Human Values in Education
GA 310
19 July 1924, Arnheim
III. Stages of Childhood
You will have gathered from the remarks I have made during the last two days that there is a fundamental change in the inner constitution of the human being at every single stage of his life. Today, certainly, modern psychologists and physiologists also take this into account. They too reckon with these changes which take place in the course of life, firstly up to the change of teeth, then up to puberty, and again from puberty into the twenties. But these differences are more profound than can be discovered by means of the methods of observation customary today, which do not reach far enough, however excellent they may be. We must take a further step and examine these differences from aspects demanded by spiritual science. You will hear many things that are already familiar to you, but you must now enter more deeply into them. Even when the child enters this world from the embryo condition, that is, to take an external characteristic, when he adapts himself to the outer process of breathing, even then, physiologically speaking, he is not yet received directly by the outer world, for he takes the natural nourishment of the mother's milk. He is not nourished as yet by what comes from the outer world, but by what comes from the same source as the child himself. Now today people study the substances they meet with in the world more or less according to their external, chemical, physical properties only and do not consider the finer attributes which they possess through their spiritual content. Nowadays everything is considered in this way. Such methods are not to be condemned; on the contrary they should be recognised as justified. Nevertheless because the time came when man was concerned only with the outer aspects of things, aspects which could not be so regarded in earlier civilisations, he has now reached a point of extreme externalisation. If I may make a comparison, things are observed today in some such way as this. We say: I look upon death, upon dying; plants die, animals die, human beings die. But surely the question arises as to whether dying, the passing away of the various forms of life with which we come in contact, is in all three kinds of living beings the same process, or whether this only appears outwardly to be so. We can make use of the following comparisons: If I have a knife there is a real difference whether I cut my food with it, or whether I use it for shaving. In each case it is a knife, but the properties of “knife” must be further differentiated. Such differentiation is in many cases not made today. No differentiation is made between the dying of a plant, an animal or a man.
We meet the same thing in other domains too. There are people who in a certain way want to be philosophers of nature, and because they aim at being idealistic, even spiritual, they assert that plants may well have a soul; and they try to discover in an external way those characteristics of plants which seem to indicate that they have certain soul qualities. They make a study of those plants which, when they are approached by insects, tend to open their petals. The insect is caught, for it is attracted by the scent of what is in the plant. Such a plant is the Venus Flytrap. It closes its petals with a snap and the insect is trapped. This is considered to be a sort of soul quality in the plant. Well, but I know something else which works in the same way. It is to be found in all sorts of places. The mouse, when it comes near, feels attracted by the smell of a dainty morsel; it begins to nibble, and—hey presto! snap goes the mousetrap. If one were to make use of the same thought process as in the case of a plant, one might say: the mousetrap has a soul.
This kind of thinking, however, although quite legitimate under certain conditions never leads to conclusions of any depth, but remains more or less on the surface. If we wish to gain a true knowledge of man we must penetrate into the very depths of human nature. It must be possible for us to look in a completely unprejudiced way at things which appear paradoxical vis-à-vis external methods of observation. Moreover it is very necessary to take into consideration everything which, taken together, makes up the entire human organisation.
In man we have, to begin with, the actual physical organism which he has in common with all earthly beings and particularly with the mineral kingdom. In man, however, we have clearly to distinguish between his physical organism and his etheric organism. The latter he has in common only with the plant world, not with the minerals. But a being endowed only with an etheric organism could never experience feeling, never attain to an inner consciousness. For this again man has his astral organism, which he has in common with the animal world. It might appear that this is an external organisation, but in the course of these lectures we shall see how inward it can be. In addition to this man still has his ego-organisation, which is not to be found in the animal world and which he alone possesses among earthly beings. What we are here considering is in no sense merely an external, intellectual pattern; moreover, in speaking, for instance, of an etheric or life-body, this has no connection whatever with what an outmoded natural science once called “life-force,” “vital-force” and so on. On the contrary, it is the result of observation. If, for instance, we study the child up to the age of the change of teeth, we see that his development is primarily dependent on his physical organism. The physical organism must gradually adapt itself to the outer world, but this cannot take place all at once, not even if considered in the crudest physical sense. This physical body, just because it contains what the human being has brought with him out of the spiritual world in which he lived in pre-earthly existence, cannot forthwith assimilate the substances of the outer world, but must receive them specially prepared in the mother's milk. The child must, so to say, remain closely connected with what is of like nature with himself. He must only gradually grow into the outer world. And the conclusion of this process of the physical organism growing into the outer world is indicated by the appearance of the second teeth at about the seventh year. At approximately this age the child's physical organism completes the process of growing into the world.
During this time, however, in which the organisation is chiefly concerned with the shaping and fashioning of the bony system, the child is only interested in certain things in the outer world, not in everything. He is only interested in what we might call gesture, everything that is related to movement. Now you must take into account that at first the child's consciousness is dream-like, shadowy; to begin with his perceptions are quite undefined, and only gradually do they light up and gain clarity. But fundamentally speaking the fact remains that during the time between birth and the change of teeth the child's perception adheres to everything in the nature of gesture and movement and does so to such an extent, that in the very moment when he perceives a movement he feels an inner urge to imitate it. There exists a quite definite law of development in the nature of the human being which I should like to characterise in the following way.
While the human being is growing into the physical, earthly world, his inner nature is developing in such a way that this development proceeds in the first place out of gesture, out of differentiation of movement. In the inner nature of the organism speech develops out of movement in all its aspects, and thought develops out of speech. This deeply significant law underlies all human development. Everything which makes its appearance in sound, in speech, is the result of gesture, mediated through the inner nature of the human organism.
If you turn your attention to the way in which a child not only learns to speak, but also learns to walk, to place one foot after the other, you can observe how one child treads more strongly on the back part of the foot, on the heel, and another walks more on the toes. You can observe children who in learning to walk tend to bring their legs well forward; with others you will see that they are more inclined to hold back, as it were, between two steps. It is extraordinarily interesting to watch a child learning to walk. You must learn to observe this. But it is more interesting still, although much less attention is paid to it, to see how a child learns to grasp something, how he learns to move his hands. There are children who, when they want something, move their hands in such a way that even the fingers are brought into movement. Others keep their fingers still, and stretch out their hands to take hold without moving the fingers. There are children who stretch out their hand and arm, while keeping the upper part of the body motionless; there are others who immediately let the upper part of the body follow the movement of arm and hand. I once knew a child who, when he was very small and his high-chair was placed at a little distance from the table on which stood some dish he wished to get at, proceeded to “row” himself towards it; his whole body was then in movement. He could make no movements at all without moving his whole body.
This is the first thing to look out for in a child; for how a child moves reveals the most inward urge of life, the primal life impulse. At the same time there appears in the child's movement the tendency to adapt himself to others, to carry out some movement in the same way as his father, mother or other member of the family. The principle of imitation comes to light in gesture, in movement. For gesture is what appears first of all in human evolution, and in the special constitution of the physical, soul and spiritual organism of man gesture is inwardly transformed; it is transformed into speech. Those who are able to observe this know without any doubt that a child who speaks as though the sentences were hacked out of him is one who sets his heels down first; while a child who speaks in such a way that the sentences run one into the other tends to trip on his toes. A child who takes hold of things more lightly with his fingers has the tendency to emphasise the vowel element, while a child who is inclined to stress the consonants will bring his whole arm to his aid when grasping something. We receive a very definite impression of a child's potentialities from his manner of speaking. And to understand the world, to understand the world through the medium of the senses, through the medium of thought, this too is developed out of speech. Thought does not produce speech, but speech thought. So it is in the cultural development of humanity as a whole; human beings have first spoken, then thought. So it is also with the child; first out of movement he learns to speak, to articulate only then does thinking come forth from speech. We must therefore look upon this sequence as being something of importance: gesture, speech, thought, or the process of thinking.
All this is especially characteristic in the first epoch of the child's life, up to the change of teeth. When little by little the child grows into the world during the first, second, third and fourth years of life, he does so through gesture; everything is dependent on gesture. Indeed, I would say that speaking and thinking take place for the most part unconsciously; both develop naturally out of gesture, even the first gesture. Therefore speaking approximately we can say: From the first to the seventh year gesture predominates in the life of the child, but gesture in the widest sense of the word, gesture which in the child lives in imitation. As educators we must keep this firmly in mind for actually up to the change of teeth the child only takes in what comes to him as gesture, he shuts himself off from everything else. If we say to the child: Do it like this, do it like that, he really does not hear, he does not take any notice. It is only when we stand in front of him and show him how to do it that he is able to copy us. For the child works according to the way I myself am moving my fingers, or he looks at something just as I am looking at it, not according to what I tell him. He imitates everything. This is the secret of the development of the child up to the change of teeth. He lives entirely in imitation, entirely in the imitation of what in the widest possible sense comes to meet him from outside as gesture. This accounts for the surprises we get when faced with the education of very young children. A father came to me once and said, “What shall I do? Something really dreadful has happened. My boy has been stealing.” I said, “Let us first find out whether he really steals. What has he done?” The father told me that the boy had taken money out of the cupboard, had bought sweets with it and shared them with the other boys. I said “Presumably that is the cupboard out of which the boy has often seen his mother taking money, before going shopping; he is quite naturally imitating her.” And this proved to be the case. So I said further, “But that is not stealing; that lies as a natural principle of development in the boy up to the change of teeth. He imitates what he sees; he must do so.” In the presence of a child therefore we should avoid doing anything which he should not imitate. This is how we educate him. If we say: You should not do this or that, it does not influence the child in the slightest degree up to the change of teeth. It could at most have some effect if one were to clothe the words in a gesture, by saying: Now look, you have just done something that I would never do!—for this is in a way a disguised gesture.
It comes to this: with our whole manhood we should fully understand how up to the change of teeth the child is an imitating being. During this time there is actually an inner connection between the child and his environment, between all that is going on around him. Later on this is lost. For however strange and paradoxical it may sound to people today, who are quite unable to think correctly about the spirit, but think always in abstractions, it is nevertheless true that the whole relationship of the child to gesture and movement in his surroundings has an innate religious character. Through his physical body the child is given over to everything in the nature of gesture; he cannot do otherwise than yield himself up to it. What we do later with our soul, and still later with our spirit, in that we yield ourselves up to the divine, even to the external world, as again spiritualised, this the child does with his physical body when he brings it into movement. He is completely immersed in religion, both with his good and his bad qualities. What remains with us as soul and spirit in later life, this the child has also in his physical organism. If therefore the child lives in close proximity with a surly, “bearish” father, liable to fall into rages, someone who is often irritable and angry, expressing uncontrolled emotions in the presence of the child, while the inner causes of such emotions are not as yet understood by the child, nevertheless what he sees, he experiences as something not moral. The child perceives simultaneously, albeit unconsciously, the moral aspects of these outbreaks, so that he has not only the outer picture of the gesture, but also absorbs its moral significance. If I make an angry gesture, this passes over into the blood organisation of the child, and if these gestures recur frequently they find expression in his blood circulation. The child's physical body is organised according to the way in which I behave in his presence, according to the kind of gestures I make. Moreover if I fail in loving understanding when the child is present, if, without considering him I do something which is only suitable at a later age, and am not constantly on the watch when he is near me, then it can happen that the child enters lovingly into something which is unfitted for his tender years, but belongs to another age, and his physical body will in that case be organised accordingly. Whoever studies the whole course of a man's life from birth to death, bearing in mind the requirements of which I have spoken, will see that a child who has been exposed to things suitable only to grown-up people and who imitates these things will in his later years, from the age of about 50, suffer from sclerosis. One must be able to examine such phenomena in all their ramifications. Illnesses that appear in later life are often only the result of educational errors made in the very earliest years of childhood.
This is why an education which is really based on a knowledge of man must study the human being as a whole from birth until death. To be able to look at man as a whole is the very essence of anthroposophical knowledge. Then too one discovers how very strong the connection is between the child and his environment. I would go as far as to say that the soul of the child goes right out into his surroundings, experiences these surroundings intimately, and indeed has a much stronger relationship to them than at a later period of life. In this respect the child is still very close to the animal, only he experiences things in a more spiritual way, in a way more permeated with soul. The animal's experiences are coarser and cruder, but the animal too is related to its environment. The reason why many phenomena of recent times remain unexplained is because people are not able to enter into all the details involved. There is, for instance, the case of the “calculating horses” which has made such a stir recently, where horses have carried out simple arithmetical operations through stamping with their hooves. I have not seen the famous Elberfelder horses, but I have seen the horse belonging to Herr von Osten. This horse did quite nice little sums. For instance Herr von Osten asked: How much is 5 + 7? And he began to count, beginning with 1, and when he got to 12 the horse stamped with its foot. It could add up, subtract and so on. Now there was a young professor who studied this problem and wrote a book about it which is extremely interesting. In this book he expounds the view that the horse sees certain little gestures made by Herr von Osten, who always stands close to the horse. His opinion is that when Herr von Osten counts 7 + 5 up to 12 and the horse stamps when the number 12 is reached, this is because Herr von Osten makes a very slight gesture when he comes to 12 and the horse, noticing this, duly stamps his foot. He believes that it can all be traced back to something visible. But now he puts a question to himself: “Why,” he says, “can you not see this gesture which Herr von Osten makes so skilfully that the horse sees it and stamps at the number 12?” The young professor goes on to say that these gestures are so slight that he as a human being cannot see them. From this the conclusion might be drawn that a horse sees more than a professor! But this did not convince me at all, for I saw this wonder of an intelligent horse, the clever Hans, standing by Herr von Osten in his long coat. And I saw too that in his right-hand pocket he had lumps of sugar, and while he was carrying out his experiments with the horse he always handed it one lump after another, so that feeling was aroused in the horse associating sweet things with Herr von Osten. In this way a sort of love was established between Herr von Osten and the horse. And only when this is present, only when the inner being of the horse is, as it were, merged into the inner being of Herr von Osten through the stream of sweetness that flows between them, only then can the horse “calculate,” for it really receives something—not through gesture, but through what Herr von Osten is thinking. He thinks: 5 + 7 = 12, and by means of suggestion the horse takes up this thought and even has a distinct impression of it. One can actually see this. The horse and his master are in a certain way merged in feeling one into the other: they impart something to one another reciprocally when they are united through the medium of sweetness. So the animal still has this finer relationship to its environment, and this can be stimulated from outside, as, in this case, by means of sugar.
In a delicate way a similar relationship to the outer world is still present in children also. It lives in the child and should be reckoned with. Education in the kindergarten should therefore never depend on anything other than the principle of imitation. The teacher must sit down with the children and just do what she wishes them to do, so that the child has only to copy. All education and instruction before the change of teeth must be based on this principle.
After the change of teeth all this becomes quite different. The soul life of the child is now completely changed. No longer does he perceive merely the single gestures, but now he sees the way in which these gestures accord with one another. For instance, whereas previously he only had a feeling for a definite line, now he has a feeling for co-ordination, for symmetry. The feeling is awakened for what is co-ordinated or uncoordinated, and in his soul the child acquires the possibility of perceiving what is formative. As soon as this perception is awakened there appears simultaneously an interest in speech. During the first seven years of life there is an interest in gesture, in everything connected with movement; in the years between seven and fourteen there is an interest in everything connected with the pictorial form, and speech is pre-eminently pictorial and formative. After the change of teeth the child's interest passes over from gesture to speech, and in the lower school years from seven to fourteen we can work most advantageously through everything that lies in speech, above all through the moral element underlying speech. For just as the child before this age has a religious attitude towards the gesture which meets him in the surrounding world, so now he relates himself in a moral sense—his religious feeling being gradually refined into a soul experience—to everything which approaches him through speech.
