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Waldorf Education and Anthroposophy I
GA 304

19 April 1922, Stratford-on-Avon

VII. Education and Drama

Ladies and gentlemen! First, I would like to express my thanks to the “New Ideals in Education” Committee for inviting me to give two lectures during this Shakespeare Festival. Truly, it is no mere coincidence that I speak at this Shakespeare Festival and in German about the relationship of drama to education. For Shakespeare, the dramatist, through his dramatic works was a great educator and he was also a personality who, through his works, was of immense significance for the whole life of humankind. Indeed, in a sense, the connection of drama and education is historical through the fact that Shakespeare the dramatist was Goethe’s teacher. Studying Goethe’s biography not only factually but with the inner eye of a discerning spirit, we become aware that Goethe took from Shakespeare far more than the external features of dramatic form. Goethe drew from Shakespeare the whole educational spirit that he absorbed during the earlier years of his life. He mentioned three great teachers as having given direction to his life: Shakespeare, the botanist Linnaeus, and Spinoza the philosopher—Linnaeus because, at an early age, Goethe was opposed to the Linnaean conception of nature. From Spinoza Goethe could learn only an external manner of expression, philosophical language. From philosophy, Goethe could not learn his own Weltanschauung, his insight into inner necessity in nature and the universe; he learned it from works of art in Italy. His conception of the world was an artistic one. Spinoza gave him only the means of expressing it in philosophical terms.

However, in the inner configuration of his spirit, Goethe remained faithful to Shakespeare, even when he had passed, in his dramatic art, to a more antique tendency of form. It was thus Shakespeare who accompanied Goethe as an educator and guide throughout his life.

Goethe’s spirit can be linked inwardly to the spirit of Shakespeare. For Goethe himself described quite intimately how he allowed Shakespeare’s spirit to work on him. Goethe liked to receive Shakespeare, not by seeing his plays acted on the stage, but by having them read to him in simple, quiet recitation. He would sit listening—his eyes closed—lifting himself out of the sphere of everyday intellectual life and sinking deeply into the fullness of his inner humanity. Such was the way in which Goethe wanted the Shakespearean spirit to enter into him.

In Dornach, we are endeavoring to work in the spirit of Goethe. The High School of Spiritual Science there, which has been founded by the anthroposophical world movement, has been given the name of the Goetheanum—not because I personally wished it so but above all (and this can be emphasized here) on account of the wishes of our English friends—because the Goethean spirit is to be cultivated in Dornach. At the Goetheanum, we are cultivating a direction in spiritual life that leads us to a definite understanding of new ideals of human education. We have been able to apply those ideals in practice at the Waldorf school in Stuttgart—a school closely linked to the High School of Spiritual Science in Dornach, to the Goetheanum. After the Great War, there was a great longing for the realization of spiritual-cultural life in Germany, and it became possible, through the initiative of Mr. Emil Molt, to found this Waldorf school in Stuttgart. It was my task to give methods of teaching and educational practices deriving from a deeper spiritual insight into human nature. I might perhaps be permitted to say a few words about the kind of spiritual knowledge that forms the background of the educational practices of the Waldorf school and that stems from the anthroposophical science being cultivated in Dornach.

I know that there are still a great many people in the world who believe that people are imbibing all sorts of fantastical illusions in Dornach, that some kind of cloudy mysticism is encouraged. But that is not the case at all. If we wish to judge the Dornach methods soundly, we must be ready to accept the fact that a really new direction in humanity’s mental and spiritual life of humanity is being cultivated there. I would like to describe what we are doing by a word that is, I know, still very alarming to many people, inasmuch as all things of a supersensible nature do, after all, still alarm many people today. Nevertheless, I would like to speak this word openly and without reservations. The method applied in Dornach can be designated as “exact clairvoyance.” It is not clairvoyance in the usual sense. What we understand by such clairvoyance does not arise pathologically from unknown depths of human nature but is developed and applied with scientific conscientiousness—a conscientiousness no less disciplined than what a scientist of external nature must cultivate in his or her scientific thought. To attain such “exact clairvoyance” and exercise it demands no less application of the human soul than is demanded of a mathematician or a practicing natural scientist. It is a clairvoyance that we apply consciously in matters of everyday life, a clairvoyance that awakens genuine faculties of knowledge and perception in the human soul. By these faculties, one becomes able to see beyond the things of the external world that have set their stamp on the civilization of the last three or four centuries. One becomes able to perceive the supersensible reality underlying the whole universe, all creation, and, above all, human nature.

Acquiring this kind of exact clairvoyance by a strictly methodical process, we become able to recognize and know what lives within us as a spiritual, supersensible reality between birth and death. When we are born into the world as little children, we appear to be only a physical organism. In reality—modern science might dispute it but this can become an absolute certainty by means of exact clairvoyance—a supersensible organism permeates the physical organism. It is an organism of forces. I have called it in my writings the “organism of formative forces.” It consists simply of a configuration of forces—forces, however, that work inwardly.

This is the first supersensible reality to be seen and observed through exact clairvoyance. It is in no way connected with the old, unscientific concept of a life or vital force. Rather, it is something that enters the sphere of supersensible perception with the same clarity as colors and sounds do within the sphere of the ordinary sense perceptions of seeing and hearing.

Exact clairvoyance of the organism of formative forces is, however, only the first stage in supersensible cognition attained by a person who sees the supersensible inner human being at work in the physical organism between birth and death. A further stage leads to perception of the supersensible member of the human being that is present before the person descends from the spiritual world to unite with a physical body through birth. This is the supersensible human organism that passes again into the spiritual world at death, when the physical body and the body of formative forces, named above, both succumb to decay.

By the power of such spiritual seership, exact clairvoyance unites what otherwise is taken purely intellectually with a view of what is spiritual or supersensible in human beings. That is to say, it unites science and religion. On the other hand, it is also able to give a new impulse to the artistic element in life. For we cannot without it explain, in terms of such ordinary natural laws as we are accustomed to use in our treatment of external nature, the manner in which the supersensible organism—the body of formative forces—works on human beings between birth and death. This must be grasped and understood artistically. It is only by clairvoyantly raising the customary method of science to an artistic perception of the world that we can grasp how the forces that a person brings to earth and takes up into the spiritual world again organize him or her from birth until death.

Now, if we are working as teachers—as artists in education—on human beings, we must enter into relation with their supersensible, creative principle. For it is upon this principle that the teacher and educator works. External works of art can be created by fantasy and imagination. But, as an educator, one can be an artist only if one is able to enter into connection with the supersensible creative element, the supersensible that lives in the human being’s self. The anthroposophical method of research makes this possible and so provides the basis for an art of teaching and education.

If we imagine a sculptor working at a figure that, when it is finished, comes to life and walks away, we can understand why the artist will count on his creation remaining as he or she leaves it. But, as parents and teachers, we are working on a child who not only lives on but grows and continues to evolve. When educators have completed their work upon the child, they are in the position of an artist whose work continues to evolve. For this, philosophy does not suffice, only pedagogical principles and methods do: exact clairvoyance. I would like to sum up in a picture how we must work in such artistic education—for artistic education is, finally, the great principle of our Waldorf method. We know that a child’s head, arms and legs continue growing and developing. The whole organism develops. Likewise, we must realize that the child before us is only in a childlike stage and that whatever we bring to the child—all that a child acquires through our education—goes on growing with the child throughout its life.

Waldorf education, which we at the Goetheanum are endeavoring to cultivate and carry into the world, sows in the child something that can grow and thrive from early childhood into old age. There are men and women who have a wonderful power in old age; they need only speak and the very tone of their voices, the inner quality of their speech, works as a blessing. Why, we might ask ourselves, can some people raise their hands and have an influence of real blessing? Our educational insight tells us that only those can do so who in childhood have learned to pray, to look up in reverence to another human being. To sum it up in one sentence, we can say that all children who rightly learn to fold their hands in prayer will be able to lift their hands in blessing in old age.

