Curative Education
GA 317
27 June 1924, Dornach
Lecture III
We have been speaking of the connection between etheric body, physical body, astral body and ego organisation, and of different ways in which this connection may manifest in the so-called abnormal child. We explained yesterday how the etheric body can be abnormally formed as a result of its not being in right correspondence with the thought-system of the World Ether, and we went on to show how this can lead to irregularities in many different directions. If you can grasp this, then the conviction may also be brought home to you in the course of these lectures that while the mood of soul with which you approach your task as educators is the same for all, you will yet have to find the method of treatment for almost every single child individually. But you must first have some knowledge—and it is important to realise that the whole of modern psychiatry can have no true knowledge of so-called illnesses of the soul. When once we learn to recognise these illnesses for what they really are, then we can go on to consider methods of treatment in detail. It is, therefore, a matter of less importance for you to receive advice of particular measures to be adopted. What is of far greater importance is that you should come to see how in this domain too, sound pathological knowledge, sound diagnosis, lead of themselves into therapy.
Now, as you know, many cases of so-called mental disease are of such a nature that, for reasons which you will understand as you follow these lectures, they cannot be healed—or at any rate could be healed only under conditions extremely difficult to provide. And this would still be true if one were able to call in the help of Spiritual Science. For, in order to treat these illnesses, we would need, in the first place, to have our own sanatoria; and even then the healing of adult patients would still be attended with extraordinary difficulty. I am thinking here of illnesses of a particular kind, and especially of those cases that have important bearing on our work with children. On the other hand, you will come to see that help can most decidedly be given in such forms of illness in childhood, by a right educational treatment; and we shall find that in an illness which is one of the most difficult of all to treat in adults, namely epilepsy—if a patient is brought to us in early childhood and we are able to acquire a correct perception of how it stands with the illness, then there is good ground for anticipating very considerable improvement; indeed the illness may in some cases be got rid of altogether. When once we understand how to make the transition from what underlies the illness to what ought to be done, we shall find our way, in any particular case, to the right measures. But it is essential first of all to know what underlies the illness, to know how it has come about.
Modern psychiatry cannot help us here, for the reason that the men of our time have no notion that there is such a thing as a real ego organisation or a real astral body. The existence even of the etheric body is still widely denied—although science is in fact pressing forward today from the physical to recognition and knowledge of the organic and etheric. I will not stress names but when some people advance theories like those of Driesch1Hans Driesch, 1869 – 1941, Zoologist and Philosopher—Neovitalist. they show that they have no knowledge of the ether body because they are afraid of it. But the very thing that is of first importance for us to know, when we set out to understand these illnesses, simply cannot be known, if we know nothing of the astral body and of the ego organisation. For we have to proceed with our investigation in the following way.
Take, first, the connection between physical body and etheric body. This connection is maintained throughout life, from conception, from the embryonic state, right until death; for it continues also through all the periods of sleep. On the other hand, the connection of these two with astral body and ego organisation is broken every time we fall asleep. Now it is essential for us to have a correct picture of how it is with ego organisation and astral body in the waking state, when they are within the physical and etheric bodies. An accurate perception of the particular way in which astral body and ego are membered into the physical and etheric bodies is indispensable if we are to be able to think intelligently about those who are suffering from so-called mental disease. It is commonly believed even among Anthroposophists—not that Anthroposophy, which is very precise in its statements, gives occasion for such a belief, but because it is so easy to cling to old and accustomed habits of thought—it is, I say, commonly believed that when the human being wakes up, his astral body and ego organisation go straight over into his physical body and etheric body, combining with them in very much the same way as hydrogen and oxygen combine in water. It is not like that. Seen clairvoyantly, it is like this2A drawing was made. If we have here the physical body, and here the etheric body, then, at the time of awaking, the astral body does certainly come in, the ego organisation also comes in; yes, they come in, and one can perceive how astral body and ego organisation, entering in, proceed to lay hold of the physical and the ether body. But this is not all. For here we meet with a fact of human life that is of great importance.
Take first the ego organisation. When, at the moment of awaking, the ego organisation returns, it does not lay hold merely of the etheric body and physical body; within these, it lays hold of the external world, of the forces of the external world. What does this mean? Imagine we have here the force of gravity. It works in this direction. When we are awake, we stand up in the direction of the force of gravity.3An arrow pointing upward was drawn. Picture to yourself gravity simply as a force working in this direction—the direction of the forces of weight. Now there are two ways of looking at the matter. Let us be quite clear about these two ways. The first is as follows. The ego, we could say, lays hold of the physical body (for the moment, we will leave the etheric body out of the picture), and the physical body adapts itself to gravity. We place ourselves, do we not, into the forces of gravity when we walk; we have to find our equilibrium, and so on. This is one possible way of looking at what happens: on awaking we lay hold of the physical body with our ego, and the physical body being heavy, being subject to the gravity of the earth, we are now subject with our physical body to the gravity of the earth, we are connected—indirectly, through the physical body—with the physical force of gravity. Seen from this point of view, it is something like what happens when I take up a book: the weight of the book connects me indirectly with the force of gravity. That, then, is one possible picture of the situation. It is however false, it is incorrect. Let us now consider the other. Here we have to see what takes place, in the following way. The ego slips into the physical body, lays hold of the physical body—slips in so far that it makes the physical body light. Through the ego's gliding into it, the physical body loses its weight. And so when I, as an awake human being, stand upright, then for my consciousness—for my ego, for my ego organisation which has also its physical expression in the warmth organism—gravity is overcome. There is no question here of the ego entering into indirect connection with gravity. The ego, the I, enters into direct connection, places itself as ego right into gravity, shutting the physical body completely out of the process. And that is how the matter really stands. When you walk, you place yourself, with your ego organisation, right into the actual gravity of the earth; and you do not do this via the physical body, you yourself enter into direct connection with the earthly.
It is the same with the etheric body. The etheric body too is inserted into forces. Take one of these forces. I have often drawn attention to the fact that we human beings, as we go about on the earth, are subject to a strong force of buoyancy. We have a brain which weighs, on the average, 1,500 grammes. If the whole weight of the brain were to press on its base, the delicate blood vessels of the latter would be crushed at once. The brain does not do this, but swims in the cerebral fluid and becomes thereby subject to a force of buoyancy. It loses as much of its weight as the weight of the fluid displaced. The fluid displaced weighs about 20 grammes less than the brain itself; therefore, the brain presses on its base with a weight only of 20 grammes. So we have a heavy brain that is however not borne down with its weight, but has buoyancy. In this buoyancy we live. Our ether body lives in the buoyancy. But when we with our ego organisation slip into our ether body, then our ego is within the buoyancy, not merely indirectly, but directly. We are in the buoyancy with our ego. Our human organisation stands, in fact, in connection with all the forces of the earth, with the whole physical world, and not indirectly, but directly.
Let us follow this out in more detail. Our ego organisation is connected, firstly, with gravity—that is, with the element of “earth”. For there is no such thing as what the physicists call matter. In reality there are only forces and the forces—as, for example, gravity (there are other forces too, of course; magnetic and electric forces are all alike in this, that the ego organisation is in direct connection with each one of them and, in the normal human being, is so during the whole of waking life. All that we include under the term “earth” is, really, these forces. Then the ego organisation stands in direct connection also with all that is comprised under the term “water” and is in a state of equilibrium; and it is moreover directly connected also with all that is of the nature of “air”, with all that is gaseous. You know how in physics one has to learn, in addition to ordinary mechanics, a hydro-mechanics and also an aero-mechanics, the reason being that the processes of equilibrium (in water) and the meteorological processes in the air have each their own peculiar character. Finally, the ego organisation is directly connected with a part of the all-pervading “warmth” through which we are continually moving as long as we live in the physical world.
| EGO ORGANISATION | : | EARTH |
| : | WATER | |
| : | AIR | |
| : |
I draw a line through the word “warmth”, because it is with a part of it only that the ego is connected. We wake up, and place ourselves with our ego organisation—place ourselves as spirit—into the world of earthly forces. Our connection with these forces is in reality not a physically mediated, but a magical connection, a magical connection however which can take effect only within a particular space—namely, within the boundaries of our organism. When you have begun to understand that this connection is not a physical, but a magical connection, then you have taken a good step forward.