So now, in this period of his life, one must work upon the child through speech. But whatever is to work upon him in this way must do so by means of an unquestioned authority. When I want to convey to the child some picture expressed through speech, I must do so with the assurance of authority. I must be the unquestioned authority for the child when through speech I want to conjure up before him some picture. Just as we must actually show the little child what we want him to do, so we must be the human pattern for the child between the change of teeth and puberty. In other words, there is no point whatever in giving reasons to a child of this age, in trying to make him see why we should do something or not do it, just because there are well-founded reasons for or against it. This passes over the child's head. It is important to understand this. In exactly the same way as in the earliest years of life the child only observes the gesture, so between the change of teeth and puberty he only observes what I, as a human being, am in relation to himself. At this age the child must, for instance, learn about what is moral in such a way that he regards as good what the naturally accepted authority of the teacher, by means of speech, designates as good; he must regard as bad what this authority designates as bad. The child must learn: What my teacher, as my authority, does is good, what he does not do is bad. Relatively speaking then, the child feels: When my teacher says something is good, then it is good; and if he says something is bad, then it is bad. You will not attribute to me, seeing that 30 years ago I wrote my Philosophy of Freedom a point of view which upholds the principle of authority as the one and only means of salvation. But through the very fact of knowing the true nature of freedom one also knows that between the change of teeth and puberty the child needs to be faced with an unquestioned authority. This lies in the nature of man. Everything is doomed to failure in education which disregards this relationship of the child to the unquestioned authority of the personality of the teacher and educator. The child must be guided in everything which he should do or not do, think or not think, feel or not feel, by what flows to him, by way of speech, from his teacher and educator. At this age therefore there is no sense in wanting to approach him through the intellect. During this time everything must be directed towards the life of feeling, for feeling is receptive to anything in the nature of pictures and the child of this age is so constituted that he lives in the world of pictures, of images, and has the feeling of welding separate details into a harmonious whole. This is why, for instance, what is moral cannot be brought to the child by way of precept, by saying: You should do this, you should not do that. It simply doesn't work. What does work is when the child, through the way in which one speaks to him, can feel inwardly in his soul a liking for what is good, a dislike of what is bad. Between the change of teeth and puberty the child is an aesthete and we must therefore take care that he experiences pleasure in the good and displeasure in what is bad. This is the best way for him to develop a sense of morality.
We must also be sincere, inwardly sincere in the imagery we use in our work with the child. This entails being permeated to the depths of our being by everything we do. This is not the case if, when standing before the child we immediately experience a slight sense of superiority: I am so clever—the child is so stupid. Such an attitude ruins all education; it also destroys in the child the feeling for authority. Well then, how shall I transform into a pictorial image something that I want to impart to the child? In order to make this clear I have chosen the following example as an illustration.
We cannot speak to the child about the immortality of the soul in the same way as to a grown-up person; but we must nevertheless convey to him some understanding of it. We must however do so in a pictorial way. We must build up the following picture and to do this may well take the whole lesson.
We can explain to the child what a butterfly's chrysalis is, and then speak in some such words as these: “Well, later on the finished butterfly flies out of the chrysalis. It was inside all the time only it was not yet visible, it was not yet ready to fly away, but it was already there inside.” Now we can go further and tell him that in a similar way the human body contains the soul, only it is not visible. At death the soul flies out of the body; the only difference between man and butterfly is that the butterfly is visible and the human soul is invisible. In this way we can speak to the child about the immortality of the soul so that he receives a true picture of immortality and one suited to his age. But in the presence of the child we must on no account have the feeling: I am clever, I am a philosopher and by no means of thought can I convince myself of the truth of immortality; the child is naive, is stupid, and so for him I will build up the picture of the butterfly creeping out of the chrysalis. If one thinks in this way one establishes no contact with the child, and then he gets nothing whatever from what he is told. There is only one possibility. We must ourselves believe in the picture, we must not want to be cleverer than the child; we must stand in the presence of the child as full of belief as he is. How can this be done? An anthroposophist, a student of spiritual science knows that the emergence of the butterfly from the chrysalis is actually a picture of the immortality of the human soul placed into the world by the gods. He can never think otherwise than that the gods inscribed into the world this picture of the emerging butterfly as an image of the immortality of the human soul. In all the lower stages of the process he sees the higher processes which have become abstract. If I do not get the idea that the child is stupid and I am clever, but if I stand before the child conscious that this actually is so in the world and that I am leading him to believe in something which I too believe with all my heart, then there arises an imponderable relationship between us, and the child makes real progress in his education. Then moral imponderabilia continually enters into our educational relationship. And this is the crux of the matter.
When we are quite clear about this we shall, out of the whole nexus of our studies, come to see how we can find the right approach to an instruction which is truly educational, an education which really instructs. Let us take an example. How must the child learn to read and write? There is actually a great deal more misery connected with this than one usually imagines, though human intellectualism is far too crude to perceive it. One recognises that learning to read and write is a necessity, so it follows that the child must at all costs be drilled into learning reading and writing. But just consider what this means for a child! When they are grown-up, people have no inclination to put themselves in the child's place, to imagine what he undergoes when he learns to read and write. In our civilisation today we have letters, a, b, c and so on; they are there before us in certain definite forms. Now the child has the sound a (ah, as in father). When does he use it? This sound is for him the expression of an inner soul experience. He uses this sound when he is faced with something which calls up in him a feeling of wonder, of astonishment. This sound he understands. It is bound up with human nature. Or he has the sound e (eh, as in they). When does he use this? He uses it when he wants to show he has the feeling: “Something has come up against me; I have experienced something which encroaches on my own nature.” If somebody gives me a blow, I say e (eh).1In English we tend to prefix an aspirate to the vowel, saying “Ha” when something astonishes us, or “Heh” when something impinges on us, e.g. “Heh, stop it!” It is the same with the consonants. Every sound corresponds to some expression of life; the consonants imitate an outer, external world, the vowels express what is experienced inwardly in the soul. The study of language, philology, is today only approaching the first elements of such things.
Learned scholars, who devote themselves to research into language, have given much thought to what, in the course of human evolution, may have been the origin of speech. There are two theories. The one represents the view that speech may have arisen out of soul experiences in much the same way as this takes place in the animal, albeit in its most primitive form—“moo-moo” being the expression of what the cow feels inwardly, and “bow-wow” what is experienced by the dog. And so, in a more complicated way, what in man becomes articulated speech arises out of this urge to give expression to inner feelings and experiences. In somewhat humorous vein this is called the “bow-wow theory.” The other point of view proceeds from the supposition that in the sounds of speech man imitates what takes place in the outer world. It is possible to imitate the sound of a bell, what is taking place inside the bell: “ding-dong—ding-dong.” Here there is the attempt to imitate what takes place in the outer world. This is the basis for the theory that in speech everything may be traced back to external sounds, external event. It is the “ding-dong theory.” So we have these two theories in opposition to one another. It is not in any way my intention to make fun of this, for as a matter of fact, both are correct: the “bow-wow” theory is right for the vowel element in speech, the “ding-dong” theory for the consonantal element. In transposing gestures into sounds we learn by means of the consonants to imitate inwardly outer processes; and in the vowels we give form to inner experiences of the soul. In speech the inner and the outer unite. Human nature, itself homogeneous, understands how to bring this about.
We receive the child into the primary school. Through his inner organisation he has become a being able to speak. Now, suddenly he is expected to experience—I say experience deliberately weighing my words, not recognise, experience—a connection between astonishment, wonder, (ah) and the demonic sign a. This is something completely foreign to him. He is supposed to learn something which he feels to be utterly remote, and to relate this to the sound “ah.” This is something outside the sphere of a young child's comprehension. He feels it as a veritable torture if at the very outset we confront him with the forms of the letters in use today.
We can, however, remember something else. The letters which we have today were not always there. Let us look back to those ancient peoples who had a picture writing. They used pictures to give tangible form to what was uttered, and these pictures certainly had something to do with what they were intended to express. They did not have letters such as we use, but pictures which were related to their meaning. Up to a certain point the same could be said of cuneiform writing. These were times when people still had a human relationship to things, even when these were fixed into a definite form. Today we no longer have this, but with the child we must go back to it again. We must of course not do so in such a way that we study the cultural history of ancient peoples and fall back on the forms which were once used in picture writing; but we must bring all our educational fantasy into play as teachers in order to create the kind of pictures we need. Fantasy, imagination [The German phantasie is often more equivalent to the English imagination than to fantasy. In this lecture the latter is probably more appropriate.] we must certainly have, for without it we cannot be teachers or educators. And so it is always necessary to refer to the importance of enthusiasm, of inspiration, when dealing with some characteristic feature of anthroposophy. It never gives me any pleasure, for instance, when I go into a class in our Waldorf School and notice that a teacher is tired and is teaching out of a certain mood of weariness. That is something one must never do. One simply cannot be tired, one can only be filled with enthusiasm. When teaching, one must be absolutely on the spot with one's whole being. It is quite wrong to be tired when teaching; tiredness must be kept for some other occasion. The essential thing for a teacher is that he learns to give full play to his fantasy. What does this mean? To begin with I call up in the child's mind something that he has seen at the market, or some other place, a fish for example. I next get him to draw a fish, and for this I even allow him to use colours, so that he paints as he draws and draws as he paints. This being achieved I then let him say the word “Fish,” not speaking the word quickly, but separating the sounds, “f-i-ssh.” Then I lead him on so that he says only the beginning of the word fish (f...) and gradually I transfer the shape of the fish into a sign that is somewhat fish like, while at the same time getting the child to say f ... And there we have it, the letter “f!”
Or I let the child say Wave (W-a-v-e) showing him at the same time what a wave is (see sketch). Once again I let him paint this and get him to say the beginning of the word—w—and then I change the picture of a wave into the letter w.
Continuing to work in the same way I allow the written characters gradually to emerge from the painting-drawing and drawing-painting, as indeed they actually arose in the first place. I do not bring the child into a stage of civilisation with which as yet he has nothing in common, but I guide him in such a way that he is never torn away from his relationship to the outer world. In order to do this there is no necessity to study the history of culture—albeit the writing in use today has arisen out of picture-writing—one must only give free play to one's fantasy, for then one brings the child to the point at which he is able to form writing out of this drawing and painting.
Now we must not think of this only as an ingenious and clever new method. We must value the fact that the child unites himself inwardly with something that is new to him when his soul activity is constantly stimulated. He does not “grow into it” when he is pushed, so that he is always coming into an unfamiliar relationship with his environment. The whole point is that we are working on the inner being of the child.
What is usually done today? It is perhaps already somewhat out-of-date, but not so long ago people gave little girls “beautiful” dolls, with real hair, dolls that could shut their eyes when one laid them down, dolls with pretty faces and so on. Civilisation calls them beautiful, but they are nevertheless hideous, because they are inartistic. What sort of dolls are these? They are the sort which cannot activate the child's fantasy. Now let us do something different. Tie a handkerchief so that you have a figure with arms and legs; then make eyes with blobs of ink and perhaps a mouth with red ink as well; now the child must develop his fantasy if he is to imagine this as having the human shape. Such a thing works with tremendous living force on the child, because it offers him the possibility of using his fantasy. Naturally one must do this first oneself. But the possibility must be provided for the child, and this must be done at the age when everything is play. It is for this reason that all those things which do not stimulate fantasy in the child are so damaging when given as toys. As I said, today these beautiful dolls are somewhat out-dated, for now we give children monkeys or bears. To be sure, neither do these toys give any opportunity for the unfolding of a fantasy having any relationship to the human being. Let us suppose that a child runs up to us and we give him a bear to cuddle. Things like this show clearly how far our civilisation is from being able to penetrate into the depths of human nature. But it is quite remarkable how children in a perfectly natural, artistic way are able to form imaginatively a picture of this inner side of human nature.
In the Waldorf School we have made a transition from the ordinary methods of teaching to what may be termed a teaching through art, and this quite apart from the fact that in no circumstances do we begin by teaching the children to write, but we let them paint as they draw, and draw as they paint. Perhaps we might even say that we let them splash about, which involves the possibly tiresome job of cleaning up the classroom afterwards. I shall also speak tomorrow about how to lead over from writing to reading, but, quite apart from this painting and drawing, we guide the child as far as possible into the realm of the artistic by letting him practise modelling in his own little way, but without suggesting that he should make anything beyond what he himself wants to fashion out of his own inner being. The results are quite remarkable. I will mention one example which shows how something very wonderful takes place in the case of rather older children.
At a comparatively early age, that is to say, for children between ten and eleven years old, we take as a subject in our curriculum the “Study of Man.” At this age the children learn to know how the bones are formed and built up, how they support each other, and so on. They learn this in an artistic way, not intellectually. After a few such lessons the child has acquired some perception of the structure of the human bones, the dynamic of the bones and their interdependence. Then we go over to the craft-room, where the children model plastic forms and we observe what they are making. We see that they have learned something from these lessons about the bones. Not that the child imitates the forms of the bones, but from the way in which he now models his forms we perceive the outer expression of an inner mobility of soul. Before this he has already got so far as to be able to make little receptacles of various kinds; children discover how to make bowls and similar things quite by themselves, but what they make out of the spontaneity of childhood before they have received such lessons is quite different from what they model afterwards, provided they have really experienced what was intended. In order to achieve this result, however, these lessons on the “Knowledge of Man” must be given in such a way that their content enters right into the whole human being. Today this is difficult.
Anyone who has paid as many visits to studios as I have and seen how people paint and model and carve, knows very well that today hardly any sculptor works without a model; he must have a human form in front of him if he wishes to model it.
This would have had no sense for a Greek artist. He had of course learned to know the human form in the public games, but he really experienced it inwardly. He knew out of his own inner feeling—and this feeling he embodied without the aid of a model—he knew the difference between an arm when it is stretched out or when, in addition, the forefinger is also extended, and this feeling he embodied in his sculpture. Today, however, when physiology is taught in the usual way, models or drawings of the bones are placed side by side, the muscles are described one after another and no impression is given of their reciprocal relationship. With us, when the children see a vertebra belonging to the spinal column, they know how similar it is to the skull-bone, and they get a feeling for the metamorphosis of the bones. In this way they enter livingly right into the different human forms and so feel the urge to express it artistically. Such an experience enters right into life; it does not remain external.
My earnest wish, and also my duty as leader of the Waldorf School, is to make sure that wherever possible everything of a fixed nature in the way of science, everything set down in books in a rigid scientific form should be excluded from class teaching. Not that I do not value science; no one could value science more highly. Such studies can be indulged in outside the school, if so desired; but I should be really furious if I were to see a teacher standing in front of a class with a book in his or her hand. In teaching everything must come from within. This must be self-understood. How is botany taught today for instance? We have botany books; these are based on a scientific outlook, but they do not belong to the classroom where there are children between the change of teeth and puberty. The perception of what a teacher needs in the way of literature must be allowed to grow gradually out of the living educational principles I shall be speaking about here.
So we are really concerned with the teacher's attitude of mind, whether in soul, spirit and body he is able to relate himself to the world. If he has this living relationship he can do much with the children between the change of teeth and puberty, for he is then their natural and accepted authority. The main thing is that one should enter into and experience things in a living way and carry over into life all that one has thus experienced. This is the great and fundamental principle which must form the basis of education today. Then the connection with the class will be there of itself, together with the imponderable mood and feeling that must necessarily go with it.
Answers to a Question
Question: There are grown-up people who seem to have remained at the imitative stage of childhood. Why is this?