I would now like to speak about how we are trying to find the right pedagogy and educational practice.

Human life gives rise to many illusions. When speaking of the tasks of education, the greatest illusions are possible. We can proclaim wonderfully transparent ideals of education that appeal to heart and mind. We can even exercise persuasion with them—at first. But, in the real life of teaching and educating, something altogether different is needed from this faculty of knowing intellectually, or even in the goodwill of our hearts, what we wish to develop in the human beings we are educating. Imagine, for example, a teacher whose talents are not above average—for not every teacher can be a genius—and who must educate a child who will afterward become a genius. Very little of what such a teacher conceives as his or her ideals can be instilled into such a child. But a method of education founded on exact clairvoyance knows that there is an inmost core in the inner life of human beings and that the teacher or educator must simply prepare and smooth the way for this individual core. This inmost individuality always educates itself, through what it perceives in its surroundings, through what it receives by sympathy from life and from the situation into which life places it. Teachers and educators can work into this innermost individual core of the child only indirectly. What they must do is form and educate a child’s bodily and soul life in such a way that, by the very nature of the education they provide, the growing child meets the minimum of hindrances and obstacles from the teacher’s bodily nature, temperament, and emotional life.

Such an education can be achieved only if we really see how the human soul works in and on the body during these years of childhood. A child’s inner bodily nature, when born into the world, is so organized that it may actually be described, strange as this might sound, as a kind of sensory organism. Until the change of teeth, which occurs around the seventh year, the whole child is one great sense organ. It receives impressions not only from the actions but also from the thoughts, feelings, and sentiments of those who educate it. Being thus surrendered to the environment, a small child is at the same time a little sculptor sculpting its whole human nature. It is wonderful to see this inner secret of the child’s self-sculpture in the first seven years of its life (seven years, as I said, is only approximate—it continues until the change of teeth occurs).

How we speak to a child, whether we admonish it or not, the way we speak in a child’s presence, the manner of our speech and of all our actions, all of this enters plastically into a child’s inner life. This is the educative force. It is only an illusion to imagine that the child in those early years gains anything from our admonishments, our moral lecturing, our talking to it for its own good. In the presence of the child we should act, say, and think only what we would wish the child to receive into itself.

All of this changes when the child sheds its milk teeth, at approximately the age of seven—the exact moment is not to be taken pedantically. Around this time, the spiritual element that works plastically in the child grasps not only the nerve-andsense system but also the lungs, the heart, and the circulatory system—the whole inner rhythm of the organism. In soul life, this spiritual element is connected with the life of feeling and fantasy. Thus, while we say that, until about the seventh year, the child is an inner sculptor, from then onward, until the fourteenth year—until the time of puberty—we can describe the child as an inner musician. We must not work on the child at this age with abstract concepts. We must realize that the child before us wants to permeate his or her whole body musically, with inner rhythm. We shall be educating the child rightly if we meet this inner rhythmical-musical need in the child. All education from the seventh to fourteenth years must thus be based upon an artistic approach to the subjects that are taught.

At first, the plastic and sculptural element is still at work. Writing and reading are taught, not abstractly, but deriving each letter from artistic feeling. Musical instruction is introduced and is widened out into eurythmy—which is, in effect, a rhythm of the whole organism. In eurythmy, the will for limb movements and the tendency to movement in the larynx and the neighboring speech organs is transferred to the whole body and its several movements. The larynx produces movements in the air, and thus to spoken sound. In eurythmy, the whole body becomes a moving organism of speech. We see the children take to eurythmy’s language of movement with inner satisfaction, just as a small child takes to the spoken language of sound.

An artistic element underlies all teaching and education from the change of teeth till puberty. The artistic element is present also in what we are able to teach in the domain of art itself. At first, with the innate tendency to develop the plastic sense into an inner musical life, children are receptive to what we can bring by way of lyric poetry. Then, with the ninth or tenth year—earlier in one child, later in another—a sense for the epic awakens. We can now meet the child with epic poetry and poetic narrative. Then, at a quite definite moment in each child—approximately around the age of twelve—when sexuality is beginning to approach—we can observe how the child becomes receptive to the dramatic element. A demand awakens for what is dramatic. This is clearly evident if we perceive the child’s development. Of course, this does not preclude teachers’ having a dramatic element in themselves before this moment comes for the child. Indeed, teachers cannot cultivate eurythmy, nor lyric nor epic poetry, if they lack this dramatic element in their whole being. But it is from the age of about twelve that the child requires and needs the dramatic element in life.

This is the age, too, when we begin to make a transition from a purely artistic education to the first elements of intellectual education. Before this time, no importance should be attached to abstract concepts and intellectuality—in the teaching of nature study and natural science, for instance. Indeed, a person’s whole life is marred if abstract concepts have been forced on them at too early an age during childhood. Before this twelfth year, everything that is taught should be based upon art and rhythm. But, with the twelfth year, we begin to introduce a certain element of the intellectual in our school—in the teaching of history, for example, inasmuch as history reveals the working of law; and, likewise, in the teaching of physics. And so it is now that, as an opposite pole to the intellectual element, the child demands dramatic activity.

In the Waldorf school at Stuttgart, where we are trying to work out of the child’s nature in this manner, we have seen a group of boys of about thirteen or fourteen come and say, “We have been reading Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, and we would now like to act it, too.” Thus, while we were careful to begin to develop intellectuality at the right age, young human nature asked for the element of drama of its own accord. This is what happens if we can bring children the right thing at the right time and in the right way. Naturally, the students said how pleased they were to have performed Julius Caesar and that this was of greater interest to them than watching a performance by professional actors on the stage. Nor can we wonder that it was Shakespeare who called forth this inner dramatic need in the boys of the Waldorf school. For we know that there is something in Shakespeare from which even Goethe could learn the essence of the dramatic. What lives in Shakespeare works into the soul and mind of the child, and becomes in the child a strong impelling force.

As the time is now well advanced, I should like to close for today. On Sunday, I shall have to speak again on Shakespeare in connection with the new ideals in education. Perhaps what I have had to say in a short talk on education and the role of drama may be a contribution to the endeavors of this honored educational society. Seeing, on the one hand, the world-historical figure of Shakespeare and on the other the great tasks of education, we cannot but be mindful that, while many ideals are necessary for our present life, the most important of them all will doubtless be the ideals of education.

RUDOLF STEINER’S NOTES

I) It is an art of education, based on anthroposophy. It is different from other contemporary currents and world-views.

II) It depends on perceptions that can be developed.

Education : The free individuality of the child is not to be disturbed. We are to give the young human being an organism for life, which he or she can use properly. The soul will develop if we meet it with the right kind of human understanding. The spirit will find its way into the spiritual world. But the physical body is in need of education.


0–7th years. The human being develops from the head; the young child is entirely a sense organ and a sculptor.


The child under seven. Baby: sleeps a great deal because its whole body is like a sense organ—and every sense organ sleeps during the state of perceiving. The senses are awake when the human being is asleep. The secrets of the world lie in the senses; the secrets of the solar system lie in the chest organs. The senses are not predisposed for perceiving, but for plastically forming the organism.


7th–14th years. Human beings develop from the breathing and circulatory systems. A child is wholly a listener and a musician.


Learning to write—not too early—afterward learning to read—arithmetic—as analysis.

9th–10th years. Turning point. One can begin to talk about the outer world as the outer world—but through descriptions—this will harmonize the tendencies of growth.

In children, the soul exerts an immeasurably strong influence on the body.


14th–21st years. The human becomes a being of fantasy and of judgment. After the twelfth year, he or she can grow into the dramatic element. Something then remains for the rest of life. Before this time, a splitting of the personality is not good.

The question of “Drama and Education” has been raised in history through Goethe’s relationship to Shakespeare.

1) The question of the relationship between drama and education will be answered by: What drew Goethe to Shakespeare?