Now let us pass on to the astral body. The astral body is also connected with certain forces that work upon us when we are awake, and here too the connection is direct—not indirect, not merely through the ether body. Among these forces we have again a part of the force of “warmth”. (You must remember, throughout, that the warmth element works in two directions; part of it reacts on the physical body, and part on the etheric body.) Then, the astral body is directly connected also with the forces of “light”. You must know however that what Spiritual Science speaks of as forces of light is not identical with what modern physics understands by the term. We do not want here to enter into a discussion of theories, but let me suggest the following. You look out upon the world around you, and perceive it all lit up. What enables you to do this? Something gives you the capacity to perceive the world illumined in this way, and it is something in the ether. Light is, in fact, an ether force. Modern science speaks of light as of something that is present where we see things illumined. Spiritual Science speaks of light in another way. It calls “light” that which underlies other sense-perceptions too; it speaks, for example, of the light of perceptions of sound. Present-day physics, when it speaks of perceptions of sound, is in reality speaking merely of their external correlate—namely, the vibration of the air. The movements in the air are but the medium of the real sound or tone, which is something etheric; the vibrating that goes on in the etheric brings about the vibration of the air. Light lives also in the perceptions of smell. In short, all perceptions have as their basis a light of a kind that is much more all-pervading than the light that is spoken of in the physics of the present day. I admit, people are liable to grow confused when we speak of light in this way. For, although it was so spoken of in ancient spiritual knowledge and even as late as the 12th and 13th centuries, all understanding of it was then lost and people began to use other names for it, which are still less intelligible! This is what makes all the alchemical books written after the 12th century so very difficult to follow. What is important for you, however, at the moment is to know that this is what we mean by “light”. Now the astral body is connected with this light; that is to say, it has direct relation—not indirect through the etheric body—with all that underlies sense-perception on the earth. This is a most interesting fact. Outside lives the light in the ether, but we have also the etheric within us. The light works upon our ether body. When we wake up, we not only come into connection with the light that is within us; but, turning aside as it were from the light that is within us, we member ourselves into the light that streams through the external world. It is the same with the external “chemical forces” that are at work in the world around us. Into these too we member ourselves, directly. And this is very important, for it means that, while he is awake, man is membered into a kind of cosmic chemistry. Modern science knows the chemistry of the lifeless, but has very little understanding of organic chemical processes; it has no knowledge at all of the chemistry that is a universal world-chemistry. And this cosmic chemistry it is, of which we become part and member when we awake from sleep. Similarly, we become part and member of the all-pervading cosmic life, the “life ether”—again, directly.
| EGO ORGANISATION | : | EARTH |
| : | WATER | |
| : | AIR | |
| ASTRAL BODY | : | |
| : | LIGHT | |
| : | CHEMICAL FORCES | |
| : | LIFE-ETHER |
All that we have been describing—necessarily only in outline—has to be achieved, has to be brought to fulfilment, while the human being is gradually building up, first his second body, and then his third. He has to dive down into himself, and through very penetration of his own being, immerse himself at the same time in the earthly-cosmic forces, the earthly-cosmic active forces. Entering into himself, he must in so doing be able to lay hold of the world.
In one domain, and in one only, modern science has still a clear perception of how things really are. In its study of the organisation of the eye, physics proceeds in a way that one could only wish might be followed in many domains. The eye is regarded, as you know, in physics as a contrivance, a mechanism, an instrument that works in accordance with the laws of physics. In order to come to a clear comprehension of the eye, the physicist makes drawings of it, in which he demonstrates the refraction of light through a lens, the formation of the objective picture, and so forth—the very same kind of drawings as he would make for a mechanical instrument. What the physicist is unable to do is to pass on then to the way in which the element of soul enters into this mechanical instrument. The whole thing is exceedingly interesting. The physicists have before them this complete picture of the eye. But there they come to a standstill. What they would like to do is to find their way to the element of soul through the brain. Just look at all their queer somersaults in thought, all those interesting, but in fact nonsensical theories of psycho-physical parallelism or interaction! The truth is that the ego organisation and the astral body come straight into the physical eye itself, the eye that we can draw and describe; there, within the eye, the ego and astral body take immediate hold of the physical. Nevertheless, just in the case of the eye, the scientists do, as you see, come very near understanding the true state of affairs. They can, in fact, hardly help doing so, owing to the peculiar seclusion of the eye; for the eye lies almost outside the body, it is built in from without during embryonic development. And so, in the case of the eye, a certain measure of understanding is attained. But the fact is, what is thus seen to be true of the eye holds good for the whole human organism. The whole human organism has to be understood in the light of an inner physics, a spiritual physics, a physics that allows for the subtle, more fleeting light-forces to be added to the earthly forces. We must learn to recognise the presence within the human organisation of something which comes in reality from the environment, something of which the soul-and-spirit of man lays hold, directly, notwithstanding that it is purely physical, having been constructed in accordance with the laws of physics.
But now, how will it be when abnormal conditions are present? It can quite well happen that in the case of some organ (it cannot be the whole organism) the human being has no possibility of making direct connection, by means of this organ, with the external world. The organ stands in the way, as it were, making it impossible for the human being to find contact with the external world via that organ. What will be the result? Let us take, for example, the lung. The lung may be so placed in the human organism that when the human being wakes up, he is not able to make contact with the external world. Imagine he is asleep. While he is asleep something happens in his lung which has the effect that if he were now to wake up, he would come down into the lung but would not be able to get out again, to get through to the external world. His ego and astral body would be under necessity to press into the lung, to squeeze themselves into it; but they would not be able to come forth again. What the human being should be able to do, as you know, is to come down with his astral body and then come forth again into the world in all directions. The lung should be merely the way through. But in this case, the lung does not provide any free passage; it holds fast the ego and astral body—that is to say, it will do so if the human being wakes up. The unfortunate thing is that when such a condition is present, he always does wake up. For, owing to the special way that the chemical processes are at work in such a case, and infiltration of some substance in fine distribution enters into the lung; the lung organisation which is already in some way misplaced, gets filled with a fine substance that has special affinity for it. The lung is then irregular; consequently the human being wakes up. But how? He wakes up, without gaining consciousness. In order to gain consciousness he would have to come forth from the lung; for he can acquire consciousness only when he has succeeded in penetrating right through. If he has merely come in, he wakes up; if he succeeds in pressing his way through, he gains consciousness. In the case we are considering, he stops short, he remains in the organ; and sleep which is healthy unconsciousness, passes over into pathological unconsciousness. The human being wakes up, but remains unconscious.
You see, we have come in this way to an exact description, drawn from within, of the condition of the epileptic. Epilepsy is just the condition I have been describing—and especially so in the years of childhood. The epileptic is able to dive down with his ego organisation and astral body into the physical body and ether body—that, he can do; but he does not come forth into the physical world, he is held fast within. Let us consider then how it will be if the astral body enters into the lung, and is held fast there, cannot get out again. The astral body will remain pressed against the surface of the lung; astral body and ego organisation will be, so to speak, damned up, congested beneath the surface of the organ. This condition then manifests outwardly as a fit. That is what fits really are. Every time a fit occurs, an inner congestion is taking place at the surface of one or other organ. These congestions are to be found, above all, in the brain. But we know how the parts of the brain are related to the other parts of the body; a congestion in the brain may be due entirely to the fact that congestion is present in the liver, or in the lung, in which case the cerebral congestion is only a projection, a feebler copy of the congestion in the bodily organ. Whenever a fit occurs, this congestion of ego organisation and astral body within an organ can be observed. And so we have at last found our way to the true cause of epileptic fits. Everything else that can be said about them amounts to no more than a description of the external phenomena. You see now how impossible it is to come to a true knowledge of epilepsy unless we are able to go beyond physical body and etheric body and take into account also ego and astral body. Nothing of any real value can be said about fits if we do not know that at the surface of some organ, astral body and ego organisation are being terribly squeezed and crushed. They cannot get out, they try to make their way out, they push and are held back.
And now you will naturally ask: What am I to do when symptoms of epilepsy show themselves in a child—lapses of consciousness, associated with fits, or other phenomena of which we have still to speak? What can one do in an individual case? You must investigate the case out of your own instinctive insight, you must put it to the test. Find out, to begin with, whether the disturbances in consciousness are nearly related to the phenomena of ordinary giddiness. In many epileptics this is decidedly the case. Phenomena of giddiness show themselves; one notices in the child a disposition or tendency to giddiness. If we should find that the gaps in consciousness are only brief, but that there are on the other hand very marked symptoms of giddiness, we would be able to know with certainty where the trouble lies. For in such a case, the ego organisation and the astral body would be failing to enter into direct relation with the forces of balance. You must, therefore, proceed first of all to investigate whether this is so in the child with whom you are dealing—namely, that the ego organisation and astral body do not make right connection with the forces of balance.
If you find this to be the case, let the child do gymnastics or Eurythmy, but giving him always at the same time objects to hold, such as dumb-bells or the like. Especially during the period between change of teeth and puberty are such exercises for balance important. If you give the child two dumb-bells of exactly the same weight—you must have them weighed on a chemical balance—and let him do exercises with them, making Eurythmy movements, or other gymnastic movements, this will be one thing achieved. Then you can go on to something else. Let the child hold in his left hand a dumb-bell that is lighter than the one in his right hand, and again let him do exercises; then let him take in his right hand a dumb-bell that is lighter than the one in his left, and once more do exercises. Then tie some object—it need not be particularly heavy—to one of his legs, and let him walk about with it, so that he becomes conscious of the force that is pulling at his leg. When he walks in the ordinary way, he is not conscious of the force of gravity. It is, however, important for him to place himself, with his ego organisation, right into the force of gravity. When you attach something to his leg, he at once becomes conscious of gravity. You can then hang the weight on to the other leg. And now, to produce an activity that comes nearer to the mental or spiritual, let him feel movements that he makes with his arms; let him think himself into a stretching movement made with the left arm, and then again into a stretching movement with the right arm; finally, with both arms at once. Another way of helping him to become conscious of gravity is to get him to lift one leg while keeping the other still. To sum up, in cases where you perceive, from the attacks of giddiness, that the child does not enter properly into the earthly forces, you get him to make movements in which he is obliged to learn control of his external balance. Similarly, you will find methods of treatment that will help epileptic and epileptoid children to adapt themselves to the other forces.