Dr. Steiner: It is possible at every stage of human development for someone to remain in a stationary condition. If we describe the different stages of development, adding to today's survey the embryonic stage, and continuing to the change of teeth, and on to puberty, we cover those epochs in which a fully developed human life can be formed. Now quite a short time ago the general trend of anthroposophical development brought it about that lectures could be held on curative education, with special reference to definite cases of children who had either remained backward or whose development was in some respect abnormal. We then took the further step of allowing certain cases to be seen which were being treated at Dr. Wegmann's Clinical-Therapeutic Institute. Among these cases there was one of a child of nearly a year old, about the normal size for a child of this age, but who in the formation of his physical body had remained approximately at the stage of seven or eight months embryo. If you were to draw the child in outline with only an indication of the limbs, which are somewhat more developed, but showing exactly the form of the head, as it actually is in the case of this little boy, then, looking cursorily at the drawing, you would not have the faintest idea that it is a boy of nearly a year old. You would think it an embryo, because this boy has in many respects kept after his birth the embryonic structure.
Every stage of life, including the embryonic, can be carried over into a later stage; for the different phases of development as they follow one after the other, are such that each new phase is a metamorphosis of the old, with something new added. If you will only take quite exactly what I have already said in regard to the natural religious devotion of the child to his surroundings up to the change of teeth, you will see that this changes later into the life of soul, and you have, as a second attribute the aesthetic, artistic stage. Now it happens with very many children that the first stage is carried into the second, and the latter then remains poorly developed. But this can go still further: the first stage of physical embodiment can be carried over into each of the others, so that what was present as the original stage appears in all the later stages. And, for a superficial observation of life, it need not be so very obvious that an earlier stage has remained on into a later one, unless such a condition shows itself particularly late in life. Certain it is however that earlier stages are carried over into later ones.
Let us take the same thing in a lower kingdom of nature. The fully grown, fully developed plant usually has root, stalk, with it cotyledon leaves, followed by the later green leaves. These are then concentrated in the calyx, the petals, the stamen, the pistil and so on. There are however plants which do not develop as far as the blossom, but remain behind at the stage of herbs and other plants where the green leaves remain stationary, and the fruit is merely rudimentary. How far, for instance, the fern has remained behind the buttercup! With the plant this does not lead to abnormality. Man however is a species for himself. He is a complete natural order. And it can happen that someone remains his whole life long an imitative being, or one who stands in need of authority. For in life we have not only to do with people who remain at the imitative stage, but also with those who in regard to their essential characteristics remain at the stage that is fully developed between the change of teeth and puberty. As a matter of fact there are very many such people, and with them this stage continues into later life. They cannot progress much farther, and what should be developed in later years can only do so to a limited extent. They remain always at the stage where they look for the support of authority. If there were no such people, neither would there be the tendency, so rife today, to form sects and such things, for sectarian associations are based on the fact that their adherents are not required to think; they leave the thinking to others and follow their leaders. In certain spheres of life, however, most people remain at the stage of authority. For instance, when it is a question of forming a judgment about something of a scientific nature people do not take the trouble to look into it themselves, but they ask: Where is the expert who must know about this, the specialist who is a lecturer at one of the universities? There you have the principle of authority. Again in the case of people who are ill the principle of authority is carried to extremes, even though here it may be justifiable. And in legal matters, for instance, nobody today will think of forming an independent judgment, but will seek the advice of a solicitor because he has the requisite knowledge. Here the standpoint is that of an eight or nine year old child. And it may well be that this solicitor himself is not much older. When a question is put to him he takes down a lawbook or portfolio and there again you have an authority. So it is actually the case that each stage of life can enter into a later one.
The Anthroposophical Society should really only consist of people who are outgrowing authority, who do not recognise any such principle but only true insight. This is so little understood by people outside the Society that they are continually saying: “Anthroposophy is based on authority.” In reality the precise opposite is the case; the principle of authority must be outgrown through the kind of understanding and discernment which is fostered in anthroposophy. The important thing is that one should grasp every scrap of insight one can lay hold of in order to pass through the different stages of life.
Dritter Vortrag
Schon aus den Bemerkungen, die ich im Laufe der letzten zwei Tage hier gemacht habe, haben Sie entnehmen können, daß ein wesentlicher Unterschied vorhanden ist in der inneren Konstitution des menschlichen Wesens in den einzelnen Lebensaltern. Man beachtet dies ja durchaus auch heute nach den gegenwärtigen psychologischen, physiologischen Anschauungen. Man hat diese Differenzierungen in den Lebensaltern bis zum Zahnwechsel hin, dann bis zur Geschlechtsreife und wieder von der Geschlechtsreife bis in die Zwanzigerjahre hinein. Aber die Differenzierungen sind ja tiefergehende, als man heute schon einmal nach den gewöhnlichen, zwar vorzüglichen, aber nicht ausreichenden Anschauungen gewinnen kann. Und es wird sich jetzt darum handeln, diese Differenzierungen in den menschlichen Lebensaltern einmal von jenem Gesichtspunkte aus zu betrachten, den die Geisteswissenschaft zutage fördert. Da wird Ihnen manches, was Ihnen bekannt ist, wieder erscheinen, allein, ich möchte sagen, in eine tiefere Betrachtung eben eingetaucht.
Wenn das Kind aus dem Embryonalzustand in die äußere Welt tritt, also, wenn wir ein äußeres Merkmal nehmen wollen, herantritt an den äußeren Atmungsprozeß, dann ist es ja schon physiologisch zunächst darauf angewiesen, nicht unmittelbar von der äußeren Welt aufgenommen zu werden; denn es bekommt naturgemäß die Muttermilch, also nicht schon Nahrungsmittel, die aus der äußeren Welt aufgenommen werden, sondern solche, die aus derselben Quelle herstammen, aus der das Kind selber stammt. Nun betrachtet man ja heute Substanzen, die einem in der Welt entgegentreten, mehr oder weniger nur nach ihren äußeren chemischen, physischen Eigenschaften, nicht nach den feineren Eigenschaften, die sie durch ihren geistigen Inhalt haben. Man betrachtet ja heute alles in dieser Weise. Und mit einer solchen Betrachtungsweise, die nicht abgekanzelt werden soll, sondern in ihrer Berechtigung durchaus anerkannt werden soll, ist man aber doch, weil man einmal das Äußere betrachten wollte, das in früheren Zivilisationen nicht so betrachtet werden konnte, zu einer starken Veräußerlichung gekommen. Man betrachtet heute alle Dinge so, daß man, wenn ich vergleichsweise sprechen darf, sagt: Ich betrachte den Tod, das Sterben; es sterben die Pflanzen, es sterben die Tiere, es sterben die Menschen. — Aber es frägt sich doch, ob das Sterben, das Aufhören der einem zunächst entgegentretenden Lebensformen bei allen drei Arten von Lebewesen derselbe Vorgang ist oder ob er sich nur äußerlich so zeigt. Man kann den Vergleich gebrauchen: Wenn ich ein Messer habe, so ist es doch ein Unterschied, ob ich damit Speisen schneiden oder rasieren soll; immer ist es ein Messer, aber seine Eigenschaften als Messer müssen weiter differenziert werden. Solche Differenzierung wird heute für viele Dinge nicht gemacht. Es wird in bezug auf das Sterben nicht die Differenzierung gemacht, ob als Pflanze, als Tier oder als Mensch.
Das tritt einem auch auf andern Gebieten entgegen. Es gibt Menschen, die in einer gewissen Beziehung Naturphilosophen sein wollen und davon reden, indem sie durchaus idealistisch, sogar spirituell sein wollen: Auch Pflanzen können beseelt sein, können eine Seele haben. — Und sie untersuchen dann äußerlich die Merkmale an den Pflanzen, die dafür sprechen, daß Pflanzen etwas Seelisches haben. Sie betrachten solche Pflanzen, die, wenn Insekten in ihre Nähe kommen, gewissermaßen ihre Blätter öffnen, das Insekt fängt sich, indem es durch den Geruch dessen, was in der Pflanze ist, angezogen wird; dann klappen sie, wie zum Beispiel die Venus-Fliegenfalle, ihre Blätter zu, und das Insekt ist gefangen. Man betrachtet das als eine Art von Beseeltheit der Pflanzen. Ja, ich kenne noch eine andere Art von Wesen, das mit derselben Art wirkt. Es wird irgendwo aufgestellt gefunden werden; wenn eine Maus in seine Nähe kommt, fühlt sie sich durch den Geruch irgendwelcher für sie schmackhafter Nahrungsmittel angezogen, beginnt davon zu fressen, und — flugs! fällt die Sache zu: eine Mausefalle. Man könnte, wenn man dieselbe Denkoperation wie bei den Pflanzen vornimmt, von der Mausefalle sagen, sie sei beseelt.
Diese Art des Denkens, die man ja in gewisser Beziehung anerkennen kann, führt aber nicht in gewisse Tiefen hinein, sondern bleibt doch mehr oder weniger am Oberflächlichen haften. Wenn man aber Menschenerkenntnis erringen will,muß man durchaus in die volle Tiefe der Menschennatur eindringen. Dann muß man auch die Möglichkeit haben, auf das, was gegenüber einer äußerlichen Betrachtungsweise paradox erscheint, wirklich unbefangen hinschauen zu können. Dazu ist aber schon notwendig, einmal auf das hinzublicken, was die volle Menschenorganisation ausmacht.
Da haben wir zunächst im Menschen den eigentlichen physischen Organismus. Den hat der Mensch gemeinschaftlich mit allen Erdenwesen, vor allen Dingen mit den mineralischen Wesen. Dann aber haben wir im Menschen von dem physischen Organismus deutlich unterschieden den ätherischen Organismus. Ihn hat der Mensch nicht mit den Mineralien gemeinschaftlich, sondern nur mit der Pflanzenwelt. Aber ein Wesen, das nur ätherischen Organismus hat, würde niemals zur Empfindung, zum inneren Bewußtsein kommen. Da hat der Mensch nun wieder — es sieht das wie eine äußerliche Gliederung aus, aber wir werden im Laufe der Vorträge sehen, wie innerlich das sein kann seinen astralischen Organismus, den er mit der Tierwelt gemeinschaftlich hat. Außerdem hat er noch seine Ich-Organisation, die sich in der Tierwelt nicht findet, und die ihm allein innerhalb der Erdenwesen eigen ist. Was man so betrachtet, ist aber keineswegs bloß ein äußeres Schema; das hat auch, wenn man zum Beispiel vom ÄAther- oder Lebensleib spricht, nichts zu tun mit dem, was eine abgetane Naturwissenschaft «Lebenskraft», «Vitalkraft» und so weiter nannte, sondern es ist ein Ergebnis von Beobachtungen. Denn wenn man das Kind bis zum Zahnwechsel betrachtet, so ist die Entwickelung des Kindes vorzugsweise von seinem physischen Organismus abhängig. Der physische Organismus muß sich zunächst der Außenwelt anpassen. Aber er kann es nicht gleich, er kann es nicht einmal im gröbsten physischen Sinne gleich. Er kann, weil er dasjenige in sich enthält, was der Mensch sich mitgebracht hat aus der geistigen Welt, in der er im vorirdischen Dasein war, nicht einmal gleich ohne weiteres die Stoffe der Außenwelt aufnehmen; er muß sie in der Muttermilch vorbereitet aufnehmen. Er muß sozusagen bei dem bleiben, was ihm zunächst gleichartig ist. Er muß erst in die Außenwelt hineinwachsen. Und der Abschluß dieses Hineinwachsens des physischen Organismus in die Außenwelt ist das Erscheinen der zweiten Zähne um das 7. Lebensjahr herum. Das ist gewissermaßen der Schlußpunkt des Hineinwachsens des physischen Organismus des Kindes in die Außenwelt.
Während dieser Zeit aber, in welcher die Organisation vorzugsweise auf die Herausgestaltung des Knochengerüstes gerichtet ist, hat das Kind Interesse nur für Gewisses in der Außenwelt, nicht für alles. Es hat nur Interesse für das, was man nennen kann: Gesten, Gebärden, Bewegungsverhältnisse. Nun müssen Sie bedenken, daß ja das Bewußtsein des Kindes zuerst traumhaft, dämmerhaft ist, daß es ganz dumpf zuerst wahrnimmt, und erst allmählich lichtet sich das Wahrnehmungsvermögen. Aber im wesentlichen bleibt es so, daß das Kind während der Zeit zwischen der Geburt und dem Zahnwechsel mit seiner Wahrnehmung an allem haftet, was Gesten, Gebärden, Bewegungsverhältnisse sind, und so daran haftet, daß es in dem Augenblick, wo es eine Bewegung wahrnimmt, den inneren Drang fühlt, sie nachzuahmen. Es besteht ein ganz bestimmtes Entwickelungsgesetz der menschlichen Natur, das ich in der folgenden Weise charakterisieren kann.
Indem der Mensch hereinwächst in die physisch-irdische Welt, entwickelt sich sein Inneres so, daß diese Entwickelung zunächst ausgeht von der Geste, von der Gebärde, von Bewegungsverhältnissen. Im Inneren des Organismus entwickelt sich aus den Bewegungsverhältnissen heraus die Sprache, und aus der Sprache heraus entwickelt sich der Gedanke. Das liegt wie ein tief bedeutsames Gesetz der menschlichen Entwickelung zugrunde. Alles was im Laute, in der Sprache zutage tritt, ist, vermittelt durch das Innere der menschlichen Organisation, Resultat von Gesten. Wenn Sie Ihre Aufmerksamkeit darauf richten, wie ein Kind, indem es nicht nur sprechen lernt, sondern auch, sagen wir, gehen, auftreten lernt, dann können Sie beobachten, wie das eine Kind stärker auftritt mit dem Hinterfuß, mit der Ferse, ein anderes mehr mit den Zehen auftritt. Sie können Kinder beobachten, welche, indem sie gehen lernen, mehr die Tendenz haben, ihre Beine vorwärtszubringen, bei anderen können Sie bemerken, wie sie mehr die Tendenz haben, gewissermaßen sich festzuhalten zwischen zwei Schritten. Es ist ungeheuer interessant, ein Kind gehen lernen zu sehen. Das muß man beobachten lernen. Aber noch viel interessanter ist es und noch viel weniger wird es berücksichtigt, ein Kind greifen lernen, seine Hände bewegen lernen anzusehen. Es gibt Kinder, die bewegen, wenn sie irgend etwas haben wollen, ihre Hände so, daß die Finger eben in Bewegung kommen; andere halten die Finger ruhig und greifen mit ruhig gehaltenen Fingern zu. Es gibt Kinder, welche die Hand und den Arm ausstrecken und dabei den Oberkörper festhalten; andere gibt es, die gleich mit dem Oberkörper nachgehen der Bewegung des Armes und der Hand. Ich habe ein Kind kennengelernt, als es ganz klein war, wenn es in seinem Stühlchen etwas vom Tische entfernt war und auf dem Tische eine Speise stand, zu der es hinwollte, dann «ruderte» es hin; da war der ganze Körper in Bewegung. Das konnte überhaupt keine Bewegung mit den Armen und Händen machen, ohne daß der ganze Körper in Bewegung kam.