2) Goethe mentions three teachers: Linnaeus, Spinoza, and Shakespeare. From the beginning, he stood in opposition to the first two. But he remained faithful to Shakespeare, although Goethe himself, in his dramatic works, comes to a different way of creating.

3) What attracted Goethe to Shakespeare was what escapes logical reasoning in Shakespeare. If one wanted to explain a Shakespeare play logically, one would be in the same position as someone wanting to explain dreams logically.

4) When is it right to introduce this element into education?

5) The Waldorf school is built on the artistic element. But teachers and educators arein a position different from other artists. They are not working with material that they can permanently shape; they are working with human beings.

6) The method of the Waldorf school is built on anthroposophy. Exact clairvoyance. Exercises in thinking and willing. Through these to recognize: the child—as sense organ and sculptor—and subsequently musician and listener to music.

7) Drama: the old Aristotelian definition: Fear and sympathy in tragedy. A human being facing something higher than the self. Satisfaction and gloating over other people’s misfortunes. A human being facing a state of subordination.

8) In school, drama is to be introduced only at the time of puberty. But all teaching must pay attention to the dramatic element. The dramatic element escapes the intellect. Hence, it is employed as a counterbalance to the training of the pupils’ intellectual powers.

Lyric poetry strengthens feeling—
epic poetry modifies thinking.


Consequently, a child’s words become inward through lyricism. They become worldly through epic poetry.


Tragedy awakens mixed feelings: fear and sympathy.
Comedy awakens self-satisfaction and gloating over other people’s misfortunes.


Comedy: The human being approaches the soul within.
Tragedy: The human being approaches the physical within.


Tasso and Iphigenia: are solutions to artistic problems
Faust: represents the problem of humanity


Shakespeare’s characters are the creations of a theatrical pragmatist, created by someone who was in close and intimate contact with the audience. Goethe studies the problem of humanity in the single human being. Shakespeare embodies a certain kind of dreaming.


The impossibility for Sh. to find support in the outer arrangements of the stage. Hence, the interest is centered in the characters themselves.

In order to fully enjoy Shakespeare, Goethe outwardly contrives conditions bordering on dream conditions.


People always try to look for the logic in Shakespeare’s plays.
However, they are guided not by logic but by the pictorial element.

Das Drama mit Bezug auf die Erziehung

Meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden! Mein erstes Wort soll gelten dem Dankgefühl, das ich hege dafür, daß das verehrte Komitee für «Neue Ideale in der Erziehung» mich eingeladen hat, diese beiden Vorträge hier bei diesem Shakespeare-Fest zu halten. Es ist wahrhaftig nicht ein äußerer Zusammenhang nur, wenn ich beim Shakespeare-Fest in der deutschen Sprache über die Beziehung von Drama und Erziehung mir zu sprechen erlauben werde. Denn Shakespeare, der Dramatiker, war zunächst durch seine Dramatik ein großer Erzieher für eine Persönlichkeit, die nun wiederum für das ganze Leben der Menschheit eine ungeheure Bedeutung hat. So ist gewissermaßen die Frage nach der Beziehung zwischen Drama und Erziehung ein historisches Faktum dadurch, daß Shakespeare, der Dramatiker, der Erzieher Goethes war. Goethe hat aus Shakespeare — das kann derjenige wissen, der seine Biographie nicht nur äußerlich, sondern innerlich-geistig studiert - nicht bloß genommen das Äußere der dramatischen Gestalten und Gestaltungen, Goethe hat wahrhaftig aus Shakespeare herausgeholt den ganzen Geist, den er während seiner Jünglingszeit als erzieherischen Geist sich einverleibt hat. Goethe nennt drei große Erzieher, die seine Führer gewesen sind: Shakespeare, Linné, den Botaniker, und Spinoza, den Philosophen. Linné wurde sein Führer dadurch, daß Goethe frühzeitig in bezug auf die Naturauffassung als ein Opponent Linnés auftrat. Von Spinoza, dem Philosophen, konnte Goethe nichts anderes lernen als die äußere Ausdrucksweise, die philosophische Sprache. Die innere Notwendigkeit der Natur und des Kosmos, die mußte Goethe aus etwas anderem lernen als aus einer Philosophie, die mußte er lernen in der italienischen Kunst. Das, was er zuerst lernen mußte von Spinoza, ist das, was in ihm dann zur künstlerischen Auffassung geworden ist. Shakespeare aber ist diejenige Persönlichkeit, der Goethe treu geblieben ist, auch in bezug auf die innere Konfiguration seines Geistes, als er in seiner eigenen dramatischen Kunst übergegangen war zu einer mehr antikisierenden Gestaltung. So hat im Grunde genommen Shakespeare Goethes Seele begleitet als der große Erzieher, als der große Führer durch sein ganzes Leben hindurch.

Man kann innig zusammenhalten diesen Goetheschen Geist mit dem Shakespeareschen Geist. Denn Goethe hat in inniger Weise beschrieben, wie er den Shakespeareschen Geist auf sich hat wirken lassen. Es ist Goethes Art gewesen, Shakespeare zu erfassen, nicht indem er Shakespeares Dramen vor sich auf der Bühne sehen wollte, sondern indem er mit geschlossenen Augen sitzend zuhören wollte, wie Shakespeare, nicht in getragener Deklamation, sondern in ruhiger Rezitation vor ihm gesprochen wurde. So gewissermaßen heraus sich hebend aus der Sphäre des bloßen gewöhnlichen intellektualistischen Lebens, wollte Goethe, hinein sich versenkend in seine ganze Menschlichkeit, den Shakespeareschen Geist aufnehmen. Und aus dem Goetheschen Geiste heraus möchten wir wiederum in Dornach arbeiten. Die Freie Hochschule für Geisteswissenschaft, die wir in Dornach haben, und die herauserrichtet worden ist aus der anthroposophischen Weltanschauungsbewegung, hat nicht durch meinen Willen, sondern gerade - es darf das hier an dieser Stelle hervorgehoben werden - viel durch den Willen englischer Freunde den Namen Goetheanum erhalten, weil in Dornach Goethes Geist gepflegt werden soll. In Dornach wird diejenige Geistesrichtung gepflogen, die wiederum geführt hat zu einer besonderen Auffassung der neuen Erziehungsideale der Menschheit. Diese neuen Erziehungsideale der Menschheit konnten wir praktisch zur Anwendung bringen in derjenigen Schule, welche gewissermaßen als eine Pflanz-Schule der Dornacher Freien Hochschule für Geisteswissenschaft, des Goetheanums, in Stuttgart als Waldorfschule gegründet worden ist. Weil nach dem Krieg in Deutschland ein großer Drang nach Verwirklichung der Geisteswissenschaft war, gelang es durch Herrn Molt diese Schule zu gründen. Mir fiel es dann zu, die Pädagogik, die Didaktik und so weiter zu finden. Das, was dort gepflegt werden sollte, ist nicht etwa bloß eine anthroposophische oder irgendeine andere Weltanschauung, sondern vor allen Dingen diejenige Pädagogik, diejenige Didaktik, welche aus der tieferen spirituellen Menschenerkenntnis fließen kann. Und deshalb darf es mir gestattet sein, zunächst heute mit einigen Worten einzugehen auf diejenige Art von Menschenerkenntnis, welche in der Erziehung, an die hier gedacht wird, zur Anwendung kommt. Diese Menschenerkenntnis fließt aus jenen anthroposophisch-wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten, welche in Dornach gepflegt werden.

