful that such persons should contribute their advice in order to bring about an external form of cooperation. What is emerging here, then, is but a consequence of specialization as such. Of course, those who believe that the human soul has only an external relationship to the physical, bodily organism might believe that it is the teacher’s task to deal only with the child’s soul and that the doctor is there to give advice regarding the physical aspect of education.
It goes without saying that, though I shall speak of the importance of the teacher’s knowledge of health and illness in education, I am not referring to acute or chronic illnesses in pupils. Naturally, medical treatment in such cases lies outside the province of education. In what follows, therefore, I shall confine myself to what belongs to the general field of education. I must here state clearly that, if people believe that the doctor, as a specialist, must assist the teachers in matters of hygiene in a school, then they are encouraging a tendency to one-sidedness in the principles and the practice of education: they are separating and alienating from each other two sides of what constitute a natural whole in childhood—children’s souls and spirits on one hand and their physical-bodily nature on the other.
Depending in this way on the help of specialists—leaving physical questions in the hands of the specialists—drives educational theory and practice into abstraction. Confirming this tendency, matters have now gone so far that great surprise is shown in many quarters when one fails to conform one’s pedagogy and actual teaching to the usual abstract rules and regulations, but rather adapts them to conform to the totality of the human being, which naturally also includes the physical aspects. This aberration, as I may call it, is due to the fact that science nowadays no longer has any clear understanding of the relationship of soul and spirit to the physical-bodily aspect—if science speaks of soul and spirit as having any independent existence at all.
Clear evidence of this is shown by contemporary psychology’s frequent references to a “psycho-physical parallelism.” Psychologists feel that they must speak about human soul and spirit; but they also feel it necessary to speak about the physical aspects of the human being. However, since they no longer recognize the living interplay between soul and spirit and body, they speak of “parallelism”—as if there were spiritual phenomena on one side and, beside them, physical and bodily phenomena on the other, the two running side by side. But the way in which those two interact and interweave is naturally altogether neglected.
This external way of looking at the relationship between soul-spiritual and bodily aspects of the human being has slowly colored the theory and practice of education. Here one thing must be made clear. This is something that I can describe only by referring to anthroposophy in general. I refer to the fact that if we speak of the bodily, physical aspect of a living human being as contemporary physiology and biology do, then we are speaking about something that, in reality, does not exist in the form in which we are speaking of it—because the entire physical part of a human being is a result, a synthesis of the soul and spiritual aspects.
Furthermore, if we speak about soul and spirit in the abstract, we are not speaking about something real either. Soul and spirit live in the living human being where they permeate, build up, and shape the physical body. This means that it is not possible to speak of the relationship of soul and spirit to the physical body in general terms. Once we can see soul and spirit in their configuration—not merely in the abstract, but as they are inwardly structured—we know that every detail of soul and spirit is related in a specific way to every detail of our bodily and physical nature. If, for example, we observe the process of seeing, we find its physical and bodily location isolated in the human head, and can study the process of seeing by studying its localized organs in the head. But we find a different situation if we study the process of hearing. To study hearing, we must also study the rhythmic system. In fact, to understand the process of hearing, we must begin with the process of breathing. One cannot study hearing as if its seat were localized, isolated, in the head, as is often done in today’s abstract physiology. The same principle holds good for the whole of physiology. We must relate soul and spirit to definite organic systems when we study them. This means that a real understanding of soul and spirit is quite impossible without knowledge of the bodily and physical nature and vice versa. Comprehensive knowledge of physical nature is knowledge of soul and spirit. Although from the present-day perspective what is soul¦-spiritual and what is physical appear to part company, at most running parallel to each other, we must strive for a way of knowing that unites the soul-spiritual and physical-bodily natures in the living human being.
Members of this audience who have come to listen to these lectures because of their interest in anthroposophy know that here we do not speak of soul and spirit abstractly or theoretically. They know that in anthroposophy, knowledge of soul and spirit is truly experienced and fully and intimately interwoven with knowledge of the physical-bodily aspects.
Now, once we consider the bodily and physical aspects of the human being, we are immediately faced with the question of the relationship of health and illnesses. Extreme cases of illness, as I said, certainly do not belong to the field of education. Yet the manifold tendencies toward illness to be found in 1,001 different ways in a so-called healthy human being constitutes an area that ought to be known thoroughly by those who wish to become educators. This is an extremely important area of pedagogical knowledge. In order to make clear what I mean, let me refer to a very important concept in Goethe’s world-view.
In his theory of metamorphosis, Goethe tried to gain an understanding of organic life. And his achievements in the field of metamorphosis will certainly find greater and more unprejudiced approval in the future than has been the case so far, because present trends in science have often gone in the direction opposite to Goethe’s approach. To take the simplest example, Goethe observed how, when leaf upon leaf develops along the stem of a plant, each successive leaf, which shows a different shape from the leaf below, is in fact nothing but a metamorphosis of the lower leaf. According to Goethe, the separate organs of the plant—the simpler, lower leaves, then the more complicated leaves on the stem, followed by the sepals which again are shaped quite differently from the leaves, and the petals which have even a different color from that of the leaves on the stem—all differ outwardly in form but inwardly follow the same underlying pattern. In other words, an identical idea assumes manifold forms and designs in outer appearance.
This insight allowed Goethe to see the whole plant in the leaf and, likewise, only complex variations of a single leaf in the whole plant. For Goethe, each leaf is a whole plant. The idea of the plant, the type of the plant—the archetypal plant—assumes a definite form in outward physical appearance; it becomes simplified, and so on. Goethe said that, when it produces a leaf, the stem really wants to grow a whole plant. The inherent tendency to do this definitely exists, but the force that could produce a plant develops only to a limited degree; it is held back in the leaf. And, in the next leaf, it unfolds again only to a limited degree, and so on. In each leaf, a whole plant wants to unfold—the formative force strives to become a whole plant—but, in each case, only a fragment of a plant comes into existence. Yet the whole plant exists. It is a reality. And this invisible whole plant holds together in harmony what strives to become many different plants. Every plant wants to become many plants but does not succeed, developing only a limited formation, an organ. And every organ really wants to become an entire plant with the task of balancing the various individual, fragmentary formations for the sake of a greater harmony. This picture of metamorphosis shows us a force working developmentally in each individual organ, while limiting each organ’s developmental growth and integrating the individual organs to form the overall whole of the complete plant.
Now, Goethe was never interested in formulating abstract concepts. He did not, for instance, coin an abstract concept such as, “one sees single, fragmentary plants wanting to develop and the unifying plant that holds them all together.” That would be an abstraction. Goethe wants to know how the plant-forming force works. He wants to learn what it is that shapes itself in this way and, above all, what holds itself back in a single leaf. He wants to get a clear picture of this; he does not want to remain with only a concept. He wants to reach a living picture. Hence, what he called the “malformations” or “monstrosities” of a plant assumed great importance for him—such as when, on a definite part of a plant where one would expect to find a leaf, there is no leaf but the stem instead thickens and a malformation occurs; or when a blossom, instead of rounding itself off into petals, grows slim; and so on.
Goethe concluded that, where malformations occur in a plant, the plant-forming force reveals outwardly what it was meant to hold back. Where a leaf shows a malformation, that force was not held back but shot directly into the leaf. From this, Goethe realized that, when a malformation occurs, something that really belongs to the spiritual realm becomes physical. We see something become visible that was meant to be held back as a growth force. Hence, there is material for study in malformations, for malformations allow us to see what is active in the plant. Where such malformations do not occur, something is restrained that reveals itself later in the subsequent leaves or the other organs that follow.
For Goethe, then, malformations assume a special significance, extending to the study of the whole organism. In this sense, we are following in Goethe’s footsteps when we consider, for instance, a hydrocephalic child, suffering from dropsy of the brain. Here, we have a malformation. Goethe would say, “If rightly studied, this malformation shows me something that exists as a tendency in every child’s head but is normally held back within the spiritual sphere. Therefore, if such a malformation occurs, I can conclude that something is revealed there in the physical, sense-perceptible world that really belongs rightly to the soul-spiritual realm.”
If we now look at a human being or an animal, we find not only such outwardly perceptible malformations but also illnesses or at least tendencies toward illnesses. According to Goethe’s view, each illness reveals something living in each human being that develops one-sidedly—like a malformation—while it ought to be held back within the entire organic system. Instead of remaining within the spiritual sphere, it strikes through into an external manifestation. We can say that, if we detect a tendency toward a certain illness somewhere, that very tendency reveals something of special significance regarding the human organization. Hence, when we understand illnesses, we really have a chance to study the human spirit by means of them, just as Goethe studied malformations to understand plant types and the archetypal plant. It is of greatest significance to be able to look at the more subtle weaknesses in each child, those subtle tendencies that do not deteriorate into gross illnesses but manifest as predispositions toward one or the other extreme, becoming illnesses there. This is a kind of outer indication of what is at work in every healthy human being. We could almost say that there is a hidden hydrocephaloid in every child. We must be able therefore to study hydrocephalic children in order to discover how to treat what has worked (like a malformation) too far into the physical sphere from the soul spiritual sphere in which it belongs. Naturally, this is something that must be treated with great scientific delicacy; it is not something to be coarsely interpreted. Considerable tact and careful, precise, scientific discrimination are needed here. For we are dealing with something at work in human beings, manifesting in this case as an illness but which, if it remains in its own proper inner sphere, belongs with children’s normal developmental forces.
Since a child undergoes a constant process of growth and has tendencies toward all kinds of illness, you yourselves will be able to appreciate how, with the necessary knowledge of where those tendencies might lead, we can also become capable of harmonizing them, of calling forth counterforces when there is a danger of a child’s falling into imbalance.
There is another point to be considered. Usually, when people talk of the theory and the practice of education, they feel that they must uphold an ideal that they can then elaborate in great theoretical detail. This approach, however, can lead to rigid forms and fixed claims. When one has to deal with pedagogical questions and when, as I was for instance, one is asked to guide the Waldorf school, a thought strikes one again and again. On the whole, audiences like to hear talks about education which seem to make sense to them. People like such talks. And, indeed, anyone who is scrupulously honest—and anthroposophy must always be scrupulously honest—can’t help feeling: “There certainly is a need for our new education.” And people, hearing about it, come and say, “This is wonderful. If only we could have gone to a school like the Waldorf school!” But, so often, the very people who want to pioneer educationally in this new way are the very ones who had to go through the worst forms of education themselves. They may have had to put up with the worst, most corrupt forms of education in their own schooling. And yet, in spite of their negative experiences, they are able to call for improved educational systems. Then the idea might strike one: does one really have the right to plan and think out, right down to specific details, how children should be educated? Would it not be better by far to let them grow up wild, as many biographies testify, telling us of persons who were not pressed into any particular educational mold, but nevertheless matured into most capable and responsible people? Do we not sin against the growing child if we present a pedagogical system that has been worked out down to the finest detail?
You see how you have to weigh everything in your mind, and, if you do so, how you will find your way into the kind of education that talks less about how various details should be dealt with and is concerned primarily with giving the teachers the means of gaining the intimate relationship to the child of which I have spoken.
To achieve this, something else is needed. When we receive a child into our school, we are expected to teach and train the youngster. We introduce all kinds of activities, such as writing, reading, and arithmetic, but really we are assaulting the child’s nature. Suppose that we are to give reading lessons. If taught in the traditional way, they are certainly onesided, for we make no appeal to the child’s whole being. Essentially, we are actually cultivating a malformation, even a predisposition toward illness. And, when teaching writing, we are cultivating a tendency toward illness in another direction. In teaching young children, we are making assaults on them all of the time, even if this is not always evident because the illness lies hidden and dormant. Nevertheless, we have to make continual attacks upon the children. At our stage of civilization there is no other way. But we must find ways and means of making amends for those continual assaults on our children’s health. We must be clear that arithmetic represents a malformation, writing a second malformation, and reading a third malformation, not to speak of history or geography! There is no end to it and it leads us into a real quandary. To balance out those malformations, we must constantly provide what will make good the damage; we must harmonize what has been disturbed in the child. It is most important to be aware of the fact that, on one hand, we must teach children various subjects but that, on the other, we must ensure that, when we do so, we are not hurting them. The right method in education therefore asks: How do I heal the child from the attacks which I continually inflict? Awareness of this must be present in every right form of education.
But this awareness is possible only if we have insight into the whole human organization and really understand the conditions of that organization. We can be proper teachers and educators only if we can grasp the principle of the inflicting of malformations and their subsequent harmonization. For we can then face a child with the assurance that, whatever we are doing when teaching a subject and thereby attacking one or other organic system, we can always find ways and means of balancing the ill effects of leading the child into one-sidedness.
This is one realistic principle and method in our education that teachers can use and that will make them into people who know and understand human nature. Teachers, if they are able to know the human being as a whole, including the inherent tendencies toward health and illness, can gradually develop this ability.
Here something arises that contemporary, more materialist medicine might well consider to lie outside its province. However, it immediately gains in importance as soon as we look at growing human beings from the point of view of predisposition toward illness, or—if I make this remark somewhat prematurely—of a predisposition toward health. For then it flows into our educational philosophy of the human being.
Today, health and illness are considered polar opposites: a person is either healthy or ill. But, if we go to the root of the matter, the actual situation is not that at all. Health and illness do not represent opposing poles, for the opposite of illness is something quite different from health. Everyone has a clear idea of illness. Naturally, it is only an abstract and general concept for, actually, we have to do only with particular cases of illness and ultimately, in fact, only with the individual who is ill. However, we could certainly gain an idea of what illness is if we started from the perspective of malformation and gradually reached a picture of how such malformations came about, at first less noticeably, in an animal or human organism. What occurs in the case of illness is that a single organ, or organic system, no longer operates within the overall general organization but assumes a separate role. This has a complement in the case of a single organ completely merging into the total organization.
Let us consider this in the light of Goethe’s principle. Instead of a healthy leaf growing at a certain point, assume that a malformation occurs. But something else could also happen; namely, that the plant, instead of shooting into an individual organ, develops rather in the direction of the general, underlying tendency that really ought to remain in the spiritual sphere. In that case, the effect is that the single organ, instead of assuming its normal position within the organic whole, disperses its forces into the entire organism. The organ does not sufficiently predominate in the physical realm and consequently the whole thing becomes too spiritual, becomes too spiritualized, and the spiritual permeates the physical too strongly. This is a possibility. The situation, however, can also degenerate in a direction opposite to illness. The opposite polarity of illness consists in the single organ being sucked up, as it were, by the general organism. In human beings this is something that creates a feeling of well-being and sensual bliss. From this point of view, the opposite of illness is what we might call the ensuing overabundant bliss.
Consider the same thing from the perspective of language. If you form a verb from the adjective “sick,” you get the verb “to sicken” [German kranken = to hurt someone’s feelings]. If you take an adjective and a verb expressing the polar opposite [of kranken], you get “pleasant” and the verb, “to please”. Between these two extremes—of feeling ill, or pained and the feeling of well-being or organic bliss—a healthy human being must hold the balance. That is what health really is: holding the balance.
This assumes special significance when we face a growing child. In what condition is the growing child whom we have to teach? Let us take a child who attends primary school; that is, between the change of teeth and puberty. What is the significance of the change of teeth?
I have already described its significance in one of the “academic courses” held here in Dornach: namely, certain forces of growth saturate and form the child’s organism until the second teeth appear. During the first seven years of childhood, the forces that are active in the child’s organism, forming its physical body, behave in a way similar to latent heat when it changes into outwardly perceptible, liberated heat. I showed how what works into the human sphere of soul and spirit as an organizing principle in the physical body is transmuted into human soul and spirit in their own indigenous realm. Once the second teeth have developed, a child no longer needs the forces of growth that have been active previously in the inner organism. With the change of teeth, those forces are liberated, transformed into forces of soul and spirit, and find a healthy life through what we can do when we, as teachers, receive the child into our care.
To put it schematically, we may say that the young child’s physical organism is imbued with a force that organizes it structurally. When the child sheds its milk teeth and reaches school age, that force comes to a natural completion and what had been working previously in the child’s physical organism becomes liberated and reappears metamorphosed in the realm of soul and spirit as forces of ideation, memory, and so on. Once teachers recognize that what they engage in primary education is “liberated soul forces”—comparable to liberated heat—they can begin to understand the inner relationship of soul and spirit with the bodily-physical nature in a new way. That is, for example, whereas these soul forces were previously occupied in the physical body, they are now at our disposal. We can use them to meet the educational demands of contemporary culture. For, after all, we cannot and must not ignore the cultural conditions of our time.
Hence, at this stage we approach the child knowing that, as we receive him or her into our school, something of a soul and spiritual nature is withdrawing from the physical sheaths. We know that a part of this organizing force gradually transforms itself into soul and spirit. And yet, to a certain extent, throughout this transition, this organizing force retains its previous manner of working in the physical body—for the part that is liberated is still accustomed to working in accordance with physical forms. We are not doing the child any good, therefore, if we teach it something totally alien to its nature. We do this, for example, if we begin by teaching the letters of the alphabet. These, in themselves, are alien to the child and, besides, have undergone many changes since the days of pictorial writing.
That is why, in the Waldorf school, we introduce writing on an entirely artistic basis. We do not teach children writing directly, but let them draw and paint fundamental forms so that, through those drawn forms, they can externalize what has been released during the change of teeth. When children move their hands and fingers in drawing and painting, we find that what was weaving in the soul realm is now projected into the whole human being in accordance with the form of the body. By our bringing the child’s hands and fingers into movement in this way, what had been working previously in the soul realm as an organizing principle can continue its activity.
In this way, we become conscious of what we are really dealing with. We are dealing with the fact that, from birth to the change of teeth, a child’s body is still deeply permeated by soul-spiritual forces that, later, free themselves from the physical. Once the soul-spiritual nature withdraws, the physical aspect develops more one-sidedly. Indeed, as far as the physical aspect is concerned, we have here a process similar to those malformations in which the entire plant force shoots into a single organ. In the case of malformations, the result is simply a malformation.