Darauf muß man zuerst beim Kinde hinschauen, denn das ist die innerlichste Lebensregung zunächst, die allerursprünglichste Lebensregung, wie ein Kind sich bewegt. Und in diesem Sich-Bewegen tritt sogleich die Tendenz auf, an den andern sich anzuschmiegen: eine solche Bewegung so auszuführen, wie sie Vater oder Mutter oder die sonstigen Mitglieder der Familie ausführen. Das Nachahmungsprinzip tritt in der Geste, in der Gebärde zutage. Denn alle Gebärde ist als erstes in der menschlichen Entwickelung vorhanden. Und die Gebärde setzt sich innerlich um in die besondere Einrichtung des menschlichen physischen, seelischen und geistigen Organismus, und sie setzt sich um in die Sprache. Wer das beobachten kann, weiß ganz genau: ein Kind spricht so, daß die Sätze wie gehackt aussehen, wenn es mit den Fersen auftritt; ein Kind spricht so, daß die Sätze ineinander übergehen, wenn es mit den Zehen auftritt; ein Kind hat den Sinn, das Vokalische zu betonen, wenn es mit den Fingern leichter greift; ein Kind ist so, daß es mehr für die Betonung des Konsonantischen veranlagt ist, wenn es mit dem ganzen Arm nachhilft beim Greifen. In der Sprache bekommt man genau einen Abdruck davon, wofür das Kind veranlagt ist. Und die Welt verstehen, sie sinngemäß, gedankengemäß verstehen, das entwikkelt sich wieder aus der Sprache heraus. Der Gedanke bringt nicht die Sprache hervor, sondern die Sprache den Gedanken. So ist es in der Kulturentwickelung mit der ganzen Menschheit, erst haben die Menschen gesprochen, dann gedacht. So ist es auch beim Kinde, erst lernt es aus der Bewegung heraus sprechen, artikulieren, dann erst schlüpft aus der Sprache heraus das Denken. Daher werden wir diese Reihenfolge als etwas Wichtiges ansehen müssen: Geste-Sprache- Gedanke oder Denken.
Alles das hat wieder in der ersten Lebensepoche des Kindes bis zum Zahnwechsel hin seinen ganz besonderen Charakter. Wenn das Kind so nach und nach im 1., 2., 3., 4. Lebensjahre in die Welt hereinwächst, so wächst es eben durch die Geste in die Welt herein, und alles ist von der Geste abhängig. Ich möchte sagen, das Sprechen, das Denken geschieht im hohen Grade unbewußt; es richtet sich einfach nach der Geste, nach dem ersten. Daher können wir approximativ sagen: In der Zeit vom 1. bis 7. Jahre ist das Leben des Kindes in der Geste vorherrschend - aber Geste im weitesten Sinne, und Geste, die beim Kinde lebt in der Nachahmung. Das müssen wir in der Erziehung scharf berücksichtigen; denn eigentlich nimmt das Kind bis zum Zahnwechsel nichts anderes auf als die Geste, schließt sich ab gegen alles andere. Wenn wir zum Kinde sagen: Mache das so, mache jenes so, — so hört es das eigentlich nicht, beobachtet es nicht. Nur wenn wir uns selber hinstellen und es ihm vormachen, macht es das nach. Denn es arbeitet das Kind nach der Art, wie ich selber meine Finger bewege, oder schaut etwas nach der Art an, wie ich es anschaue, nicht nach dem, was ich ihm sage. Es macht alles nach. Das ist das Geheimnis der kindlichen Entwickelung in der Zeit bis zum Zahnwechsel, daß es ganz in der Imitation lebt, ganz in der Nachahmung dessen, was ihm im allerumfassendsten Sinne äußerlich als Geste entgegentritt. Daher die Überraschungen, die sich ergeben, wenn man dieses kindliche Alter zum Erziehen vor sich hat. Da kam einmal ein Vater zu mir und sagte: Was soll ich nur machen? Es ist etwas ganz Schreckliches, mein Junge hat gestohlen. - Ich sagte: Wir wollen erst untersuchen, ob er wirklich stiehlt; was hat er denn getan? — Und der Vater erzählte, daß der Junge aus dem Schrank Geld genommen hat, sich dafür Bonbons gekauft und sie unter die andern Jungens verteilt hat. Ich sagte: Das ist wahrscheinlich der Schrank, an dem der Junge oft gesehen hat, wie die Mutter dort Geld herausnahm, um einzukaufen; das macht der Junge selbstverständlich nach. — Und so lag auch die Sache. Ich sagte weiter: Aber das ist nicht gestohlen, sondern das liegt im selbstverständlichen Entwickelungsprinzip des Jungen bis zum Zahnwechsel, daß er nachmacht, was er sieht; das muß er so machen. - Man muß also in der Gegenwart des Kindes alles vermeiden, was ein Kind nicht nachmachen soll. Dadurch erzieht man es. Wenn man sagt: Du sollst das tun oder nicht tun, — so übt das überhaupt bis zum Zahnwechsel noch gar keinen Einfluß auf das Kind aus. Es wirkt höchstens, wenn man es in die Geste kleidet, indem man sagt: Sieh einmal, du hast jetzt etwas getan, das würde ich nie tun! — weil dies gleichsam eine verkleidete Geste ist.
Darauf kommt es an, daß man mit seinem ganzen Menschen durchschaut, wie das Kind bis zum Zahnwechsel ein nachahmendes Wesen ist. In dieser Zeit besteht nämlich ein gewisser innerer Zusammenhang zwischen dem Kinde und der Umgebung, der handelnden Umgebung, der sich später verliert. Denn so sonderbar und paradox es für die heutigen Menschen klingt, die gar nicht an Geistiges in der Wirklichkeit, sondern nur in der Abstraktion denken, so ist es doch so, daß das ganze Verhältnis des Kindes zur Geste, zur Gebärde der Umgebung einen naturhaft-religiösen Charakter hat. Das Kind ist durch seinen physischen Leib hingegeben an alles, was Gebärde ist; es kann gar nicht anders, als sich daran hingeben. Was wir später mit der Seele, noch später mit dem Geiste tun: uns an das Göttliche, also an das wiederum vergeistigte Äußerliche hinzugeben, das tut das Kind mit seinem physischen Körper, indem es sich in die Bewegung bringt. Es ist eigentlich ganz in Religion getaucht, mit seinen guten und schlechten Eigenschaften. Uns bleibt später nur das Seelisch-Geistige zurück, das das Kind auch in seinem physischen Organismus hat. Wenn daher neben dem Kinde ein bärenartiger oder ein löwenartiger Vater lebt, der oft jähzornig wird und in der Gegenwart des Kindes seine Emotionen auslebt, so muß man sich klar sein: von dem, was da in den Emotionen lebt, innerlich, versteht das Kind noch nichts; aber an dem, was es da sieht, erlebt es etwas, was nicht moralisch ist. Dieses Kind schaut mit dem Jähzorn zugleich das Moralische an, unbewußt; so daß es nicht nur das äußere Bild der Geste hat, sondern den ganzen moralischen Wert der Geste nimmt es mit auf. Wenn ich eine jähzornige Gebärde mache, so geht diese bis in die Blutorganisation des Kindes über, und wenn sich diese Gebärden wiederholen, so werden sie Ausdruck in der Blutzirkulation des Kindes. Es wird so organisiert in seinem physischen Leibe, wie ich mich gebärdenhaft in seiner Umgebung verhalte. Oder wenn ich mich in der Nähe des Kindes nicht liebevoll verhalte, wenn ich, ohne daß ich das Kind beachte, etwas vollbringe, was nur dem Alter entspricht, und mir nicht stetig bewußt bin, daß ich das Kind in meiner Umgebung habe, dann kann der Fall eintreten, daß das Kind sich liebevoll an etwas hingibt, was nicht kindlich, sondern nur alterswert ist, und dementsprechend wird dann sein physischer Leib organisiert. Wer mit den Anforderungen, von denen ich gesprochen habe, den ganzen Lebenslauf des Menschen von der Geburt bis zum Tode betrachtet, der sieht, daß ein Kind, demgegenüber man sich so benommen hat, wenn man es auch solche, nur für das Alter angemessene Dinge nachahmen ließ, dann später vom 50. Jahre an in die Sklerose verfällt. Man muß das in seinem ganzen Zusammenhange einsehen können. Krankheiten, die im Alter auftreten, sind oft nur die Folge von Erziehungsfehlern, die im allerkindlichsten Alter gemacht werden.
Daher darf eine Erziehung, die wirklich auf Menschenerkenntnis begründet ist, auf den ganzen Menschen sehen, von der Geburt bis zum Tode. Und das ist das Wesentliche anthroposophischer Erkenntnis, daß man auf den ganzen Menschen hinsieht. Dann kommt man auch dahinter, wie ein viel stärkerer Zusammenhang besteht zwischen dem Kinde und der Umgebung. Ich möchte sagen, die Seele des Kindes geht noch heraus in die Umgebung, erlebt die Umgebung intim mit, und zwar in einem viel stärkeren Zusammenhange als im späteren Lebensalter. In dieser Beziehung steht das Kind - nur vergeistigt, verseelischt — dem Tier noch sehr nahe; das Tier hat das alles nur gröber, aber es hat auch den Zusammenhang mit der Umgebung. Daher sind ja manche Erscheinungen in der letzten Zeit, weil man auf die Einzelheiten der Dinge nicht eingehen kann, so unerklärlich gewesen, so zum Beispiel die «rechnenden Pferde», die ja so großes Aufsehen in der neueren Zeit gemacht haben, wo Pferde einfache Rechenoperationen durch das Stampfen mit den Beinen ausführten. Die berühmten Elberfelder Pferde habe ich nicht gesehen, dagegen das Pferd des Herrn von Osten. Das machte auch nette Rechenkünste. Herr von Osten fragte zum Beispiel: Wieviel sind 7 + 5? - und fing dann an zu zählen, von 1 ab, und das Pferd stampfte dann beim Resultat 12 mit dem Fuße auf. Es konnte also addieren, subtrahieren und so weiter. Nun gab es einen Privatdozenten, der dies Problem studierte und ein Buch darüber schrieb, das außerordentlich interessant ist. Er geht darin von der Anschauung aus, daß das Pferd gewisse kleine Gesten, die der Herr von Osten mache, der immer neben dem Pferde steht, sieht. Und er meint: Wenn also der Herr von Osten zählt, 7 + 5, bis 12, und das Pferd bei 12 aufstampft, so mache der Herr von Osten bei 12 dann eine ganz feine Miene, die das Pferd bemerke, und daher stampfe es auf. Es müsse alles, so meint er, auf ein Anschauliches zurückgeführt werden. — Aber nun wirft er noch die Frage auf: Warum siehst denn du nicht diese Geste, die der Herr von Osten so fein macht, daß das Pferd sie sieht und bei 12 aufstampft? Und da sagt der Privatdozent: Diese Gesten sind so fein, daß ich als Mensch sie nicht sehen kann. - Woraus man den Schluß ziehen kann, daß ein Roß mehr sieht als ein Privatdozent. Aber dies stimmte für mich durchaus nicht. Denn ich sah dieses Wunder des intelligenten Pferdes, den klugen Hans, daneben den Herrn von Osten in seinem langen Mantel. Und ich sah nun: in seiner rechten Manteltasche hatte er lauter Zuckerstücke, und während er seine Experimente mit dem Pferde machte, ging aus seiner Tasche immer ein Stück Zucker nach dem andern zu dem Pferde hin; so daß im Inneren des Pferdes das Gefühl entstand, da geht Süßigkeit aus von dem Herrn von Osten. Dadurch stellt sich eine Art von Liebe her zwischen dem Herrn und dem Pferd. Und nur wenn das vorhanden ist, wenn also gewissermaßen das Innere des Pferdes eingeschaltet ist in das Innere des Herrn von Osten durch den Strom von Süßigkeit, der da fließt, dann «rechnet» das Pferd, indem es tatsächlich etwas aufnimmt — nun nicht durch Mienen, sondern durch das, was Herr von Osten denkt. Er denkt: 547 =12, und das Pferd ist für die Aufnahme dieses Gedankens suggeriert und bildet tatsächlich einen Abdruck davon. Denn man kann tatsächlich sehen: das Pferd und der Herr sind seelisch ineinander eingeschaltet; die vermitteln sich gegenseitig etwas, wenn sie eingeschaltet sind durch die Süßigkeit. So also hat das Tier noch diese feinere Beziehung zur Umgebung, die noch von außen aufgestachelt werden kann, wie in diesem Falle durch den Zucker.
Eine solche Beziehung zur Umwelt ist auch noch in einer feinen Art beim Kinde vorhanden. Sie lebt im Kinde und sollte beachtet werden. Daher kann zum Beispiel die Kindergartenerziehung niemals auf etwas anderem beruhen als auf dem Nachahmungsprinzip. Man muß sich mit den Kindern hinsetzen und ihnen die Dinge, die sie tun sollen, wirklich selber vormachen, so daß das Kind nur nachzuahmen braucht. Alles Erziehen und Unterrichten vor dem Zahnwechsel muß auf das Nachahmungsprinzip gestellt sein.
Ganz anders wird es mit dem Kinde, wenn es den Zahnwechsel überdauert. Da wird sein seelisches Leben ganz anders. Es wird so, daß das Kind nicht mehr bloß die einzelnen Gesten wahrnimmt, sondern die Art und Weise, wie die Gesten zusammenstimmen. Während es vorher zum Beispiel nur ein Gefühl hatte für eine bestimmte Linie, bekommt es jetzt ein Gefühl für ein Zusammenstimmen, für das, wo etwas symmetrisch ist. Das Gefühl für das Zusammenstimmen und Nichtzusammenstimmen tritt auf, und das Kind bekommt dann in seiner Seele die Möglichkeit, Bildhaftes wahrzunehmen. In dem Augenblick aber, wo das Bildhafte wahrgenommen wird, tritt das Interesse für die Sprache ein. In den ersten sieben Lebensjahren ist das Interesse für die Geste, für das Bewegungshafte vorhanden; in der Zeit vom 7. bis 14. Jahre das Interesse für alles, was bildhaft ist, und die Sprache ist das vorzüglichste Bildhafte. Das Interesse des Kindes geht nach dem Zahnwechsel von der Geste an die Sprache über. Und in der Zeit, in der wir das Kind in der Volksschule haben, also zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife, können wir vorzugsweise durch alles wirken, was in der Sprache liegt, aber auch durch alles, was moralisch in der Sprache liegt. Denn gerade so, wie das Kind in der Geste vorher sich religiös verhalten hat zur Umwelt, verhält es sich jetzt — das Religiöse verfeinert sich allmählich in das Seelische - moralisch zu allem, was ihm in der Sprache entgegentritt.