Ich weiß, es gibt heute noch so viele Menschen in der Welt, die die Meinung haben: In Dornach werden den Menschen allerlei Illusionen, allerlei Phantastereien eingepflanzt, Dornach pflege eine nebulose Mystik und so weiter. Das ist alles nicht der Fall. Derjenige allerdings, der die Methoden von Dornach beurteilen will, muß sich schon darauf einlassen, daß in Dornach gepflegt wird eine neue Richtung des menschlichen Geisteslebens, eine Richtung des menschlichen Geisteslebens, die man mit einem Wort bezeichnen möchte, das allerdings heute noch sehr vielen Menschen eine Art von Schrecken einjagt, den Schrecken einjagt, den im Grunde genommen alles Übersinnliche heute den Menschen beibringt. Dennoch möchte ich es unumwunden aussprechen. Dieses Wort, das die Methode von Dornach bezeichnet, ist: Exakte Clairvoyance, exaktes Hellsehen. Das ist nicht ein Hellsehen, wie man es gewöhnlich meint, wenn man diese Worte gebraucht. Was wir damit verstehen, ist nicht pathologisch aus den Untergründen des Menschen herausgeführt, sondern es wird gebraucht in gewissenhafter Weise, wie nur eine exakte Wissenschaft in bezug auf ihre Denkweise gepflogen werden kann. Das ist eine Clairvoyance, welche an die Seele, wenn sie erreicht werden kann, dieselben Anforderungen stellt, wie wenn man Mathematiker oder Naturforscher wird, eine Clairvoyance, die wir bewußt anwenden im gewöhnlichen menschlichen Leben, eine Clairvoyance, welche wirkliche Erkenntniskräfte aus der menschlichen Seele hervorzieht, wodurch der Mensch in die Lage kommt, nicht nur dasjenige zu sehen, wodurch die Menschheit seit drei bis vier Jahrhunderten in der äußeren Welt steht, sondern das, was als Geistig-ÜbersinnlichSpirituelles dem ganzen Kosmos, allen Wesen des Kosmos und insbesondere der menschlichen Natur selbst zugrunde liegt. Dadurch, daß der Mensch in streng methodischer Weise diese exakte Clairvoyance sich erwirbt, ist er imstande, dasjenige zu erkennen, was zwischen Geburt und Tod erlebt wird als ein Geistig-Übersinnliches. Wenn wir geboren werden als Kinder, dann sind wir ja nur scheinbar ein physischer Organismus. Dieser physische Organismus ist in Wahrheit, was die heutige Wissenschaft bestreitet, was aber durch diese exakte Clairvoyance zur Gewißheit erhoben werden kann, durchzogen von einem übersinnlichen Organismus, welcher ein Kraftorganismus ist. Ich habe ihn in meinen Schriften den Bildekräfteorganismus genannt, der nur aus einer Konfiguration von Kräften besteht, die aber innerlich arbeiten. Das ist das erste Übersinnliche, was man durch diese exakte Clairvoyance wirklich schauen kann. Es hat nichts zu tun mit der alten unwissenschaftlichen Lebens- oder Vitalkraft. Das ist etwas, was durchaus in den Bereich des übersinnlichen Schauens treten kann, wie die Farben und Töne in den Bereich des sinnlichen Sehens und Hörens treten. Aber es ist nur die erste Stufe übersinnlicher Erkenntnis, die damit errungen wird, daß man sich selbst als übersinnlichen Menschen sieht, wie man ist zwischen Geburt und Tod, aus dem heraus, daß man ein physischer Organismus ist. Eine weitere Stufe ergibt einen übersinnlichen Menschen, der aber in seiner wahren Wesenheit nur vorhanden ist, bevor der Mensch heruntersteigt aus einer geistigen Welt durch die Geburt, um sich mit einem physischen Leibe zu verbinden. Das ist derjenige übersinnliche Organismus im Menschen, der, wenn der physische und auch der genannte Bildekräfteleib mit dem Tod zerfallen, wiederum in die geistige Welt übergeht.

Die exakte Clairvoyance wird dadurch, daß sie dasjenige zum Schauen erheben kann, was sonst bloß intellektualistisch ergriffen wird, Wissenschaft und Religion im Hinblick auf den übersinnlichen Menschen verbinden. Sie kann aber auf der anderen Seite auch wiederum anregen das Künstlerische. Denn die Art und Weise, wie dieser übersinnliche Leib, der Bildekräfteleib, an dem Menschen arbeitet zwischen Geburt und Tod, läßt sich nicht hineinbringen in die gewöhnlichen Naturgesetze, die wir aus der äußeren Natur kennen; das muß künstlerisch erfaßt werden. Nur derjenige, der die heute gewohnte Erkenntnis hellseherisch zum künstlerischen Anschauen der Welt erhebt, kann begreifen, wie der Mensch sich selber organisiert von der Geburt bis zum Tod aus denjenigen Kräften, die er auf die Erde mitbringt und wieder mitnimmt in die übersinnliche Welt. Derjenige aber, der als Erzieher, als Künstler arbeitet an dem Menschen, muß eine Verbindung eingehen mit ihm, muß arbeiten an dem, was das übersinnlich-schöpferische Prinzip selber ist.

Man kann äußere Kunstwerke aus der Phantasie heraus schaffen. Als Erzieher, als Lehrer kann man aber nur Künstler werden, wenn man sich zu verbinden versteht mit der künstlerischen Welt selber. Dazu will die anthroposophische Forschungsmethode die Antwort geben, die zu der Didaktik die Grundlage liefert. Nehmen Sie an, ein Bildhauer würde an einer Figur arbeiten; die Figur, wenn sie fertig ist, würde fortlaufen; wir können verstehen, daß der Künstler darauf rechnet, daß sein Geschöpf so bleibt, wie es ist. So arbeiten wir Menschen als Eltern und Erzieher an dem Kinde, das aber weiterlebt, wächst und immer höher sich entwikkelt. Hat ein Erzieher an dem Kinde seine Arbeit vollendet, dann ist er in dem Falle, daß sein Kunstwerk weiter sich entwickelt. Da genügt nicht Philosophie, da gilt nur die pädagogisch-didaktische Methode: Exakte Clairvoyance. Ich möchte in einem Bilde zusammenfassen, wie man wirken muß, wie man in dieser künstlerischen Erziehung, die schließlich das große Prinzip unserer Erziehungsmethode ist, erziehen muß. So wie man sich bewußt sein muß, daß Arme, Kopf, Beine eines Kindes wachsen, immer weiter sich entwickeln, daß der ganze Organismus sich entfaltet, so muß man sich klar sein, daß man das Kind nur als Keimhaftes vor sich hat. Dasjenige, was man in das Kind hineinbringt, das, was es durch die Erziehung erlangt hat, muß mit ihm weiterwachsen im Leben.

Waldorf-Erziehung, wie man sie vom Goetheanum ausgehend pflegen will, sie pflanzt in das Kind dann dasjenige, was im Menschen von der Geburt bis zum späten Alter hinein noch wachsen, gedeihen kann. Manche Menschen haben im Alter eine ganz wunderbare Kraft, sie brauchen nur den Timbre ihrer Sprache zu gebrauchen, das Innere ihres Sprechens zu entwickeln, und es wirkt segnend. Warum, fragen wir uns, können gewisse Leute so ihre Hand ausbreiten, daß sie wirklich segnend ist? Unsere Pädagogik spricht nun aus, daß es nur diejenigen Menschen können, die in ihrer Kindheit beten gelernt haben, aufschauen gelernt haben in der richtigen Weise zu einem anderen Wesen. So daß man formelhaft zusammenfassend sagen kann: Jedes Kind, das richtig gelernt hat die Hände zu falten, das ist im Alter imstande die Hand auszubreiten, um zu segnen. - So bildet sich aus die Kraft des Alters, das Kind zu segnen. Wie wir versuchen wollen, die richtige Pädagogik und Didaktik zu finden, das darf ich nun im folgenden sagen.