In a human being, the normal course of events is that, at the time of the change of teeth, the physical body becomes separated from the soul-spiritual aspect. When the teeth change, therefore, we are actually dealing with the beginning of processes that, if they were allowed free development in a one-sided way, would become processes of illness. This explains the cause of some illnesses that often accompany the change of teeth. We can now recognize their origin. It is possible to look into the child’s organism with absolute clarity when the milk teeth are being shed. If one does so, one will see that, when the soul and physical natures separate, the physical body tends to become onesided and harden. One can see how the same forces are at work within their higher, normal limits. Should they proliferate, they would lead to processes of illness. In normal processes, there are always subtle ones present that can lead to illness if the separating tendencies are allowed free rein. We may therefore say that when a child acquires second teeth, it is at the threshold of illness. The more we as teachers engage the liberated forces of the child’s soul and spirit—in anthroposophical terminology we call them etheric forces—the greater the healing effect. This is so as long as the activities are suited to the child’s physical nature. By teaching in an artistic way, we have to re-unite a child’s soul and spirit harmoniously with its bodily-physical nature. We must be able to recognize the tendencies toward illness and health in the child’s body, for we must make that body into a fit instrument for what is evolving in the child.
Let us now look at the other end of the primary school, at puberty. There, we find exactly the opposite situation. Whereas, during the second dentition, the soul-spiritual withdraws from the child’s organism, becoming liberated from and abandoning the physical body, during puberty the soul-spiritual nature, which has meanwhile developed, longs to return to the physical body, to permeate and impregnate it. During puberty, there is a submerging of the soul-spiritual nature into the physical body. The body is being saturated and thoroughly permeated by the soul and spirit nature, which works instinctively. It is the reverse process, moving in the direction opposite to that of a state of illness; that is, it tends towards inner wellbeing and, we might say, a feeling of gratification. While teaching the child during the years of primary education, we must continually maintain a balance between what is striving toward the soul-spiritual becoming liberated at the beginning of the second dentition and what is instinctively streaming back from the soul-spiritual sphere into the physical body at puberty. The teacher must always strive toward equilibrium in the child during the coming and going that take place during the whole period between seven and fourteen.
This becomes a particularly important and absorbing task for the teacher between the child’s ninth and tenth years. Because the two streams of forces meet at the half-way stage, the child is then in a condition in which it can develop in all possible directions. Much depends on whether the teacher, as the guide, says the right words to the child, choosing the right moment between the ninth and tenth years, or whether he or she misses this unique moment. Much of great significance for the child’s entire life depends on whether the teacher knows how to meet this challenge between the ninth and tenth years.
Only if one understands the mutual interplay between soul and spirit and the physical body can one really understand the essence of childhood at this age and know how to deal with the child. One cannot talk about education at all without grasping these rising and falling processes, which are one-sided only if we separate them into soul and spirit on one hand and bodily-physical on the other. In reality, they constantly interweave and interpenetrate. We understand the child rightly only if we can see this flowing together of soul-spiritual and bodily-physical as a single unified, coherent process.
What, then, is our task as teachers after the onset of the second dentition? We must continually make sure that the soul and spiritual forces that become liberated are employed in accordance with true human growth and development. In a way, we must “copy” the forces that want to leave the physical organism; we must copy them in the realm of the soul and the spirit in order that, by this means, they can find their right place in human growth and development. In other words, we must know the child and teach in a way that activates the inner harmony of the child’s whole being. We must draw everything out of the child’s inner nature.
As teachers, when pupils approach puberty, we must look for the essence of their being in their letting their soul-spiritual nature submerge into their physical nature. Indeed, our adolescents will develop abnormally if we do not recognize that we must fill their souls and spirits that are submerging into their physical being with an interest for the whole world. If we do not do this, they will become inwardly excitable, nervous, or neurasthenic (not to speak of other abnormalities). As teachers, we must direct our pupils’ interests to the affairs of the wide world, so that our young people can take into their bodily being as much as possible of what links them to the outer world. When a child first enters school, we must know what is striving to be liberated so that we can work on it, but, at the stage of adolescence, we must become “people of the world” in order to know what can interest our adolescent students. By so doing, we can ensure a healthy descent of our teenagers’ souls and spirits, which are about to become submerged in their physical bodies. That will prevent their becoming too strongly absorbed in the flesh and they therefore will not lose themselves narcissistically in pleasure. We should aim at helping them to become persons who live in the world and who are able to become free from too much self-interest. Otherwise, they will become trapped in egotism. We must help them toward a true and harmonious relationship with the world.
These are the kind of things that can show how a method of education arising from a consideration of the whole human being must proceed. Naturally, I could give only brief indications here. It can be quite painful to hear, in response to one’s talking to educationalists and teachers—as happened to me recently—“How strange to hear that medical knowledge also happens to be a part of teaching.” These medical aspects do not “happen” to belong to education; they are an absolutely essential ingredient. Without medical awareness, a healthy pedagogy is unthinkable, for it would become lost in empty abstractions, which are useless when one really has to deal with children.
We know the spirit only if we knows how it works into matter. Spiritual science therefore does not lead into a nebulous “cloud cuckoo-land” but to real insights into the material aspects of life. Those who seek to escape from matter will find no entry into the spirit, but those who recognize the power of the spirit and how it manifests in matter will. This is the only basis for a healthy theory and practice of education. If people would only see how anthroposophical spiritual science seeks to work everywhere in a realistic way and how it is remote from all unhealthy pursuits such as proliferate today in various kinds of mysticism, spiritualism and the like—if people would only recognize how real knowledge of the spirit is a reality and at the same time true knowledge of matter—then they would be able to judge the anthroposophical approach in a healthier manner. For, after all, and one must repeat it, natural science has celebrated its great triumphs in modern times; it has cultivated great and important results for human development. But such science, in reality, is like a study of the human body without a soul or a spirit. Just as the human body makes sense only if the soul is seen as part of it, so natural science is comprehensive only when it is complemented by a science of the spirit.
If one does not know very much about spiritual science, one might not be in a position either to accept or to criticize this statement. Yet, if a person studies specific “chapters” of this science, he or she will come to realize its mission more and more. Especially in the field of education we can see how spiritual science, arriving at universal concepts, gives teachers what they need in school with regard to knowledge of tendencies toward health and sickness. Spiritual science overcomes specialization, fragmentation, and gives teachers what they need to use knowledge of health and illness when they teach children at school. If a doctor had to stand beside the teacher, their cooperation could only be external. A healthy situation is possible only when teachers let their knowledge of health and illness permeate their entire teaching. Such a thing, however, is possible only if a living science, as striven for by anthroposophy, includes knowledge of healthy and sick human beings.
How often have I emphasized that anthroposophical spiritual science addresses itself to the whole human being! In anthroposophy, the whole human being enters into a relationship to what a specific branch of spiritual science can contribute. If teachers are introduced to both healthy and sick development of children in a living way, if they can harmonize those two aspects of child development, then their own feeling life will at once be motivated. They will face each individual child with his or her specific gifts as a whole human being. Even if teachers teach writing in an artistic way, they can still be guiding their children in a one-sided way that comes very close to malformation. But, at the same time, they also stand there as whole human beings, who have a rapport with their children’s whole beings and, in this capacity, as whole human beings, they themselves can be the counterforce to such one-sidedness.
If, as a teacher who has a living relationship with everything that has to do with the human being, I must lead the child in a one-sided way when I teach reading or writing, then I must go about it in such a way that, precisely through leading the child into one-sidedness, I at the same time bring about an inner harmonization of the child’s being. The teacher who always has to work toward the wholeness of all things must stand there as a whole person, whatever subject is taught. There are two things that must always be present in education. On one hand, the goal of each particular subject and, on the other, the 1,001 imponderables which work intimately between one human being and another. If teachers are steeped in knowledge of the human being and the world—and if their knowledge begins to live in them when they face their children—we have a situation similar to that of the plant. As the entire formative force shoots into a single organ in a plant, only to withdraw again in the right way and shoot into another organ, so the teacher holds this totality, this unifying force, in his or her own being, while guiding the child from stage to stage.
Spiritual science can stimulate this way of guiding the child, for spiritual science is related to all branches of outer, natural science in the same way as the soul is related to the human body. And, as, according to the old saying, a healthy soul is to be found in a healthy body, so, too, in and through a healthy science of nature there should be found a healthy science of the spirit, a healthy anthroposophy.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
QUESTIONER I:
Gifted educators and teachers have an instinctive feeling for what needs to be done with a child upon reaching school age, both in and out of school. But it is not clear to me what the relationship of anthroposophically-based education is toward such instinctive responses to children. I would therefore like to ask whether such pedagogical instincts are frowned on in the Waldorf school or whether, in fact, they have their place within the framework of anthroposophical pedagogy.
QUESTIONER II:
I would like to ask how we are to understand children’s illnesses as you have spoken of them. By “illness,” do you mean a condition that orthodox medicine would call a state of illness, or an abnormality of the child’s physical constitution, or perhaps ill humor, grumpiness, or similar disturbances?
RUDOLF STEINER:
Regarding the relationship between pedagogical instincts and what I said today, I would like to make the following observations. In general, the two approaches need not be considered contradictory, but one must be clear about the whole process of human evolution. The farther back we go in human evolution, the more consciousness decreases, until we come to what corresponds to the entirely instinctive mode of behavior of the animal world. The natural course of development in human evolution is a gradual lessening of instinctual life and a gradual supplementing of instinctive behavior by a healthy, conscious grasp of life’s realities. We can see how important it is to bring about this transformation in the right way when we observe how, precisely in our times, previously healthy instincts have to a large extent fallen into disorder. For instance, while we can see quite clearly that children living in the country will grow up harmoniously even without a great deal of schooling, we can also see clearly that if we let city children depend on their instincts or—as has happened—if we seek to guide those instincts according to current pedagogical ideas, we can cause a great deal of harm. Unless, therefore, guided by our inner being, we are moved once more in a safe direction, we will not be able to foster wholesome and healthy conditions simply by calling abstractly for more instinctive ways of living—ways of living that in fact must today be replaced by powers of reasoning and intellect. Certainly, instinctive life still plays its part, but it is more and more on the wane.
To give a striking example, I can recall something that once happened in my presence. This is the kind of situation often encountered nowadays. It certainly took me by surprise. I was invited by a good friend whom, from earlier days of friendship, I knew to be quite a healthy eater—a person who also knew when to stop eating. Once, after an interval of several years, I was invited to his house again. And there, on the table, to my great surprise, I saw a pair of scales, complete with weights, on which he weighed every piece of food that he ate. This was surely clear evidence that, in his case at least, healthy instincts had greatly decreased!
Similar symptoms can also be observed in other life situations—for instance, if one studies the current curricula in our schools. We do not find in our schools the kind of teaching material that, if healthy instincts were working, would be found appropriate for, say, children in their eighth or ninth year. The curriculum is handled there according to quite different criteria—such as abstract rules regarding human and non-human matters. But curriculum—how we plan and work out our ways of education today—has a grave consequence for our children’s health. We must find our way back to a concrete grasp of the interweaving of health-giving and illness-inducing tendencies in the human being. What I mean by health-giving or illness-inducing will become clear in a moment.
Words, such as “ill-humor” and “grumpiness” were mentioned in this regard. Such words land us immediately amid abstractions. This is certainly not what I mean, for we would then be judging a child’s whole soul being abstractly. This is the very thing that a healthy, anthroposophically-based education must overcome. An anthroposophically-based education would make us realize, for example, that when a child suffers from mood disturbances, we are to watch for irregular glandular secretions. The glandular secretions are of far greater significance to us than the outer symptoms of ill humor, which will disappear when we tackle the problem at the source; that is, in the child’s physical organism. What we must do is to look far more deeply into the whole relationship between the child’s soul and spirit on one side and its physical and bodily existence on the other.
As educators dealing with children, teachers are naturally dealing only with inherent tendencies, with nascent states of unhealthy conditions. Teachers deal with subtle, rather than cruder, symptoms. And when such symptoms become pathological, they must be dealt with appropriately. I think it clear from what I have said that, in education, we deal with tendencies toward extremes and with finding ways and means of balancing them.
QUESTIONER:
We have heard that, during puberty, the adolescent is to be brought into contact with the affairs of the world and away from his or her individual spiritual self. What does this mean in concrete terms? What are the teachers supposed to do about it?
RUDOLF STEINER:
I did not say “away from his or her spiritual self.” I weigh my words carefully and what I say surely has a clear meaning. I did not say “away from his or her spiritual self” but simply away from himself or herself; that is, adolescents must be prevented from pressing the spiritual element too strongly into their inner being and thereby experiencing a kind of inner pleasure. At the onset of puberty, we must try to awaken the students’ interest for what is happening in the world. This is a fundamental objective in our curriculum for adolescents. We must awaken a particular interest in such subjects as geography and history—subjects that lead students away from themselves and out into the world. Adolescents need subjects that, because they are totally unconnected with any form of inner brooding, will counteract any too strong preoccupation that they might have with their inner life. It all depends on working out an appropriate curriculum in concrete detail.
RUDOLF STEINER:
(in answer to a further question): I have already indicated that teachers preparing their lessons should seek to work with their pupils’ natural and healthy forces of organic growth. If we know how to study the healthy growth of the human organism, we also know that implicit in different physical forms is a constant inner striving toward movement. For instance, if we look at the human hand without preconceptions, we can see that its form really makes little sense in the state of rest. Each finger is living proof of the hand’s inherent desire to move. And, conversely, such latent movement also seeks an appropriate form for the state of rest. This is an indication of something that is outwardly apparent. But such organismic tendencies can also be followed into the innermost organization of the human being. So that, if I am familiar with living anatomy, living physiology, then I also know what harmonizes with inner potentialities in the realm of movement.
From this point of view, it certainly does not correspond to the nature of children when a teacher makes a child scratch a copper-plate Gothic style letter “a” as is popular today. This is a form for which there is really no justification. There is no inner connection between the way the fingers want to move and the form of the letter that finally evolves after having gone through many intermediary stages.
During earlier phases of human evolution, quite different signs were painted to represent a form of writing which was still in harmony with the human organization. Today, the forms of our conventional letters no longer have any direct relation to the inner organization of human beings and that is why we must draw out of the child what is akin to its inner organization before introducing it to the present form of our alphabet. But, if you bring this to the attention of educational authorities, they become quite alarmed, wondering how on earth they are to know what the human organism is demanding, how they could possibly expect teaching to be done in an artistic style when pupils are aged six, and so on (this may be rather different in the case of practicing teachers who are often very open to these ideas because they can see new perspectives being opened up by them).
There is but one answer to all this—one must learn to do it! It is something that must be brought to the notice of anyone interested in education. It is not the task of anthroposophy to spread an abstract conception of the world that might satisfy people who like to rehash what they have heard, or who enjoy telling themselves what they must do for their own advancement. Anthroposophy is broadly based and has many ramifications that can lead us to the most intimate knowledge of human nature. One can truly say that anthroposophy offers an opportunity of fructifying the various sciences, especially in areas that, today, are not generally accessible to them.
And so we can say that we have to get to know the human being thoroughly so that, when we receive the child into primary education, we know from its whole organism how it should move its fingers and hands when learning to write, and also how it should learn to think.
The other day, I had the opportunity to take a visitor into a first grade writing and reading lesson. This subject can be taught in a hundred different ways. In the Waldorf school, teachers are given absolute freedom in their application of basic principles. Education is an altogether free art. The subjects might remain the same, but teachers may present their content in their own individual ways and according to the specific character of their pupils. People sometimes cannot see how these two aspects are related to each other.
How was this lesson given after the young pupils had been in the first grade for only a few months? A child was called out and told to run in a circle in a given number of steps. Immediately afterward, the teacher drew a circle on the blackboard to show how the movement experienced by the child while running looked when seen with the eyes.
Then, a second child was called out and asked to run in a much smaller circle inside the first circle, using only two steps. A third child had to run yet another circle, this time using three steps. All of the children were thoroughly involved in what was going on and they transposed what they had experienced with their whole being into what became visible on the blackboard. Their interest was directed not only to what the eye could see, but to what they experienced with their whole being. So there were three circles. When yet another one was run, the children noticed that, because of the size, the fourth circle intersected the smaller ones within the first large circle. And so it went on. This is how children were given the opportunity of gaining an experience out of their whole being that they could then transfer to the visual sphere. If, on the other hand, children are told to draw forms immediately, it is their heads that are mainly engaged—which amounts to a one-sided occupation. Everything that pupils do at this stage should come out of their whole being, writing included.
But this does not mean that every teacher is now supposed to follow the same example! I merely gave an example here to show how one teacher undertook the task of applying underlying principles in the classroom. What I introduced in the Teacher Training Course, prior to the opening of the Waldorf school in Stuttgart, was not meant to be copied pedantically by teachers in their actual teaching. It was presented as living substance so that the school could become a living organism. As for rules and regulations, they can of course always be put together. If three people—or thirty, or perhaps only twelve—sit together in order to work out what, according to their lights, are the necessary conditions for creating a model school—committing to paper every rule in order of priority and with the appropriate paragraphs—they can of course produce wonderful schemes, even if they themselves are not graced with outstanding intelligence, even if they are only of ordinary or possibly even below average intelligence. The relevant points can be discussed in detail until impressive rules and regulations are finally agreed upon. But these are not likely to be of any use at all when it comes to the actual teaching. What always matters most is how things work out in practice.
QUESTIONER:
How should one proceed when educating a nervous child?