So you see, there is certainly something you can do. Good results can often be achieved also in the case of epileptics in whom you perceive that their circulatory system is disturbed, and that the whole way in which the fluids are circulating is really the cause of the phenomena. If you notice that in connection with the attacks of epilepsy (which take the form of fits and perhaps also of giddiness), feelings of sickness or nausea are present, then you will know that you have to do with an incapacity to combine properly with the element of water. In such a case it will be good to bring the watery element as much as possible to the notice of the child, before he receives it into his organism. Try to prepare the child's food in such a way that he tastes it quite specially. Something could also be achieved by letting the child learn to swim. Learning to swim is very good for epileptics; only, we must understand what is involved and be intelligent and sensible in the use of such a treatment.
When cloudings of consciousness occur unaccompanied by any marked feeling of nausea, carefully regulated breathing exercises are not bad, in order to restore connection with the air. And to establish a right connection with warmth, we should accustom epileptic children—really all children, but particularly epileptics—to feel the warmth. It is, as a matter of fact, quite wrong to allow any child to go about half naked, with nothing on his legs, and is often the cause in later life—only, people do not know it—of irritation of the appendix and even appendicitis; for epileptic children it is a downright poison. Epileptic children should be clothed in such a way as to induce a tendency to sweating; sweating should be always mildly present in them in nascent state. They should, in fact, be a little too warmly clad. This is real therapy. All the talk we hear nowadays about “hardening”—to what does it lead in the end? People who have been thoroughly hardened as children, when they grow old, cannot even walk across a sunbeaten market square without tottering. A person has not been made hardy if he cannot walk safely over a sunbeaten pavement. Watch some old man taking off his hat while he is walking across an open square on a hot summer afternoon! You are afraid his knees will give way any minute. Such, as a rule, are the consequences of this modern hardening.
So far we have been considering mainly the things that in early childhood lead the ego organisation into the elements into which it needs to be led. Here however begins the sphere where the doctor must come in, and co-operate with the teacher. For we shall not get to the heart of the trouble, when epileptic phenomena are present, without employing remedies, nor should we shrink from doing so. As soon as the epileptic phenomena show signs that the astral body is involved—that is to say, that the higher elements, the ether elements, are holding up the astral body from penetrating to the external world—then naturally it is upon these higher elements in the human being that we must work. And it will be a question of finding the way to do this. But first of all we have of course to be able to recognise whether the astral body is involved or not. How can we know whether the astral body is involved?
Anyone who has observed many epileptic children, or many children with a tendency to epilepsy, will have noticed two conditions which differ very considerably from one another. There is, first, the condition where the child does not defy moral judgements; he adapts himself to the moral and ethical standards that one would desire to impart to every child. When we have to do with epileptic or epileptoid children who readily adapt themselves in this way to the moral order, then the indications that have already been given will perhaps suffice. But if we have to do with children who are not accessible to moral influence, who, for example, readily become violent during their attacks—for epileptic attacks may disguise themselves as outbursts of violence of which the child has afterwards no memory—if, in short, there seem to be moral defects, then it is important to intervene in early childhood with actual remedies. In these cases, we shall quite definitely try to fight the epilepsy with the remedies that are in general use for the purpose, or with remedies prescribed by us under certain conditions, remedies like sulphur or belladonna—thus entering here upon a systematic therapy. As to this more medical part of the treatment, we shall be speaking of it later. Today I want only to show you how the things we can perceive externally in the child may be a sign to us that we need to pass from the more educational treatment to the more medical. There will, in fact, be some epileptic children who are thoroughly well adapted to fit into the external world, and with whom we shall have on this account actually to avoid the use of external methods and exercises, and work primarily by means of internal therapy.
This brings us at the same time to the point where epileptic phenomena pass over quite naturally into other phenomena. You remember what I said yesterday, that thoughts cannot themselves really ever be false; and today I have been speaking more fully of the way in which the human being members the thoughts into his organism. For, a phenomenon like that of the astral body becoming congested in the lung is due to the fact that the thought of the lung has not been properly membered into the organism. All such phenomena are accordingly due to defects of thought! They are the result of our being unable, as we descend into our organism, to gain the control of it that we require to gain in order that we may be able to build it up a second time. But now, we bring with us also our will nature, that is distributed over the several organs; we bring it with us from our former earthly life. And whereas the thoughts cannot of themselves be false, but are always true and correct—that they appear distorted in us is due entirely to our own organism; and this, as we have seen, can go so far that organs framed by such thoughts are liable to be distorted in their structure—whereas the thoughts cannot be false, of the will we have on the contrary to say that when it comes from pre-earthly into earthly existence, it hardly can be right and true. It arrives in complete uncertainty and has to build itself up within the thought system. Of the thought system we can say with truth that never in all the world is it wrong; on the other hand, it is scarcely possible for the will system to be in any way right unless we ourselves take it in hand. We invariably bring into the world a faulty will system, consequently we never under any circumstances descend to earth to become physical human beings, bringing with us morality.
We have to acquire morality, little by little. The morality we had in our last incarnation we used up between death and new birth, when we were engaged in that wisdom filled building activity; we spent it all before we came to birth. Ethics and morality have to be acquired anew in each single earthly life. This has a very significant result, namely, that inasmuch as we come from pre-earthly existence without morality, we have to develop intelligence in our will. We enter with our will into our organs, and in our will we must develop intelligence for what is brought to us in the way of ethics and morality. We must develop a “sense” for it.
It is quite wonderful, how moral and ethical impulses pour into the child when he is learning to speak! For imitation reaches into the most intimate things of life, and it is exceedingly important that we be conscious of this; we must never forget it. If teachers and parents in the environment of the child are immoral, if their talk is immoral, then not what they do outwardly, but the immoral quality and import of what they say and are, will be imitated in the deep inner organisation of the child. Here too, you see, it is once more a question of the human being's entering into connection with the external world, but this time via the whole organism, not by way of the single organs. And if there is again congestion, it will arise from the fact that, whereas in the previous case we failed to come forth in every direction with our thoughts, this time we fail to come forth with our will. And the failure to press through with the will finds expression in moral defects. You see now what are the inner causes of moral defects. These occur, namely, when what enters in from pre-earthly existence and should find its way through to an ethical and moral relation to the world around us, gets stopped up or congested in the whole human organism. For we should be able to receive into us the ethical and moral principles of the world around us; but this we cannot do if there is this congestion, if we come to a standstill with our spirit and soul, remaining within the physical organisation, unable to push our way through.
We are here right in the sphere of the moral and ethical in human life; and we must be clear what that means. When you meet with the characteristic phenomena of epilepsy, then you will have to make your diagnosis from the symptoms I have indicated—attacks of giddiness, obliteration of consciousness, etc.—that is, you will make your diagnosis from transitory phenomena of this kind. If, however, you want to be able to recognise moral defects, you will have to think, not of passing temporary symptoms, but of permanent symptoms. The really serious disturbances—what can cause these to arise? Everything is conditioned, of course, by karma. We have accordingly to speak of two aspects of a human being. There is his physical and mental constitution that shows itself to us when we meet him; and then we have to discern within this the working of his karma.
Suppose the embryo lies in such a way in the organism of the mother that there is pressure at a certain point, and the brain, when it is formed, is narrow in comparison with the rest of the organisation. What can we observe as a result of this? If those influences from the brain which are of particular importance between the ages of seven and fourteen proceed from a brain that is too narrow, they become disturbed and congested, and a reflection of the pressure and congestion makes its appearance in the functioning of the spleen. And then in consequence of this kind of congestion the child will develop no feeling of any kind of moral principle or standard. Just as colours are simply not there for the man who is colour-blind, so the moral and ethical impulses contained in our words, when we speak in admonishment or reproof, are simply not there for such a child. He has been rendered morally blind. And we have then the task of dispelling this moral blindness.
We shall find, if we proceed carefully in our investigation, that external deformations can never fail to be for us most significant symptoms. Although there will always be a great deal to be said against the charlatan phrenology that is commonly practiced, a genuine phrenology really should be studied by anyone who wants to form his conclusions correctly about moral defects. For it is indeed most interesting to see how moral defects which are connected with karma are forces of such strength that they manifest themselves quite unmistakably in deformations of the physical organism. And whenever we find in a child this evidence of what may be described as karmically conditioned immorality, there is a special call for us to come in with our curative education. If we bring with us to our work the qualities of which we were speaking yesterday—inner courage, readiness to face decisions—then we shall be able to imbue the warnings and admonitions that we have to give with the requisite inner strength. For we need inner strength and power, in order to give our admonitions in the right way. That healing is possible is clear from the following example which I have often quoted. A German poet, who had already made his name, went once to a professional phrenologist. The latter was expecting to make all kinds of interesting discoveries, but all of a sudden, when he touched a certain place on the poet's head, he turned deathly pale and could not trust himself to speak. And as; a rule he would become quite talkative if he found anything of interest. The poet began to laugh and said: “I know what it is, you have found the tendency to thieving; and I did have it quite strongly.” The phrenologist had in fact discovered that the man could have become a kleptomaniac. He had however transformed his kleptomania into the art of writing poetry.