Das Leben der Menschen bildet viele Illusionen aus. Die stärksten Illusionen können aber ausgeheckt werden durch die Aufgaben des Erziehungswesens. Man kann wunderbar einleuchtende und zum Herzen sprechende Erziehungsideale aufstellen; man kann damit auch zunächst die Menschen überreden; allein im wirklichen Erziehungs- und Unterrichtswesen kommt es doch noch auf etwas ganz anderes an als auf die Fähigkeit, im Intellekte und vielleicht auch aus dem guten Herzen heraus zu wissen, was man aus dem Menschen machen will. Stellen wir uns vielleicht einmal vor, man habe als ein Lehrer, als ein Erzieher von sehr mittelmäßigen Fähigkeiten - nicht alle Menschen können Genies sein - ein Kind zu erziehen, das später ein Genie wird. Man wird ihm sehr wenig mitgeben können von dem, was man sich als Ideal ausgebildet hat. Diejenige Erziehungsmethode nun, welche auf einer exakten Clairvoyance aufgebaut ist, durchschaut das Geistige im Kinde; und diese Erziehungsmethode weiß, daß es im Inneren der Menschennatur eine individuelle Wesenheit gibt, der man als Lehrer, als Erzieher den Weg vorbereiten muß. Diese innerste Individualität erzieht sich eigentlich immer selbst; sie erzieht sich durch dasjenige, was sie wahrnimmt in der Umgebung, was sie mit Sympathie aufnimmt durch das Leben, durch die Situationen des Daseins, in die sie hineingestellt ist. In dieses kann der Erzieher oder Lehrer nur indirekt wirken: Dadurch, daß er das Leibliche und Seelische des Menschen so bildet, daß später im Leben der Mensch die möglichst geringsten Hindernisse und Hemmnisse an seiner eigenen Leiblichkeit, an dem Temperament und den Emotionen, durch den Charakter seiner Erziehung hat. Solche Erziehung läßt sich aber nur leisten, wenn man wirklich schaut, wie der innere Seelenmensch gerade während der Kinderjahre in dem äußeren leiblichen Menschen arbeitet. Denn wenn das Kind hereingeboren wird in die Welt, ist es in bezug auf die Leiblichkeit so organisiert in seiner inneren Leiblichkeit, daß es im Grunde genommen in seinen jüngsten Jahren eine Art Sinnesorganismus ist - so paradox es erscheint - bis zum Zahnwechsel hin, bis ungefähr um das siebente Lebensjahr herum. Es ist da ein großer Sinnesorganismus. Es nimmt die Eindrücke der Außenwelt nur so auf, wie die Sinne sie aufnehmen, die Eindrücke, die ausgehen von den Handlungen, aber auch von den Gedanken und Empfindungen der Erzieher. Das Kind ist, indem es hingegeben ist an die Umgebung, zu gleicher Zeit ein Wesen, das plastisch an seinem ganzen Menschen arbeitet. Es ist wunderbar zu sehen, dieses innere Geheimnis der menschlichen eigenen Plastik in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren - ich habe gesagt, allerdings nur approximativ -— bis zum Zahnwechsel. Dadurch, daß das Kind das Gesehene und Gehörte plastisch umwächst, ist es ganz und gar ein nachahmendes Wesen; es ahmt alles nach, was getan wird. Alles übrige, was wir sprechen, ist im Grunde genommen eine Illusion als Erziehungsprinzip. - Die Art und Weise, wie wir sprechen, ob wir es ermahnen oder nicht, dasjenige, was wir tun, geht plastisch in das Innere des Kindes hinein, das ist seine Erziehungskraft. Wir geben uns nur der Illusion hin, daß das Kind auch in diesen Jahren etwas hat von «Ermahnen», von «Gebote geben» und dergleichen. Das Kind muß ganz darauf gestimmt sein, daß man in seiner Gegenwart nur dasjenige denkt, wovon man will, daß das Kind es aufnimmt in diesen Jahren.

Das wird anders in dem Augenblick, wo das Kind die zweiten Zähne bekommt, ungefähr um das siebente Jahr herum - ohne von diesem Zeitpunkt in pedantischer Weise zu sprechen. Da wirkt im Kinde plastisch etwas Geistiges, was nicht nur Nerven und Sinnesorgane, sondern dann auch Lunge, Herz und Zirkulationssystem, den ganzen inneren Rhythmus des Organismus ergreift. Dieses ist seelisch verbunden mit dem Gefühlsleben, dem Phantasieleben. Wenn wir sagen, daß das Kind bis zum siebenten Jahre ein innerlicher Plastiker ist, so ist es bis zum vierzehnten Jahre, bis zur Geschlechtsreife, ein innerlicher Musiker.

Jetzt kann man auf das Kind vorzugsweise wirken, aber nicht mit abstrakten Begriffen, sondern nur dadurch, daß man sich bewußt ist, daß das Kind ein Wesen ist, das innerlich musikalisch durch Rhythmen seinen Körper durcharbeiten will. Wenn wir finden, daß wir diesem Rhythmus, diesem musikalischen Bedürfnis des Kindes entgegenkommen, dann erziehen wir richtig in dieser Zeit. Darum ist die ganze Erziehung vom siebenten bis zum vierzehnten Jahre so zu gestalten, daß das Künstlerische dabei zugrunde liegt dem, was zuerst plastisch da ist. In der richtigen Weise muß das Lesen, das Schreiben vor allen Dingen so sein, daß nicht nur in abstrakten Lehren gelehrt wird, sondern daß jeder Buchstabe aus einer künstlerischen Empfindung kommt beim ersten Schreiben und Lesen. Das Kind wird sofort eingeführt in einen Musikunterricht. Der wird erweitert zu demjenigen, was nun ein Rhythmus des ganzen Organismus ist: zur Eurythmie. Dadurch werden in den ganzen Körper übergeführt, es werden in seine eigenen Bewegungen übertragen die Luftbewegungen und so weiter, durch die der Laut entsteht; und so wird der ganze Körper ein sich bewegender Sprachorganismus. Und wir sehen, wie die Kinder diese Eurythmie aufnehmen so, wie schon das kleine Kind die Lautsprache aufnimmt: mit innerer Befriedigung. Und so liegt zugrunde allem Unterricht und aller Erziehung des Kindes, vom Zahnwechsel bis zur Geschlechtsreife, ein Künstlerisches. Auch dasjenige ist künstlerisch, was man ihm beibringen kann in bezug auf die Kunst selbst. Es beginnt das Kind vor allen Dingen, indem es aufgenommen hat den plastischen Sinn, sich dann durch das Musikalische für die lyrische Kunst zu entwickeln. Diese Fähigkeiten müssen bei jeder kindlichen Individualität wiederum aus dem Wesen abgelesen werden in bezug auf die Jahre, die ich erwähne. Etwas Episches tritt dann heran bei dem Kinde - bei einem früher, bei einem anderen später -, man kann es beobachten in einem ganz bestimmten Moment, etwa um das zwölfte Lebensjahr herum. Wenn schon beginnt die Geschlechtsreife sich zu nähern, dann wird das Kind empfänglich für das Dramatische. Dann wird die Forderung nach dem Dramatischen wach in dem Kinde, und das zeigt sich, wenn man seine Entwickelung erschauen kann. Das schließt nicht aus, daß der Lehrer das dramatische Element in sich selber hat; man kann nicht Eurythmie, Lyrik und Epik pflegen, wenn man nicht dieses eigentümliche dramatische Element in seinem ganzen Wesen als Lehrer und Erzieher hat. Aber in dem Lebensabschnitt, den ich angedeutet habe, fordert das Kind keine Dramatik. Das ist die Zeit, wo wir noch keine Bedeutung legen auf das Beibringen von Naturwissenschaft, von abstrakten Begriffen und Intellektualismen. Wir verderben das ganze Leben des Menschen, wenn wir dem Kinde früher im Leben diese abstrakten Begriffe beibringen. Alles will auf Kunst, auf Rhythmus gebaut sein vor diesem zwölften Lebensjahre. Wenn wir dann übergehen zur Geschichte, insofern sie von Gesetzen beherrscht wird, und in gewisser Weise das Intellektualistische in den Schulunterricht einführen, dann fordert das Kind den Gegenpol, das dramatische Element. In der Waldorfschule in Stuttgart haben wir es erlebt, wie eines Tages Knaben kamen, die etwa dreizehn, vierzehn Jahre alt waren, und sagten: Wir haben jetzt den Julius Cäsar von Shakespeare gelesen, den wollen wir aufführen. - Indem wir darauf bedacht waren, die Intellektualität zu entwickeln, forderte die jugendliche Natur ganz aus dem Wesen des Kindes heraus selber die Dramatik, da man das Richtige in der rechten Weise durch Erziehung und Unterricht an die Kinder heranbringen konnte. Die Kinder sagten ganz natürlich, daß sie sich freuten, daß die Jungen den Julius Cäsar aufgeführt haben, und es interessierte sie mehr als die Aufführung im Theater. Und daß gerade im Shakespeare diese dramatische innere Forderung bei unseren Buben in der Waldorfschule aufgefordert worden ist, das verwundert mich gar nicht aus dem Grunde, wenn eine solche Persönlichkeit wie Goethe das Dramatische lernen kann, das in Shakespeare liegt. Das drängt sich dann hinein in das kindliche Gemüt, das wird zu einer mächtigen Triebkraft des kindlichen Gemüts.