RUDOLF STEINER:
The expression “a nervous child” is extremely ambiguous. Thus, it is impossible to give definite directives. One must have a clear description of the child’s symptoms and one needs to know the age of the child. In such a case, one really must be able to consider all the relevant factors within the general context. For instance, it might happen that one is shown a child, let us say, three or four years old, who is extremely fidgety and likely to romp about wildly. There are such children. They throw themselves to the ground and go into terrible tantrums. Their behavior is distinctly discomfiting for the parents who may thereby suffer a great deal of unhappiness. Then they ask what they could possibly do with such a child. Often, though by no means in every case, one would like to ask them to do nothing at all, for the worst thing in such a situation is to suppress the symptoms. Such a child simply has to get rid of an overabundance of energy so that, later on, it may develop normally—as one might put it. It is sometimes necessary to point out that it is better not to meddle with a child’s development by taking pedagogical measures. The important thing is to find out from the child’s overall constitution what is or is not beneficial in each individual case. The same thing applies when one considers conditions of health or illness. How often does one hear these or similar remarks from persons with fixed ideas of what is normal, “If someone’s pulse beat is irregular, one has to cure it by this or the other means.” That might be perfectly correct in many instances but is by no means so in every case. Some people, due to their general constitution, actually need a slightly abnormal pulse! And so also in this case. One must know the overall constitution of a child before one can make definite statements. As always, anthroposophy aims to free people from living with abstract ideas. Such a question as “How should one deal with a nervous child?” is an abstraction. One is never confronted by a general situation, but always by a particular child who needs to be dealt with individually.
QUESTIONER:
How can anthroposophy give a lead with regard to pupils’ finding their future careers?
RUDOLF STEINER:
I really do not know what is meant by this question! If I were to answer it in the abstract, I would have to say that an anthroposophical environment would in itself engender in a young person the right inclination to finding an appropriate vocation. In general, the choice of a career is dealt with far too schematically. As a rule such a choice is already linked to a person’s destiny. People are sometimes insufficiently flexible—they believe that only a particular profession can bring them inner satisfaction. That might well be so in cases where professions have a markedly individualistic stamp, but to look for a lead to finding the right career in what anthroposophy has to say on the subject sounds to me removed from the realities of life. I cannot really see the meaning of the question.
The chairman asked whether there were any further questions. There were none.
RUDOLF STEINER:
I hope that this talk, given in all brevity and presented as a mere outline of our broadly based but specific theme, has contributed something toward a better understanding of the aims of anthroposophy. These aims are never intended to be isolated from actual life situations. When the essence of anthroposophy is fully grasped, it will always lead into the realities of life, into life itself.
Die Pädagogische Bedeutung der Erkenntnis vom Gesunden und Kranken Menschen
Meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden! Die Pädagogik, welche sich ergibt aus dem ganzen anthroposophischen Welterkennen und die ja praktisch geübt wird in der Stuttgarter Waldorfschule und in einigen kleineren Versuchen, die nach dieser Richtung hin gemacht werden, diese Pädagogik muß eine viel umfassendere sein als dasjenige, was man in der Gegenwart unter diesem Namen betreibt. Und vor allen Dingen, sie muß etwas in einem viel engeren Sinne an den ganzen Menschen und sein Wissen Gebundenes sein. Man wird, wenn man einmal dasjenige, was man anthroposophische Pädagogik und Didaktik nennen kann, in richtigem Sinne verstehen wird, weniger von etwas Objektivem sprechen, von Pädagogik und Didaktik als Wissenschaft oder Kunst, man wird mehr von den erziehenden und unterrichtenden Menschen sprechen, wird mehr wissen, was eigentlich der Mensch für den Menschen überhaupt und insbesondere der lehrende und unterrichtende Mensch für den aufwachsenden Menschen, für das Kind bedeutet. Gerade dieses bedeutsamste Verhältnis von Mensch zu Mensch, das da ist zwischen dem erziehenden, dem lehrenden und dem aufwachsenden Menschen, hat ja gelitten unter der Tendenz, die immer mehr und mehr in der neueren Zeit in alles geistige Arbeiten und alles geistige Streben eingezogen ist, nämlich unter dem Spezialistentum. Dieses Spezialistentum hat es ja dahin gebracht, daß man immer mehr und mehr es für nötig hält, daß einen gewissen Einfluß gewinne in der Schule auf die aufwachsende Jugend nicht nur der Lehrer, sondern weil man es ja zu tun hat mit demjenigen, was in gesunder und kranker Weise sich an dem Kinde heranentwickelt, daß einen gewissen Einfluß in der Schule auch haben soll der Arzt. Und in der neuesten Zeit betrachtet man es ja sogar auch noch als eine Notwendigkeit, daß der gelehrte Psychologe, der Seelenkenner, derjenige also, der sich gewisse Erkenntnisse verschafft, so wie man sie nach den gewöhnlichen heutigen schulmäßigen Methoden sich verschaffen kann über die Seele des Menschen, daß der nun auch irgendwie beratend in die Schulverfassung eingreife. So also müßte gewissermaßen der Lehrer dann dastehen, beraten auf der einen Seite vom Arzt, beraten auf der anderen Seite von dem Psychologen. Das aber ist ja nichts anderes als eben ein Hineintragen des Spezialistentums in die Schule, Wer einen genügenden Begriff sich davon verschafft, ein wie enges Verhältnis sich herausbilden muß zwischen dem zu erziehenden und zu unterrichtenden Kind und dem Lehrer, wie intim der Lehrer kennen muß dasjenige, was im Kinde heranwächst, der wird kaum zugeben können, daß es irgendwie ersprießlich ist, wenn in äußerlicher Weise zusammenwirken Menschen, die ja eigentlich auch unter sich nur ein gewisses äußerliches Verhältnis haben, die gewissermaßen jeder einen Teil der menschlichen Entwickelung verstehen, und die dann äußerlich ihre Ratschläge sich geben sollen, um in äußerlicher Weise zusammenzuwirken. Aber es ist das, was da auftreten will, eben nur eine allgemeine Folge des Spezialistentums überhaupt. Wer glaubt, daß die Seele des Menschen etwas ist, was irgendwie eine äußerliche Beziehung zum körperlich-leiblichen Organismus habe, der kann ja unter Umständen meinen, daß der Lehrer eben auf das Seelische zu wirken hat, und daß für das Körperliche dann von außen her Ratschläge gegeben werden können von dem Arzte.
Selbstverständlich rede ich, indem ich heute über das Thema der pädagogischen Bedeutung einer Erkenntnis vom gesunden und kranken Menschen rede, nicht von den Fällen, wo die zu erziehenden Kinder wirklich in akute oder chronische Krankheiten verfallen. Da ist ja die ärztliche Behandlung etwas, was außerhalb des Erziehens selbst liegt. Ich rede von demjenigen, was durchaus innerhalb des Ganges der Erziehung und des Unterrichtes selber liegt. Und da muß gesagt werden, daß gerade dadurch, daß man glaubt, für das Hygienische, für das Sanitäre der Schulführung könne der Arzt als Spezialist dem Lehrer zur Seite stehen, daß man gerade dadurch das fördert, daß wiederum andererseits die Pädagogik und Didaktik einseitig werden, herausgebracht werden aus dem konkreten Verhältnisse zu dem vollen Menschen im Kinde, der ja geistig-seelisch auf der einen Seite, leiblich-physisch auf der anderen Seite ist. Die Pädagogik und Didaktik wird in eine gewisse Abstraktheit heraufgehoben und vom Menschen entfernt, wenn man sich verläßt darauf, daß ja dasjenige, was in leiblich-physischer Beziehung gesorgt werden soll, von dem Spezialisten besorgt werden kann.
Und unter der Tendenz, die sich da entwickelt hat, ist es ja in der Tat dahin gekommen, daß man heute von mancher Seite Verwunderung äußert, wenn man in die pädagogische und didaktische Kunst nicht nur die gewöhnlichen abstrakten Erziehungs- und Unterrichtsregeln hineinbringt, sondern wenn man diese Erziehungs- und Unterrichtsregeln so gestaltet, daß sie zu gleicher Zeit herausgedacht sind aus dem Ganzen des Menschen, also auch aus dem Leiblich-Physischen. Was hier als eine Abirrung zu charakterisieren ist, schreibt sich ja im Grunde genommen davon her, daß unsere neuere Wissenschaft überhaupt ins Unklare gekommen ist über das Verhältnis des Geistig-Seelischen zu dem Leiblich-Physischen, wenn sie von dem ersteren überhaupt als etwas Selbständigem spricht.
Ein deutlicher Beweis dafür ist ja das, daß unsere Seelenkunde vielfach heute spricht von einem psycho-physischen Parallelismus. Man sieht sich genötigt, von einem Geistig-Seelischen zu sprechen; man sieht sich auf der anderen Seite natürlich genötigt, von einem Leiblich-Physischen zu sprechen. Aber da man das lebendige Ineinanderwirken, das lebendige Wechselspiel zwischen beiden nicht durchschaut, redet man von einem Parallelismus, als wenn auf der einen Seite eben abliefen die geistigen Erscheinungen, auf der anderen Seite die leiblich-physischen Erscheinungen. Aber was da zwischen beiden spielt, darauf läßt man sich nicht ein.
Dieses äußerliche Verhältnis, das da allmählich in die Anschauung eingetreten ist, das hat durchaus auch abgefärbt auf alles dasjenige, was Pädagogik und Didaktik ist. Man muß sich nur klar sein - und das kann ich ja hier nur aus der allgemeinen Anthroposophie, ich möchte sagen, hereinziehend charakterisieren -, man muß sich nur klar sein darüber, daß wenn wir vom Körperlich-Leiblichen etwa so sprechen, wie das die gewöhnliche heutige Physiologie, Biologie tut, daß wir dann von etwas sprechen, was am lebendigen Menschen, so wie wir es ja charakterisieren, eigentlich gar nicht vorhanden ist. Das ganze Leiblich-Physische ist ein Ergebnis, ein Aufbau des Seelisch-Geistigen.
Und wiederum, wenn wir vom Seelisch-Geistigen in einer gewissen Abstraktheit sprechen, sprechen wir eben wiederum nicht von etwas Wirklichem, denn es ist am lebendigen Menschen lebendig, möchte ich sagen, eben das Geistig-Seelische, indem es den Leib durchorganisiert, indem es den Leib baut, gestaltet. Und es ist so, daß durchaus nicht in einer gewissen Allgemeinheit gesprochen werden kann von der Beziehung des Seelisch-Geistigen zu dem Physisch-Leiblichen, sondern derjenige, der nun wiederum das Seelisch-Geistige in seiner Konfiguration schaut, der es nicht als ein bloßes Abstraktum vor sich hat, sondern der es in seiner inneren Gestaltung vor sich sieht, der weiß zugleich, daß jede Einzelheit des Seelisch-Geistigen eine gewisse Beziehung hat zu einer Einzelheit in dem Physisch-Leiblichen. Wir können zum Beispiel durchaus sagen, ich will das eben nur als ein Beispiel heranziehen: Wenn wir den Sehprozeß ins Auge fassen, so hat dieser Sehprozeß seine physischleibliche Lokalisation sehr abgeschlossen in dem menschlichen Hauptorgan, in dem menschlichen Kopfe, und wir studieren den Sehprozeß, indem wir vorzugsweise seine lokalisierten Organe im menschlichen Haupt studieren.
Anders ist das zum Beispiel schon, wenn wir den Gehörprozeß studieren. Wenn wir den Gehörprozeß studieren, müssen wir das rhythmische System studieren. Wir müssen, um den Gehörprozeß zu verstehen, eigentlich ausgehen von dem Atmungsprozeß. Wir können ja nicht den Gehörprozeß für sich lokalisiert im Kopfe studieren, wie das in einer heutigen abstrakten Physiologie vielfach geschieht, und so ist es mit allem. Was wir als Geistig-Seelisches studieren, müssen wir in konkreter Weise beziehen können wiederum auf konkrete organische Systeme. Das heißt, eine wirkliche geistig-seelische Erkenntnis ist gar nicht möglich ohne eine Erkenntnis des Leiblich-Physischen. Und wiederum: eine richtige Erkenntnis des Leiblich-Physischen ist zu gleicher Zeit eine Erkenntnis des Seelisch-Geistigen. Es muß eben eine Erkenntnis angestrebt werden, wo diese beiden, das Seelisch-Geistige und das LeiblichPhysische so ineinandergehen in der Erkenntnis, wie sie auseinandergehen im lebendigen Menschen.
Diejenigen, die diese Vorträge hier hören als anthroposophisch Interessierte, wissen ja, wie hier nicht gesprochen wird von irgendeinem abstrakt-theoretischen Geistig-Seelischen, sondern wie gerade wirkliche Erkenntnis des Geistig-Seelischen im vollen innerlichen Zusammenhang steht mit einer Erkenntnis des Leiblich-Physischen.
Nun aber, wenn wir an das Leiblich-Physische des Menschen herantreten, dann tritt uns ja sogleich eigentlich die Frage entgegen nach dem Verhältnis des Gesunden und des Kranken im Menschen. Gewiß, die extremen Fälle des Krankseins gehören auf ein anderes Blatt als das Pädagogische, und sie gehen uns heute hier nichts an, aber all dasjenige, was, ich möchte sagen, in tausendfältiger Weise in dem eigentlich sonst gesund zu nennenden Menschen doch in einer gewissen Weise nach dem Kranken hinneigt, in dem haben wir ein Gebiet, das gerade innerhalb des Pädagogischen und Didaktischen in hervorragendem Maße gekannt sein muß, und das sogar außerordentlich wichtig ist für die pädagogische und didaktische Erkenntnis. Und um begreiflich zu machen, was damit eigentlich gemeint ist, möchte ich ausgehen von einem in Goethes Weltanschauung auftretenden, außerordentlich wichtigen Begriff.
Goethe hat ja in seiner Metamorphosenlehre versucht, eine Art Anschauung des Organischen zu gewinnen, und dasjenige, was er in seiner Metamorphosenlehre gewonnen hat, wird ganz gewiß in der Zukunft noch viel unbefangener gewürdigt werden, als es bis heute schon gewürdigt werden kann, da ja die gegenwärtige Wissenschaftsrichtung vielfach sich in einer in bezug auf Goethe entgegengesetzten Richtung bewegt.
Goethe hat verfolgt, wenn wir das am einfachsten Beispiel ins Auge fassen, wie, sagen wir, am Pflanzenstengel Blatt nach Blatt sich entwikkelt, und wie aber jedes folgende Blatt, das eine andere Form zeigt als das darunterstehende, doch nur eine Metamorphose des darunterstehenden ist. So daß Goethe sagt: Die einzelnen Organe der Pflanze, die unteren einfacheren Blätter, dann die komplizierteren Stengelblätter, dann die Kelchblätter, die wieder ganz anders gestaltet sind, die Blumenblätter, die sogar eine andere Farbe haben als die Stengelblätter, sie sind eigentlich alle so, daß sie äußerlich in der Form voneinander verschieden sind, innerlich in der Idee aber gleich sind, so daß dasjenige, was in der Idee gleich ist, sich dem äußeren sinnlichen Scheine nach vermannigfaltigt, in den verschiedenen Gestalten auftritt. Goethe sieht deshalb in dem einzelnen Blatte die ganze Pflanze und in der Pflanze wiederum nur die komplizierte Ausgestaltung des einzelnen Blattes. Jedes Blatt ist für Goethe eine ganze Pflanze, nur daß die Idee der Pflanze, der Typus der Pflanze, die Urpflanze, eben im äußeren physischen Ausgestalten eine bestimmte Gestalt annimmt, vereinfacht ist und so weiter, so daß Goethe gewissermaßen sich sagt (es wird gezeichnet): Indem der Pflanzenstengel ein Blatt treibt, will er eigentlich eine ganze Pflanze treiben. Hier ist durchaus die Tendenz vorhanden, eine ganze Pflanze zu treiben. Aber diese pflanzenbildnerische Kraft gestaltet sich gewissermaßen nur in beschränktem Maße aus, hält sich zurück. Im nächsten Blatte gestaltet sie sich wiederum in einem in gewissem Sinne beschränkten Maße aus und so weiter. Hier will diese pflanzenbildnerische Kraft eine ganze Pflanze werden, hier wieder eine ganze Pflanze. In jedem Blatte will eigentlich eine ganze Pflanze entstehen, und es entsteht nur immer etwas wie ein Fragment einer Pflanze; aber die ganze Pflanze ist doch da und ist wiederum eine Realität. Und diese unsichtbare ganze Pflanze, die hält nun all das in Harmonie zusammen, was immer viele Pflanzen werden will. Jede Pflanze möchte eigentlich viele Pflanzen werden; aber jede von diesen vielen Pflanzen wird nicht eine volle Pflanze, sondern nur eine beschränkte Ausgestaltung, ein Organ. Jedes Organ will eigentlich der ganze Organismus sein, und der ganze Organismus hat die Aufgabe, diese einzelnen fragmentarischen Ausbildungen seiner selbst wiederum zu einer größeren Harmonie zusammenzuhalten, so daß wir dasjenige haben, was im einzelnen Organ wirkt und dasjenige, was die einzelnen Organe zusammenhält.
Nun, Goethe geht nicht aus auf abstrakte Begriffe. Er gestaltete zum Beispiel nicht den ganz abstrakten Begriff: Man sieht einzelne fragmentarische Pflanzen sich gestalten wollen und dann die Einheitspflanze, die das zusammenhält -, das wäre noch Abstraktion. Er will erfassen, wie diese pflanzenbildnerische Kraft wirkt. Er möchte erfassen, was da eigentlich sich ausgestaltet, und namentlich, was sich in einem solchen einzelnen Blatte zurückhält. Er möchte das anschauen, er möchte nicht beim Begriff bleiben, er möchte bis zu der Anschauung kommen. Deshalb wird ihm ganz besonders wichtig, wenn er, wie er es nennt, irgendwo Mißbildungen auftreten sieht, wenn also zum Beispiel an einer bestimmten Stelle nicht ein Blatt auftritt, wie man es erwartet, sondern wenn sich der Stengel meinetwillen verdickt, eine Mißbildung entsteht, oder wenn irgendwo die Blüte, statt sich in Blättern zu runden, schlank auswächst und dergleichen.