Matters of this kind have to be approached in the manner I explained yesterday. We must not be so ready as we usually are, to jump to conclusions. For it is, you see, like this. Man develops his human qualities mainly in two directions—towards the pole of thought and ideation and the forming of mental pictures, and towards the pole of will. Now as for the mental process, the thought process—that is ill if it is not a thief, and a persistent thief too! The brain-mental-organisation, the whole life of ideas, has to be a downright thief and apply no moral considerations whatever in connection with what it must and should receive. It must have the intention and habit of acquiring everything for itself. And it will even be found that there is a tendency to epilepsy or to some other illness, if the mental organisation does not snatch and grab at things in all directions. But this aptitude for thieving must not, for heaven's sake, slip down into the will organisation! The will has to be modest and restrained. It has to be sensitive, and have a feeling for “mine and thine”—a feeling which develops only gradually in contact with life in the outside world. The animals, who live more in the life of mental pictures than man does, would starve if they did not possess the habit of acquisitiveness, the impulse to get everything for themselves. These things need to be understood. But in man the propensity must not be allowed to find its way down into the will-organisation, it must remain in the finer, mental-picture-forming activity. If the astral infiltration of our brain (if I may so express it), which is, as we said, entirely justified in seeking to acquire everything for itself—if this astral infiltration makes its way down into the metabolism-and-limbs organisation or into the rhythmic system, then the urge to seize hold of everything for itself begins to manifest in the will. The urge may at first show itself in a comparatively harmless manner. You may notice a child beginning to take whatever he can lay hands on, gradually piling up for himself a little store or collection. Naturally one tries to check such a habit whenever it begins to show itself, and so it does not assume large proportions. We must accustom ourselves however to detect the tendency. As a rule of course the child does not achieve his end, because someone starts thrashing him. But we must be on the watch for this predisposition, we must take careful note of any inclination on the part of a child to collect things, to save up things for himself. And we must be sensitive for the point at which the tendency begins to be pathological; for if it goes beyond a certain limit, it becomes pathological.
People who follow the ordinary, conventional standards, have no judgement as to how far collecting may legitimately go—unless some particular occasion brings it home to them. One can be an exceptionally proper and correct person in every way, and collect postage-stamps; the collecting mania is here relatively harmless. If however a child begins, in imitation, to do the same kind of thing, you may take it as a sign that he has pushed down this quality of acquisitiveness into the sphere of the will. And then it is important that you should take particular care to see whether you have here to do with moral defects that are due to the working of karma. You should be able to discover for yourselves whether this is so, in the light of the connections I indicated yesterday. You will then have to approach the child with this understanding in your soul, and to proceed to educate him morally and ethically, doing it as effectively as you can, and with the utmost inner vitality—never in a dull or heavy manner! Working thus with inner vitality, you will make up stories in which the kind of thing the child does is carried to an absurdity. You will tell him a story about stealing, and you will go on doing this again and again. In this way you will actually intervene in the child's karma, you will be working right into his karma.
If we are really awake and “on the spot”, following with intense interest, in each individual case, to see just how the child does the things, then we shall be doing curative educational work of a kind that can remain in the sphere of the moral and ethical. Every kleptomaniac is exceedingly interesting. Qualities which are in their right place in the sphere of ideas have, you see, sunk down, in such a child, they have gone right into his toes, into his finger-tips. Naturally we must know this if we want to educate him. Under some circumstances it will even be good to introduce into the stories gestures that come natural to the kleptomaniac himself. We must transplant ourselves wholly into the particular case we are dealing with, and then invent legends or tales in which the things that are done by the child are shown to end in absurdity.
Think over all that I have been saying. Later on, we shall show you some kleptomaniacs. Think it over well, and you will see how, when such an understanding is present, the diagnosis itself can lead us straight on to the therapy.
Dritter Vortrag
Nun, meine lieben Freunde, wir haben gesprochen vom Zusammenhang von ätherischem, physischem, astralischem Leib und Ich-Organisation, wie er sich darstellen kann, dieser Zusammenhang, beim sogenannten abnormen Kinde. Aus dem, was ich gestern auseinandersetzte über die eigentümliche Art, wie der Ätherleib abnorm gestaltet sein kann durch eine nicht entsprechende Einfügung in das allgemeine Gedankensystem des Weltenäthers, haben wir uns versucht auseinanderzusetzen, daß dies, was da eintritt, nach den verschiedenen Seiten hin unregelmäßig sein kann. Wenn Sie dies begreifen können, werden Sie auch im Verlaufe der Vorträge vielleicht eine Überzeugung mitnehmen können; das ist diese: Man wird im einzelnen die Behandlungsmethode fast jeder kindlichen Individualität gegenüber finden müssen, wenn man eine allgemeine Seelenstimmung ins Erziehen hineinträgt. Aber man muß etwas wissen zunächst, und das Wesentliche ist dieses, daß eigentlich die gesamte heutige Psychiatrie von den sogenannten Seelenerkrankungen der Methode nach nichts wissen kann. Wenn man die Dinge kennt, wird man zu den Behandlungsmethoden im einzelnen kommen. Daher ist es viel weniger wichtig, daß Sie Maßregeln für das einzelne bekommen, sondern besonders wichtig ist es, daß Sie im Prinzipe einsehen, daß auch auf diesem Felde eine gesunde Pathologie, eine gesunde Diagnose von selbst sich in das Therapeutische hinein entwickelt.
Nun liegt es ja bei vielen sogenannten Geisteskrankheiten so, daß man sie aus Gründen, die Sie auch im Laufe dieser Vorträge einsehen können, nicht mehr heilen kann, oder wenigstens nur unter äußerst schwierigen Verhältnissen heilen könnte, selbst wenn man auch das Geisteswissenschaftliche berücksichtigen könnte. Dazu würde man eigene Sanatorien brauchen für diese Geisteskranken,wo man erwachsene Geisteskranke — wenn auch außerordentlich schwer — heilen könnte; ich meine Kranke besonderer Art, besonders solche Fälle, die uns für das kindliche Alter wichtig sind. Andererseits werden Sie sehen, daß man durch eine richtige pädagogische Behandlung im kindlichen Alter durchaus helfen kann. Und wir werden sehen, daß dasjenige, was auch zu dem Schwersten gehört, wenn man es bei dem Erwachsenen vorliegen hat, zum Beispiel die Epilepsie, eigentlich in frühem Kindheitsstadium viel Aussicht hat, ausgebessert oder gar weggebracht zu werden, wenn man die Sache nur richtig ansehen kann. Man kommt dann schon im einzelnen individuellen Falle zu den Maßregeln, wenn man das Prinzip des Überganges kennt von dem, was zugrunde liegt, zu dem, was man tun soll. Aber man muß eben wissen, was der Erkrankung zugrunde liegt.
Nun, sehen Sie, daß man das mit der heutigen Psychiatrie nicht wissen kann, das beruht darauf, daß man heute gar keine Ahnung hat, daß es so etwas wie eine besondere Ich-Organisation oder einen besonderen astralischen Leib gibt, sogar den Ätherleib leugnet man heute noch vielfach. Ich bestehe nicht auf Namen, aber wenn gewisse Leute aus der Theorie heraus von gewissen Begriffen sprechen wie Driesch, so erkennen sie den Ätherleib nicht, weil sie sich davor fürchten. Aber immerhin vom Physischen aus dringt zu der Erkenntnis des OrganischÄtherischen die heutige Wissenschaft schon vor. Nun ist das Wichtige, was man nicht wissen kann, wenn man vom astralischen Leib und der Ich-Organisation nichts weiß, dieses: Nehmen Sie einmal zuerst den Zusammenhang zwischen physischem Leib und ätherischem Leib. Er bleibt aufrechterhalten das ganze Leben hindurch, von der Konzeption, vom Embryonalzustand bis zum Tode, denn er geht durch alle Schlafzustände hindurch. Dagegen wird durch jeden Schlaf hindurch unterbrochen der Zusammenhang mit astralischem Leib und IchOrganisation.
Die Art und Weise, wie sich nun die Ich-Organisation und der astralische Leib im Wachzustande im physischen Leib und Ätherleib verhalten, muß richtig angesehen werden, wenn man überhaupt einen realen Begriff über sogenannte Geisteskranke haben will. Es ist unerläßlich, daß man diese Eingliederung des astralischen Leibes und des Ichs in den physischen Leib und ätherischen Leib ihrem Wesen nach kennt, wenn man überhaupt einen vernünftigen Gedanken fassen will über eine sogenannte Geisteskrankheit. Nun, sehen Sie, gewöhnlich glauben auch die Anthroposophen — nicht weil die Anthroposophie, die sehr präzise in ihren Formulierungen vorgeht, dazu Veranlassung gibt, aber weil man eben alte Denkgewohnheiten hat -, gewöhnlich glauben auch die Anthroposophen: wenn der Mensch aufwacht, gehen halt sein astralischer Leib und die Ich-Organisation über in den physischen und ätherischen Leib, verbinden sich so, wie sich Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff verbinden. So ist es nicht. Wenn man die Sache hellseherisch anschaut, so ist es so (siehe Tafel 4): wenn man hier den physischen Leib, hier den ätherischen Leib hat, so kommt der astralische Leib allerdings hinein und auch die Ich-Organisation kommt hinein; das kommt alles hinein und man sieht diesen Übergang. Aber dieser Übergang, der also darin besteht, daß der astralische Leib und die Ich-Organisation den physischen und AÄtherleib ergreifen, das ist nicht alles. Und hier beginnt eben, möchte ich sagen, eine Tatsache des menschlichen Lebens, die von außerordentlicher Wichtigkeit ist.