Ich möchte mit diesem heute schließen, da die Zeit fortgeschritten ist, und möchte noch einiges weitere mir erlauben am Sonntag zu sagen über neue Erziehungsideale. Was ich in der kurzen Zeit über Kunst und Dramatik zu sagen hatte, mag ein Beitrag sein für dasjenige, was von dieser sehr verehrten Erziehungsgesellschaft gepflegt wird. Wenn man auf der einen Seite die welthistorische Gestalt Shakespeares und auf der anderen Seite die große Aufgabe der Erziehung sieht, muß man eingedenk sein, daß wir gar manche Ideale sehr nötig im Leben brauchen. Die wichtigsten Ideale werden aber zweifellos die Ideale der Erziehung sein.

Aufzeichnungen Rudolf Steiners zum Vortrag in Stratford am 19. April 1922

1. Es ist eine Erziehungskunst, die zu ihren Voraussetzungen Anthroposophie hat. Diese ist etwas anderes als die anderen Weltanschauungsströmungen der Gegenwart.

2. Beruht auf Schauen, das entwickelt wird.

Erziehung: Es soll die freie Individualität nicht gestört werden. Man soll dem Menschen einen Organismus mitgeben, den er gebrauchen kann. - Die Seele wird sich entwickeln, wenn wir ihr rechte Menschlichkeit entgegenbringen; der Geist wird sich in die geistige Welt hineinfinden; aber der Körper braucht Erziehung.

0-7. Jahr: Der Mensch bildet sich von seinem Haupte aus; er ist ganz Sinnesorgan und Plastiker.

Kind unter 7 Jahren - Säugling: er schläft viel, weil er dem ganzen Körper nach Sinnesorgan ist - und jedes Sinnesorgan schläft in der Wahrnehmung. — Die Sinne wachen, wenn der Mensch schläft - in ihnen liegen die Geheimnisse der Welt; in den Brustorganen liegen die Geheimnisse des Sonnensystems.

Die Sinne sind nicht zum Wahrnehmen veranlagt, sondern zur Plastik des Organismus.

7.-14. Jahr: Der Mensch bildet sich von seinem Atmungs- und Circulationssystem aus; er ist ganz Zuhörer und Musiker.

Schreiben-lernen - nicht zu früh — danach Lesen. Rechnen - als Analyse.

9.-10. Jahr: Wendepunkt - man kann beginnen, die Außenwelt als Außenwelt zu besprechen -— aber beschreiben - das stellt die Wachstumstendenzen mit sich selbst in Einklang.

Beim Kinde hat das Seelische einen unermeßlich großen Einfluß auf den Körper.

14.-21. Jahr: Der Mensch wird Phantasiewesen und Beurteiler. - Er kann vom 12. Jahr an in das dramatische Element hineinwachsen. - Es wird dann etwas bleiben, das er für sein ganzes Leben hat. - Vorher ist die Spaltung der Persönlichkeit nicht gut.

1. Die Frage «Drama und Erziehung» ist einmal historisch aufgeworfen worden in dem Verhältnis Goethes zu Shakespeare.

Es wird sich die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von Drama und Erziehung an der Frage beantworten lassen: was zog Goethe zu Shakespeare hin?

2. Goethe führt drei Lehrer auf: Linné, Spinoza, Shakespeare. - Den beiden ersteren stand er vom Anfang an als Opponent gegenüber. Shakespeare blieb er treu, trotzdem er zu einer anderen Art des dramatischen Schaffens kam.

3. Bei Shakespeare zog ihn das an, was bei diesem der Verstandeslogik sich entzieht. Wer ein Shakespeare’sches Drama logisch erklären will, ist in der Lage wie jemand, der den Traum logisch erklären will.

4. Wann darf dieses Element in die Erziehung einbezogen werden?

5. Die Waldorfschule auf ein Künstlerisches gebaut. Aber der Lehrer und Erzieher als Künstler ist in einer anderen Lage als ein anderer Künstler. Er hat nicht einen Stoff vor sich, den er formen kann; er hat Menschen vor sich.

6. Die Waldorfschulmethode auf Anthroposophie gebaut. Exakte Clairvoyance. Denk- und Willensübungen. Dadurch einsehen: Kind - Sinnesorgan und Plastiker dann Musiker und Musikhörer

7. Das Drama: die alte aristotelische Definition:

Furcht - Mitleid beim Tragischen. Der Mensch steht einem Höheren gegenüber.

Befriedigung — Schadenfreude. Der Mensch steht dem Untergeordneten gegenüber.

8. In der Schule soll das Drama erst auftreten mit der Geschlechtsreife.

Aber der ganze Unterricht soll das dramatische Moment beachten. - Dramatisch ist, was dem Verstande sich entzieht - deshalb als Gegengewicht gegen den Verstandesgebrauch.

Die Lyrik erkraftet das Fühlen.
Die Epik modifiziert das Denken

Daher werden die Worte des Kindes innig durch die Lyrik - sie werden weltgemäß durch die Epik.

Tragödie erweckt gemischte Gefühle: Furcht - Mitleid.
Komödie erweckt Eigenlust und Schadenfreude.

Komödie: der Mensch nähert sich dem Seelischen in sich.
Tragödie: der Mensch nähert sich dem Physischen in sich.

Tasso, Iphigenie: sie sind Lösungen von künstlerischen Fragen.
Faust: ist das Menschheitsproblem.

Shakespeare’s Gestalten sind von dem Theaterpraktiker geschaffen; von dem, der mit dem Publikum in innigem Contact steht. —
Goethe studiert die «Menschheit im Menschen».
Shakespeare verkörpert eine gewisse Art von Träumen.

Die Unmöglichkeit für Sh. an dem Äußeren der Bühne eine besondere Stütze zu haben. Daher werden die Menschen interessant. —
Goethe stellt fast die Bedingung des Träumens her, um Shakespeare zu genießen. —

Man wird immer die Logik in Shakespeare’s Dramen suchen; aber ihre Führung haben sie nicht in der Logik, sondern im Bilde.