Wenn Mißbildungen auftreten, sagte sich Goethe, dann tritt an der Pflanze die pflanzenbildnerische Kraft so auf, daß dasjenige sich verrät, äußerlich sichtbar wird, was sich eigentlich zurückhalten sollte; wenn das Blatt mißgestaltet wird, so hat sich eben die Kraft nicht zurückgehalten, dann ist sie ins Blatt hineingeschossen. Und so sagte sich Goethe: Also sieht man, wenn eine Mißbildung auftritt, wie physisch wird dasjenige, was eigentlich geistig ist; was sich zurückhalten sollte, was nur als Wachstumskraft auftreten sollte, wird sichtbar. In der Mißbildung liegt etwas vor, was man gerade studieren sollte, denn an der Mißbildung sieht man, was in der Pflanze drinnen ist. Ist diese Mißbildung nicht da, so bleibt etwas zurück, was dann in den folgenden Blättern oder in den folgenden Organen überhaupt zum Ausdrucke kommt. - So werden für Goethe die Mißbildungen für sein Studium ganz besonders wichtig. Er sagt sich das in bezug auf den ganzen Organismus. Man kann sagen, es ist durchaus im Sinne Goethes gedacht, wenn wir zum Beispiel nun nehmen den Hydrocephalus, die Wasserkopfbildung beim Kinde; da haben wir eine Mißbildung. Aber Goethe würde sagen: Diese Mißbildung richtig studiert, zeigt mir etwas in der Anschauung, was in jedem kindlichen Kopfe ist, aber nur zurückgehalten wird im Geistigen. Ich kann also, wenn eine Mißbildung auftritt, sagen: Hier zeigt sich mir im Physisch-Sinnlichen dasjenige, was eigentlich im Geistig-Seelischen seine richtige Stellung hat.
Sehen wir nun herauf bis zum Menschen oder auch bis zum Tiere, dann haben wir nicht nur solche augenscheinlich auftretenden Mißbildungen, sondern wir haben dann Krankheiten oder wenigstens Krankheitsanlagen. Jede Krankheit im Goetheschen Sinne betrachtet, verrät einem etwas, was ganz regulär im Menschen drinnen ist, aber sich nur, gleich einer Mißbildung, auch nach der einen Seite sich ausbildet, während es zurückgehalten werden sollte im ganzen organischen System. Während es gewissermaßen im Geiste zurückbleiben sollte, schlägt es in die äußere Bildung hinein. So daß man sagen kann: bemerkt man irgendwo eine Krankheitsanlage, so verrät einem diese Krankheitsanlage gerade etwas Besonderes für die menschliche Organisation, und wer das Kranksein nach der einen oder der anderen Seite versteht, beginnt gerade an dem Kranksein den menschlichen Geist zu studieren, wie Goethe an den Mißbildungen den Typus, die Urpflanze studiert. Es ist außerordentlich bedeutsam, hinschauen zu können, namentlich auf die feineren krankhaften Ausartungen, sagen wir beim Kinde, die nicht zu wirklichen Krankheiten werden, sondern die solche Neigungen nach der einen oder der anderen Seite darstellen, da oder dorthin krankhaft auszuarten. Das ist dasjenige, was gewissermaßen äußere Signatur darstellt für dasjenige, was nun auch im normalen Menschen arbeitet. Man möchte sagen: das Wasserkopfsein ist im Kopfe eines jeden Kindes, und man muß den Wasserkopf studieren können, um eben im Studium des Wasserkopfes zu erfahren, wie man das nun zu behandeln hat, was in den Wasserkopf schießt, wenn es gesund bleibt und ein Geistig-Seelisches ist. Natürlich ist das etwas, was im eminentesten Sinne mit allem, ich möchte sagen, wissenschaftlichen Zartgefühl zu behandeln ist, was nicht im groben Sinne gedeutet werden darf, sondern mit außerordentlichem Zartgefühl behandelt werden muß, so daß man hier hingewiesen wird auf dasjenige, was im Menschen wirkt, was als Krankheit erscheint, was aber eigentlich, wenn es an seiner richtigen Stelle im Inneren bleibt, zu den normalen Entwickelungskräften des Menschen gehört. Und Sie werden nun selbst ermessen können, da das Kind im Wachstum ist, und die Tendenz hat, nach jeder Richtung hin auszuarten, wie man, wenn man fähig ist zu wissen, wohin die Ausartungen geschehen können, auch fähig werden kann, nun diese Dinge zu harmonisieren, wie man fähig werden kann, die Gegenkräfte hervorzurufen, wenn Ausartungen drohen und dergleichen.
Aber etwas anderes kommt noch in Betracht. Sehen Sie, wenn man von Pädagogik und Didaktik spricht, so haben die Leute meistens das Gefühl, da muß man ein Ideal einhalten, das bis in alle Einzelheiten hinein auch theoretisch ausgearbeitet werden kann oder dergleichen, und da gibt es so etwas, was man in starre Formen und Regeln bringen kann. Aber eigentlich fällt einem gerade dann, wenn man mit Pädagogik und Didaktik selber zu arbeiten hat, wie es einem geht, wenn man zum Beispiel wie ich die Waldorfschule zu leiten hat, da fällt einem immer wiederum eines ein. So etwas gefällt ja den Menschen, wenn man ihnen eine einleuchtende pädagogische und didaktische Kunst vorträgt, es gefällt den Menschen. Ja, aber derjenige, der nun ganz ehrlich ist - und Anthroposophie muß in allem absolut innerlich ehrlich sein -, der sagt sich: Gewiß, so etwas wie solch eine Pädagogik und Didaktik muß ja da sein. Dann kommen die Leute und sagen: Das ist schön, hätten wir nur auch in solchen Schulen sein können, wo so gelehrt worden ist! - Aber sehen Sie, sehr häufig haben gerade diejenigen, die dann eine solche Pädagogik und Didaktik ausarbeiten, gerade in den schlechtesten Schulen ihre Erziehung, ihren Unterricht gehabt, und sie kommen gerade vielleicht aus den allerkorrumpiertesten Erziehungssystemen heraus, und sie sind nicht eigentlich schlecht dabei gefahren; sie sind sogar so gut dabei gefahren, daß sie ganz ordentliche Erziehungssysteme aufstellen können. Und dann kommt sogar vielleicht die Idee: Haben wir denn ein Recht, bis in alle Spezialitäten hinein auszudenken und auszugestalten, wie wir die Kinder unterrichten sollen? Wäre es nicht vielleicht am allerbesten, wenn sie in möglichst hohem Grade als Wildlinge heranwachsen könnten, wie man vielen Biographien entnehmen kann, daß nicht gerade diejenigen, die in steife pädagogische und didaktische Erziehungssysteme gepreßt sind, die entwickeltsten und befähigtsten Menschen geworden sind? Beleidigen wir nicht eigentlich das aufwachsende Kind, wenn wir ein so ganz ins einzelnste ausgearbeitetes pädagogisches System aufstellen?
Sie sehen, erwägen muß man nach allen Seiten, und gerade wenn man dieses erwägt, dann kommt man eben zu derjenigen Pädagogik und Didaktik, die eigentlich weniger von dem redet, wie man dies oder jenes am Kinde machen soll, sondern die vor allen Dingen darauf bedacht ist, dem Lehrer selbst das zu geben, wodurch er das vorhin angedeutete intime Verhältnis zum heranwachsenden Kinde haben kann.
Aber dazu ist noch etwas anderes notwendig. Wenn das Kind uns übergeben wird im Volksschulalter, sollen wir es erziehen, wir sollen es unterrichten. Indem wir mit dem einen oder mit dem anderen, mit Schreiben, mit Lesen mit Rechnen herankommen, führen wir ja eigentlich lauter Attacken auf das Kind aus. Wir unterrichten, sagen wir Leseunterricht - es ist eine Einseitigkeit. Der volle Mensch wird durchaus nicht eigentlich in Anspruch genommen beim gewöhnlichen Leseunterricht. Wir fördern im Grunde genommen eine Mißbildung, wir fördern sogar eine Krankheitsneigung; und wiederum, wenn wir den Schreibunterricht erteilen, fördern wir nach einer anderen Richtung eine Krankheitsneigung. Wir führen eigentlich fortwährend Attacken aus gegen die Gesundheit des Kindes, wenn das auch nicht immer ersichtlich wird, da es sich eben nur, im Status nascendi möchte ich sagen, im Entstehungszustande sich äußert. Aber wir müssen fortwährende Attakken im Grunde genommen auf das Kind ausführen. Nun können wir im Zivilisationszeitalter nicht anders, als diese Attacken ausführen; aber wir müssen dasjenige, was wir da fortwährend unternehmen, gegen die Gesundheit des Kindes - man kann es schon so sagen -, das müssen wir immer wieder und wiederum gutzumachen verstehen. Wir müssen uns klar sein: Rechnen = eine Mißbildung; Schreiben = zweite Mißbildung; Lesen = dritte Mißbildung, und nun erst Geschichte, Geographie! Da hört es ja gar nicht mehr auf, da geht es schon ins Schrecklichste hinein. Und demgegenüber müssen wir fortwährend dasjenige stellen, was wiederum zurücknimmt in den ganzen Menschen harmonisierend dasjenige, was auseinander will. Das ist so außerordentlich wichtig, daß wir uns dessen bewußt sind, daß wir eigentlich immer auf der einen Seite dem Kinde etwas beizubringen haben und auf der anderen Seite dafür zu sorgen haben, daß es ihm nichts schadet. Eine richtige Pädagogik muß darauf sehen, sich zu fragen: Wie heile ich das Kind gegenüber den fortwährenden Attacken, die ich auf es ausführe? Das muß in jeder richtigen Pädagogik immer drinnenstecken.
Das aber kann nur drinnenstecken, wenn man einen Einblick hat in die ganze menschliche Organisation, wenn man wirklich versteht, wie es sich mit dieser menschlichen Organisation verhält. Nur wenn man wirklich dieses Prinzip des Mißbildens und des wiederum Harmonisierens zu erfassen vermag, kann man ein richtiger Lehrer und Erzieher sein. Denn dann steht man dem aufwachsenden Menschen so gegenüber, daß man immer wissen kann: Was tust du, indem du ihm das eine oder das andere beibringst und dadurch das eine oder das andere Organsystem besonders in Anspruch nimmst, wie paralysierst du dasjenige, was du da nach einer einseitigen Richtung hin tust? Das ist es, das eine wirkliche konkrete Pädagogik und Didaktik, die der Lehrer brauchen kann, die den Lehrer im richtigen Sinne zum Menschenkenner macht, fragt. Sie kann eigentlich nur entstehen, wenn man wirklich dahin kommt, den ganzen Menschen nach seinen Gesundheits- und Krankheitsmöglichkeiten zu erkennen.
Da tritt nun etwas auf, was die heutige mehr materialistisch gesinnte Medizin weniger zu berücksichtigen braucht, was aber sofort bedeutsam wird, wenn man den Menschen nach seiner Neigung zum Kranksein auf der einen Seite und, ich sage vorläufig, nach seiner Neigung zum Gesundsein nach der anderen Seite betrachtet, so, daß das einfließt, was man über den Menschen erkennt, in das pädagogische und didaktische Anschauen.
Man betrachtet ja heute Gesundheit und Krankheit eigentlich als zwei Gegensätze. Der Mensch ist entweder gesund oder krank. Aber so ist überhaupt die Sache gar nicht, ihrer Realität, ihrer Wirklichkeit nach gedacht. So ist es gar nicht. Gesundheit und Krankheit stehen nicht etwa einander polar entgegen, sondern das Gegenteil der Krankheit ist etwas ganz anderes als die Gesundheit. Von der Krankheit bekommt man einen Begriff - natürlich, es ist dann nur ein abstrakter, ein allgemeiner Begriff, man hat es ja nur mit einzelnen Erkrankungen und eigentlich im Grunde genommen nur mit einzelnen kranken Menschen zu tun; aber man würde auch auf dieses geführt, wenn man die Sache in einer konkreten Allgemeinheit betrachtet -, von der Krankheit bekommt man schon einen Begriff, wenn man aufsteigt von diesen Mißbildungen und dann sich allmählich eine Anschauung verschafft von dem, wie solche Mißbildungen zunächst äußerlich weniger bemerkbar auftreten im tierischen, im menschlichen Organismus. Aber dasjenige, was bei der Krankheit auftritt, daß ein einzelnes Organ, ein Organsystem herausfällt aus der ganzen Organisation, daß es gewissermaßen als Einzelnes sich besonders hervortut, dem steht entgegen, daß das einzelne Organ in der Gesamtorganisation untergeht.
Nehmen Sie im Sinne des Goetheschen Prinzips: statt daß an dieser Stelle hier (es wird gezeichnet) ein gesundes Blatt entsteht, entsteht, sagen wir, eine Mißbildung. Aber es kann ja auch etwas anderes entstehen. Es kann das entstehen, daß die Pflanze, statt daß sie in ihr Organ schießt, mehr die harmonisierende Grundtendenz, die eigentlich im Geistigen zurückbleiben sollte, entwickelt, daß dieses Aufgehen des einzelnen Organs in dem ganzen Organismus überwuchert, daß das Organ gewissermaßen nicht zuviel hervortritt im Physisch-Leiblichen, sondern zuwenig, daß das Ganze viel zu geistähnlich aussieht, daß es also vergeistigt ist, daß das Geistige zu stark das Physisch-Leibliche durchdringt. Das kann auch geschehen. Es kann also auch nach der entgegengesetzten Seite ausarten. Und das ist der Gegensatz der Krankheit, Die Krankheit hat eine Polarität, die eigentlich darinnen liegt, daß das einzelne Organ gewissermaßen aufgesogen wird vom Gesamtorganismus und zu seiner besonderen Wollust, zu seiner besonderen inneren Befriedigung beiträgt. Ein, ich möchte sagen, Überlust-Erlebnis ist eigentlich der polarische Gegensatz der Krankheit.
Nehmen Sie die Sache selbst sprachlich. Wenn Sie das Verbum bilden von krank, so haben Sie kränken; kränken: Schmerz bereiten. Nehmen Sie ein Zeitwort, das das polarische Gegenteil bedeuten würde, so hätten Sie: Lust bereiten. Und zwischen diesen zwei Extremen, zwischen dem Kranksein und Lustvollsein, muß der Mensch das Gleichgewicht halten. Das ist die Gesundheit. Der Mensch hat nicht die polarischen Gegensätze Krankheit und Gesundheit, sondern Krankheit und einen ganz anderen polarischen Gegensatz, und die Gesundheit ist der Gleichgewichtszustand, den wir uns fortwährend organisch bemühen müssen zu erhalten. Wir pendeln gewissermaßen hin und her zwischen Kranksein und innerlich Lustvollsein, organisch lustvoll sein. Das Gesundsein ist der Gleichgewichtszustand zwischen den beiden Polaritäten. Das ist die Realität.
Und das ist ganz besonders wichtig, wenn wir das heranwachsende Kind vor uns haben; denn wie haben wir eigentlich das heranwachsende Kind? Nun, nehmen wir zunächst einmal das Kind im Volksschulalter. Wir haben es zwischen dem Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife. Was bedeutet der Zahnwechsel?
Sehen Sie, der Zahnwechsel bedeutet, daß etwas, was als Kraftprinzip - ich habe das einmal in einem der hiesigen Hochschulkursvorträge ausgeführt -, was als Wachstumskräfte den Organismus durchtränkt, was in dem Menschen lebt, bis die zweiten Zähne herauskommen, was in ihm organisch lebt, was am Leibe organisierend ist, daß das so, wie die latente Wärme in die äußerlich fühlbare Wärme übergeht, daß das, was als Geistig-Seelisches im Menschen organisierend ist, auch geistig-seelisch wird. Nachdem die zweiten Zähne heraus sind, braucht der Mensch eine gewisse Wachstumskraft, eine gewisse innere durchorganisierende Kraft nicht mehr. Die wird jetzt frei, wird geistig-seelisch, lebt sich in alledem aus, was wir im Alter, wenn wir das Kind in die Volksschule hereinbekommen, verwenden können.
Wenn ich schematisch zeichnen soll, möchte ich sagen: Wenn dies hier der physische Organismus ist, so haben wir diesen physischen Organismus durchzogen von einer Kraft, die ihn durchorganisiert, die in ihm ihren Abschluß findet im Zahnwechsel, und später ist dasjenige, was da in ihm noch gewirkt hat im früheren Leben, während des schulpflichtigen Lebens freigeworden, tritt im Geistig-Seelischen auf als veränderte Vorstellungskraft, als veränderte Erinnerungskraft und so weiter. Das heißt, innerlich erkennen den Zusammenhang des Seelisch-Geistigen mit dem Physisch-Leiblichen, wenn man zum Beispiel weiß, daß dasjenige gerade, womit man es zu tun hat im kindlichen Volksschulalter, daß das wie freigewordene Wärme so freigewordenes Seelenwesen ist; während dieses Seelenwesen früher am Leibe beschäftigt war, haben wir es jetzt freigeworden, können es erfüllen mit demjenigen, was eben das Kind nach dem betreffenden Kulturzustand irgendeiner Epoche lernen muß, denn der Kulturzustand kommt ja doch in Betracht.