Nun müssen wir lernen, in diesem Lebensalter durch die Sprache auf das Kind zu wirken. Alles aber, was durch die Sprache wirken soll, muß durch die selbstverständliche Autorität wirken. Was ich dem Kinde durch die Sprache für ein Bild beibringen will, dafür muß ich ihm selbstverständliche Autorität sein, Geradeso wie man der Vormacher sein muß für das kleine Kind bis zum Zahnwechsel, so muß man das menschliche Vorbild werden für das Kind zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife. Das heißt, es hat gar keinen Sinn, in diesem Lebensalter für das Kind etwas zu begründen, ihm Gründe zu sagen, so daß es irgendwie einsehen soll, daß es etwas tun oder lassen soll, weil es begründet oder unbegründet ist. Daran hört das Kind vorbei. Daß es so ist, muß man nur einsehen. Geradeso wie das Kind im frühesten menschlichen Lebensalter nur die Geste beobachtet, so beachtet es zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife nur das, was ich ihm als Mensch bin. Das Kind muß zum Beispiel das Moralische in diesem Lebensalter so lernen, daß es dasjenige als gut ansieht, was die selbstverständliche Erzieherautorität als gut durch die Sprache bezeichnet; es muß als böse ansehen, was auch diese Autorität als böse ansieht. Das Kind muß lernen: Gut ist, was meine Autorität macht; böse ist, was meine Autorität nicht macht; beziehungsweise wovon meine Autorität sagt, daß es gut ist, das ist gut, und wovon sie sagt, daß es böse ist, das ist böse. — Sie werden mir nicht zumuten, daß ich, der ich vor 30 Jahren meine «Philosophie der Freiheit» geschrieben habe, auftreten will für das einzig und allein seligmachende Autoritätsprinzip. Aber gerade dann, wenn man das Wesen der Freiheit kennt, weiß man auch, daß das Kind zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife durch die Natur des Menschen darauf angewiesen ist, einer selbstverständlichen Autorität gegenüberzustehen. Alles ist Erziehungsfehler, was nicht dieses Verhältnis des Kindes zur selbstverständlichen Autorität der Erzieher- und Lehrerpersönlichkeit in sich schließt. Das Kind muß die Richtschnur für alles, was es tun oder lassen soll, denken oder nicht denken soll, fühlen oder nicht fühlen soll, in dem sehen, was ihm durch die Sprache von seiten des Lehrers und Erziehers zufließt. Daher hat es keinen Sinn, in diesem Lebensalter ihm etwas durch den Intellekt beibringen zu wollen. Alles muß in dieser Zeit auf das Gefühl hin orientiert sein; denn das Gefühl nimmt das Bildhafte auf, und auf das Bildhafte, auf das Zusammenstimmen von Einzelheiten hin ist das Kind in diesem Lebensalter organisiert. Daher kann also das Moralische zum Beispiel nicht so an das Kind herantreten, daß man Gebote aufstellt: Das sollst du tun, jenes sollst du nicht tun! - Das wirkt nicht. Aber es wirkt, wenn das Kind durch die Art, wie man zu ihm spricht, in seiner inneren Seelenverfassung das haben kann, daß ihm das Gute gefällt, das Böse mißfällt. Das Kind ist zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife ein Ästhetiker, und man muß dafür sorgen, daß es Wohlgefallen hat am Guten, Mißfallen am Bösen. Dann reift es auch im Moralischen am besten heran.
Und wiederum aufrichtig, innerlich aufrichtig muß man in dieser bildhaften Arbeit neben dem Kinde sein. Dazu aber gehört, daß man von allem, was man tut, tief innerlich durchdrungen ist. Das ist man nicht, wenn man nur ein klein wenig neben dem Kinde steht, sofort mit dem Gefühl da ist: Du bist ja riesig gescheit — das Kind ist riesig dumm. — Das verdirbt alle Erziehung, verdirbt auch beim Kinde das Autoritätsgefühl. Was soll ich denn in das Bild verwandeln, das ich da an das Kind heranbringen will? Ich habe dazu folgendes Beispiel zur Versinnlichung gewählt.
Man kann dem Kinde nicht wie dem erwachsenen Menschen von der Unsterblichkeit der Seele sprechen; aber man muß die Unsterblichkeit der Seele an das Kind herantragen, nur muß sie zum Bilde werden, und man muß - es kann eine Stunde dauern — das folgende Bild ausgestalten. Man kann dem Kinde klarmachen, was eine Schmetterlingspuppe ist und ihm sagen: Da fliegt später der fertige Schmetterling aus; die Puppe enthielt schon den Schmetterling, er war nur noch nicht sichtbar, er war noch nicht so weit, daß er ausfliegen konnte, aber er war schon darinnen. - Nun kann man weitergehen und sagen: In ähnlicher Weise enthält der menschliche Körper schon die Seele, nur ist sie nicht sichtbar; im Tode aber fliegt die Seele aus dem Körper aus; der Unterschied zwischen Mensch und Schmetterling ist nur der, daß der Schmetterling sichtbar ist, die menschliche Seele nicht. - In dieser Weise kann man dem Kinde von der Unsterblichkeit der Seele sprechen, so daß es, seinem Lebensalter angemessen, durchaus eine richtige Vorstellung von der Unsterblichkeit bekommt. Nur darf man dann aber nicht so neben dem Kinde stehen, daß man sich sagt: Ich bin gescheit, bin Philosoph und beweise mir die Unsterblichkeit aus dem Denken heraus; das Kind ist naiv, ist dumm, und ich forme mir eben das Bild von dem herauskriechenden Schmetterling. - Wenn man so denkt, geht man am Kinde vorüber; dann hat das Kind nichts davon. Da gibt es nur eine Möglichkeit: Man muß selbst an das Bild glauben, man muß nicht gescheiter sein wollen als das Kind; man muß genau so gläubig neben dem Kinde stehen. Wie kann man das? — Wer Anthroposoph, Geisteswissenschafter ist, der weiß: das Auskriechen des Schmetterlings aus der Puppe ist selbst ein von den Göttern der Welt hingestelltes Bild für die Unsterblichkeit der Menschenseele. Er denkt nie anders, als daß die Götter hineingezeichnet haben in die Welt dieses Bild des auskriechenden Schmetterlings für die Unsterblichkeit der Menschenseele; er hat eine Naturanschauung, die geistig ist, und kann dem Kinde klarmachen, daß es so ist. Er sieht in allen niederen Stufen des Vorganges die abstrakt gewordenen höheren Vorgänge. Wenn ich nicht die Vorstellung habe, daß das Kind dumm ist und ich gescheit bin, sondern wenn ich vor dem Kinde mit dem Bewußtsein stehe, daß das so ist in der Welt und das Kind an etwas heranführe, woran ich selbst am allerintensivsten glaube, dann gibt es ein imponderables Verhältnis und das Kind kommt wirklich in der Erziehung vorwärts. Da laufen in das Erziehungsverhältnis fortwährend moralische Imponderabilien ein. Und darauf kommt es an.
Wenn man dies durchschaut, wird man im erzieherischen Unterricht, in der unterrichtenden Erziehung aus der ganzen Gesinnung heraus überall darauf kommen, wie es sich mit dem Richtigen verhält. Nehmen wir ein Beispiel. Wie muß das Kind lesen und schreiben lernen? Es ist ja eigentlich eine viel größere Misere damit verbunden als man, da man ja das Lesen- und Schreibenlernen als eine Notwendigkeit ansieht, mit brutalem Menschensinn gewöhnlich meint. Man sieht es als eine Notwendigkeit ein, also muß das Kind unter allen Umständen dazu dressiert werden, lesen und schreiben zu lernen. Aber bedenken Sie, was das für das Kind heißt! Die Menschen haben nicht die Neigung, wenn sie einmal erwachsen sind, sich in die kindliche Seele hineinzuversetzen, was das Kind erlebt, wenn es lesen und schreiben lernt. Da haben wir in unserer heutigen Zivilisation Buchstaben, a, b, c und so weiter; sie stehen in gewissen Bildern vor uns. Ja, das Kind hat den Laut «ah». Wann gebraucht es ihn? Der Laut ist ihm Ausdruck einer inneren Seelenverfassung. Es gebraucht diesen Laut, wenn es in Bewunderung, in Erstaunen oder in einer ähnlichen Seelenverfassung vor etwas steht. Den Laut versteht es; der hängt mit der menschlichen Natur zusammen. Oder es hat den Laut «eh». Wann gebraucht es diesen? Wenn es andeuten will: Da ist etwas an mich herangetreten, was ich erlebt habe, was in meine Natur eingreift. Wenn mich jemand sticht, sage ich «eh!». Und so ist es auch mit den Konsonanten. Jeder Laut entspricht einer Lebensäußerung; die Konsonanten ahmen eine äußere Welt nach, die Vokale drücken das aus, was man in der Seele innerlich erlebt. - Die Sprachlehre, die Philologie, kommt heute nur in den ersten Elementen auf so etwas. Die gelehrtesten Sprachforscher haben darüber nachgedacht, wie im Laufe der menschlichen Entwickelung die Sprache zustande gekommen sein könnte. Da gibt es zwei Theorien. Die eine vertritt die Anschauung, daß die Sprache zustande komme aus dem, was die Seele erlebt, wie es schon beim Tier in der primitivsten Form auftritt, daß irgendein inneres Seelenerlebnis herauskommt: «muh-muh», was die Kuh erlebt; was der Hund erlebt: «wau-wau». Und so würde in Komplikation das, was im Menschen die artikulierte Sprache wird, aus diesem Drängen des Inneren, Empfindungen zur Gestaltung zu bringen, hervorgehen. Man nennt diese Anschauung etwas humoristisch die «Wauwau-Theorie». Die andere Anschauung geht davon aus, daß man im Sprachlaute nachahmt, was äußerlich sich vollzieht. Wenn die Glocke tönt, so kann man in der Sprache nachahmen, was in der Glocke drinnen vorgeht: «bimbambimbam». Da versucht man nachzuahmen, was äußerlich vorgeht. Das ist diejenige Theorie, die in der Sprache alles auf Anklingen, auf Imitation der äußeren Geschehnisse zurückführt, die «Bimbam-Theorie». So stehen sich diese zwei Theorien gegenüber. Ich meine es gar nicht humoristisch, denn in Wirklichkeit sind beide richtig: die WauwauTheorie ist für den Vokalismus richtig, die Blmbam-Theorie für den Konsonantismus. -— Wir lernen, indem wir die Gesten in die Laute umsetzen, im Inneren äußere Vorgänge nachzuahmen durch die Konsonanten, und innere Seelenerlebnisse auszugestalten in den Vokalen. Inneres und Äußeres fließt in der Sprache zusammen. Das ist der menschlichen Natur homogen, das versteht sie.
Wir bekommen das Kind in die Volksschule herein. Durch seine innere Organisation ist es ein sprechendes Wesen geworden. Nun soll es plötzlich einen Zusammenhang erleben - ich sage, indem ich meine Worte genau abwäge, nicht erkennen, sondern erleben -, einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Erstaunen, Verwundern «ah» und diesem dämonischen Zeichen a. Das ist ihm etwas ganz Fremdes. Es soll lernen, etwas, was ihm ganz ferne liegt, in Zusammenhang zu bringen mit dem «ah!». Das ist für die kindliche Seelenverfassung etwas ganz Unmögliches. Das Kind fühlt sich wie gerädert, wenn wir von unseren heutigen Buchstabenformen ausgehen.
Aber man kann da etwas bedenken. Was wir heute als Buchstaben haben, war ja nicht immer da. Sehen wir auf diejenigen älteren Völker, die eine Bilderschrift gehabt haben: sie haben in Bildern, die schon etwas zu tun hatten mit dem, was ausgesprochen worden ist, das Auszudrückende versinnlicht. Sie hatten nicht solche Buchstaben wie wir, sondern Bilder, die einen Bezug hatten zu dem, was sie bedeuteten. Dasselbe könnte auch in einer gewissen Weise auf die Keilschrift angewendet werden. Das waren die Zeiten, in denen man noch, wenn man etwas fixierte, ein menschliches Verhältnis dazu hatte. Heute haben wir das nicht. Beim Kinde muß man wieder darauf zurückgehen. Doch da handelt es sich nicht darum, daß man nun Kulturgeschichte studiert und auf die Formen zurückgeht, die einmal in der Bilderschrift vorhanden waren, sondern man bringe, um zu brauchbaren Bildern zu kommen, vor allem seine Lehrer-, seine Erzieherphantasie etwas in Schwung. Die muß man allerdings haben, denn ohne sie kann man nicht Lehrer oder Erzieher sein. Daher muß schon immer, wenn es sich um die Charakteristik von etwas handelt, was aus dem Anthroposophischen hervorgeht, auf Enthusiasmus, auf Begeisterung hingewiesen werden. — Ich bin immer wenig erbaut, wenn ich zum Beispiel in unserer Waldorfschule in eine Klasse hineinkomme und beim Lehrer oder bei der Lehrerin merke, sie sind müde, sie unterrichten aus einer gewissen Verfassung der Müdigkeit heraus. Ja, das kann man doch überhaupt nicht! Man kann doch nicht müde sein, man kann doch nur enthusiasmiert sein, mit seinem ganzen Menschen dabei sein, wenn man unterrichtet. Es ist ganz falsch, müde zu sein, wenn man unterrichten will; das muß man sich für anderes aufbewahren. —- Es handelt sich also durchaus darum, daß man als Lehrer auch seine Phantasie in Schwung bringen kann. Was heißt das? Ich appelliere zunächst beim Kinde an etwas, was es auf dem Markt oder sonst irgendwo gesehen hat, zum Beispiel einen Fisch. Ich bringe es dazu, daß es zunächst, indem ich es sogar Farben benutzen lasse, einen Fisch malend zeichnet, zeichnend malt. Habe ich es dazu gebracht, so lasse ich es dann das Wort «Fisch» sagen, dieses Wort nicht schnell heraussprechend, sondern «F-i-sch». Ich leite es dann an, nur den Anfang des Wortes Fisch, «F...», zu sagen und ich bilde allmählich die Fischgestalt in dieses fisch-ähnliche Zeichen um, indem ich das Kind gleichzeitig dazu bringe, «F» zu sagen: das F ist da!
Oder ich lasse das Kind sagen: «Welle», bringe ihm bei, was eine Welle ist (siehe Zeichnung). Ich lasse das Kind dies wiederum malen, bringe es dazu, den Anfang des Wortes Welle zu sagen: «W...», und ich verwandle dann die Wellenzeichnung in das W.
Indem ich dies immer weiter ausbilde, hole ich aus dem malenden Zeichnen und dem zeichnenden Malen die Schriftzeichen heraus, wie sie auch entstanden sind. Ich bringe nicht das Kind in ein Zivilisationsstadium hinein, das mit ihm noch nichts gemeinschaftlich hat, sondern ich führe es so, daß niemals sein Verhältnis zur Außenwelt abreißt. Da muß man, wenn man nicht gerade Kulturgeschichte studieren will denn aus der Bilderschrift ist die heutige Schrift entstanden, aber Kulturgeschichte studieren braucht man gar nicht -, man muß nur seine Phantasie in Schwung bringen; denn dann bringt man das Kind dazu, aus dem malenden Zeichnen das Schreiben zu gestalten.
Nun muß man nicht nur darauf Wert legen, daß man damit etwas Geistreiches getan hat, daß man eine neue Methode hat. Man muß darauf Wert legen, wie das Kind innerlich in anderes hineinwächst, wenn fortwährend seine Seelenbetätigung angeregt wird. Es wächst nicht hinein, wenn es gestoßen wird, so daß es fortwährend in fremde Verhältnisse zur Umgebung hineinkommt. Daß man auf das Innere des Kindes wirkt, darauf kommt es an.
Was ist denn heute Prinzip? Es ist zwar heute schon wieder etwas überholt, aber es liegt noch nicht weit zurück, da gab man den Mädchen «schöne» Puppen, mit richtigen Haaren und so weiter, schließlich sogar solche, die, wenn man sie hinlegte, die Augen schließen konnten, Puppen mit schönen Gesichtern und so weiter. Sie sind natürlich trotzdem scheußlich, weil sie unkünstlerisch sind, aber die Zivilisation nennt sie schön. Aber was sind das für Puppen? Es sind solche, an denen sich die Phantasie des Kindes gar nicht mehr betätigen kann. Nun mache man die Sache anders. Man binde ein Taschentuch so zusammen, daß eine Figur mit Armen und Beinen entsteht, dann mache man mit Tintenklecksen Augen, mit roter Tinte vielleicht auch noch einen Mund; dann hat das Kind daran seine Phantasie zu entfalten, wenn es dies sich als einen Menschen vorstellen soll. So etwas wirkt ungeheuer lebendig auf das Kind, weil es ihm die Möglichkeit bietet, seine Phantasie in Schwung zu bringen. Man muß es natürlich erst selber machen. Aber diese Möglichkeit muß man dem Kinde verschaffen, und dies ist schon im Spielalter zu machen. Daher sind alle die Dinge, die nicht die Phantasie des Kindes in Schwung bringen, als Spielzeuge verderblich. — Ich sagte, heute ist man schon wieder über die schönen Puppen hinaus; denn heute gibt man dem Kinde Affen oder Bären. Da kann sich die Phantasie allerdings nicht in menschlicher Weise daran erbauen. Aber gerade solche Erscheinungen, wenn einem die Kinder entgegenkommen und man ihnen einen Bären gibt, den sie so hätscheln können, das zeigt, wie fern unsere Zivilisation demjenigen steht, was Hineinschauen in das Innere der menschlichen Natur ist. Und es ist ganz merkwürdig, wie Kinder dieses Innere der Menschennatur auf selbstverständlich künstlerische Weise ausgestalten können.