Gehen wir zunächst zur Ich-Organisation. Die Ich-Organisation ergreift nicht bloß den ätherischen und den physischen Leib, wenn sie zurückgeht beim Aufwachen, sondern sie ergreift im menschlichen Leibe die äußere Welt, die Kräfte der äußeren Welt. Was heißt das? Nun stellen Sie sich vor, wir haben die Schwerkraft, die so wirkt (siehe Tafel 4). Innerhalb der Richtung der Schwerkraft stehen wir ja auf recht, wenn wir wachen. Stellen Sie sich einfach die Schwerkraft als solche vor, die da wirkt, also die Richtung der Gewichtskräfte. Nun gibt es zwei Vorstellungen; machen wir uns das recht klar: die eine könnte darin bestehen, daß das Ich - sehen wir zunächst vom ätherischen Leibe ab — den physischen Leib ergreift, der physische Leib fügt sich dann der Schwerkraft, nicht wahr, wir stellen uns in die Schwerkraft hinein, wenn wir gehen, wir müssen das Gleichgewicht aufsuchen und so weiter. Das wäre die eine Vorstellung: wir ergreifen im Aufwachen mit dem Ich den physischen Leib; der physische Leib, der ist schwer und unterliegt dem Gewichte der Erde, und jetzt unterliegen wir mit unserem physischen Leib dem Gewichte der Erde und haben dadurch mittelbar eine Beziehung zur physischen Schwerkraft. Das ist die eine Möglichkeit. Es ist gerade so, wie wenn ich mit dem Gewichte des Buches eine mittelbare Beziehung zur Schwerkraft habe, indem ich das Buch ergreife. Das ist die eine Vorstellung; die ist falsch, unrichtig. Die andere Vorstellung ist diese: das Ich schlüpft hinein in den physischen Leib, ergreift den physischen Leib, aber schlüpft so weit hinein, daß es den physischen Leib unschwer macht; der physische Leib verliert, indem das Ich hineinschlüpft, seine Schwerkraft. Wenn ich also als wacher Mensch aufrecht stehe, so ist für mein Bewußtsein, für das Ich selbst, für die Ich-Organisation, die auch im Wärmeorganismus ihren physischen Ausdruck hat, die Schwerkraft überwunden. Es ist keine Möglichkeit vorhanden, in mittelbare Beziehung zur Schwerkraft zu treten. Das Ich tritt in unmittelbare Beziehung, stellt sich als Ich in die Schwerkraft hinein, schaltet also den physischen Leib aus. Das ist dasjenige, um was es sich handelt. Sie stellen sich fortwährend in die wirkliche Schwerkraft der Erde hinein mit der Ich-Organisation, wenn Sie gehen, nicht auf dem Umwege durch den physischen Leib, Sie treten in unmittelbare Beziehung zu dem Tellurischen.
Ebenso ist es mit dem Ätherleib. Auch der Ätherleib ist in Kräfte eingeschaltet. Nehmen wir eine von diesen Kräften. Ich habe oft darauf aufmerksam gemacht, wir unterliegen, indem wir als Mensch auf der Erde herumgehen, einem sehr starken Auftrieb. Wir haben unser Gehirn; das ist durchschnittlich 1500 Gramm schwer. Wenn diese Schwere von 1500 Gramm auf die Basis unseres Gehirns mit den feinen Adern drücken würde, würden diese sofort zerquetscht werden. Es drückt eben nicht, es schwimmt in Wahrheit in dem Gehirnwasser. Dadurch erleidet es einen Auftrieb, es verliert soviel von seinem Gewicht, als die verdrängte Wassermasse Gewicht hat. Diese verdrängte Wassermasse hat ein Gewicht, das ungefähr 20 Gramm weniger ist als das Gewicht des Gehirns selbst, so daß das Gehirn nur mit einem Gewichte von 20 Gramm auf seine Unterlage drückt. Wir haben also ein schweres Gehirn, das aber nicht hinuntergedrückt wird, sondern einen Auftrieb hat. In diesem Auftrieb leben wir darinnen, unser Ätherleib lebt darinnen. Aber indem wir hineinschlüpfen mit unserer IchOrganisation in unseren Ätherleib, stehen wir nicht mittelbar in dem Auftrieb darinnen, sondern direkt mit der Ich-Organisation. Mit allen Kräften der Erde, mit der ganzen physischen Welt steht unsere menschliche Organisation in Beziehung, und zwar in direkter unmittelbarer Beziehung, nicht in indirekter Beziehung.
Nun, sehen Sie, womit steht da unsere Ich-Organisation in Beziehung? Da steht unsere Ich-Organisation erstens in Beziehung zur Schwerkraft, das heißt zu dem Irdischen. Denn, meine lieben Freunde, das, was die Physiker Materie nennen, das gibt es ja nicht. In Wirklichkeit existieren nur Kräfte, und die Kräfte sind durchaus ähnlich wie zum Beispiel die Schwerkraft — es gibt natürlich noch andere Kräfte, gewisse elektrische Kräfte, magnetische Kräfte -, mit allen steht die Ich-Organisation in unmittelbarer Beziehung und ist während des ganzen Wachzustandes im normalen Menschen darinnen. Wir können sagen, alles dasjenige, was wir unter Erde umfassen, das sind diese Kräfte. Alles dasjenige, was wir unter Wasser umfassen, was im Gleichgewichtszustande ist, mit dem steht die Ich-Organisation in unmittelbarer Verbindung. Alles, was luftförmig ist - nicht wahr, wir müssen in der Physik neben der gewöhnlichen Mechanik auch eine Hydromechanik, eine Aeromechanik lernen, weil die Gleichgewichtsprozesse und meteorologischen Prozesse in der Luft ihre besondere Formung haben -, mit dem steht die Ich-Organisation in unmittelbarer Verbindung. Dann steht die Ich-Organisation noch in Verbindung mit einem Teile des allgemeinen Wärmezustandes, mit einem Teile der allgemeinen Wärmekräfte, durch den wir immer durchgehen, wenn wir in der
physischen Welt leben. (Siehe Tafel 5):
Ich-Organisation: Erde
Wasser
Luft
Wärme
Astralleib: Wärme
Licht
Chemismus
Lebensäther
Ich durchstreiche «Wärme», weil es nur ein Teil ist. - Wir wachen auf und stellen uns als Geist mit unserer Ich-Organisation in die Welt der irdischen Kräfte hinein. Unsere Beziehung ist in Wirklichkeit nicht eine physisch vermittelte, sondern eine magische. Nur daß diese nur räumlich ausgeübt werden kann, rein räumlich begrenzt durch die Grenzen unseres Organismus. Wenn Sie anfangen zu begreifen, daß die Beziehung unserer Ich-Organisation nicht eine physische, sondern eine magische ist, dann haben Sie sehr viel gewonnen.
Wenn wir jetzt zum Astralleib gehen: der Astralleib steht nun auch nicht etwa bloß durch den Ätherleib, sondern in unmittelbarer Beziehung zu gewissen Kräften, die auf uns wirken, wenn wir im Wachzustand sind. Nun, das ist wiederum ein Teil der Wärmekraft; die Wärme nämlich wirkt mit einem Teil auf den physischen Organismus und mit einem Teil auf den Ätherorganismus zurück. Dann ist der astralische Leib in unmittelbarer Beziehung zu den Lichtkräften. Aber da müssen Sie wissen, daß Lichtkräfte für Geisteswissenschaft etwas anderes sind als das, was die Physik heute darunter versteht. Wir wollen nicht auf Theorien eingehen, aber nicht wahr, dem, was die Welt rings um uns herum in Beleuchtung wahrnehmen kann, dem liegt natürlich etwas zugrunde, und zwar im Äther, so daß wir schon sagen können: Licht ist eine Ätherkraft. - Wir sprechen nun in der gewöhnlichen Wissenschaft heute von dem Licht, als in dem Beleuchteten enthalten. Geisteswissenschaft spricht so vom Licht: sie nennt Licht auch dasjenige, was andern Sinneswahrnehmungen zugrunde liegt, wie zum Beispiel das Licht der Tonwahrnehmungen. Wenn wir Tonwahrnehmungen haben, so ist die äußere Physik überhaupt nur versucht, als von dem äußeren Korrelat der Tonwahrnehmung, von der bewegten Luft zu reden. Die bewegte Luft ist nur das Medium des wirklichen Tonelementes. Das wirkliche Tonelement ist ein Ätherisches, und die Vibration der Luft ist nur die Wirkung dieses ätherischen Vibrierens. Licht lebt auch in der Geruchswahrnehmung. Kurz, für alle Wahrnehmungen liegt zugrunde ein viel Allgemeineres als Licht, als was man in der Physik heute Licht nennt. Es ist gewiß irreführend, das gebe ich Ihnen zu, daß so vom Licht gesprochen wird. Denn im Grunde genommen hat man so vom Lichte gesprochen in der alten Geisteswissenschaft bis zum 12., 13. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert. Dann hat sich das Verständnis dafür verloren, und man hat versucht, andere Ausdrücke anzuwenden, die aber noch unverständlicher sind. Deshalb sind die Bücher über Alchimie, die auf das 12. Jahrhundert folgen, so unverständlich. Für Sie ist von Bedeutung, daß man dies Licht nennt. Mit diesem Licht nun steht der astralische Leib in Verbindung mit alldem, was den Sinneswahrnehmungen unterliegt auf der Erde, nicht auf dem Umweg durch den Ätherleib, sondern direkt in Beziehung. Das ist ganz besonders interessant. Draußen lebt das Licht im Äther, aber wir haben auch Ätherisches in uns. Das Licht wirkt auf den Ätherleib. Aber mit diesem Licht, das in uns ist, kommen wir beim Aufwachen nicht allein in Beziehung, sondern mit Umgehung dieses Lichtes gliedern wir uns in das äußerlich strömende Licht ein. Ebenso ist es auch mit dem äußern, durch die Welt wirkenden Chemismus. Auch in den Chemismus gliedern wir uns ein auf eine unmittelbare Art. Und das ist besonders wichtig, denn damit wird gesagt, daß derMensch wachend in eine Art kosmischen Chemismus eingegliedert ist. Nun kennt unsere heutige Wissenschaft nur den leblosen Chemismus, höchstens ein bißchen den organischen Chemismus, aber sie kennt gar nicht jenen Chemismus, der ein allgemeiner Weltenchemismus ist. In den gliedern wir uns ein, wenn wir aufwachen. Und ebenso gliedern wir uns ein in das allgemeine Weltenleben, in den Lebensäther; alles unmittelbar.