Da stehen wir vor dem Kinde so, daß wir uns sagen: In diesem Momente, wo du das Kind bekommst, da zieht sich etwas geistig-seelisch gewissermaßen heraus aus dem Leiblich-Physischen. Ein Teil der organisierenden Kraft wird geistig-seelisch, hat gewissermaßen noch die Nachformen des Physisch-Leiblichen; der ist noch eingewöhnt, in seinem ganzen Bilden das Physisch-Leibliche nachzubilden. Du tust dem Kinde nichts Gutes, wenn du ihm jetzt etwas ganz Fremdes beibringst, wenn du zum Beispiel ihm jetzt beibringst die Buchstabenformen, die dem Kinde ganz fremd sind, die schon viele Veränderungen durchgemacht haben von der alten gemalten Schrift.
Deshalb führen wir einen künstlerisch aufgefaßten Unterricht von der Waldorfschule ein, lehren das Kind nicht einfach schreiben, sondern lehren es zuerst zeichnend Malen, so daß es aus den Formen, wo es den ganzen Menschen in Bewegung bringt, dasjenige herausgestalten muß, was aus dem Zahnwechsel herausgestaltet ist; gewissermaßen in den ganzen Menschen in Gemäßheit seiner Leibesform verlegt wird, wo versucht wird, die Hände, die Finger in solche Bewegung zu bringen, indem sie zeichnen, indem sie malen, daß dasjenige, was in dem Seelischen gewebt hat, während das Seelische noch organisierend war, daß das weiter weben kann.
Sehen Sie, wir bedenken dadurch, womit wir es eigentlich zu tun haben. Wir haben es zu tun damit, daß von der Geburt bis zum Zahnwechsel das Kind das Geistig-Seelische, das später herauskommt, noch stark im Leiblichen drinnen hat. Jetzt zieht sich das GeistigSeelische zurück. Das Leibliche entwickelt sich einseitig. Wir haben mit dem ganzen Leiblichen einen ähnlichen Vorgang wie bei der Mißbildung, wo die ganze pflanzenbildende Kraft in das einzelne Organ hineinschießt. Bei der Mißbildung wird es eben, man kann sagen eine Mißbildung; normal, wie man sagt, verläuft es, indem der menschliche Organismus abgesondert wird mit dem Zahnwechsel. Wir haben es richtig zu tun mit dem Zahnwechsel, eigentlich mit dem Beginnen derjenigen Prozesse, die, wenn sie sich einseitig fortentwickeln, zu Krankheitsprozessen werden. Daher auch die begleitenden Krankheitsprozesse beim Zahnwechsel; die sind nichts anderes als davon herrührend. Man kann ganz genau hineinsehen in den kindlichen Organismus, wenn das Kind den Zahnwechsel hat, wenn da herausgesondert wird dieses Leiblich-Seelische und der Leib sich vereinseitigt, verhärtet, wie da eigentlich dieselben Kräfte, aber in den höheren, normalen Grenzen wirken, die, wenn sie überwuchern, eigentlich in den Krankheitsprozessen wirken. Immer sind in den normalen Prozessen diejenigen vorhanden, die, wenn sie überwuchern, eben ins Kranksein hineinführen. So daß wir sagen: an der Kippe des Krankseins ist der Mensch, wenn er Zähne bekommt, und wir wirken um so gesundender auf das Kind, je mehr wir nun dasjenige, was als Geistig-Seelisches jetzt frei wird - wir nennen es in anthroposophischer Terminologie den ätherischen Leib -, je mehr wir das so beschäftigen, daß die Beschäftigung ganz dem Leiblich-Physischen des Kindes angemessen ist, daß wir gewissermaßen nachbilden in diesem Geistig-Seelischen das Leiblich-Physische. Wir müssen erkennen den zum Kranksein und zum Gesundsein neigenden Leib, denn wir müssen ihn hineinbilden in dasjenige, was da beim Kinde herauskommt.
Betrachten wir das andere Ende des Volksschulalters, die Geschlechtsreife. Wir haben genau den umgekehrten Prozeß. Während sich herauszieht etwas aus dem kindlichen Organismus im Zahnwechsel, während gewissermaßen der Leib abgestoßen wird von dem Geistig-Seelischen, das dann frei wird, haben wir in der Geschlechtsreife das nunmehr entwickelte Geistig-Seelische, das wiederum zurück will in den Leib, das den Leib durchdringt und durchtränkt. In der Geschlechtsreife haben wir eben umgekehrt ein Untertauchen des Geistig-Seelischen in das Leibliche. Der Leib wird von dem instinktiv wirkenden Geistig-Seelischen durchtränkt, durchwuchert. Das ist der umgekehrte Prozeß; das ist der Prozeß, der nach der entgegengesetzten Seite des Krankwerdens geht, der nach dem innerlichen Wohlsein, nach dem Durchfreudetsein, möchte ich sagen, hintendiert. Das ist der entgegengesetzte Pol. Und wir haben, indem wir das Kind in dem Volksschulalter erziehen, fortwährend eigentlich in der Hand zu haben diese Gleichgewichtslage zwischen dem, was nach dem Geistig-Seelischen hinstrebt vom Zahnwechsel an, um frei zu werden, was vom Geistig-Seelischen wiederum zurückstrebt in den Körper. Wir müssen fortwährend in diesem Hin und Her, das ja in dem ganzen Volksschulalter da ist, versuchen, den Gleichgewichtszustand zu erhalten.
Das wird ganz besonders eine wichtige, eine spannende Aufgabe zwischen dem neunten und zehnten Jahr, wo das Kind dann infolge dieses Gegeneinanderschießens der zwei Kräfte in einem Zustand ist, so daß es tatsächlich nach allen möglichen Richtungen hintendiert, und daß es von dem Erzieher und Lehrer abhängt, ob er vielleicht im richtigen Augenblicke zwischen dem neunten und zehnten Jahr dem Kinde ein richtiger Berater ist, das richtige Wort zu ihm spricht, oder sich auch dessen enthält und so weiter. Es kommt ungeheuer viel darauf an für das ganze Leben, ob der Lehrer sich in richtiger Weise zu dem Kinde zwischen dem neunten und zehnten Jahr zu verhalten weiß.
Aber, sehen Sie, nur wenn man in der richtigen Weise dieses Ineinanderwirken des Geistig-Seelischen und des Physisch-Leiblichen versteht, versteht man eigentlich erst dasjenige, was das Kind ist und was man in dem Kinde heranzubehandeln hat. Es ist gar nicht möglich, überhaupt über Pädagogik und Didaktik zu sprechen ohne diese auf- und absteigenden Prozesse, die nur einseitig sind, wenn wir sie geistig-seelisch oder leiblich-physisch nennen, weil sie immer ein Ineinanderfluten der beiden sind; die Realität ist das Ineinanderfluten. Es kann das Kind nur verstanden werden, wenn man dasjenige, was man als die beiden Seiten erkennt, so wie es zusammengewirkt hat, im Behandeln des Kindes auch als eine Einheit zu gestalten weiß.
Daher, was hat man vom Zahnwechsel an mit dem Kinde zu tun? Man hat dasjenige zu tun, daß man fortdauernd sieht, daß nun wirklich dasjenige, was da frei wird an Geistig-Seelischem, daß das im Sinne des Menschenwachstums sich gestaltet; daß wir gewissermaßen nachbilden dasjenige, was im Organismus heraus will, auch im Geistig-Seelischen, daß wir den Menschen kennen und ihm dasjenige beibringen, was die ganze Harmonie seines Wesens in Regsamkeit bringt. Aus dem Inneren des Menschen haben wir ja alles hervorzuholen.
Und nähern wir uns dem Geschlechtsreifealter, dann haben wir dasjenige, was der Mensch ist, in dem zu suchen, daß er sein GeistigSeelisches untertauchen läßt in den Leib. Er wird unnormal sich entwikkeln, er wird innerlich ein aufgeregter, ein nervöser oder neurasthenischer Mensch werden - ich will die anderen Zustände nicht schildern -, wenn wir für dieses Alter nicht die Möglichkeit haben, einzusehen, wie wir dasjenige, was da in seine leiblich-physische Organisation untertaucht, mit Interessen durchsetzen sollen gegenüber der Außenwelt. Wir müssen den Menschen hinlenken darauf, daß er sich für die Außenwelt interessiert, damit er möglichst viel von dem, was ihn mit der Außenwelt verbindet, hinunternimmt in seine Leiblichkeit. Während wir also wissen müssen beim Kinde, was da heraus will, wenn es uns übergeben wird für die Volksschule, damit wir es ihm nachbilden, müssen wir Weltenerkenner sein, damit wir wissen, für was der Mensch sich interessieren kann, wenn wir mitgeben wollen dem untertauchenden Geistig-Seelischen dasjenige, was den Menschen nicht ins Fleischliche hinein untertauchen läßt, nicht wollüstig in sich selber untergehen läßt, sondern wenn wir ihn zu einem Menschen machen wollen, der mit der Welt mitlebt, der von sich loskommen kann, der nicht im Egoismus aufgeht, der nicht innerlich erglüht vor Egoismus, sondern der ein richtiges harmonisches Verhältnis zur Welt hat.
Das sind die Dinge, die Ihnen zeigen können, wie eine real gedachte, eine aus dem ganzen Menschenwesen heraus gedachte Pädagogik und Didaktik vorgehen muß. Ich konnte Ihnen natürlich diese Dinge nur andeuten. Es ist einem schmerzlich, wenn man, wie ich das neulich wiederum erlebt habe, von solchen Dingen zu heutigen Erziehern oder Pädagogen oftmals spricht, und sie einem sagen: Ja, das ist merkwürdig, da liegen ja zufällig auch medizinische Erkenntnisse vor! - Die liegen natürlich nicht «zufällig» vor, sondern die gehören ganz notwendig ins pädagogische System hinein. Ohne diese ist ein gesundes pädagogisches System überhaupt nicht zu denken, sondern verliert sich in inhaltsleere Abstraktionen, mit denen man dann das Kind behandelnd, nichts anfangen kann.
Geisteswissenschaft führt nicht in ein nebuloses, mystisches Wolkenkuckucksheim, sondern Geisteswissenschaft führt gerade in die wirkliche Erkenntnis des realen, des materiellen Lebens hinein, weil den Geist nur derjenige erkennt, der erkennt, wie der Geist an dem Materiellen und im Materiellen schafft. Nicht derjenige, der irgendwie fort will vom Materiellen, erhebt sich ins Geistige, sondern derjenige, der im Geiste die Macht erblickt, wie der Geist im Materiellen schafft. Das ist auch einzig und allein das, was die Grundlage abgeben kann für eine gesunde Pädagogik und Didaktik. Und wenn man nur im einzelnen einsehen würde, wie diese anthroposophische Geisteswissenschaft überall im Realen arbeiten will, wie sie weit, weit entfernt ist von all den ungesunden Dingen, die heute so vielfach wuchern in allen möglichen Mystizismen und Spiritismen und so weiter, wenn man einsehen würde, wie wirkliche Geist-Erkenntnis eben Wirklichkeit erkennt, auch zugleich Erkenntnis des Materiellen ist, dann würde man ein gesünderes Urteil über die anthroposophische Geisteswissenschaft gewinnen können. Denn schließlich, das ist dasjenige, was immer wieder und wieder gesagt werden muß: unsere Naturwissenschaft hat ihre großen Triumphe gefeiert in der neueren Zeit, sie hat große, bedeutende Ergebnisse für die Menschheitsentwickelung gezüchtet, aber sie ist dasjenige, was eigentlich so dasteht, wie der Körper des Menschen, ohne Seele betrachtet, dasteht. Wie der Körper des Menschen nur etwas ist mit der Seele, so ist die Naturwissenschaft nur etwas mit der Geisteswissenschaft.
Das läßt sich vielleicht weder einsehen noch kritisieren, wenn man nur einiges aus der Geisteswissenschaft kennt; aber das wird derjenige immer mehr und mehr einsehen, der gerade in die Spezialkapitel der Geisteswissenschaft sich einläßt. Und speziell auf pädagogisch-didaktischem Gebiete zeigt sich, wie diese Geisteswissenschaft dadurch, daß sie überhaupt zu universellen Begriffen kommt, vor allen Dingen dem Lehrer dasjenige auch in der Erkenntnis des gesunden und kranken Menschen gerade aus ihren Prinzipien heraus geben kann, was er in der Schule braucht. Wie Geisteswissenschaft sonst das Spezialistentum überwindet, so wird sie auch dasjenige, was Erkenntnis vom gesunden und kranken Menschen in der Schule leisten soll, dem Lehrer als solche zurückgeben; denn es könnte doch nur ein äußerliches Zusammenwirken da sein, wenn der Arzt neben dem Lehrer stehen müßte. Gesundes Wirken kann nur da sein, wenn im Lehrer zu gleicher Zeit die lebendige Erkenntnis des gesunden und des kranken Menschen auch in das Pädagogische hineinwirkt. Das kann aber allerdings nur dann wirken, wenn eine lebendige Wissenschaft, wie sie durch Anthroposophie angestrebt wird, auch vom gesunden und kranken Menschen da ist.
Wie oft habe ich betont, anthroposophische Geisteswissenschaft geht in den ganzen, in den vollen Menschen über; der ganze Mensch bekommt ein Verhältnis zu dem, was ihm ein einzelner Wissenszweig der Geisteswissenschaft sagt. Und indem der Lehrer in lebendiger Weise eingeführt wird in das gesunde und kranke Wachstum des Kindes und in das Harmonisieren der beiden, so bekommt er einen innigen Gefühlsanteil. Jeder steht dann jedem einzelnen Kinde mit seinen besonderen Veranlagungen wie ein ganzer Mensch auch gegenüber. Lehrt er dem Kinde dasjenige, was aus dem Künstlerischen heraus zum Schreiben führt, so führt er allerdings das Kind zu einer Einseitigkeit, die einer Mißbildung sehr ähnlich wird: aber dann steht er wiederum als der ganze Mensch da, der mit dem ganzen Kinde fühlt, und er ist selbst als die lebendige Pädagogik die Gegenwirkung gegen diese Einseitigkeit. Meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, wenn ich das Kind zu einer Einseitigkeit im Lesen bringen muß, indem ich als ein Mensch, der mit allem, was an den Menschen herantritt, ein lebendiges Verhältnis habe, wirke ich in der Einseitigkeit so, daß ich das Kind, indem ich es nach der Einseitigkeit hinführe, zugleich wiederum harmonisiere im Ganzen. Immer muß der Lehrer, der als Ganzes wirkt, neben dem dastehen, was er im einzelnen am Kinde zu verrichten hat. Beides muß immer dastehen in der Pädagogik; auf der einen Seite das einzelne Unterrichtsziel, auf der anderen Seite die tausend Imponderabilien, die intim von Mensch zu Mensch wirken. Indem der Lehrer durchdrungen ist von Menschenerkenntnis und Welterkenntnis und diese lebendig in ihm werden und er so dem Kinde gegenübersteht, dann ist es geradeso wie bei der Pflanze: wie da die Gesamtbildungskraft ins einzelne Organ schießt und in der richtigen Weise wieder zurückgeht, um in das andere Organ zu schießen, so hält der Lehrer diese Gesamtheit, diese Gesamtkraft, diese Totalkraft in seinem ganzen Wesen und führt das Kind von Stufe zu Stufe.
Zu solcher Führung kann aber die anthroposophische Geisteswissenschaft anregen, denn sie ist einmal für alle Zweige des menschlichen Lebens dasjenige, was sich zu der äußeren Naturwissenschaft verhält, wie die Seele sich zu dem Leibe verhält. Und wie in einem gesunden Leib nach einem alten Spruch eine gesunde Seele zu finden ist, so ist auch in einer gesunden Naturwissenschaft und durch eine gesunde Naturwissenschaft eine gesunde Geisteswissenschaft, eine gesunde Anthroposophie zu finden.
Fragenbeantwortung
Frage: Begabte Erzieher haben für die Erziehung und den Unterricht instinktmäßig ein Gefühl gehabt, was man mit einem Kind machen muß, wenn es zur Schule kommt. Nun ist mir nicht ganz deutlich geworden, wie sich die anthroposophisch orientierte Pädagogik zu dieser instinktiven verhält. Ich möchte mir die Frage erlauben, ob diese anthroposophische Pädagogik in einen gewissen Gegensatz treten muß zum Instinktiven, oder ob sie dieses auf einen Weg fördern kann?
Frage: Ich möchte fragen, was unter Kranksein des Kindes zu verstehen ist, ob Sie irgend etwas darunter begreifen, was man in der akademischen Medizin als Kranksein bezeichnet, was man unter Konstitutionsanomalien und dergleichen etwa bezeichnet, irgendwelche Mißstimmungen, Übellaunigkeit und dergleichen?