Drama's Relation to Education

Ladies and gentlemen! My first words are to express my gratitude to the esteemed committee for “New Ideals in Education” for inviting me to give these two lectures here at this Shakespeare festival. It is truly not just a superficial connection that allows me to speak in German at the Shakespeare festival about the relationship between drama and education. For Shakespeare, the playwright, was first and foremost a great educator through his dramas, which in turn have had an enormous significance for the whole of human life. Thus, in a sense, the question of the relationship between drama and education is a historical fact, given that Shakespeare, the playwright, was Goethe's educator. Goethe took from Shakespeare—as anyone who has studied his biography not only externally but also internally and spiritually can know—not merely the outward appearance of the dramatic characters and creations; Goethe truly drew from Shakespeare the entire spirit, which he incorporated as an educational spirit during his youth. Goethe names three great educators who were his guides: Shakespeare, Linnaeus, the botanist, and Spinoza, the philosopher. Linnaeus became his guide because Goethe early on opposed Linnaeus's view of nature. From Spinoza, the philosopher, Goethe could learn nothing other than the external mode of expression, the philosophical language. Goethe had to learn the inner necessity of nature and the cosmos from something other than philosophy; he had to learn it from Italian art. What he first had to learn from Spinoza is what then became his artistic conception. Shakespeare, however, is the personality to whom Goethe remained faithful, even in terms of the inner configuration of his mind, when he had moved on to a more antique style in his own dramatic art. So, basically, Shakespeare accompanied Goethe's soul as the great educator, the great guide throughout his entire life.

One can intimately connect this Goethean spirit with the Shakespearean spirit. For Goethe described in an intimate way how he allowed the Shakespearean spirit to influence him. It was Goethe's way of grasping Shakespeare, not by wanting to see Shakespeare's dramas performed on stage in front of him, but by sitting with his eyes closed and listening to Shakespeare being spoken before him, not in solemn declamation, but in quiet recitation. In this way, rising above the sphere of mere ordinary intellectual life, Goethe wanted to absorb the spirit of Shakespeare by immersing himself in his entire humanity. And it is from the spirit of Goethe that we want to work in Dornach. The School of Spiritual Science in Dornach, which was established out of the anthroposophical worldview movement, was given the name Goetheanum not because of my will, but rather – and this should be emphasized here – largely because of the will of English friends, because Goethe's spirit is to be cultivated in Dornach. In Dornach, the spiritual direction is cultivated that has in turn led to a special conception of the new educational ideals of humanity. We were able to put these new educational ideals for humanity into practice in the school that was founded in Stuttgart as a Waldorf school, which was, in a sense, a pilot school for the Dornach School of Spiritual Science, the Goetheanum. Because there was a great urge to realize spiritual science in Germany after the war, Mr. Molt succeeded in founding this school. It then fell to me to find the pedagogy, the didactics, and so on. What was to be cultivated there was not merely an anthroposophical or any other worldview, but above all the pedagogy and didactics that can flow from a deeper spiritual understanding of human beings. And so I would like to begin today by saying a few words about the kind of knowledge of human nature that is applied in the education we are considering here. This knowledge of human nature flows from the anthroposophical scientific work that is cultivated in Dornach.

I know that there are still so many people in the world today who believe that all kinds of illusions and fantasies are being implanted in people in Dornach, that Dornach cultivates a nebulous mysticism, and so on. None of this is the case. However, anyone who wants to judge the methods of Dornach must accept that Dornach cultivates a new direction in human spiritual life, a direction in human spiritual life that one would like to describe with a word that still frightens many people today, a word that basically teaches people to fear everything supernatural. Nevertheless, I would like to say it plainly. The word that describes the Dornach method is: exact clairvoyance, exact clear seeing. This is not clairvoyance as it is usually understood when these words are used. What we mean by it is not something drawn out pathologically from the depths of the human being, but rather something used conscientiously, as only an exact science can be practiced in terms of its way of thinking. This is a clairvoyance which, when it can be attained, places the same demands on the soul as becoming a mathematician or natural scientist, a clairvoyance which we consciously apply in ordinary human life, a clairvoyance that draws real powers of knowledge from the human soul, enabling human beings to see not only what humanity has been experiencing in the outer world for three or four centuries, but also what underlies the entire cosmos, all beings in the cosmos, and especially human nature itself as spiritual-supernatural-spiritual. By acquiring this precise clairvoyance in a strictly methodical manner, human beings are able to recognize what is experienced between birth and death as spiritual-supernatural. When we are born as children, we are only apparently a physical organism. This physical organism is in truth, as modern science denies but as can be established with certainty through this precise clairvoyance, permeated by a supersensible organism, which is a force organism. In my writings, I have called it the formative forces organism, which consists only of a configuration of forces that work internally. This is the first supersensible thing that can really be seen through this precise clairvoyance. It has nothing to do with the old unscientific life force or vital force. It is something that can definitely enter the realm of supersensible seeing, just as colors and sounds enter the realm of sensory seeing and hearing. But it is only the first stage of supersensible knowledge that is attained by seeing oneself as a supersensible human being, as one is between birth and death, out of the fact that one is a physical organism. A further stage results in a supersensible human being, who, however, in his true essence is only present before the human being descends from a spiritual world through birth in order to connect with a physical body. This is the supersensible organism in the human being which, when the physical body and also the so-called image-forming body decay with death, passes back into the spiritual world.

Precise clairvoyance, by enabling us to see what is otherwise only grasped intellectually, connects science and religion with regard to the supersensible human being. On the other hand, however, it can also stimulate the artistic. For the way in which this supersensible body, the image-forming body, works on the human being between birth and death cannot be brought into the ordinary laws of nature that we know from the external world; it must be grasped artistically. Only those who raise today's common knowledge to a clairvoyant, artistic view of the world can understand how human beings organize themselves from birth to death from the forces they bring with them to earth and take back with them to the supersensible world. But those who work with people as educators or artists must enter into a connection with them, must work on what is the supersensible creative principle itself.

External works of art can be created from the imagination. As an educator or teacher, however, one can only become an artist if one knows how to connect with the artistic world itself. The anthroposophical research method seeks to provide the answer to this question, which forms the basis for didactics. Suppose a sculptor were working on a figure; once finished, the figure would walk away. We can understand that the artist expects his creation to remain as it is. In the same way, we humans work as parents and educators on the child, who continues to live, grow, and develop. Once an educator has completed his work on the child, he finds himself in a situation where his work of art continues to develop. Philosophy is not enough here; only the pedagogical-didactic method applies: precise clairvoyance. I would like to summarize in a picture how one must work, how one must educate in this artistic education, which is ultimately the great principle of our educational method. Just as one must be aware that a child's arms, head, and legs grow and continue to develop, that the whole organism unfolds, so one must be clear that one has only a seed before one. What we instill in the child, what it has acquired through education, must continue to grow with it throughout life.

Waldorf education, as practiced at the Goetheanum, plants in the child that which can continue to grow and flourish in the human being from birth to old age. Some people have a wonderful power in old age; they only need to use the timbre of their voice, to develop the inner quality of their speech, and it has a blessing effect. Why, we ask ourselves, can certain people spread their hands in such a way that it is truly a blessing? Our pedagogy now says that only those people who have learned to pray in their childhood, who have learned to look up to another being in the right way, can do this. So that one can summarize it in a formula: Every child who has learned to fold their hands properly will be able to spread their hands to bless in old age. - This is how the power of old age to bless the child is formed. How we intend to find the right pedagogy and didactics is something I will now explain in the following.

Human life creates many illusions. However, the strongest illusions can be concocted by the tasks of the education system. One can establish wonderfully plausible and heartfelt educational ideals; one can also use them to persuade people at first; but in real education and teaching, something else is more important than the ability to know, intellectually and perhaps also from the heart, what one wants to make of a person. Let us imagine, for example, that a teacher or educator of very mediocre abilities—not all people can be geniuses—has to educate a child who later becomes a genius. You will be able to impart very little of what you have developed as your ideal. The educational method that is based on precise clairvoyance sees through the spiritual in the child; and this educational method knows that there is an individual entity within human nature that you, as a teacher or educator, must prepare the way for. This innermost individuality actually always educates itself; it educates itself through what it perceives in its surroundings, what it absorbs with sympathy through life, through the situations of existence in which it is placed. The educator or teacher can only influence this indirectly: by shaping the physical and spiritual aspects of the human being in such a way that later in life, the person will encounter as few obstacles and inhibitions as possible in their own physicality, temperament, and emotions, thanks to the character of their education. However, such an education can only be achieved if one truly observes how the inner soul works within the outer physical human being, especially during childhood. For when a child is born into the world, it is organized in its inner physicality in such a way that, in its earliest years, it is basically a kind of sensory organism – as paradoxical as that may seem – until it loses its baby teeth, around the age of seven. It is a great sensory organism. It takes in impressions of the outside world only as the senses take them in, impressions that come from actions, but also from the thoughts and feelings of its educators. The child, being devoted to its surroundings, is at the same time a being that is working plastically on its whole human being. It is wonderful to see this inner mystery of human plasticity in the first seven years of life – I said, however, only approximately – until the change of teeth. Because the child plastically grows around what it sees and hears, it is entirely an imitative being; it imitates everything that is done. Everything else we say is basically an illusion as a principle of education. The way we speak, whether we admonish or not, what we do, goes plastically into the child's inner being; that is its educational power. We only indulge in the illusion that the child also benefits from “admonishment,” “giving commands,” and the like during these years. The child must be completely attuned to the fact that in its presence, one only thinks what one wants the child to absorb during these years.