Und das, was ich Ihnen jetzt skizziert habe, das muß erreicht werden, wenn der Mensch so, wie ich es geschildert habe, nach und nach seinen zweiten Körper aus dem ersten aufbaut und auch den dritten aufbaut. Das alles muß erreicht werden, indem der Mensch in sich untertaucht, mit Durchdringung seines eigenen Wesens, in die irdischkosmischen Agenzien hinein. Er muß die Welt ergreifen können durch sich. Wir haben heute in unserer Wissenschaft noch eine solche Sache nur ganz klar auf einem einzigen Gebiet, wo in der Tat die Physik in ähnlicher Art vorgeht, wie man es auf vielen Gebieten wünschen könnte. Das ist die Augenorganisation.
Denken Sie, wenn man das Auge betrachtet, richtig wie ein knüppeldicker Physiker, wie eine physische Vorrichtung, ein physikalisches Instrument: man zeichnet ins Auge hinein genau dieselben Figuren, wenn man das Auge begreifen will, von Lichtbrechung durch die Linse, Bildung des objektiven Bildes und so weiter, nur daß man nicht übergehen kann zu der Art, wie das Seelische in das Physikalische eingreift. Aber das Ganze ist furchtbar interessant. Denn nun hat man, wenn man so physikalisch vorgeht, diese ganze Zeichnung da vor sich, und jetzt stockt man, jetzt will man durch das Gehirn hindurch an das Seelische heran. Schauen Sie sich einmal diese drolligen philosophischen Purzelbäume an, alle diese interessanten, aber in der Tat blitzzdummen Theorien vom psychophysischen Parallelismus oder von der Wechselwirkung. In Wahrheit kommen eben im Auge die Ich-Organisation und der astralische Leib unmittelbar an das, was wir physisch zeichnen, heran, ergreifen innerhalb des Auges das Physische. Für das Auge ist man also nahe daran, den richtigen Tatbestand zu ergreifen, weil man dazu genötigt ist durch diese eigentümliche Absonderung des Auges, weil das Auge fast nach außen liegt und in der embryonalen Entwickelung von außen eingebaut wird. Beim Auge macht man das. Das ist aber beim ganzen Menschen der Fall. Man müßte den ganzen Menschen innerlich physikalisch, geist-physikalisch erfassen, so daß man zu den irdischen Kräften auch die flüchtigen Lichtkräfte hinzufügen kann. Man müßte innerhalb der menschlichen Organisation dasjenige, was eigentlich aus der Umgebung heraus am Menschen da vorhanden ist und was vom Menschen so unmittelbar ergriffen wird, das physikalisch Konstruierte, das müßte man erkennen.
Wie kann nun aber die Sache in abnormen Zuständen liegen? Im abnormen Zustande kann tatsächlich irgend etwas, irgendein Organ es kann nicht der ganze Organismus sein — so liegen, daß der Mensch keine Möglichkeit hat, durch dieses Organ hindurch den Anschluß an die Außenwelt unmittelbar zu finden. Ein Organ kann sozusagen sich in den Weg stellen, so daß der Mensch durch dieses Organ nicht den Anschluß an die Außenwelt findet. Was muß dann eintreten? Nehmen Sie irgendein Organ (siehe Tafel 5, rechts), die Lunge meinetwegen, die Lunge stellt sich so hinein in den menschlichen Organismus, daß der Mensch, wenn er aufwacht, nicht den Anschluß an die Außenwelt findet. Nehmen Sie aber an, der Mensch schläft, und es tritt da während des Schlafes etwas in der Lunge auf, was die Lunge so organisiert, daß der Mensch, wenn er nun aufwachen würde, untertauchen würde in die Lunge, aber nicht in die Außenwelt heraus könnte. Dann ist sein Ich und astralischer Leib für die Lungenorganisation genötigt, sich in die Lunge hineinzupressen, aber sie können nicht wieder herauskommen. Denn die Sache muß so sein, daß der Mensch mit seinem Astralleib untertaucht, aber wieder heraus kann nach allen Seiten in die Welt hinein. Die Lunge muß bloß den Übergang darstellen können. Nun liefert sie den Übergang nicht, sondern hält Astralleib und Ich fest, das heißt, würde sie festhalten, wenn der Mensch aufwachen würde. Das Unglück ist, daß er unter solchen Umständen auf jeden Fall aufwacht, weil dasjenige, was in die Lunge eintritt, durch den besonderen Chemismus eine Infiltration irgendeines Stoffes in feiner Verteilung ist. Die so verlegte Organisation füllt irgendein feiner Stoff aus, der besondere Affinität zur Lunge hat. Dann ist die Lunge unregelmäßig, und der Mensch wacht infolgedessen auf. Aber wie? Er wacht auf, aber ohne daß er das Bewußtsein kriegt. Daß man das Bewußtsein kriegt, dazu ist es notwendig, daß man herauskommt. Man bekommt das Bewußtsein, wenn man durchgedrungen ist. Wenn man bloß hineingekommen ist, wacht man auf; wenn man durchdringt, bekommt man das Bewußtsein. Man bleibt darin stehen, man bleibt darin stecken, und es setzt sich der Schlaf, der gesunde Bewußtseinslosigkeit ist, in die kranke Bewußtseinslosigkeit fort, das heißt, der Mensch wacht zwar auf, kriegt aber nicht das Bewußtsein.
Sie sehen, man schildert nach der einen Seite genau aus dem Innern heraus den Zustand des Epileptikers. Die Epilepsie ist so, und ist insbesondere im kindlichen Alter so, wie ich es geschildert habe. So daß also gesagt werden muß: Was liegt bei einem Epileptiker eigentlich vor? — Bei einem Epileptiker liegt das vor, daß er mit seiner IchOrganisation und seinem astralischen Leib zwar in den physischen und Ätherleib untertauchen kann, daß er aber auf der andern Seite nicht herauskommt in die physische Welt, daß er darinnen festgehalten wird. Nun denken Sie sich doch, wie ist es denn da eigentlich, wenn nun da der astralische Leib hineingeht, sagen wir in die Lunge, da drinnen festgehalten wird, da nicht wieder heraus kann? So wird er ja an der Oberfläche der Lunge gepreßt. Der astralische Leib und die IchOrganisation werden da gepreßt, stauen sich da. Sehen Sie, deshalb entsteht in einem solchen Falle unter der Oberfläche der Organe eine Stauung der Ich-Organisation und des astralischen Leibes. Das tritt in der Außenwelt als Krampf auf. Das sind Krämpfe. Jedesmal, wenn Krampf auftritt, findet eine innere Stauung an der Oberfläche irgendeines Organs statt. Diese Stauungen sind ja vorzugsweise in den Gehirnpartien vorhanden — und wir wissen ja, wie sich die Gehirnpartien zu den andern verhalten -, können aber durchaus darin bestehen, daß sich in Leber oder Lunge etwas staut und die Gehirnstauung nur eine Projektion, ein schwächeres Abbild ist. Jedesmal, wenn ein Krampf vorliegt, bemerkt man diese Stauung der Ich-Organisation und des astralischen Leibes innerhalb eines Organs. Und dann ist man erst auf der wahren Ursache der epileptischen Krämpfe, für die man sonst nichts hat als die äußere Deskriptive. Man kann nicht diesen Zustand wirklich kennenlernen, wenn man nicht in der Lage ist, von physischem und AÄtherleib aufzurücken zu Ich und astralischem Leib. Sonst hat man keinen Inhalt, wenn man von Krämpfen spricht, wenn man nicht weiß, daß da an der Oberfläche Astralleib und Ich-Organisation furchtbar zusammengeschoppt sind. Sie können nicht heraus, drängen dann nach außen und werden zurückgehalten.