Dr. Steiner: Was zunächst das Verhältnis einer gewissen instinktiven Pädagogik zu demjenigen betrifft, wovon ich heute hier gesprochen habe, so möchte ich das Folgende sagen. Ein Gegensatz zwischen diesen beiden braucht ja gar nicht angenommen zu werden. Man muß sich nur klar sein darüber, wie der Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung ist. Je weiter wir zurückkommen, desto mehr tritt ja überhaupt das bewußte Wirken zurück. Das Wirken wird immer mehr und mehr, je weiter wir zurückgehen in der Menschheit, instinktiv, wie wir ja bei den Tieren ausschließlich ein instinktives Wirken finden. Aber das ist eben der Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung, daß allmählich herausgekommen wird aus dem instinktiven Leben und das Instinktive ersetzt werden muß durch ein gesundes, besonnenes Auffassen der Wirklichkeit. Daß das durchaus in der richtigen Weise in Bahnen gebracht werden muß, das bezeugt uns ja eben, wie die Instinkte gerade in unserer Übergangszeit in hohem Grade in Unordnung kommen. Während man ganz gut sehen kann, daß zu jener Harmonie, die notwendig ist, sagen wir, die Kinder auf dem Lande auch ohne viel Schulbildung heranwachsen, finden wiir, daß in unseren Städten, wenn man sich auf die Instinkte verlassen würde, und namentlich dann, wenn man diese Instinkte so leiten würde, wie man es nach manchen pädagogischen Anleitungen getan hat, daß dann das Abträglichste zustande kommen würde. Wir würden, wenn wir nicht wiederum hineinlaufen würden in eine sichere Richtung, die wir durch unser Inneres geführt werden, wir würden schon nicht die Möglichkeit haben, etwa einfach durch ein abstraktes Berufen auf die Instinkte, denen wir ja doch in der neueren Zeit nur den Verstand entgegensetzen, zu etwas Heilsamem zu kommen. Gewiß, es ist vielfach noch das instinktive Leben vorhanden, aber es verliert sich immer mehr und mehr. Man braucht ja nur sich zu erinnern, um etwas recht Eklatantes zu sagen, an so etwas, was mir einmal begegnete, es tritt einem ja sonst vielfach entgegen, aber einmal bereitete es mir eine ganz, besondere Überraschung. Ich war eingeladen bei einem guten Freund, den ich früher als einen ganz gesunden Esser gekannt habe, der wußte, wann er genug hat. Nun war ich nach Jahren einmal wiederum in seinem Hause eingeladen und siehe da, neben seinem Teller stand eine Waage mit Gewichten, und er wog sich jedes Stückchen zu. Das war doch wohl ein deutlicher Beweis, daß da die Instinkte recht sehr zurückgegangen waren! Nun, solche Dinge aber, die man ja ganz symptomatisch beobachten kann, die findet man auch, wenn man zum Beispiel die heutigen Lehrpläne durchstudiert. Da ist durchaus nicht in das achte Jahr, in das neunte Jahr dasjenige eingereiht, was da drinnen sein sollte, was auch drinnen wäre, wenn gesunde Instinkte wirkten, sondern da wird nach ganz anderen, ganz abstrakten unmenschlichen oder außermenschlichen Regeln die Sache besorgt, und wir müssen wiederum zurückkommen, wir müssen wiederum in konkreter Weise erfassen dieses Ineinanderwirken von den konkreten gesundenden und kränkenden oder erkrankenden Tendenzen im Menschen. Das ist dasjenige, was gerade für die Ausbildung einer modernen Pädagogik von ganz besonderer Wichtigkeit ist.
Ich möchte sagen, gleich zeigt sich ja das, wenn manche Fragen aufgeworfen werden: Was meint man unter gesundendem und kränkendem? Da wurde gesagt, Übellaunigkeit oder Mißstimmungen. Da sind wir ja mitten im Abstrakten drinnen. Das ist natürlich nicht gemeint, da wären wir mitten im Abstrakten drinnen und würden das ganze Kind beurteilen nach dem Abstrakt-Seelischen. Das ist ja gerade dasjenige, was durch eine gesunde anthroposophische Pädagogik überwunden wird, daß wir nicht nach dem Abstrakt-Seelischen gehen, sondern daß wir wissen, was da, wenn das Kind zum Beispiel an besonderen Mißstimmungen krankt, was da für unregelmäßige Drüsenabsonderungen sind, und die unregelmäßigen Drüsenabsonderungen sind uns viel wichtiger, als die äußerlich hervortretenden Mißstimmungen, die schon aufhören, wenn wir dem Organismus beikommen. Also es handelt sich darum, viel tiefer hineinzuschauen in den ganzen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Geistig-Seelischen und zwischen dem Physisch-Leiblichen.
Natürlich handelt es sich, wenn man es mit dem Kinde zu tun hat innerhalb der Pädagogik, überall durchaus um die Tendenzen, um die, ich sagte ja eben, um die Zustände eigentlich eines Status nascendi, des Entstehungszustandes. Man hat es mit feinen Zuständen zu tun, nicht mit groben; die würden ja dann eben ins Pathologische hinüberführen und dann entsprechend auch behandelt werden müssen. Aber ich glaube, man konnte verstehen aus dem, was ich sagte, daß man es überall zu tun hat mit den Neigungen nach der einen und anderen Seite, und mit dem Suchen nach dem Gleichgewichtszustande.
Frage: Das Kind im Geschlechtsreifealter soll an die Dinge der Welt gebracht werden von seinem Geistigen weg. Was ist damit konkret gemeint, was soll der Lehrer machen?
Dr. Steiner: Nicht habe ich gesagt: von seinem Geistigen weg! - Ich bemühe mich, jedes einzelne Wort abzuwägen. Es ist immer nur eindeutig, was ich meine, Ich habe nicht gesagt, von seinem Geistigen weg, sondern von sich weg, so daß es nicht das Geistige in sein Inneres zu stark hineinpreßt, daß es innerlich durchlustet wird gewissermaßen. Wir müssen also versuchen, wenn das Kind heranrückt in das Geschlechtsreifealter, sein Interesse für die äußeren Welterscheinungen zu erwecken. Das wird den Lehrplan ergeben. Wir werden vorzugsweise dasjenige, was das Kind abhält davon sich viel mit sich selbst zu beschäftigen, was seine Interessen in die große Welt hinausführt, geographische Interessen, historische Interessen und andere Dinge, die nichts zu tun haben mit dem Brüten in sich selber, die werden wir da an das Kind heranbringen, und es handelt sich dabei durchaus um das konkrete Gestalten des Lehrplanes.
Auf eine weitere Frage:
Dr. Steiner: Ich habe das ja schon angedeutet, der Lehrer soll versuchen, dasjenige, was er geistig ausbildet, nachzubilden dem gesunden Wachstum des Organismus. Nicht wahr, wer das gesunde Wachstum des Organismus zu studieren versteht, der weiß, wie der Mensch eigentlich, indem er eine gewisse Form hat, aus der Form fortwährend herausstrebt in die Bewegung hinein. Wenn man mit unbefangenem Sinn eine Hand anschaut — die Hand hat ja gar keinen Sinn, wenn sie ruht; jeder Finger beweist, daß er bewegt sein will. Und indem ich in der Form schon die Anlage zur Bewegung sehe, die Bewegung, wenn sie ruht, will in die Form kommen, damit ist jetzt nur ein Äußerliches angedeutet, aber bis in die innerliche Organisation sind die Tendenzen des menschlichen Wachstums des Organismus zu verfolgen. Wenn ich also lebendige Anatomie, lebendige Physiologie kenne, dann weiß ich, was gewissermaßen angemessen ist den inneren Bewegungsmöglichkeiten des Kindes. Es ist ganz sicher nicht angemessen, wenn ich es veranlasse, etwas, wozu ja eigentlich gar keine Veranlassung ist, das -Oz- hinzukratzen! Es besteht keine Beziehung zwischen dem, wie sich die Finger bewegen wollen und diesem Zeichen, das durch viele Zwischenstadien hindurchgegangen ist. In früheren Entwickelungsepochen hat man etwas ganz anderes hingemalt, wenn man dasjenige, was der Mensch seiner Organisation gemäß hat ausdrücken wollen, als Schrift betrachtet hat; jetzt stehen unsere heutigen konventionellen Zeichen der inneren Organisation fern, und deshalb müssen wir wiederum zuerst dasjenige aus dem Kinde herausholen, was in seiner Organisation veranlagt ist. Wenn man das, vielleicht nicht dem einzelnen Lehrer heute, der nimmt es sogar sehr gern auf, weil er sieht, welche Perspektiven es eröffnet, aber namentlich wenn man es den Schulautoritäten mitteilt, dann wird ihnen angst und bange, denn sie sagen sich: Ja, woher soll man das alles wissen, was der menschliche Organismus will? Wie, wie soll man da im siebenten Jahr künstlerisch unterrichten? Und so weiter.
Ja, da gibt es eben nur eine Antwort: Lernen Sie es! Und darauf muß eben schon aufmerksam gemacht werden. Anthroposophie ist nicht da, um in abstrakten Formeln irgendeine Weltanschauung, an der man Befriedigung haben kann, zu verbreiten, die man so nachplappern kann, auch innerlich sich vorplappern kann, damit man so eine Befriedigung daran hat, sondern Anthroposophie ist ein weitverzweigtes Feld, das tatsächlich in die intimste Erkenntnis der menschlichen Wesenheit hineinführen kann. Es ist schon eine Wahrheit, daß Anthroposophie die einzelnen Wissenschaften befruchten kann gerade nach den Seiten hin, die ihnen heute vorenthalten werden.
Und so kann man sagen, man muß den Menschen erkennen, um zu wissen, sagen wir, wenn man das Kind hereinbekommt in die Volksschule, wie man zunächst an seinem ganzen Organismus zu erkennen hat, wie man seine Hände, seine Finger in Bewegung versetzen soll, damit es schreiben lernt, wie es denken lernen soll. Ich hatte neulich Veranlassung, jemanden anschauen zu lassen, wie in der ersten Klasse der Schreibunterricht und der Leseunterricht erteilt werden. Diese Dinge kann man auf hunderterlei Weise machen. In der Waldorfschule ist alles absolut frei. Die Pädagogik ist eine absolut freie Kunst. Es ist immer dasselbe, aber jeder Lehrer hat die Möglichkeit, nach seiner Individualität und nach der seiner Schüler die Dinge auszubilden. Nun, die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem einen und dem anderen sehen die Leute ja manchmal nicht ein.
Wie wurde da unterrichtet, nachdem ein paar Monate vergangen waren, seitdem man diese Kinder in die erste Klasse hereinbekommen hatte? Es wurde ein Kind herausgerufen, es mußte einen Kreis ablaufen mit einer bestimmten Anzahl von Schritten. Dann wurde ihm klargemacht, wie das, was es am eigenen Leibe erlebt, aussieht, wie das, was der Lehrer an die Wandtafel zeichnete. Dann wurde ein anderes Kind herausgerufen, das mußte in zwei Schritten einen kleinen Kreis ablaufen, der aber im großen drinnen war. Ein anderes wurde herausgerufen, dasselbe mit drei Schritten zu machen. Die Kinder waren immer mit ihrem ganzen Menschen dabei und übertrugen immer dasjenige, was sie aus ihrem ganzen Menschen heraus erlebten, auf dasjenige, was sie dann in der Zeichnung sahen. Sie wurden nicht auf die Augen hin interessiert, sondern auf den ganzen Menschen. Also drei Kreise; beim vierten merkte das Kind, wenn er wieder größer wurde, wie das durchkreuzte. Und so ging das dann weiter. Und auf diese Weise bekommt das Kind eine Möglichkeit, aus dem ganzen Menschen heraus etwas zu gewinnen, was es dann ins Gesehene übersetzen kann. Währenddem wenn man das Kind bloß zeichnen läßt, da ist sein Kopf beschäftigt, da weist man es auf eine Einseitigkeit hin. Die Kinder sollen alles aus dem ganzen Menschen herausholen, sollen auch die Schrift aus dem ganzen Menschen herausholen.
Natürlich darf man nun nicht glauben, daß das jetzt jeder nachmachen muß, sondern die einzelne Lehrperson hat das aus sich heraus gemacht, weil das Prinzip so ist. Dasjenige, was ich als einen Seminarkurs habe vorangehen lassen dem Waldorfschul-Unterricht, ist eben so, daß jeder Lehrer tatsächlich etwas Lebendiges bekommt, daß in dem Vortrage nicht etwas steht, das man dann pedantisch nachmacht, sondern daß er etwas bekommt, was lebt. Und so wird die Schule dann etwas Lebendiges. Währenddem Vorschriften - ja, die kann man natürlich immer machen, denn das ist nun schon einmal so: wenn sich drei Menschen oder dreißig oder zwölf zusammensetzen, sie brauchen gar nicht einmal besonders gescheit zu sein, sie können mittlere Gescheitheit, sogar unter dem Mittel haben, so werden sie, wenn sie erstens, zweitens, drittens aufschreiben, wie eine Musterschule sein soll, paragraphenmäßig etwas Wunderschönes herausbringen; darüber kann man dann parlieren und wunderschöne Verordnungen herausgeben. Aber man kann in der Schule gar nichts damit anfangen. Es kommt eben überall auf das Herausarbeiten in der Wirklichkeit an.
Frage: Wie muß man sich in der Erziehung einstellen bei einem nervösen Kinde?
Dr. Steiner: Da handelt es sich darum, nicht wahr, daß der Ausdruck «nervöses Kind» ein außerordentlich unbestimmter ist, und es kann natürlich da durchaus nicht gesagt werden, man muß sich so oder so stellen, sondern es handelt sich darum, wie das Kind eigentlich ist, auch darum, daß man genau weiß, wie alt das Kind ist. Man muß, wenn so etwas vorliegt, die Dinge wirklich im Zusammenhang betrachten können. So kann es vorkommen, daß einem jemand ein Kind zeigt, sagen wir von drei, vier Jahren, welches außerordentlich zappelig ist, tobend ist. Es gibt ja solche Kinder, die werfen sich auf die Erde, toben fürchterlich; sie sind sehr unangenehm und die Eltern können dann mehr oder weniger unglücklich sein. Dann fragen sie: Was soll man eigentlich mit diesem Kinde tun? - Man möchte dann oftmals, nicht immer, aber oftmals bitten, nun ja nichts zu tun, denn das schlimmste was man tun kann, ist, etwas zutun und das Kind nicht austoben zu lassen; denn das Kind muß nämlich eine gewisse Summe von Energie loswerden auf diese Art, um eben später gerade in normaler Weise, wie man so sagen kann, sich zu entwickeln. Also oftmals ist es durchaus notwendig, aufmerksam darauf zu machen, daß man dieses Herumerziehen unterläßt, denn es handelt sich darum, daß man immer weiß aus der Gesamtkonstitution eines Menschen heraus, was im einzelnen für ihn gut ist.
So ist es ja, nicht wahr, wirklich auch bei gesunden und kranken Menschen als solchen. Wie sehr häufig erklären Leute, die immer den abstrakt-pedantischen Sinn der Normalität im Kopfe haben: der Mensch hat einen unregelmäßigen Pulsschlag oder so etwas, den muß man so und so kurieren. Gewiß, man muß es oftmals, aber oftmals eben nicht, weil der gerade nach seiner Gesamtkonstitution diesen Pulsschlag braucht! Und so auch hier; man muß das Kind in seiner gesamten Konstitution kennen, wenn man überhaupt etwas aussagen will, wie überhaupt Anthroposophie darauf ausgeht, die Menschen von Abstraktionen zu befreien. Es ist eine Abstraktion, wenn man sagt: Was soll man mit einem nervösen Kind machen? Man hat eben nicht etwas Allgemeines, sondern immer ein ganz bestimmtes konkretes Kind vor sich und muß eigentlich immer etwas Individuelles machen.
Frage: Wie kann die Anthroposophie hinsichtlich der Berufswahl wegleitend werden?
Dr. Steiner: Ja, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, ich weiß eigentlich wirklich nicht, was mit der Frage gemeint ist? Denn, sollte ich mit einer gewissen Abstraktheit darauf antworten, so würde ich sagen: Ein Milieu, das aufgebaut ist auf anthroposophischer Gesinnung, wird eben einfach diejenigen Neigungen im Menschen erzeugen, die ihn in einen richtigen Beruf, das heißt, in einen für ihn richtigen Beruf hineinbringen. Aber nicht wahr, Berufswahl - es ist etwas, was überhaupt viel zu schematisch behandelt wird. Man hat ja in der Regel es zu tun mit einem schon in die Wege geleiteten Schicksal, wenn man in einen Beruf hinein will, und man ist manchmal als Mensch wirklich zuwenig elastisch und glaubt, daß nur ein einzelner Beruf einen befriedigen kann. Das kann ja gewiß bei sehr ausgesprochenen, individuell gestalteten Berufen der Fall sein; aber eine besondere Anleitung zur Berufswahl zu suchen durch Anthroposophie, das ist natürlich etwas, was eigentlich lebenstremd, muß ich sagen, klingt, so daß ich eigentlich nicht recht sehen kann, was mit der Frage gemeint ist.
Der Versammlungsleiter fragt, ob noch weitere Fragen gestellt werden wollen. Dies ist nicht der Fall.
Dr. Steiner: Dann hoffe ich, daß doch mein Vortrag in aller Kürze und Skizzenhaftigkeit, in der er hat gehalten werden müssen, über das ausgebreitete Thema, einiges wiederum im Speziellen möchte dazu beigetragen haben, zu erkennen, wie Anthroposophie tatsächlich nichts Lebensfremdes und Weltfernes sein will, sondern etwas, was, wenn es voll ergriffen wird, durchaus in Wirklichkeit und Leben hineinführen kann.
The Educational Significance of Knowledge about Healthy and Sick People
Ladies and gentlemen! The pedagogy that arises from the whole anthroposophical worldview and is practiced in the Stuttgart Waldorf School and in a few smaller experiments in this direction must be much more comprehensive than what is currently practiced under this name. Above all, it must be something much more closely connected with the whole human being and his knowledge. Once we understand what can be called anthroposophical education and didactics in the true sense, we will speak less of something objective, of education and didactics as a science or an art, but more about the people who educate and teach, and we will know more about what human beings actually mean to other human beings in general, and in particular what teachers and educators mean to growing human beings, to children. It is precisely this most significant relationship between human beings, which exists between the educator, the teacher, and the growing child, that has suffered from the tendency that has increasingly crept into all intellectual work and all intellectual endeavors in recent times, namely, specialization. This specialization has led to the belief that it is increasingly necessary for not only teachers to have a certain influence on growing youth in schools, but also for doctors to have a certain influence, because we are dealing with what develops in children in a healthy and unhealthy way. And in recent times, it has even been considered necessary for the learned psychologist, the expert on the soul, that is, the one who has acquired certain insights into the human soul, as can be obtained by the usual methods of today's schools, to also intervene in the school system in an advisory capacity. So the teacher would then have to stand there, advised on the one hand by the doctor and on the other by the psychologist. But that is nothing other than bringing specialization into the school. Anyone who has a sufficient understanding of how close a relationship must develop between the child being educated and taught and the teacher, and how intimately the teacher must know what is growing within the child, will hardly be able to admit that it is in any way beneficial when people who actually only have a certain external relationship with each other, who each understand a part of human development, so to speak, and who are then supposed to give each other external advice in order to work together externally, interact in an external manner. But what is about to happen is just a general consequence of specialization in general. Anyone who believes that the human soul is something that somehow has an external relationship to the physical organism may, under certain circumstances, think that the teacher should influence the soul, and that advice on the physical aspect can then be given from outside by the doctor.