This changes at the moment when the child gets its second teeth, around the age of seven – without speaking of this point in time in a pedantic way. Something spiritual takes effect in the child, affecting not only the nerves and sensory organs, but also the lungs, heart, and circulatory system, the entire inner rhythm of the organism. This is spiritually connected with the life of feeling and imagination. If we say that the child is an inner sculptor until the age of seven, then until the age of fourteen, until puberty, it is an inner musician.

Now is the time when we can have a positive influence on the child, not with abstract concepts, but only by being aware that the child is a being who wants to work through its body internally in a musical way through rhythms. If we find that we are responding to this rhythm, this musical need of the child, then we are educating correctly at this time. That is why the whole education from the age of seven to fourteen must be designed in such a way that the artistic is the basis of what is first present in a plastic form. Above all, reading and writing must be taught in the right way, so that it is not only taught in abstract lessons, but so that every letter comes from an artistic feeling when first writing and reading. The child is immediately introduced to music lessons. This is expanded to include what is now a rhythm of the whole organism: eurythmy. Through this, the movements of the air and so on, through which sound is created, are transferred to the whole body and into its own movements; and so the whole body becomes a moving speech organism. And we see how children take up this eurythmy in the same way that small children take up spoken language: with inner satisfaction. And so everything in the child's education and upbringing, from the change of teeth to sexual maturity, is based on art. Even what can be taught to the child in relation to art itself is artistic. The child begins, above all, by absorbing the plastic sense, then developing a taste for lyrical art through music. These abilities must be read from the nature of each child's individuality in relation to the years I mention. Something epic then emerges in the child—earlier in some, later in others—and can be observed at a very specific moment, around the age of twelve. As sexual maturity begins to approach, the child becomes receptive to the dramatic. Then the demand for the dramatic awakens in the child, and this can be seen when one observes its development. This does not exclude the teacher from having the dramatic element within themselves; one cannot cultivate eurythmy, lyricism, and epic poetry if one does not have this peculiar dramatic element in one's entire being as a teacher and educator. But in the stage of life I have indicated, the child does not demand drama. This is the time when we do not yet attach any importance to teaching natural science, abstract concepts, and intellectualism. We spoil the whole life of the human being if we teach these abstract concepts to the child earlier in life. Everything should be based on art and rhythm before the age of twelve. When we then move on to history, insofar as it is governed by laws, and in a certain way introduce intellectualism into school lessons, the child demands the opposite pole, the dramatic element. At the Waldorf School in Stuttgart, we experienced how one day boys who were about thirteen or fourteen years old came and said: We have now read Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, and we want to perform it. By focusing on developing intellectuality, the youthful nature demanded drama from the very essence of the child, because it was possible to bring the right thing to the children in the right way through education and teaching. The children said quite naturally that they were happy that the boys had performed Julius Caesar, and they were more interested in it than in a performance at the theater. And the fact that it was Shakespeare in particular that aroused this dramatic inner demand in our boys at the Waldorf School does not surprise me at all, given that a personality such as Goethe can learn the drama that lies in Shakespeare. This then penetrates the child's mind and becomes a powerful driving force in the child's mind.

I would like to conclude with this today, as time is running out, and I would like to say a few more things on Sunday about new educational ideals. What I had to say in this short time about art and drama may be a contribution to what is cultivated by this highly esteemed educational society. When we consider, on the one hand, the world-historical figure of Shakespeare and, on the other, the great task of education, we must remember that we have a great need for certain ideals in life. The most important ideals, however, will undoubtedly be the ideals of education.

Notes by Rudolf Steiner on his lecture in Stratford on April 19, 1922

1. It is an art of education that has anthroposophy as its basis. This is different from other contemporary worldviews.

2. It is based on vision that is developed.

Education: Free individuality should not be disturbed. Human beings should be given an organism that they can use. The soul will develop if we treat it with true humanity; the spirit will find its way into the spiritual world; but the body needs education.

Ages 0-7: Human beings develop from their heads; they are entirely sensory organs and sculptors.

Children under 7 years of age – infants: they sleep a lot because their whole body is a sensory organ – and every sensory organ sleeps in perception. — The senses wake up when humans sleep – they hold the secrets of the world; the chest organs hold the secrets of the solar system.

The senses are not predisposed to perception, but to the plasticity of the organism.

7-14 years: The human being develops from his respiratory and circulatory system; he is entirely listener and musician.

Learning to write – not too early – then reading. Arithmetic – as analysis.

9th-10th year: Turning point – one can begin to discuss the outside world as the outside world – but describe it – this brings the growth tendencies into harmony with oneself.

In children, the soul has an immeasurably great influence on the body.

14th-21st year: The human being becomes a creature of imagination and judgment. — From the age of 12, they can grow into the dramatic element. — Something will then remain that they will have for their whole life. — Before that, the division of personality is not good.

1. The question of “drama and education” was once raised historically in relation to Goethe's relationship with Shakespeare.

The question of the relationship between drama and education can be answered by asking: what attracted Goethe to Shakespeare?

2. Goethe lists three teachers: Linnaeus, Spinoza, Shakespeare. - From the outset, he opposed the first two. He remained loyal to Shakespeare, even though he developed a different style of dramatic writing.

3. What attracted him to Shakespeare was that which eludes intellectual logic. Anyone who wants to explain a Shakespearean drama logically is in the same position as someone who wants to explain a dream logically.

4. When can this element be included in education?

5. The Waldorf school is based on art. But the teacher and educator as an artist is in a different position than other artists. He does not have a material in front of him that he can shape; he has people in front of him. The Waldorf school method is based on anthroposophy. Precise clairvoyance. Exercises in thinking and will. This leads to the insight: child – sensory organ and sculptor, then musician and music listener.

7. Drama: the old Aristotelian definition:

Fear – pity in tragedy. Man is confronted with something higher.

Satisfaction — schadenfreude. Man faces his subordinate.

8. In school, drama should only appear with sexual maturity.

But all teaching should take the dramatic moment into account. - Dramatic is what eludes the intellect - therefore as a counterweight to the use of the intellect.

Lyric poetry strengthens feeling.

Epic poetry modifies thinking.

Therefore, the words of the child become heartfelt through lyric poetry — they become worldly through epic poetry.

Tragedy arouses mixed feelings: fear — pity.

Comedy evokes self-indulgence and schadenfreude.

Comedy: man approaches the spiritual within himself.

Tragedy: man approaches the physical within himself.

Tasso, Iphigenia: they are solutions to artistic questions.

Faust: is the problem of humanity.

Shakespeare's characters are created by the theater practitioner; by someone who is in close contact with the audience. — Goethe studies “humanity in humans.” Shakespeare embodies a certain kind of dream.

The impossibility for Sh. to have any particular support from the exterior of the stage. That is why the characters become interesting. —
Goethe almost creates the condition of dreaming in order to enjoy Shakespeare. —

One will always seek logic in Shakespeare's dramas; but their guidance is not found in logic, but in imagery.