Wir haben dazu in der Waldorfschule den Übergang des gewöhnlichen Unterrichtes in eine Art Kunstunterricht eingerichtet. Also abgesehen davon, daß wir überhaupt nicht damit beginnen, die Kinder schreiben zu lehren, sondern sie malend zeichnen und zeichnend malen - man könnte auch sagen, «patzen» lassen, man muß dann die Klasse hinterher reinigen lassen, was vielleicht etwas unbequem ist; ich werde dann morgen auch sagen, wie man vom Schreiben zum Lesen übergeht -, abgesehen davon, führen wir auch das Kind möglichst in das Künstlerische hinein, in die Handhabung kleiner plastischer Arbeiten, ohne daß wir das Kind auf etwas anderes bringen, als was es aus seinem Inneren heraus aus der Form machen will. Da stellen sich ganz merkwürdige Dinge ein. Eines zum Beispiel will ich anführen, das bei älteren Kindern in wunderbarer Weise auftritt.
Wir haben ja Menschenerkenntnis verhältnismäßig bald als Unterrichtsgegenstand, so für die zehn-, elfjährigen Kinder. Sie lernen da erkennen, wie Knochen geformt, gebaut sind, wie Knochen einander tragen und so weiter. Und gerade künstlerisch lernen das die Kinder, nicht intellektualistisch. Nun hat das Kind ein paar solcher Stunden gehabt, in denen es eine Anschauung von dem Bau der menschlichen Knochen bekommen hat, von der Dynamik der Knochen, von dem Sich-Tragen. Jetzt geht man hinüber in die Werkstätte, wo die Kinder plastische Gestalten formen, und sieht dem, was das Kind macht, sogleich an: es hat etwas von den Knochen gelernt. Nicht daß es die Knochenformen nachahmte, sondern wie sich die Seele in Bewegung setzt, innerlich, das drückt sich darin aus, wie es jetzt seine Formen macht. Vorher ist es auch darauf gekommen, zum Beispiel kleine Behälter zu fertigen; die Kinder kommen ganz von selber darauf, solche schalenartigen Dinge zu machen. Die werden aus der Natur des Kindes heraus ganz anders, bevor es einen solchen Unterricht bekommen hat, und nachher, wenn das Erlebnis tatsächlich so ist, wie es sein soll. Aber man muß dann die Menschenkunde auch so vorbringen, daß sie in den ganzen Menschen übergeht. Heute ist das schwierig.
Wenn jemand so viel, wie ich, in Ateliers herumgekommen ist und gesehen hat, wie die Leute gemalt und gebildhauert haben, so weiß er auch, daß heute kaum ein Bildhauer etwas macht ohne ein Modell; er muß eine Menschenform vor sich haben, wenn er sie modellieren will. Das wäre für einen griechischen Künstler ein Unsinn gewesen. Er hat allerdings in den öffentlichen Spielen die Menschenform kennengelernt, aber er empfand innerlich die menschliche Form. Er wußte aus dem, wie er es in sich fühlte - und dieses Gefühl verkörperte er ohne Modell -, er wußte den Unterschied, wie ein Arm ist, wenn er den Arm vorstreckt, wenn er den Zeigefinger auch noch vorstreckt und dergleichen. Dieses Gefühl verkörperte er dann in die Form hinein. Aber wenn Sie heute Menschenkunde so lehren, wie es einmal üblich ist, so wird da eben nach Abbildungen oder Zeichnungen der eine Knochen neben den andern hingestellt, ein Muskel wird neben dem andern beschrieben, und man bekommt keinen Eindruck davon, wie alles gegenseitig sich verhält. - Bei uns wissen die Kinder, wenn sie einen Wirbelknochen der Rückenmarkssäule haben, wie er dem Kopfknochen ähnlich ist; sie bekommen ein Gefühl dafür, wie die Transformation der Knochen ist. Dann aber leben sie in den menschlichen Formen drinnen und haben dann auch den Drang, das wieder künstlerisch auszudrükken. Da geht es in das Leben hinein, da bleibt es nicht äußerlich.
Daher ist es meine große Sehnsucht und auch meine Forderung als Leiter der Waldorfschule, daß womöglich alles, was Wissenschaft ist — ich schätze diese Wissenschaft, keiner kann sie so hoch schätzen wie ich -, aber alles, was fixierte, in Büchern fixierte Wissenschaft ist, sollte aus dem Schulunterricht herausgelassen werden. Man mag es außerhalb der Schule treiben,wenn man das nicht bezähmen kann; aber ich würde sonst rasend werden können, wenn ich einen Lehrer oder eine Lehrerin mit einem Buche vor der Klasse stehen sehen würde. Beim Unterricht muß alles innerlich sein, muß alles selbstverständlich sein. Wie lehrt man heute zum Beispiel Botanik? Wir haben Botanikbücher; die sind Wiedergaben wissenschaftlicher Anschauungen, aber sie gehören nicht in die Schule hinein, wo man Kinder zwischen dem Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife hat. Die Literatur, die man als Lehrer braucht, muß eben auch erst wieder herauswachsen aus den lebendigen Erziehungsprinzipien, von denen ich hier sprechen will.
So handelt es sich wirklich darum, daß nun in dem ganzen Habitus, in dem seelischen, geistigen und körperlichen Habitus des Lehrers das Zusammengewachsensein mit der Welt drinnen ist. Dann kann er auf die Kinder wirken, dann ist er für sie die selbstverständliche Autorität zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife. Immer kommt es darauf an, daß man hineingewachsen ist in das Erleben und daß alles lebendig übergeht auf das Leben. Das ist der große Grundsatz, den man heute in der Erziehung haben muß. Dann ist der Zusammenhang mit der Klasse da und damit dasjenige, was als imponderable Stimmung da sein muß.
Fragenbeantwortung
Frage: Es gibt Erwachsene, die auf der Stufe des nachahmenden Kindes stehengeblieben zu sein scheinen. Wie ist das?
Dr.Steiner: Auf jeder Stufe, auf welcher die menschliche Entwikkelung sich abspielt, ist es möglich, daß der Mensch stehenbleibt. Wenn man so die Stufen der Entwickelung schildert - nehmen wir jetzt zu dem, was wir heute anführen konnten, noch hinzu die Embryonalzeit, dann diejenige bis zum Zahnwechsel, und dann die Zeit bis zur Geschlechtsreife -, dann haben wir diejenigen Epochen angegeben, welche in einem voll entwickelten Menschenleben sich ausgestalten können. Aber vor ganz kurzer Zeit nun hat der Zusammenhang unserer anthroposophischen Entwickelung ergeben, daß es sich darum handelte, heilpädagogische Vorträge zu halten, dabei anzuknüpfen an ganz bestimmte Fälle von Kindern, die in ihrer Entwickelung entweder zurückgeblieben oder nach irgendeiner Seite hin abnorm entwickelt sind. Wir haben das dann so eingerichtet, daß wir von dem Klinisch-Therapeutischen Institut von Frau Dr. Wegman in Arlesheim einzelne Fälle, die dort behandelt werden, pädagogisch medizinisch, hygienisch und so weiter vorgeführt haben. Unter diesen Fällen befand sich auch ein solcher, den ein Kind aufwies, das fast ein Jahr alt ist, auch die Größe eines Kindes von einem Jahre ungefähr hat, aber in seiner ganzen physischen Ausgestaltung absolut in dem Stadium eines, man könnte etwa sagen, sieben- bis achtmonatigen Embryo stehengeblieben ist. Wenn Sie nur die Umrisse jenes Kindes zeichnen und dabei nicht recht deutlich die schon etwas mehr ausmodellierten Gliedmaßen zeichnen, sondern sie nur andeuten, aber die Kopfform deutlich zeichnen, wie sie bei diesem Jungen vorhanden ist, und dann, wenn Sie die Zeichnung so obenhin anschauen, keine Ahnung haben, daß dies ein Junge von fast einem Jahre ist, dann werden Sie glauben, daß es ein Embryo sei, weil dieser Junge in vielen Dingen die Konstitution desEmbryonalen nach der Geburt beibehalten hat.
Jede Lebensstufe, also auch die embryonale, kann in eine spätere hineingetragen werden. Denn die aufeinanderfolgenden Entwickelungsstadien sind so, daß sozusagen bei jedem neuen Stadium das alte sich verwandelt und Neues dazukommt. Nehmen Sie nur das ganz genau, was ich gesagt habe in bezug auf die naturhaft-religiöse Hingabe des Kindes an die Umgebung vor dem Zahnwechsel, dann haben Sie da das Naturhaft-Religiöse, das sich später umwandelt in das Seelische, und Sie haben das ästhetische Stadium als ein zweites hinzukommend. Nun kommen sehr viele Kinder vor, die in das zweite Stadium das erste hineintragen, und das zweite bleibt dann kümmerlich. Aber das kann noch weitergehen: das schon verkörperte Stadium kann in jedem andern auftreten; dann wird in spätere Stadien das ursprüngliche hineingetragen werden. Und es braucht gar nicht einmal für die Oberflächlichkeit des Lebens so sehr stark bemerkbar zu sein, daß gewissermaßen ein früheres Stadium geblieben ist für ein späteres, wenn nicht ein besonders spätes Alter eine solche Erscheinung aufweist. Aber das kommt also vor, daß frühere Stadien in spätere hineingetragen werden.
Nehmen Sie die Sache bei einem niederen Naturreich. Die ausgewachsene, voll entwickelte gewöhnliche Pflanze hat Wurzel, Stengel mit Blättern, dann die grünen Laubblätter konzentriert zum Kelch, dann kommen die Blumenblätter, Staubgefäße, Pistill, Stempel und so weiter. Aber es gibt ja nun Pflanzen, die es nicht bis zur Blüte bringen, die auf der Stufe des Krautes, der grünen Blätter zurückbleiben und Früchte nur in unentwickelter Form ausbilden. Wie weit bleibt zum Beispiel ein Farnkraut zurück gegenüber einem Hahnenfuß! Bei den Pflanzen führt das nicht zur Abnormität. Aber beim Menschen haben wir nur die eine Art Mensch. Dann bleibt der Mensch durch sein ganzes Leben hindurch ein nachahmendes Wesen oder ein solches, das unter . Autorität stehen muß. Denn wir können es im Leben nicht nur mit solchen Menschen zu tun haben, die nachahmende Wesen bleiben, sondern auch mit solchen, die in bezug auf ihre realen Eigenschaften in dem Stadium bleiben, das voll entwickelt wird zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife. Diese Menschen sind sogar sehr häufig; da pflanzt sich dieses Stadium in das spätere Leben hinein fort. Die Leute kommen dann für das, was sie im späteren Leben haben, nicht viel weiter, als daß das später Auftretende nur in einem eingeschränkten Maße herauskommt; aber die Menschen bleiben dann immer auf der Stufe der Autorität. - Wenn es das nicht gäbe, dann gäbe es auch nicht die heute noch bestehende Neigung zu Sektenbildungen und so weiter; denn die Sektenverbindungen beruhen darauf, daß man nicht selber zu denken braucht, sondern den andern denken läßt und ihm folgt. Aber auf gewissen Gebieten des Lebens stehen die allermeisten Menschen in dem Stadium der Autorität. Wenn es sich zum Beispiel darum handelt, über irgendeine Frage wissenschaftlicher Natur zu urteilen, so bemühen sich die Menschen nicht darum, Einsichten zu haben, sondern sie fragen: Wo ist der, der es wissen muß, der an irgendeiner Universität in einer Fakultät lehrt? - Da haben Sie das Autoritätsprinzip. Aber auch bei den Kranken ist das Autoritätsprinzip, wenn auch berechtigt, in stärkstem Maße ausgebildet. Und in juristischen Fragen zum Beispiel will kein Mensch heute selbständig urteilen; da geht man zum Advokaten, der weiß es, da bleibt man immer auf dem Standpunkte von 8,9 Jahren stehen. Und dann ist dieser Advokat manchmal selber nicht viel älter. Wenn man ihm Fragen stellt, nimmt er wieder ein Gesetzbuch oder eine Mappe herunter, und da hat man dann wieder eine Autorität. Die Dinge sind so, daß jedes Stadium in ein späteres hineinkommen kann.
Die Anthroposophische Gesellschaft sollte eigentlich nur aus Menschen bestehen, die über das Autoritative hinauswachsen, die gar kein Autoritätsprinzip anerkennen, sondern nur wirkliche Einsicht. Das können sich die Menschen draußen so wenig denken, daß sie immer sagen: Die Anthroposophie beruht auf Autorität. — Aber gerade das Entgegengesetzte ist der Fall, über das Autoritätsprinzip soll hinausgewachsen werden durch diejenige Art von Einsichten, die in der Anthroposophie gepflegt werden. Da handelt es sich darum, daß der Mensch jedes winzige Partikel von Einsichten aufgreife, damit er die verschiedenen Stadien durchlaufen kann.
Frage: Warum ist, von der Anthroposophie aus angesehen, die Unsterblichkeit kein Glaube, sondern ein Wissen?
Dr.Steiner: Die Anthroposophie schreitet fort von der äußeren Erkenntnis des Menschen zu der inneren Erkenntnis des Menschen. Von den Menschen zum Beispiel, die hier sind und seit langem Vorträge gehört haben, ist nicht der physische Leib geblieben, sondern nur der ätherische Leib. Bis zu dem dringt Anthroposophie vor; so kann man also sagen, was von der Geburt bis zum Tode geht. Die andere Wissenschaft täuscht sich darüber. Vom Ätherleibe zu sprechen, ist ebensowenig ein Glaube, wie man in bezug auf den physischen Leib als von einem Glauben spricht. DenÄtherleib erkennt man durch die Imagination. Geht man in anthroposophischer Erkenntnis weiter, so lernt man durch die Inspiration erkennen, wie der astralische Leib des Menschen weiter fortlebt nach dem Tode.
Der heutige Glaubensbegriff ist nicht einmal so alt wie das Christentum. Er kam erst auf, als man abkam von dem, was als Geistiges beobachtet werden kann.
Third lecture
From the remarks I have made here over the last two days, you will have gathered that there is a significant difference in the inner constitution of human beings at different stages of life. This is certainly taken into account today according to current psychological and physiological views. These differentiations in the stages of life are recognized up to the change of teeth, then up to sexual maturity, and again from sexual maturity into the twenties. But the differentiations are more profound than can be gained today from the usual views, which are excellent but insufficient. And now we will consider these differentiations in the stages of human life from the perspective that spiritual science brings to light. Much of what you already know will reappear, but I would say that it will be immersed in a deeper contemplation.