Of course, when I speak today about the pedagogical significance of knowledge about healthy and sick people, I am not referring to cases where the children being educated are actually suffering from acute or chronic illnesses. In such cases, medical treatment is something that lies outside the realm of education itself. I am talking about what lies entirely within the course of education and teaching itself. And it must be said that precisely because one believes that the doctor, as a specialist, can assist the teacher in matters of hygiene and sanitation in school management, precisely because one promotes this, pedagogy and didactics become one-sided, removed from the concrete relationship to the whole human being in the child, who is, on the one hand, spiritual and soulful, and physically on the other. Pedagogy and didactics are elevated to a certain abstractness and removed from the human being when one relies on the fact that what needs to be taken care of in physical terms can be taken care of by the specialist.
And under the tendency that has developed there, it has indeed come to the point where some people today express surprise when the art of education and teaching is not only based on the usual abstract rules of education and teaching, but when these rules of education and teaching are designed in such a way that they are at the same time thought out from the whole of the human being, i.e., also from the physical aspect. What can be characterized here as an aberration is basically due to the fact that our modern science has become unclear about the relationship between the spiritual-soul and the physical-bodily, when it speaks of the former as something independent at all.
Clear evidence of this is the fact that our psychology today often speaks of a psycho-physical parallelism. We feel compelled to speak of the spiritual-soul aspect; on the other hand, we naturally feel compelled to speak of the physical aspect. But since the living interaction, the living interplay between the two is not understood, people speak of a parallelism, as if spiritual phenomena took place on one side and physical phenomena on the other. But what goes on between the two is not addressed.This external relationship, which has gradually entered into our view, has also rubbed off on everything that pedagogy and didactics are. One must be clear — and I can only characterize this here by drawing on general anthroposophy — one must be clear that when we speak of the physical body in the way that ordinary physiology and biology do today, we are speaking of something that does not actually exist in living human beings as we characterize them. The entire physical body is a result, a structure of the soul and spirit.
And again, when we speak of the soul-spiritual in a certain abstractness, we are again not speaking of something real, for it is precisely the spiritual-soul that is alive in the living human being, I would say, in that it thoroughly organizes the body, in that it builds and shapes the body. And it is so that one cannot speak in a certain generality about the relationship of the soul-spiritual to the physical-bodily, but rather, the one who sees the soul-spiritual in its configuration, who does not see it as a mere abstraction, but who sees it in its inner form, knows at the same time that every detail of the soul-spiritual has a certain relationship to a detail in the physical-bodily. We can say, for example, and I am only using this as an example: when we consider the process of seeing, this process has its physical-bodily localization very clearly in the human head, in the human skull, and we study the process of seeing by studying primarily its localized organs in the human head.
The situation is different, for example, when we study the process of hearing. When we study the process of hearing, we must study the rhythmic system. In order to understand the process of hearing, we must actually start from the process of breathing. We cannot study the hearing process localized in the head, as is often done in today's abstract physiology, and so it is with everything. What we study as spiritual-soul must be related in a concrete way to concrete organic systems. This means that true spiritual-soul knowledge is not possible without knowledge of the physical body. And again, a true understanding of the physical body is at the same time an understanding of the spiritual-soul. We must strive for an understanding in which these two, the spiritual-soul and the physical body, merge in our understanding just as they diverge in the living human being.
Those who listen to these lectures here as people interested in anthroposophy know that we are not talking here about some abstract, theoretical spiritual-soul aspect, but rather how real knowledge of the spiritual-soul aspect is fully connected with knowledge of the physical aspect.
Now, however, when we approach the physical aspect of the human being, we are immediately confronted with the question of the relationship between health and illness in the human being. Certainly, extreme cases of illness belong on a different page than pedagogy, and they are not our concern here today, but everything that, I would say, in a thousand different ways, in a person who can otherwise be called healthy, but who nevertheless tends toward illness in a certain way, we have an area that must be known to an exceptional degree within pedagogy and didactics, and which is even extremely important for pedagogical and didactic knowledge. And in order to make it clear what is actually meant by this, I would like to start with an extremely important concept that appears in Goethe's worldview.
In his theory of metamorphosis, Goethe attempted to gain a kind of insight into the organic, and what he gained in his theory of metamorphosis will certainly be appreciated much more impartially in the future than it can be appreciated today, since the current direction of science is in many ways moving in a direction opposite to that of Goethe.
Goethe observed, if we take the simplest example, how, say, leaf after leaf develops on a plant stem, and how each subsequent leaf, which has a different shape from the one below it, is nevertheless only a metamorphosis of the one below. So Goethe says: The individual organs of the plant, the lower, simpler leaves, then the more complex stem leaves, then the sepals, which are again completely different in shape, the petals, which even have a different color than the stem leaves, are actually all such that they differ from each other in their external form, but are the same in their inner idea, so that what is the same in the idea is multiplied in the external sensory appearance and appears in different forms. Goethe therefore sees the whole plant in the individual leaf and, in turn, only the complex design of the individual leaf in the plant. For Goethe, each leaf is a whole plant, except that the idea of the plant, the type of plant, the original plant, takes on a specific form in its external physical structure, is simplified, and so on, so that Goethe says to himself, in a manner of speaking (it is drawn): By producing a leaf, the plant stem actually wants to produce a whole plant. Here there is definitely a tendency to produce an entire plant. But this plant-forming power develops only to a limited extent, so to speak, and holds back. In the next leaf, it again develops to a limited extent, and so on. Here, this plant-forming power wants to become an entire plant, here again an entire plant. In each leaf, a whole plant actually wants to develop, and only something like a fragment of a plant develops; but the whole plant is still there and is again a reality. And this invisible whole plant now holds together in harmony everything that always wants to become many plants. Every plant actually wants to become many plants; but each of these many plants does not become a complete plant, but only a limited form, an organ. Each organ actually wants to be the whole organism, and the whole organism has the task of holding these individual fragmentary formations of itself together in a greater harmony, so that we have that which works in the individual organ and that which holds the individual organs together.
Now, Goethe does not start from abstract concepts. For example, he did not form the completely abstract concept: one sees individual fragmentary plants wanting to form themselves and then the unified plant that holds them together—that would still be abstraction. He wants to grasp how this plant-forming power works. He wants to grasp what is actually developing there, and in particular what is held back in such an individual leaf. He wants to look at it, he does not want to remain with the concept, he wants to arrive at the observation. That is why it is particularly important to him when he sees, as he calls it, deformities occurring somewhere, for example, when a leaf does not appear in a certain place as one would expect, but when the stem thickens for my sake, a deformity arises, or when somewhere the flower, instead of rounding itself into leaves, grows slender and the like.
When deformities occur, Goethe said to himself, the plant's formative power manifests itself in such a way that what should actually be restrained is revealed and becomes visible externally; if the leaf is malformed, then the power has not restrained itself, but has shot into the leaf. And so Goethe said to himself: When a malformation occurs, one sees how physical becomes that which is actually spiritual; that which should be restrained, that which should only appear as growth force, becomes visible. There is something in the deformity that should be studied, because the deformity reveals what is inside the plant. If this deformity is not there, something remains behind, which then comes to expression in the following leaves or in the following organs. - Thus, deformities become particularly important for Goethe's studies. He says this in relation to the whole organism. It can be said that it is entirely in line with Goethe's thinking if we take, for example, hydrocephalus, the formation of water on the brain in children; here we have a malformation. But Goethe would say: if this malformation is studied correctly, it shows me something in the perception that is in every child's head, but is only held back in the spiritual realm. So when a malformation occurs, I can say: Here, in the physical-sensory realm, I see what actually belongs in the spiritual-soul realm.
If we now look up to human beings or even to animals, we see not only such obvious malformations, but also diseases or at least predispositions to disease. Every illness, viewed in Goethe's sense, reveals something that is quite normal in human beings, but which, like a malformation, develops in one direction, whereas it should be held back in the entire organic system. While it should, in a sense, remain in the spirit, it strikes into the external formation. So that one can say: if one notices a predisposition to disease somewhere, this predisposition to disease reveals something special about the human organism, and whoever understands illness in one way or another begins to study the human spirit precisely through illness, just as Goethe studies the type, the archetypal plant, through malformations. It is extremely important to be able to look at the finer pathological degenerations, for example in children, which do not become real diseases but represent tendencies in one direction or another to degenerate pathologically. This is what constitutes, so to speak, the external signature of what is also at work in normal human beings. One might say: hydrocephalus is present in the head of every child, and one must be able to study hydrocephalus in order to learn, precisely through the study of hydrocephalus, how to treat what shoots into the hydrocephalus when it remains healthy and is of a spiritual-soul nature. Of course, this is something that, in the most eminent sense, must be treated with everything I would say, scientific sensitivity, which must not be interpreted in a crude sense, but must be treated with extraordinary sensitivity, so that one is referred here to that which works in the human being, which appears as illness, but which actually, if it remains in its proper place within, belongs to the normal developmental forces of the human being. And you will now be able to judge for yourselves, since the child is growing and has a tendency to degenerate in every direction, how, if one is able to know where the degenerations can occur, one can also become capable of harmonizing these things, how one can become capable of evoking the counterforces when degenerations threaten and the like.
But there is something else to consider. You see, when people talk about pedagogy and didactics, they usually feel that one must adhere to an ideal that can be worked out in detail, even theoretically, and that there is something that can be reduced to rigid forms and rules. But actually, when you have to work with pedagogy and didactics yourself, as is the case when you have to run a Waldorf school, for example, as I do, one thing always comes to mind. People like it when you present them with a plausible pedagogical and didactic art; people like it. Yes, but anyone who is completely honest—and anthroposophy must be absolutely honest in everything—will say to themselves: Of course, something like this pedagogy and didactics must exist. Then people come and say: That's wonderful, if only we could have been in schools where they taught like that! But you see, very often it is precisely those who then develop such pedagogy and didactics who had their education and schooling in the worst schools, and they may come from the most corrupt educational systems, and they have not actually fared badly; they have fared so well that they can set up quite decent educational systems. And then the idea may even arise: Do we really have the right to think through and design every detail of how we should teach children? Wouldn't it perhaps be best if they could grow up as wild as possible, as can be seen from many biographies, that it is not necessarily those who have been forced into rigid pedagogical and didactic education systems who have become the most developed and capable people? Are we not actually insulting the growing child when we set up such a meticulously detailed educational system?
You see, we have to consider all sides, and when we do so, we arrive at a pedagogy and didactics that is less concerned with how to do this or that with the child, but is primarily concerned with giving the teacher the means to establish the intimate relationship with the growing child that I mentioned earlier.
But something else is necessary for this. When the child is handed over to us at elementary school age, we are supposed to educate them, we are supposed to teach them. By approaching them with one thing or another, with writing, with reading, with arithmetic, we are actually carrying out a series of attacks on the child. We teach, let's say reading lessons – it is one-sided. The whole person is not really taken into account in ordinary reading lessons. We are basically promoting a deformity, we are even promoting a tendency towards illness; and again, when we teach writing, we promote a tendency towards illness in another direction. We are actually constantly attacking the child's health, even if this is not always apparent, as it only manifests itself, I would say, in its nascent state. But we must basically carry out constant attacks on the child. Now, in the age of civilization, we cannot help but carry out these attacks; but we must understand that what we are constantly doing against the health of the child—one can say that much—we must make up for again and again. We must be clear: arithmetic = a deformity; writing = a second deformity; reading = a third deformity, and now history and geography! It never ends, it goes into the most terrible things. And in contrast to this, we must constantly provide that which harmonizes the whole human being, that which takes back what wants to fall apart. It is so extremely important that we are aware that, on the one hand, we always have something to teach the child and, on the other hand, we have to ensure that nothing harms them. Proper pedagogy must ask itself: How do I heal the child from the constant attacks I carry out on them? This must always be inherent in any proper pedagogy.
But this can only be inherent if one has insight into the whole human organization, if one really understands how this human organization works. Only if one is truly able to grasp this principle of malformation and harmonization can one be a proper teacher and educator. For then one stands before the growing human being in such a way that one can always know: What are you doing by teaching him this or that and thereby making particular use of one or another organ system? How are you paralyzing what you are doing in a one-sided direction? This is what real, concrete pedagogy and didactics, which the teacher can use and which makes the teacher a true connoisseur of human nature, requires. It can only really come about when one truly comes to recognize the whole human being in terms of their potential for health and illness.
This brings up something that today's more materialistic medicine doesn't really need to consider, but which immediately becomes significant when you look at people in terms of their tendency to be ill on the one hand and, I would say for the time being, their tendency to be healthy on the other, so that what you learn about people flows into your pedagogical and didactic view.
Today, health and illness are actually regarded as two opposites. People are either healthy or sick. But that is not how things are at all, when considered in terms of their reality, their actuality. That is not how it is at all. Health and illness are not polar opposites, but rather the opposite of illness is something completely different from health. One can form a concept of illness—of course, it is only an abstract, general concept, since one is only dealing with individual diseases and, basically, only with individual sick people; but one would also be led to this if one considered the matter in a concrete generality — one already gets a concept of illness when one rises above these malformations and then gradually gains an understanding of how such malformations initially appear less noticeably externally in the animal and human organism. But what occurs in the disease, that a single organ, an organ system, falls out of the whole organization, that it stands out as an individual, is countered by the fact that the individual organ is lost in the overall organization.
Take Goethe's principle: instead of a healthy leaf developing at this point (it is drawn), let's say a malformation develops. But something else can also develop. Instead of the plant shooting up into its organ, it can develop the harmonizing basic tendency that should actually remain in the spiritual realm that this blossoming of the individual organ in the whole organism overgrows, that the organ, so to speak, does not protrude too much in the physical-bodily, but too little, that the whole looks much too spirit-like, that it is thus spiritualized, that the spiritual penetrates the physical-bodily too strongly. That can also happen. So it can also degenerate in the opposite direction. And that is the opposite of illness. Illness has a polarity that actually lies in the fact that the individual organ is, in a sense, absorbed by the whole organism and contributes to its particular pleasure, to its particular inner satisfaction. An experience of, I would say, excessive joy is actually the polar opposite of illness.
Consider the matter linguistically. If you form the verb from sick, you have to offend; to offend: to cause pain. If you take a verb that would mean the polar opposite, you would have: to give pleasure. And between these two extremes, between being sick and being pleasurable, man must maintain balance. That is health. Human beings do not have the polar opposites of illness and health, but rather illness and a completely different polar opposite, and health is the state of balance that we must constantly strive to maintain organically. We oscillate, as it were, between being ill and being inwardly pleasurable, being organically pleasurable. Being healthy is the state of balance between the two polarities. That is the reality.
And this is particularly important when we have a growing child in front of us; for how do we actually have a growing child? Well, let us first take the child of elementary school age. We have it between the change of teeth and sexual maturity. What does the change of teeth mean?
You see, the change of teeth means that something which, as a principle of power — I once explained this in one of my university lectures here — which permeates the organism as a growth force, which lives in the human being until the second teeth come out, which lives organically in him, which organizes the body, that this, just as latent heat transforms into externally perceptible heat, that what is spiritually and emotionally organizing in the human being also becomes spiritual and emotional. After the second teeth have come in, the human being no longer needs a certain growth force, a certain inner organizing force. This power is now freed up, becomes spiritual and soul-like, and lives itself out in everything we can use in old age when we send our children to elementary school.
If I were to draw a diagram, I would say: If this here is the physical organism, then we have this physical organism permeated by a force that organizes it through and through, which finds its conclusion in the change of teeth, and later, what was still at work in it in earlier life, during school age, is released and appears in the spiritual-soul life as a changed power of imagination, as a changed power of memory, and so on. This means that we recognize the connection between the spiritual-soul and the physical-bodily when we know, for example, that what we are dealing with in children of elementary school age is a soul being that has been released like heat; whereas this soul being was previously occupied with the body, we have now freed it and can fill it with what the child needs to learn according to the cultural conditions of a particular epoch, for the cultural conditions do come into consideration after all.
We stand before the child and say to ourselves: At the moment when you receive the child, something spiritual and soul-like withdraws, as it were, from the physical body. A part of the organizing force becomes spiritual and soul-like, but still has, as it were, the after-forms of the physical body; it is still accustomed to imitating the physical body in all its formations. You are not doing the child any good if you now teach it something completely foreign, if, for example, you now teach it the shapes of letters that are completely foreign to the child, that have already undergone many changes from the old painted script.
That is why we introduce artistically conceived teaching in the Waldorf school, not simply teaching the child to write, but first teaching it to draw and paint, so that from the forms, where it sets the whole human being in motion, it must shape out of what has been shaped out of the change of teeth; in a sense, it is transferred into the whole human being in accordance with their physical form, where an attempt is made to bring the hands and fingers into such movement by drawing and painting that what has been woven into the soul while the soul was still organizing can continue to weave.