Wenn Sie nun dasjenige nehmen, was wir da auseinandergesetzt haben, dann werden Sie sich von selbst sagen: Was tue ich nun, wenn im kindlichen Lebensalter die Symptome der Epilepsie vorliegen, Bewußtseinsausfälle mit Krämpfen verknüpft oder ihre Ersatzerscheinungen, von denen wir noch sprechen werden? Was kann man tun im einzelnen Fall? - Im einzelnen Fall muß man sozusagen aus dem Instinkte heraus probieren. Man probiert zunächst, ob die Bewußtseinsstörungen sehr verwandt sind, wie es bei manchen Epileptikern durchaus der Fall ist, den Erscheinungen des gewöhnlichen Schwindels. Es treten die Schwindelerscheinungen auf. Man wird sie beim Kinde bemerken in der Anlage. Man wird sich klar sein können, wenn, sagen wir, die Bewußtseinsausfälle nur kurz sind, dafür aber stark bemerkbare Schwindelerscheinungen auftreten, wo es irgendwie fehlt. Es wird hier fehlen: die Ich-Organisation und der astralische Leib kommen nicht in unmittelbare Beziehung zu den Gleichgewichtskräften. Da müssen Sie zunächst erforschen, ob bei irgendeinem Kinde das vorliegt, daß die Ich-Organisation und der astralische Leib nicht in die richtige Beziehung zu den Gleichgewichtskräften kommen. Jetzt lassen Sie es turnen oder eurythmisieren, indem Sie beim Turnen oder Eurythmisieren ihm immer äußere Gegenstände geben, die bekannten Hanteln (siehe Tafel 5, unten) oder dergleichen, lassen es namentlich Gleichgewichtsübungen machen, lassen es diese Gleichgewichtsübungen machen im Lebensalter zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife. Dann wird das Kind noch die Möglichkeit haben, daß es, wenn Sie ihm zwei gleichschwere Hanteln geben - die müssen aber apothekermäßig ausgewogen sein — und lassen es hanteln und eurythmische Bewegungen oder sonstige Turnbewegungen mit Hanteln machen, dann werden Sie eines getan haben. Jetzt geben Sie in die linke Hand eine Hantel, welcheleichter ist als die in der rechten, lassen es wieder turnen, dann in die rechte Hand eine leichtere Hantel als in die linke, lassen es wieder turnen, dann binden Sie ihm etwas, was schwer ist, es braucht nicht besonders schwer zu sein, an das eine Bein an, lassen es damit gehen, daß es gewahr wird die Kraft, die da am Bein zieht. Wenn es gewöhnlich geht, wird es nicht gewahr die Kraft; es muß sich aber mit der Ich-Organisation hineinversetzen und es wird es gleich gewahr, wenn Sie ihm etwas anhängen. Dann hängen Sie das Gewicht an das andere Bein an, dann veranlassen Sie es, die Sache mehr geistig zu machen, veranlassen Sie es zu spüren, sich hineinzudenken in die Bewegungen, in die Streckbewegung des linken Armes, in die Streckbewegung des rechten Armes, in die Streckbewegung beider Arme; lassen es bewußt wahrnehmen die Schwere, indem Sie es ein Bein aufheben lassen, das andere stehen lassen. Kurz, Sie machen in diesen Fällen, wo Sie durch die Schwindelanfälle merken: in die irdischen Kräfte geht es nicht recht herein, solche Bewegungen, in denen das Kind genötigt ist, die äußere Gleichgewichtslage beherrschen zu lernen. Ebenso wird man es dazu bringen, epileptische und epileptoide Kinder zu behandeln, wenn man sie in die andern Kräfte sich einfügen läßt.
Nun, nicht wahr, bis hierher geht es ja noch. Sie werden schon etwas erreichen bei manchen Epileptikern, bei denen Sie etwa sehen, daß sie namentlich ein gestörtes Zirkulationssystem haben, daß der Säfteumlauf eigentlich die Erscheinungen bewirkt. Wenn Sie also wahrnehmen, daß mit den epileptischen Anfällen, wenn sie als Krämpfe oder auch noch als Schwindelanfälle auftreten, da besondere Übelkeitsempfindungen verbunden sind, dann hat man es zu tun mit dem Nichteinfügen-Können ins Wasserelement. Dann wird man gut tun, wenn man dem Kinde möglichst bemerkbar macht das wäßrige Element, bevor es in den Organismus aufgenommen wird, wenn man versucht, dem Kinde die Speisen so vorzubereiten, daß es die Speisen stark spürt. ÄAußerlich könnte man etwas erreichen, wenn man es schwimmen lernen lassen könnte. Schwimmenlernen ist für Epileptiker ein sehr gutes Mittel, nur muß man verständig hinschauen auf das, um was es sich handelt.
Für die eigentlichen Bewußtseinstrübungen, die auftreten, aber ohne daß der Betreffende starke Übelkeiten hat, sind dann sorgfältig regulierte Atemübungen nicht schlecht, um die Verbindung mit der Luft herzustellen. Und für den richtigen Zusammenhang mit der Wärme ist es nötig, daß man besonders epileptische Kinder daran gewöhnt, daß sie die Wärme fühlen. Das heißt, wenn es schon bei gewöhnlichen Kindern etwas Schauderhaftes ist, wenn man sie halb nackt herumgehen läßt mit unbedeckten Unterschenkeln, was ja sehr häufig die Ursache ist von Blinddarmreizungen, sogar Blinddarmentzündungen im späteren Lebensalter — die Leute wissen das nicht -, so ist das bei epileptischen Kindern durchaus Gift. Epileptische Kinder sollte man so anziehen, daß sie immer etwas neigen zum Schwitzen, so daß das Schwitzen immer ein bißchen im Status nascendi vorhanden ist, daß sie ein bißchen zu warm angezogen sind. Das ist eigentlich Therapie. All dieses schreckliche Reden von Abhärtung führt dazu, daß die Leute als Kinder furchtbar abgehärtet werden, und die Ergebnisse dieser Abhärtung bestehen darinnen, daß, wenn sie nachher alt geworden sind, sie nicht einmal über einen sonnenbeschienenen Marktplatz gehen können, ohne in die Knie zu sinken. Man ist nicht abgehärtet, wenn man nicht unbeschadet über einen sonnenbeschienenen Marktplatz gehen kann. Sie sollen nur sehen die Herren, wie sie den Zylinder abnehmen, wenn sie über einen sonnenbeschienenen Marktplatz gehen und fortwährend in die Knie sinken wollen. Das sind in der Regel die Lebensergebnisse der heutigen Abhärtungen.
Nun damit sind wir hauptsächlich auf die Dinge eingegangen, welche gerade im kindlichen Alter die Ich-Organisation noch hineinleiten in die Elemente, in die sie hineingeleitet werden muß. Hier beginnt aber schon das Gebiet, wo unmittelbar an das Pädagogische der Arzt herantreten muß. Denn bei diesen Dingen, da können wir, wenn epileptische Erscheinungen da sind, eben nur auf dem Wege des Heilmittels der Sache beikommen, und wir müssen auch nicht zurückschrecken, auf dem Wege des Heilmittels der Sache beizukommen. Sobald die epileptischen Erscheinungen verknüpft sind, namentlich mit demjenigen, mit dem sie verknüpft werden, wenn der astralische Leib in der Hauptsache dabei engagiert ist, wenn also die oberen, die ätherischen Elemente aufhalten das Durchdringen des astralischen Leibes in die Außenwelt, dann müssen wir ja auf diese Elemente im Menschen drinnen selber wirken. Und da handelt es sich darum, daß wir wirklich den Weg finden, aber vor allen Dingen zuerst erkennen, ob der astralische Leib engagiert ist oder nicht.
Und wie erkennen wir, ob der astralische Leib engagiert ist? Nun, wer viel epileptische oder epileptoid veranlagte Kinder beobachtet hat, wird zwei voneinander sehr verschiedene Zustände bemerken. Das eine sind diejenigen Zustände, wo, ich möchte sagen, gegenüber einer moralischen Beurteilung das Kind nicht herausfordernd ist, weil das Kind sich in das, was man jedem Kinde in moralischer Beziehung beibringen will, hineinfügt. Wenn man es also mit epileptischen oder epileptoiden Kindern zu tun hat, die sich leicht in die moralische Weltordnung hineinfügen, kann man vielleicht bei dem stehenbleiben, was ich gesagt habe. Wenn man es aber zu tun hat mit solchen Kindern, die unzugänglich werden für das Moralische, die also zum Beispiel leicht gewalttätig werden in ihren Anfällen — denn die epileptischen Anfälle können sich dadurch maskieren, daß zum Beispiel Gewalttätigkeiten beim Kinde auftreten, an die oftmals keine Erinnerung vorhanden ist -, wenn dies eintritt, daß also moralisch erscheinende Defekte auftreten, dann handelt es sich darum, daß man im kindlichen Alter noch mit wirklichen Heilmitteln eingreift, so daß man tatsächlich also die Epilepsie zum Beispiel versucht zu bekämpfen mit den Mitteln, die überhaupt gebräuchlich oder von uns angegeben werden in gewisser Beziehung, wie Schwefel oder Belladonna, und hier eine regelmäßige Therapie einleitet. Nun, über diesen mehr medizinischen Teil werden wir noch sprechen. Ich möchte heute nur hinweisen darauf, wie man aus den äußeren Anschauungen übergehen muß von der mehr pädagogischen Behandlung in die mehr medizinische Behandlung. Und bei gewissen epileptischen Kindern wird es sich durchaus darum handeln, daß man sogar, weil sie ja ganz gut in die äußere Welt eingeschaltet sind, vermeiden muß die äußere Übung und vorzugsweise durch innere Therapie zu wirken hat.