When the child emerges from the embryonic state into the outside world, that is, when we take an external characteristic, approaches the external breathing process, then it is already physiologically dependent on not being immediately absorbed by the outside world; because it naturally receives breast milk, i.e., not food that is taken in from the outside world, but food that comes from the same source as the child itself. Today, we tend to view substances that we encounter in the world more or less only in terms of their external chemical and physical properties, not in terms of the finer qualities they have through their spiritual content. Today, everything is viewed in this way. And with such a view, which should not be dismissed but rather fully recognized as justified, we have nevertheless, because we wanted to look at the external, which could not be viewed in this way in earlier civilizations, come to a strong externalization. Today, we view all things in such a way that, if I may speak comparatively, we say: I view death, dying; plants die, animals die, humans die. — But the question arises as to whether dying, the cessation of the forms of life that initially confront us, is the same process in all three types of living beings, or whether it only appears so externally. One can use the following comparison: if I have a knife, it makes a difference whether I use it to cut food or to shave; it is always a knife, but its properties as a knife must be further differentiated. Today, such differentiation is not made for many things. With regard to dying, no distinction is made between plants, animals, and humans.
This also occurs in other areas. There are people who want to be natural philosophers in a certain sense and talk about it in a thoroughly idealistic, even spiritual way: plants can also be animated, can have a soul. — And then they examine the external characteristics of plants that suggest that plants have something spiritual. They look at plants that, when insects come near them, open their leaves, so to speak, and the insect is caught by being attracted by the smell of what is in the plant; then, like the Venus flytrap, for example, they close their leaves and the insect is caught. This is regarded as a kind of animation of plants. Yes, I know of another kind of creature that works in the same way. It is found set up somewhere; when a mouse comes near it, it is attracted by the smell of some food that is tasty to it, begins to eat it, and — snap! — the thing closes: a mousetrap. If one were to apply the same line of reasoning as with plants, one could say that the mousetrap is animated.
This way of thinking, which can be accepted in a certain sense, does not lead to any particular depths, but remains more or less superficial. But if one wants to gain knowledge of human nature, one must penetrate to the very depths of human nature. Then one must also have the ability to look impartially at what appears paradoxical from an external point of view. To do this, however, it is necessary to look at what constitutes the whole human organism. First of all, we have the actual physical organism in human beings. Human beings share this with all earthly beings, especially with mineral beings. But then we have the etheric organism in human beings, which is clearly distinct from the physical organism. Human beings do not share this with minerals, but only with the plant world. But a being that only has an etheric organism would never attain feeling or inner consciousness. Then again, human beings have — it looks like an external structure, but we will see in the course of these lectures how internal this can be — their astral organism, which they share with the animal world. In addition, they have their ego organization, which is not found in the animal world and is unique to them among earthly beings. Viewed in this way, however, it is by no means merely an external scheme; when we speak, for example, of the etheric or life body, this has nothing to do with what outdated natural science called “life force,” “vital force,” and so on, but is the result of observations. For if we observe the child until it changes its teeth, the child's development depends primarily on its physical organism. The physical organism must first adapt to the outside world. But it cannot do so immediately, not even in the grossest physical sense. Because it contains within itself what the human being has brought with it from the spiritual world in which it existed before earthly life, it cannot even readily absorb the substances of the outside world; it must absorb them in a prepared form in the mother's milk. It must, so to speak, remain with what is initially similar to it. It must first grow into the outside world. And the completion of this growing into the outside world by the physical organism is the appearance of the second teeth around the age of 7. This is, in a sense, the end point of the child's physical organism growing into the outside world.
During this time, however, when the organism is primarily focused on developing the skeletal structure, the child is only interested in certain things in the outside world, not everything. It is only interested in what can be called gestures, movements, and relationships of movement. Now you must bear in mind that the child's consciousness is initially dreamlike, dim, that its perception is initially very dull, and only gradually does its power of perception become clearer. But essentially, between birth and the change of teeth, the child's perception clings to everything that is gestures, movements, and relationships of movement, and clings to them in such a way that the moment it perceives a movement, it feels an inner urge to imitate it. There is a very specific law of development in human nature, which I can characterize in the following way.
As human beings grow into the physical world, their inner being develops in such a way that this development initially proceeds from gestures, movements, and patterns of movement. Within the organism, language develops from patterns of movement, and thought develops from language. This is a profoundly significant law underlying human development. Everything that comes to light in sound and language is, mediated by the inner workings of the human organism, the result of gestures. If you focus your attention on how a child not only learns to speak but also, let's say, to walk and stand, you can observe how one child stands more strongly on the back of the foot, on the heel, while another stands more on the toes. You can observe children who, as they learn to walk, have a greater tendency to bring their legs forward, while in others you can notice how they have a greater tendency to hold themselves steady between two steps, so to speak. It is tremendously interesting to watch a child learn to walk. One must learn to observe this. But it is even more interesting, and even less noticed, to watch a child learn to grasp, to learn to move its hands. There are children who, when they want something, move their hands in such a way that their fingers come into motion; others keep their fingers still and grasp with their fingers held steady. There are children who stretch out their hand and arm while holding their upper body steady; Others follow the movement of their arm and hand with their upper body. I knew a child when he was very small who, when he was sitting in his high chair a little way from the table and there was food on the table that he wanted, would “row” towards it; his whole body was in motion. It could not make any movement with its arms and hands without its whole body moving.
This is the first thing to look for in a child, because the way a child moves is the most innermost movement of life, the most original movement of life. And in this movement, the tendency to snuggle up to others immediately appears: to perform such a movement as the father or mother or other members of the family perform. The principle of imitation is evident in gestures and movements. For all gestures are present first in human development. And gestures are internally transformed into the special structure of the human physical, soul, and spiritual organism, and they are transformed into language. Anyone who can observe this knows very well: a child speaks in such a way that the sentences seem chopped up when it stamps its heels; a child speaks in such a way that the sentences flow into one another when it stands on its toes; a child has a tendency to emphasize vowels when it grasps more lightly with its fingers; a child is such that it is more inclined to emphasize consonants when it helps itself with its whole arm when grasping. Language provides a clear impression of what a child is predisposed to. And understanding the world, understanding it in terms of meaning and thought, develops from language. Thought does not produce language, but language produces thought. This is how it is in the cultural development of all humanity: first people spoke, then they thought. The same is true for children: first they learn to speak and articulate through movement, and only then does thinking emerge from language. We must therefore regard this sequence as important: gesture-language-thought or thinking.
All of this has its own special character in the first phase of a child's life, up to the change of teeth. As the child gradually grows into the world in the first, second, third, and fourth years of life, it grows into the world through gesture, and everything depends on gesture. I would say that speaking and thinking happen to a large extent unconsciously; they are simply guided by gesture, by the first. Therefore, we can say approximately: in the period from the 1st to the 7th year, the child's life is dominated by gesture – but gesture in the broadest sense, and gesture that lives in the child through imitation. We must take this into account in education, because until the change of teeth, the child actually takes in nothing but gesture and closes itself off to everything else. When we say to the child, “Do this, do that,” it does not actually hear it, does not observe it. Only when we stand there ourselves and show it to the child does it imitate us. For the child works according to the way I move my fingers, or looks at something according to the way I look at it, not according to what I say to it. It imitates everything. That is the secret of child development in the period up to the change of teeth, that it lives entirely in imitation, entirely in the imitation of what it encounters externally as a gesture in the most comprehensive sense. Hence the surprises that arise when one has this child age to educate. Once a father came to me and said, "What should I do? It's something terrible, my boy has stolen.“ I said, ”Let's first investigate whether he really steals; what has he done?" And the father told me that the boy had taken money from the cupboard, bought candy with it, and distributed it among the other boys. I said, “That's probably the cupboard where the boy often saw his mother taking money to go shopping; of course the boy imitates her.” And that was indeed the case. I went on to say, "But that's not stealing. It's part of the boy's natural development until he loses his baby teeth that he imitates what he sees; he has to do that. - So in the presence of the child, one must avoid everything that a child should not imitate. That is how one educates them. If one says, “You should do this or not do that,” it has no influence on the child at all until they lose their baby teeth. At most, it has an effect if one clothes it in a gesture by saying, "Look, you have now done something that I would never do! — because this is, as it were, a disguised gesture.
It is important to understand with your whole being that children are imitative beings until they lose their baby teeth. During this time, there is a certain inner connection between the child and its environment, the active environment, which is later lost. For as strange and paradoxical as it may sound to people today, who do not think of the spiritual in reality but only in abstraction, it is nevertheless true that the child's entire relationship to gestures, to the gestures of its environment, has a natural, religious character. Through its physical body, the child is devoted to everything that is gesture; it cannot help but devote itself to it. What we later do with the soul, and even later with the spirit: surrendering ourselves to the divine, that is, to the spiritualized external world, the child does with its physical body by moving. It is actually completely immersed in religion, with its good and bad qualities. Later, we are left with only the soul-spiritual, which the child also has in its physical organism. Therefore, if a bear-like or lion-like father lives alongside the child, who often becomes irascible and acts out his emotions in the presence of the child, it must be clear that the child does not yet understand anything of what lives in the emotions, internally; but in what it sees, it experiences something that is not moral. This child unconsciously observes the moral aspect of the violent temper, so that it not only sees the outward image of the gesture, but also takes in the entire moral value of the gesture. When I make a violent gesture, it passes into the child's blood organization, and when these gestures are repeated, they find expression in the child's blood circulation. It becomes organized in its physical body in the same way that I behave in its environment. Or if I do not behave lovingly in the child's presence, if I do something that is only appropriate for my age without paying attention to the child, and if I am not constantly aware that I have the child in my environment, then it may happen that the child lovingly devotes itself to something that is not childlike but only appropriate for my age, and its physical body will then be organized accordingly. Anyone who considers the requirements I have spoken of in relation to the entire course of human life from birth to death will see that a child who has been treated in this way, who has been allowed to imitate things that are only appropriate for older people, will later, from the age of 50 onwards, succumb to sclerosis. It is important to understand this in its entire context. Illnesses that occur in old age are often only the result of mistakes in education made in the earliest childhood.
Therefore, an education that is truly based on knowledge of the human being must look at the whole person, from birth to death. And that is the essence of anthroposophical knowledge, that one looks at the whole person. Then one also discovers how much stronger the connection is between the child and its environment. I would say that the child's soul still reaches out into its environment, experiences its surroundings intimately, and in a much stronger connection than in later life. In this respect, the child — only spiritualized, souled — is still very close to the animal; animals have all this in a cruder form, but they also have a connection with their environment. That is why some phenomena have been so inexplicable recently, because it is not possible to go into the details of things, for example the “calculating horses” that have caused such a stir in recent times, where horses performed simple arithmetic operations by stamping their legs. I have not seen the famous Elberfeld horses, but I have seen Mr. von Osten's horse. It also performed nice arithmetic. Mr. von Osten asked, for example, “How much is 7 + 5?” and then began to count from 1, and the horse stamped its foot when the result was 12. So it could add, subtract, and so on. Now there was a private lecturer who studied this problem and wrote a book about it that is extremely interesting. In it, he starts from the observation that the horse sees certain small gestures made by Mr. von Osten, who always stands next to the horse. And he thinks: So when Mr. von Osten counts 7 + 5 to 12 and the horse stamps its foot at 12, Mr. von Osten makes a very subtle expression at 12, which the horse notices, and that is why it stamps its foot. He believes that everything must be traced back to something tangible. But now he raises the question: Why don't you see this gesture that Mr. von Osten makes so subtly that the horse notices it and stamps its foot at 12? And the private lecturer says: These gestures are so subtle that I, as a human being, cannot see them. From which one can conclude that a horse sees more than a private lecturer. But this was not true for me at all. For I saw this miracle of the intelligent horse, clever Hans, next to Mr. von Osten in his long coat. And I saw that he had pieces of sugar in his right coat pocket, and while he was conducting his experiments with the horse, one piece of sugar after another went from his pocket to the horse, so that the horse felt that the sweetness was coming from Mr. von Osten. This created a kind of love between the gentleman and the horse. And only when this is present, when, so to speak, the horse's inner being is connected to the Lord of the East's inner being through the flow of sweetness that flows there, does the horse “calculate” by actually absorbing something — not through expressions, but through what the Lord of the East thinks. He thinks: 547 = 12, and the horse is suggested to take in this thought and actually forms an impression of it. For one can actually see that the horse and the lord are spiritually connected; they convey something to each other when they are connected through the sweetness. So the animal has this finer relationship with its environment, which can still be stimulated from outside, as in this case by the sugar.
Such a relationship with the environment is also present in a subtle way in children. It lives in the child and should be taken into account. For this reason, kindergarten education, for example, can never be based on anything other than the principle of imitation. One must sit down with the children and actually demonstrate to them the things they are supposed to do, so that the child only needs to imitate. All education and teaching before the change of teeth must be based on the principle of imitation.
It is quite different with the child once it has passed the stage of changing teeth. Its emotional life becomes completely different. The child no longer perceives individual gestures, but rather the way in which the gestures harmonize with each other. Whereas before, for example, the child only had a feeling for a certain line, it now develops a feeling for harmony, for symmetry. The feeling for harmony and disharmony emerges, and the child then develops the ability to perceive images in its soul. But the moment the pictorial is perceived, an interest in language arises. In the first seven years of life, there is an interest in gestures, in movement; from the age of 7 to 14, there is an interest in everything pictorial, and language is the most excellent pictorial form. After the change of teeth, the child's interest shifts from gestures to language. And during the time when we have the child in elementary school, that is, between the change of teeth and sexual maturity, we can influence them primarily through everything that lies in language, but also through everything that lies morally in language. For just as the child previously behaved religiously toward its environment through gestures, it now behaves — the religious gradually refining itself into the soul — morally toward everything that confronts it in language.
Now we must learn to influence the child through language at this age. But everything that is to have an effect through language must have an effect through natural authority. Whatever image I want to teach the child through language, I must be a natural authority for it, just as one must be a role model for the small child until it loses its baby teeth, so one must become a human role model for the child between losing its baby teeth and reaching sexual maturity. This means that it makes no sense at all to justify anything to the child at this age, to give them reasons so that they will somehow understand that they should do or not do something because it is justified or unjustified. The child will ignore this. One must simply accept that this is the way it is. Just as the child in the earliest human age only observes gestures, between the change of teeth and sexual maturity it only pays attention to what I am to it as a human being. For example, at this age the child must learn morality in such a way that it regards as good what the self-evident authority of the educator designates as good through language; it must regard as evil what this authority also regards as evil. The child must learn: what my authority does is good; what my authority does not do is evil; or rather, what my authority says is good is good, and what it says is evil is evil. You will not expect me, who wrote my “Philosophy of Freedom” 30 years ago, to advocate for the sole and only principle of authority that leads to salvation. But precisely when one knows the essence of freedom, one also knows that between the change of teeth and sexual maturity, the child is dependent on human nature to face a natural authority. Anything that does not include this relationship between the child and the natural authority of the educator and teacher is a mistake in education. The child must see the guideline for everything it should or should not do, think or not think, feel or not feel, in what flows to it through the language of the teacher and educator. Therefore, it makes no sense to try to teach it anything through the intellect at this age. Everything at this time must be oriented toward feeling, for feeling takes in the pictorial, and at this age the child is organized toward the pictorial, toward the harmony of details. Therefore, morality, for example, cannot approach the child by setting up commandments: You shall do this, you shall not do that! That does not work. But it does work if, through the way we speak to the child, we can instill in its inner soul a disposition that likes what is good and dislikes what is evil. Between the change of teeth and sexual maturity, the child is an aesthete, and we must ensure that it takes pleasure in what is good and displeasure in what is evil. Then it will also mature best in moral terms.