You see, we are considering what we are actually dealing with. We are dealing with the fact that from birth until the change of teeth, the child still has the spiritual-soul aspect, which will emerge later, strongly within the physical aspect. Now the spiritual-soul aspect withdraws. The physical aspect develops one-sidedly. We have a process with the whole physical body similar to that of malformation, where the whole plant-forming force shoots into the individual organ. In the case of malformation, it becomes, one might say, a malformation; normally, as they say, it proceeds by the human organism being separated with the change of teeth. We are really dealing with the change of teeth, actually with the beginning of those processes which, if they continue to develop one-sidedly, become disease processes. Hence the accompanying disease processes during the change of teeth; they are nothing other than the result of this. One can see very clearly into the child's organism when the child is changing teeth, when this physical-soul aspect is separated out and the body becomes one-sided, hardened, as the same forces are actually at work, but within the higher, normal limits, which, when they overgrow, actually work in the disease processes. Those forces that, when they overgrow, lead to illness are always present in normal processes. So we say: the human being is on the brink of illness when they get teeth, and we have a more healing effect on the child the more we now engage with what is now becoming free as spiritual-soul – we call it the etheric body in anthroposophical terminology – the more we engage with it in such a way that the engagement is entirely appropriate to the child's physical body, that we, as it were, reproduce the physical body in this spiritual-soul. We must recognize the body's tendency toward sickness and health, for we must incorporate it into what emerges in the child.
Let us consider the other end of elementary school age, sexual maturity. We have exactly the opposite process. While something is drawn out of the child's organism during the change of teeth, while the body is, in a sense, repelled by the spiritual-soul aspect, which then becomes free, in sexual maturity we have the now developed spiritual-soul aspect, which in turn wants to return to the body, which permeates and saturates the body. In sexual maturity, we have, conversely, a submerging of the spiritual-soul into the physical. The body is saturated and permeated by the instinctively acting spiritual-soul element. This is the reverse process; it is the process that goes in the opposite direction of becoming ill, that tends toward inner well-being, toward joy, I might say. That is the opposite pole. And in educating children of elementary school age, we must constantly strive to maintain this balance between what strives toward the spiritual-soul realm from the time of tooth replacement in order to become free, and what strives back from the spiritual-soul realm into the body. We must constantly try to maintain this balance in this back and forth, which is present throughout the entire elementary school age.
This becomes a particularly important and exciting task between the ages of nine and ten, when the child is in a state of conflict between these two forces, so that it actually tends in all possible directions, and it depends on the educator and teacher whether they are able to be the right advisor to the child at the right moment between the ages of nine and ten, whether they say the right thing to them, or whether they refrain from saying anything, and so on. It is enormously important for the whole of life whether the teacher knows how to behave in the right way towards the child between the ages of nine and ten.
But, you see, only when one understands in the right way this interaction between the spiritual-soul and the physical-body does one actually understand what the child is and what one has to deal with in the child. It is not possible to talk about pedagogy and didactics at all without these ascending and descending processes, which are only one-sided if we call them spiritual-soul or physical-bodily, because they are always an intermingling of the two; the reality is the intermingling. The child can only be understood if one knows how to shape what one recognizes as the two sides, as they have worked together, into a unity in dealing with the child.
Therefore, what does one have to do with the child from the time of tooth replacement? We must constantly ensure that what is now becoming free in the spiritual-soul realm is shaped in the sense of human growth; that we, in a sense, reproduce what wants to come out in the organism, also in the spiritual-soul realm; that we know the human being and teach him what brings the whole harmony of his being into activity. We have to bring everything out from within the human being.
And as we approach the age of sexual maturity, we have to look for what the human being is in the fact that he allows his spiritual and soul life to submerge into the body. They will develop abnormally, they will become internally agitated, nervous, or neurasthenic—I do not want to describe the other conditions—if we do not have the opportunity at this age to understand how we should enforce what is submerged in their physical organization with interests in relation to the outside world. We must guide the person to take an interest in the outside world so that they can absorb as much as possible of what connects them to the outside world into their physicality. So while we need to know what wants to come out in the child when it is handed over to us for elementary school, so that we can model it, we must be world-recognizers so that we know what the human being can be interested in if we want to give the submerging spiritual-soul what does not allow the human being to submerge into the physical, does not allow them to sink voluptuously into themselves, but if we want to make them into a person who lives with the world, who can detach themselves from themselves, who does not become absorbed in egoism, who does not glow inwardly with egoism, but who has a truly harmonious relationship with the world.
These are the things that can show you how a realistically conceived pedagogy and didactics, conceived from the whole human being, must proceed. Of course, I could only hint at these things to you. It is painful when, as I experienced again recently, one often speaks of such things to today's educators or pedagogues, and they say to you: Yes, that's strange, because coincidentally there are also medical findings! Of course, these are not “coincidental,” but are an essential part of the educational system. Without them, a healthy educational system is unthinkable; instead, it loses itself in empty abstractions that are of no use when dealing with children.
Spiritual science does not lead to a nebulous, mystical cloud cuckoo land, but rather to a real understanding of real, material life, because only those who recognize how the spirit creates in and through the material world can recognize the spirit. It is not those who somehow want to escape from the material world who rise to the spiritual, but those who see in the spirit the power of how the spirit creates in the material world. This is also the only thing that can provide the basis for healthy pedagogy and didactics. And if only people would realize how this anthroposophical spiritual science wants to work everywhere in the real world, how far far removed from all the unhealthy things that are so rampant today in all kinds of mysticism and spiritualism and so on, if one could see how real spiritual knowledge recognizes reality and is at the same time knowledge of the material world, then one would be able to form a healthier judgment about anthroposophical spiritual science. For ultimately, this is what must be said again and again: our natural science has celebrated its great triumphs in recent times, it has produced great, significant results for human development, but it is what actually stands there, like the human body without a soul. Just as the human body is only something with the soul, so natural science is only something with spiritual science.
This may be neither understandable nor criticizable if one knows only a little about spiritual science, but those who delve into the special chapters of spiritual science will understand this more and more. And especially in the field of education and teaching, it becomes apparent how this spiritual science, by arriving at universal concepts, can give teachers, above all, what they need in school in terms of knowledge about healthy and sick people, based precisely on its principles. Just as spiritual science otherwise overcomes specialization, it will also give back to the teacher what knowledge of healthy and sick people should achieve in school; for there could only be an external interaction if the doctor had to stand next to the teacher. Healthy action can only be achieved if the teacher's living knowledge of healthy and sick people also influences their teaching. However, this can only work if a living science, as sought by anthroposophy, is also present in healthy and sick people.
How often have I emphasized that anthroposophical spiritual science permeates the whole, complete human being; the whole human being relates to what a single branch of spiritual science tells him. And as the teacher is introduced in a living way to the healthy and sick growth of the child and to the harmonization of the two, he develops a deep emotional involvement. Everyone then faces each individual child with their special predispositions as a whole human being. If he teaches the child what leads to writing from the artistic, he certainly leads the child to a one-sidedness that is very similar to a deformity: but then he stands there again as a whole human being who feels with the whole child, and he himself, as living pedagogy, is the counteraction to this one-sidedness. My dear friends, if I have to lead the child to one-sidedness in reading, as a person who has a living relationship with everything that approaches human beings, I work in this one-sidedness in such a way that, by leading the child toward one-sidedness, I at the same time harmonize the child as a whole. The teacher, who works as a whole, must always stand alongside what he has to do with the child in detail. Both must always be present in education: on the one hand, the individual teaching goal, and on the other, the thousand imponderables that work intimately from person to person. When the teacher is imbued with knowledge of human nature and knowledge of the world, and these become alive within him, and he stands before the child in this way, then it is just like with the plant: just as the totalative power of formation shoots into the individual organ and recedes in the right way in order to shoot into the other organ, so the teacher holds this totality, this totalative power, this total force in his whole being and leads the child from stage to stage.Anthroposophical spiritual science can inspire such guidance, for it is, for all branches of human life, what the soul is to the body in relation to external natural science. And just as, according to an old saying, a healthy soul is to be found in a healthy body, so too is a healthy spiritual science, a healthy anthroposophy, to be found in and through a healthy natural science.
Question and Answers
Question: Talented educators have had an instinctive feeling for what to do with a child when it comes to school. Now, it is not entirely clear to me how anthroposophically oriented education relates to this instinctive approach. I would like to ask whether this anthroposophical pedagogy must be in a certain contrast to the instinctive, or whether it can promote it in some way?
Question: I would like to ask what is meant by a child being ill, whether you understand this to mean what is referred to in academic medicine as illness, what is referred to as constitutional abnormalities and the like, any mood swings, bad temper and the like?
Dr. Steiner: As far as the relationship between a certain instinctive pedagogy and what I have spoken about here today is concerned, I would like to say the following. There is no need to assume a contradiction between the two. One only needs to be clear about the course of human development. The further back we go, the more conscious activity recedes. The further back we go in human history, the more activity becomes instinctive, just as we find exclusively instinctive activity in animals. But that is precisely the course of human development, that we gradually emerge from instinctive life and that the instinctive must be replaced by a healthy, prudent understanding of reality. The fact that this must be set in motion in the right way is evidenced by the fact that instincts are becoming highly disordered, especially in our transitional period. While it is quite clear that children in the countryside grow up without much schooling and still achieve the necessary harmony, we find that in our cities, if we were to rely on instincts, and especially if we were to guide these instincts as some educational manuals have done, the most detrimental results would ensue. If we did not again follow a safe path, guided by our inner selves, we would not have the opportunity to achieve anything beneficial simply by abstractly appealing to instincts, which in recent times we have only opposed with reason. Certainly, instinctive life still exists in many cases, but it is being lost more and more. One need only recall, to say something quite striking, something that happened to me once, which one encounters frequently, but which once gave me a very special surprise. I was invited to the home of a good friend whom I had known in the past as a very healthy eater who knew when he had had enough. Now, after many years, I was invited to his house again and lo and behold, next to his plate was a scale with weights, and he weighed every bite. That was clear evidence that his instincts had greatly diminished! Well, such things, which can be observed quite symptomatically, can also be found when studying today's school curricula, for example. What should be included in the eighth and ninth grades is not included at all, even though it would be included if healthy instincts were at work. Instead, things are done according to completely different, completely abstract, inhuman or extra-human rules, and we must once again return we must again grasp in a concrete way this interaction of the concrete healing and harmful or sickening tendencies in human beings. This is what is of particular importance for the development of a modern pedagogy.
I would like to say that this becomes apparent when certain questions are raised: What is meant by healing and harmful? It has been said that it means bad temper or discontent. Here we are in the midst of abstraction. Of course, that is not what is meant, because then we would be in the midst of abstraction and would judge the whole child according to the abstract soul. That is precisely what is overcome by healthy anthroposophical education, that we do not go by the abstract soul, but that we know what is there, for example, when the child suffers from particular mood swings, what irregular glandular secretions are there, and the irregular glandular secretions are much more important to us than the outwardly apparent mood disorders, which cease when we treat the organism. So it is a matter of looking much more deeply into the whole connection between the spiritual-soul and the physical-bodily.
Of course, when dealing with children in education, it is always a question of tendencies, of what I just mentioned, of the conditions of a status nascendi, the state of emergence. We are dealing with subtle conditions, not gross ones; those would lead to pathology and would then have to be treated accordingly. But I think you could understand from what I said that everywhere we are dealing with tendencies in one direction or the other, and with the search for a state of balance.
Question: Children of puberty should be brought to the things of the world from their spiritual side. What does that mean specifically, what should the teacher do?
Dr. Steiner: I did not say: away from their spiritual nature! – I try to weigh every single word. What I mean is always clear. I did not say away from their spiritual nature, but away from themselves, so that the spiritual does not press too strongly into their inner being, so that it is, as it were, permeated internally. So we must try, when the child approaches puberty, to awaken his interest in the external world. That will determine the curriculum. We will preferably introduce the child to things that prevent it from preoccupying itself too much with itself, things that lead its interests out into the wider world, geographical interests, historical interests, and other things that have nothing to do with brooding within itself. This is a matter of the concrete design of the curriculum.
In response to another question:
Dr. Steiner: As I have already indicated, the teacher should try to model what he or she teaches intellectually on the healthy growth of the organism. Isn't it true that those who understand how to study the healthy growth of the organism know how human beings, having a certain form, continually strive out of that form and into movement? If you look at a hand with an unbiased mind—the hand has no meaning when it is at rest; every finger shows that it wants to move. And since I already see in the form the predisposition to movement, the movement, when it is at rest, wants to come into the form, so that now only an external aspect is indicated, but the tendencies of the human growth of the organism can be traced right down to the inner organization. So if I know living anatomy, living physiology, then I know what is, so to speak, appropriate to the inner movement possibilities of the child. It is certainly not appropriate for me to cause it to scratch the letter “Oz,” for which there is actually no reason! There is no relationship between how the fingers want to move and this sign, which has gone through many intermediate stages. In earlier stages of development, something completely different was drawn when what the human being wanted to express according to their organization was regarded as writing; now our conventional signs are far removed from the inner organization, and therefore we must first bring out of the child what is predisposed in their organization. When this is communicated, perhaps not to the individual teacher today, who is very happy to accept it because he sees the perspectives it opens up, but especially when it is communicated to the school authorities, they become fearful and anxious, because they say to themselves: Yes, how can one know all this about what the human organism wants? How, how should one teach art in the seventh year? And so on.
Yes, there is only one answer: learn it! And that is what needs to be pointed out. Anthroposophy is not there to spread some worldview in abstract formulas that one can find satisfaction in, that one can parrot, even repeat internally, in order to find satisfaction in it. Rather, anthroposophy is a wide-ranging field that can actually lead to the most intimate knowledge of the human being. It is true that anthroposophy can enrich the individual sciences, particularly in areas that are currently denied to them.
And so one can say that one must recognize the human being in order to know, for example, when a child enters elementary school, how one must first recognize from its entire organism how one should set its hands and fingers in motion so that it learns to write, how it should learn to think. I recently had occasion to observe someone teaching writing and reading in the first grade. There are hundreds of ways to do these things. In Waldorf schools, everything is completely free. Education is an absolutely free art. It is always the same, but every teacher has the opportunity to shape things according to their individuality and that of their students. Well, people sometimes fail to see the connections between one thing and another.
How was teaching done there after a few months had passed since these children had been admitted to first grade? One child was called out and had to walk around a circle with a certain number of steps. Then it was made clear to him how what he experienced firsthand looked like what the teacher drew on the blackboard. Then another child was called out and had to walk around a small circle in two steps, which was inside the large circle. Another child was called out to do the same with three steps. The children were always fully engaged and always transferred what they experienced with their whole being to what they then saw in the drawing. They were not interested in the eyes, but in the whole person. So three circles; with the fourth, the child noticed how it crossed when it became larger again. And so it continued. In this way, the child is given the opportunity to gain something from their whole being, which they can then translate into what they see. Whereas if you just let the child draw, their head is busy, and you are pointing out a one-sidedness. Children should draw everything from their whole being, and they should also draw writing from their whole being.
Of course, one should not think that everyone has to do this now, but the individual teacher has done this on their own initiative because that is the principle. What I have done as a seminar course prior to Waldorf school teaching is to ensure that every teacher actually receives something alive, that the lecture does not contain something that is then pedantically imitated, but that they receive something that is alive. And so the school then becomes something alive. Whereas regulations – yes, of course you can always make them, because that's the way it is: if three people, or thirty, or twelve, get together, they don't even have to be particularly clever, they can be of average intelligence, even below average, and if they write down, first, second, third, how a model school should be, they will produce something wonderful in terms of paragraphs; then you can talk about it and issue wonderful regulations. But you can't do anything with that in school. It all comes down to working it out in reality.
Question: How should one approach the education of a nervous child?
Dr. Steiner: The point is, isn't it, that the term “nervous child” is an extremely vague one, and of course it cannot be said that one must act in this or that way, but rather it is a question of what the child is actually like, and also of knowing exactly how old the child is. When faced with such a situation, one must be able to view things in context. For example, someone might show you a child, say three or four years old, who is extremely fidgety and rambunctious. There are children like that who throw themselves on the ground and rage terribly; they are very unpleasant, and their parents can be more or less unhappy. Then they ask: What should one actually do with this child? Often, not always, but often, one would like to ask them to do nothing, because the worst thing one can do is to do something and not let the child let off steam; for the child has to get rid of a certain amount of energy in this way in order to develop later in a normal way, so to speak. So it is often necessary to point out that one should refrain from re-educating them, because it is important to always know what is good for them based on their overall constitution.
This is indeed the case with healthy and sick people as such. How often do people who always have an abstract, pedantic sense of normality in their minds explain that a person has an irregular pulse or something similar and must be treated in such and such a way. Certainly, this is often necessary, but often it is not, because the person needs this pulse precisely because of their overall constitution! And so it is here; one must know the child in its entire constitution if one wants to say anything at all, just as anthroposophy aims to free people from abstractions. It is an abstraction to say: What should one do with a nervous child? One does not have something general, but always a very specific, concrete child in front of one, and one must always do something individual.
Question: How can anthroposophy provide guidance in choosing a career?
Dr. Steiner: Yes, ladies and gentlemen, I really don't know what is meant by the question. Because, if I were to answer it in a somewhat abstract way, I would say: An environment based on anthroposophical thinking will simply generate those inclinations in people that will lead them to the right profession, that is, the right profession for them. But isn't it true that choosing a profession is something that is treated far too schematically? As a rule, when you want to enter a profession, you are dealing with a destiny that has already been set in motion, and sometimes as a human being you are really not flexible enough and believe that only one particular profession can satisfy you. This may certainly be the case with very specific, individually tailored professions; but to seek special guidance in choosing a profession through anthroposophy is, of course, something that sounds rather life-denying, I must say, so that I cannot really see what is meant by the question.
The chair asks if there are any further questions. This is not the case.
Dr. Steiner: Then I hope that my lecture, brief and sketchy as it had to be on the broad topic, may have contributed in some specific ways to the recognition that anthroposophy does not want to be something alien to life and distant from the world, but rather something that, when fully grasped, can lead us into reality and life.