And again, you must be sincere, inwardly sincere, in this pictorial work alongside the child. But this requires that you are deeply imbued with everything you do. You are not if you stand just a little bit beside the child and immediately feel: You are so clever — the child is so stupid. — That spoils all education and also spoils the child's sense of authority. What should I transform into the image that I want to bring to the child? I have chosen the following example to illustrate this.
You cannot talk to a child about the immortality of the soul in the same way as you would to an adult; but you must convey the immortality of the soul to the child, only it must become an image, and you must — it may take an hour — develop the following image. You can explain to the child what a butterfly chrysalis is and tell them: Later, the finished butterfly flies out; the chrysalis already contained the butterfly, it just wasn't visible yet, it wasn't ready to fly out, but it was already inside. Now you can go further and say: In a similar way, the human body already contains the soul, only it is not visible; but in death, the soul flies out of the body; the difference between humans and butterflies is only that the butterfly is visible, while the human soul is not. In this way, you can talk to the child about the immortality of the soul so that, in a manner appropriate to their age, they gain a correct understanding of immortality. But then you must not stand next to the child and say to yourself: I am clever, I am a philosopher, and I can prove immortality to myself through thinking; the child is naive, stupid, and I will just form an image of the butterfly crawling out. If you think like this, you will miss the point with the child; then the child will gain nothing from it. There is only one possibility: You must believe in the image yourself; you must not want to be smarter than the child; you must stand next to the child with exactly the same faith. How can you do that? Anyone who is an anthroposophist, a spiritual scientist, knows that the butterfly crawling out of the chrysalis is itself an image placed there by the gods of the world for the immortality of the human soul. They never think otherwise than that the gods have drawn this image of the butterfly emerging from its chrysalis into the world as a symbol of the immortality of the human soul; they have a spiritual view of nature and can make this clear to the child. They see in all the lower stages of the process the higher processes that have become abstract. If I do not have the idea that the child is stupid and I am clever, but if I stand before the child with the awareness that this is how it is in the world and introduce the child to something in which I myself believe most intensely, then there is an imponderable relationship and the child really progresses in its education. Moral imponderables constantly enter into the educational relationship. And that is what matters.
Once you understand this, you will come to realize, in your educational teaching, in your teaching education, from your whole attitude, how things should be done. Let's take an example. How should the child learn to read and write? There is actually much more misery involved in this than one usually thinks with brutal human sense, since learning to read and write is seen as a necessity. It is seen as a necessity, so the child must be trained to learn to read and write under all circumstances. But consider what this means for the child! Once they have grown up, people do not tend to put themselves in the child's shoes and imagine what the child experiences when learning to read and write. In our civilization today, we have letters, a, b, c, and so on; they appear before us in certain images. Yes, the child has the sound “ah.” When does it use it? The sound is an expression of an inner state of mind. It uses this sound when it stands before something in admiration, in amazement, or in a similar state of mind. It understands the sound; it is connected with human nature. Or it has the sound “eh.” When does it use this? When it wants to indicate: Something has approached me, something I have experienced, something that interferes with my nature. When someone pricks me, I say “eh!”. And so it is with consonants. Every sound corresponds to an expression of life; consonants imitate the external world, while vowels express what is experienced internally in the soul. - Linguistics, philology, today only touches on this in its most basic elements. The most learned linguists have thought about how language might have come about in the course of human development. There are two theories. One holds the view that language arises from what the soul experiences, as it already occurs in animals in its most primitive form, that some inner soul experience comes out: “moo-moo,” which is what the cow experiences; what the dog experiences: “woof-woof.” And so, in complication, what becomes articulated language in humans would emerge from this inner urge to give form to feelings. This view is humorously referred to as the “woof-woof theory.” The other view assumes that speech sounds imitate what is happening externally. When the bell rings, one can imitate in speech what is happening inside the bell: “bimbambimbam.” Here, one tries to imitate what is happening externally. This is the theory that attributes everything in language to echoes, to imitation of external events, the “Bimbam theory.” These two theories are opposed to each other. I don't mean this humorously, because in reality both are correct: the Wauwau theory is correct for vocalism, the Blmbam theory for consonantism. — We learn by translating gestures into sounds, imitating external processes internally through consonants, and expressing inner soul experiences in vowels. The internal and external flow together in language. This is homogeneous with human nature; it understands this. Through its inner organization, it has become a speaking being. Now it is suddenly supposed to experience a connection—I say, weighing my words carefully, not recognize, but experience—a connection between the astonishment, wonder “ah” and this demonic sign a. This is something completely foreign to it. It is supposed to learn to connect something that is completely foreign to it with the “ah!” This is something completely impossible for the child's state of mind. The child feels exhausted when we start from our present-day letter forms.
But there is something to consider here. What we have today as letters was not always there. Let us look at those older peoples who had a pictographic script: they expressed what they wanted to say in pictures that already had something to do with what was being said. They did not have letters like ours, but pictures that had a connection to what they meant. The same could also be applied in a certain way to cuneiform writing. Those were times when people still had a human relationship with what they were recording. Today we don't have that. With children, we must return to this. However, this does not mean studying cultural history and returning to the forms that once existed in pictorial writing, but rather, in order to arrive at useful images, we must above all stimulate our imagination as teachers and educators. We must have this imagination, because without it we cannot be teachers or educators. Therefore, whenever we are dealing with the characteristics of something that comes from anthroposophy, we must always point to enthusiasm, to inspiration. — I am always less than impressed when, for example, I walk into a class at our Waldorf school and notice that the teacher is tired, that they are teaching from a certain state of fatigue. Yes, that's not possible at all! You can't be tired, you can only be enthusiastic, you can only be fully present when you teach. It's completely wrong to be tired when you want to teach; you have to save that for other things. — So it's definitely a matter of teachers being able to get their imagination going. What does that mean? First, I appeal to something the child has seen at the market or somewhere else, for example, a fish. I get them to start by painting a fish, drawing while painting, even letting them use colors. Once I have them doing that, I then have them say the word “fish,” not saying it quickly, but “F-i-s-h.” I then instruct them to say only the beginning of the word fish, “F...”, and I gradually transform the fish-like sign into the shape of a fish, while at the same time getting the child to say “F”: the F is there!
Or I let the child say “wave,” teach them what a wave is (see drawing). I let the child paint this again, get them to say the beginning of the word wave: “W...”, and then I transform the wave drawing into the W.
By continuing to develop this, I extract the characters from the painting and drawing, just as they were created. I do not bring the child into a stage of civilization that has nothing in common with him, but I guide him in such a way that his relationship with the outside world is never broken. Unless you want to study cultural history – because today's writing developed from pictographic writing, but you don't need to study cultural history – you just need to get your imagination going; because then you can get the child to develop writing from painting and drawing.
Now, one must not only attach importance to the fact that one has done something ingenious, that one has a new method. You have to emphasize how the child grows inwardly into something else when its soul activity is constantly stimulated. It does not grow into it if it is pushed, so that it constantly enters into foreign relationships with its surroundings. What matters is that you influence the child's inner self.
What is the principle today? It is already somewhat outdated today, but not so long ago, girls were given “beautiful” dolls with real hair and so on, and eventually even ones that could close their eyes when laid down, dolls with beautiful faces and so on. Of course, they are still hideous because they are inartistic, but civilization calls them beautiful. But what kind of dolls are they? They are the kind that no longer stimulate the child's imagination. Now let's do things differently. Tie a handkerchief together to form a figure with arms and legs, then make eyes with ink blots, perhaps a mouth with red ink; then the child has to use its imagination to picture this as a human being. Something like this has an enormous effect on the child because it offers it the opportunity to get its imagination going. Of course, you have to do it yourself first. But you have to give the child this opportunity, and this should be done at play age. Therefore, all things that do not stimulate the child's imagination are harmful as toys. — I said that today we have already moved beyond beautiful dolls; today we give children monkeys or bears. Of course, the imagination cannot be stimulated in a human way with these. But precisely such phenomena, when children come up to you and you give them a bear that they can cuddle, show how far our civilization is from what it means to look into the inner nature of human beings. And it is quite remarkable how children can express this inner nature of human beings in a naturally artistic way.
At the Waldorf School, we have established a transition from regular lessons to a kind of art class. So apart from the fact that we don't start teaching children to write at all, but let them paint while drawing and draw while painting – you could also say “smear” – and then have the class clean up afterwards, which may be a little inconvenient; I will also explain tomorrow how to transition from writing to reading – apart from that, we also introduce the child to art as much as possible, to the handling of small plastic works, without directing the child to anything other than what it wants to make from within itself. This leads to some very strange things. I would like to mention one example that occurs in a wonderful way with older children.
We introduce human anatomy as a subject relatively early on, for ten- and eleven-year-old children. They learn how bones are shaped and constructed, how bones support each other, and so on. And the children learn this artistically, not intellectually. Now the child has had a few lessons in which it has gained an understanding of the structure of human bones, of the dynamics of bones, of how they support each other. Now they go over to the workshop, where the children make plastic figures, and you can immediately see from what the child is doing that it has learned something about bones. Not that it is imitating the shapes of bones, but how the soul sets itself in motion, inwardly, is expressed in how it now makes its shapes. Previously, it also occurred to them to make small containers, for example; the children come up with the idea of making such bowl-like things all by themselves. These become quite different, based on the nature of the child, before it has received such instruction, and afterwards, when the experience is actually as it should be. But then one must also present human studies in such a way that they merge into the whole human being. Today, that is difficult.
Anyone who, like me, has spent a lot of time in studios and seen how people paint and sculpt knows that today hardly any sculptor works without a model; they need to have a human form in front of them if they want to model it. That would have been nonsense for a Greek artist. He did, of course, become familiar with the human form in public games, but he felt the human form inwardly. He knew from how he felt it within himself — and he embodied this feeling without a model — he knew the difference between how an arm is when he stretches it out, when he also stretches out his index finger, and so on. He then embodied this feeling in the form. But if you teach human anatomy today as it is customary, then one bone is placed next to another according to illustrations or drawings, one muscle is described next to another, and you get no impression of how everything relates to each other. With us, when children have a vertebra from the spinal column, they know how it is similar to the skull; they get a feeling for how the bones are transformed. But then they live inside the human forms and also have the urge to express this artistically. It enters into life, it does not remain external.
Therefore, it is my great desire and also my demand as the head of the Waldorf school that, if possible, everything that is science—I value this science, no one can value it as highly as I do—but everything that is fixed, fixed in books, should be left out of school lessons. One may pursue it outside of school if one cannot restrain oneself; but I would go mad if I saw a teacher standing in front of the class with a book. In teaching, everything must be internal, everything must be self-evident. How is botany taught today, for example? We have botany books; they are representations of scientific views, but they do not belong in school, where children are between the ages of tooth change and sexual maturity. The literature that teachers need must also grow out of the living educational principles that I want to talk about here.
So it is really a matter of the teacher's entire habitus, their mental, spiritual, and physical habitus, being intertwined with the world. Then he can have an effect on the children, then he is the natural authority for them between the change of teeth and sexual maturity. It always depends on having grown into the experience and on everything being transferred to life in a living way. That is the great principle that must be applied in education today. Then the connection with the class is there, and with it that which must be there as an imponderable mood.
Question and answer
Question: There are adults who seem to have remained at the stage of the imitative child. How is that?
Dr. Steiner: At every stage of human development, it is possible for a person to remain at that stage. If we describe the stages of development in this way — adding to what we have been able to mention today the embryonic period, then the period up to the change of teeth, and then the period up to sexual maturity — then we have indicated the epochs that can unfold in a fully developed human life. But very recently, the context of our anthroposophical development has shown that it was necessary to give lectures on curative education, linking them to very specific cases of children who are either developmentally delayed or abnormally developed in some way. We then arranged for individual cases being treated at Dr. Wegman's Clinical-Therapeutic Institute in Arlesheim to be presented from an educational, medical, hygienic, and so forth perspective. Among these cases was one involving a child who was almost one year old and about the size of a one-year-old child, but whose entire physical development had remained at the stage of, one might say, a seven- to eight-month-old embryo. If you were to draw only the outline of that child, without drawing the limbs in any detail, but merely suggesting them, but clearly draw the shape of the head as it is in this boy, and then, when you look at the drawing casually, have no idea that this is a boy of almost one year old, you will believe that it is an embryo, because this boy has retained in many ways the constitution of the embryo after birth.
Every stage of life, including the embryonic stage, can be carried over into a later stage. This is because the successive stages of development are such that, with each new stage, the old is transformed and something new is added. If you take exactly what I have said about the child's natural religious devotion to its surroundings before the change of teeth, then you have the natural religious element, which later transforms into the soul element, and you have the aesthetic stage as a second element added to it. Now, there are many children who carry the first stage into the second, and the second then remains stunted. But it can go even further: the stage that has already been embodied can appear in any other; then the original will be carried into later stages. And it does not even have to be so strongly noticeable in the superficiality of life that a earlier stage has remained for a later one, unless such a phenomenon occurs at a particularly late age. But it does happen that earlier stages are carried over into later ones.
Take the case of a lower kingdom of nature. The fully grown, fully developed ordinary plant has roots, stems with leaves, then the green foliage concentrated around the calyx, then come the petals, stamens, pistils, stigmas, and so on. But there are plants that do not reach the stage of flowering, that remain at the stage of herbs, of green leaves, and only produce fruit in an undeveloped form. How far behind is a fern, for example, compared to a buttercup! In plants, this does not lead to abnormality. But with humans, we only have one type of person. Then, throughout their entire life, humans remain imitative beings or beings who must be under authority. For in life, we cannot only deal with people who remain imitative beings, but also with those who, in terms of their real characteristics, remain at the stage that is fully developed between the change of teeth and sexual maturity. These people are actually very common; this stage continues into later life. People then do not get much further in what they have in later life than that which appears later only comes out to a limited extent; but people then always remain at the stage of authority. If this were not the case, then the tendency toward sectarianism and so on that still exists today would not exist either; for sectarian associations are based on the fact that one does not need to think for oneself, but lets others think and follows them. But in certain areas of life, the vast majority of people remain at the stage of authority. When it comes to judging a question of a scientific nature, for example, people do not strive to gain insight, but ask: Where is the person who must know, who teaches at a university in a faculty? There you have the principle of authority. But even among the sick, the principle of authority, although justified, is developed to the highest degree. And in legal matters, for example, no one today wants to judge independently; they go to a lawyer who knows, and they always remain at the level of 8 or 9 years of age. And then sometimes this lawyer is not much older himself. When you ask him questions, he takes down a law book or a folder, and then you have an authority again. Things are such that each stage can merge into a later one.
The Anthroposophical Society should really consist only of people who have outgrown authority, who do not recognize any principle of authority at all, but only real insight. People outside the Society find this so difficult to imagine that they always say: Anthroposophy is based on authority. — But the opposite is true: the principle of authority should be transcended through the kind of insights cultivated in anthroposophy. It is a matter of human beings grasping every tiny particle of insight so that they can pass through the various stages.
Question: Why, from the perspective of anthroposophy, is immortality not a belief but a knowledge?
Dr. Steiner: Anthroposophy progresses from the outer knowledge of the human being to the inner knowledge of the human being. For example, of the people who are here and have been listening to lectures for a long time, it is not the physical body that has remained, but only the etheric body. Anthroposophy penetrates to that point; so one can say what goes from birth to death. Other science is mistaken about this. To speak of the etheric body is no more a matter of faith than to speak of the physical body. The etheric body is recognized through imagination. If one goes further in anthroposophical knowledge, one learns through inspiration to recognize how the astral body of the human being lives on after death. Today's concept of faith is not even as old as Christianity. It only arose when people moved away from what can be observed as spiritual.