Nun ist hier zu gleicher Zeit der Punkt, wo die epileptischen Erscheinungen ganz sukzessive übergehen in andere Erscheinungen. Ich habe gestern davon gesprochen, daß Gedanken eigentlich nicht falsch sein können, und jetzt habe ich fortwährend davon gesprochen, von dieser Art und Weise, wie der Mensch sich die Gedanken eingliedert. Solch eine Erscheinung, daß der Astralleib sich staut in der Lunge, beruht darauf, daß der Gedanke der Lunge nicht richtig eingegliedert ist. Also das sind alles Gedankendefekte. Die treten ein, wenn wir nicht imstande sind, beim Heruntersteigen unseren Organismus in der richtigen Weise zu beherrschen, daß wir ihn das zweite Mal aufbauen können. Aber wir bringen auch das Willensmäßige, das auf die einzelnen Organe verteilt ist, aus unserem früheren Erdenleben mit. Wenn nun die Gedanken überhaupt nicht falsch sein können, sondern immer richtig sind, sie nur verzerrt durch unseren Organismus in uns erscheinen, dadurch also auch Organe verzerrt aufbauen können, so ist es beim Willen, wie er aus dem vorirdischen Dasein ins irdische Dasein eintritt, so, daß er kaum richtig sein kann. Er kommt in völliger Unsicherheit an und muß sich im Gedankensystem aufbauen. Beim Gedankensystem ist es so, daß esin der Welt nirgends unrichtig ist, beim Willenssystem ist es so, daß es kaum irgendwie richtig ist, ohne daß der Mensch etwas dazu tut. Der Mensch bringt unter allen Umständen ein unrichtiges Willenssystem in die Welt herein. Und das bewirkt, daß wir niemals in die Welt, indem wir physische Menschen werden, mit Moralität heruntersteigen. Die Moralität müssen wir uns erst nach und nach erwerben. Das, was Moralität war für unsere frühere Inkarnation, das haben wir gebraucht zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt, wo wir beschäftigt waren mit unserem weisheitsvollen Bauen, das haben wir längst verschwitzt; die Moral müssen wir uns immer in jedem einzelnen Erdenleben neu erwerben. Das heißt, jetzt tritt etwas sehr bedeutungsvolles ein: jetzt müssen wir, indem wir aus dem vorirdischen Dasein amoralisch hereinkommen, in unserem Willen Sinn entwickeln; wir kommen mit unserem Willen herein in unsere Organe, wir müssen in unserem Willen Sinn entwickeln für dasjenige, was uns moralisch entgegengebracht wird.
Da ist es außerordentlich wunderbar, wie mit dem Sprechenlernen die moralischen Impulse in das Kind hineinfließen. Deshalb ist es uns von so ungeheurer Bedeutung, zu erkennen, daß das Imitieren bis in die intimsten Dinge hineingeht. Daß das beachtet wird, ist sehr bedeutsam: denn wenn die Erzieher und Eltern in der Umgebung des Kindes unmoralisch sind, unmoralisch reden, so wird nicht die äußere Handlung, sondern der unmoralische Gehalt in der tiefen Innenorganisation des Kindes mit imitiert. Da handelt es sich also darum, daß wir auch mit der Außenwelt in Beziehung treten, aber auf dem Umwege durch den ganzen Organismus, nicht durch einzelne Organe. Und wenn da eine Stauung auftritt, dann tritt diese Stauung auf dadurch, daß wir, während wir vorher nicht mit unseren Gedanken überall herauskommen, hier nicht mit unserem Willen herauskommen. Und das tritt in den moralischen Defekten zutage. Jetzt sehen Sie die inneren Ursachen der moralischen Defekte, wenn im ganzen menschlichen Organismus sich staut dasjenige, was aus dem vorirdischen Dasein hereinkommt und durchstoßen und sich durchfinden soll, wenn es den Durchgang zur moralischen Beurteilung unserer Umwelt finden soll. Wir müssen die Moral unserer Umwelt aufnehmen können. Das können wir unter Umständen nicht, wenn unsere geistig-seelische Organisation sich staut, wenn wir darinnen steckenbleiben - in der physischen Organisation -, wenn wir nicht durchkommen mit unserer geistig-seelischen Organisation.
Nun, sehen Sie, da handelt es sich darum, daß man in der Tat ganz auf moralischem Gebiete steht. Nur muß das auch in der richtigen Weise erkannt werden. Sie werden, wenn Sie es mit eigentlichen epileptischen Erscheinungen zu tun haben, das aus den Symptomen, die ich angeführt habe, Schwindelanfälle, Bewußtseinsauslöschung und so weiter, das werden Sie aus solchen Erscheinungen, die am Menschen auftreten, vorübergehend auftreten, diagnostizieren müssen. Wollen Sie im moralischen Gebiete moralische Defekte erkennen, dann müssen Sie nicht an die vorübergehenden Symptome denken, sondern an die bleibenden Symptome.
Die hauptsächlichsten Störungen, wodurch können sie auftreten? Natürlich ist alles im Karma bedingt; man muß von zwei Seiten sprechen, von der Beschaffenheit, mit der der Mensch auftritt, und von seiner karmischen Bedingtheit. Nun denken Sie sich einmal, der Embryo lagert so im Organismus, daß er hier zusammengedrückt wird, daß das Gehirn zu schmal gebildet wird für die ganze übrige Organisation. Jetzt haben Sie dies zu beachten: während der kindlichen Entwickelung durch das zu schmal entwickelte Gehirn haben Sie jene Strahlungen von dem Gehirn, die gerade wichtig sind vom siebenten bis zum vierzehnten Lebensjahre, dadurch gestört und gestaut, weil von dem, was hier sich staut, ein Abbild eintritt in der Milzfunktion. Was ist die Folge? Die Folge dieses Stauens ist, daß das Kind keine innerliche Sympathie entwickelt für irgend etwas, was ein moralisches Urteil ist; es fehlt ihm die Sympathie dafür. Wie für einen Farbenblinden die Farben nicht da sind, so sind für gewisse Kinder die moralischen Impulse, die in unserem Sprechen, in unseren Ermahnungen liegen, nicht da. Das Kind wird dadurch moralblind. Und wir haben dann die Aufgabe, diese Moralblindheit zu beheben. — Wir werden also an äußeren Deformationen, wenn wir sorgfältig vorgehen, immer ein wunderbares Symptom haben können. Und man wird immer gar vieles finden, was gegen diese scharlatanhafte Betätigung aller Phrenologie eingewendet wird, aber zur Beurteilung von moralischen Defekten sollte eigentlich von jedem eine echte Phrenologie schon studiert werden. Denn es ist schon interessant, zu sehen, daß moralische Defekte, die mit dem Karma zusammenhängen, daß diese so starke Kräfte sind, wo karmische Immoralität ist, daß sie unweigerlich in Deformationen des physischen Organismus auftreten.
Aber auf der andern Seite sind gerade auf diesem Gebiete heilpädagogische Versuche außerordentlich angezeigt, und man wird, wenn man die gestern erwähnten Eigenschaften mitbringt, diesen inneren Mut und dieses Sich-Stellen vor Entscheidungen, seinen Ermahnungen, die man dann braucht, eben auch die nötige innere Kraft geben können. Innere Kraft braucht man dazu. Daß Heilung eintreten kann, das habe ich öfter schon an einem bestimmten Beispiel klargemacht. Sehen Sie, ein ganz bekannter deutscher Dichter ließ sich einmal phrenologisieren von einem Sachverständigen. Er war schon ein berühmter Dichter. Und der Phrenologe, der gedacht hat, allerlei Interessantes zu finden, wurde plötzlich leichenblaß, als er eine bestimmte Stelle betastete, und da getraute er sich nicht weiterzureden, während er sonst bei interessanten Dingen immer redselig war. Der Dichter fing an zu lachen und sagte: Ich weiß schon, Sie haben den Diebssinn entdeckt; den habe ich stark gehabt! - Er hatte entdeckt, daß der Betreffende ein Kleptoman hätte werden können. Nun hat er die Kleptomanie in Dichtkunst umgewandelt.
Da ist eben das, wo man die Dinge so anfassen muß, wie ich es gestern erklärt habe; und man darf tatsächlich schon von vorneherein diese Dinge nicht so beurteilen, wie man sie sonst beurteilt. Denn sehen Sie, es ist ja so: wenn man dem Menschen gegenübersteht, so hat er seine menschlichen Eigenschaften nach zwei Polen hin hauptsächlich ausgebildet, nach dem Pol des mehr Gedanklich-Vorstellungsmäßigen und nach dem Pol des Willensmäßigen. Ja, das Vorstellungsmäßige ist krank, wenn es nicht ein Dieb ist, und zwar ein ganz ausgiebiger Dieb. Die Hirn-Vorstellungsorganisation muß ein furchtbarer Dieb sein, nicht Moral anwenden auf das, was sie aufnehmen soll. Sie muß den Sinn haben, sich alles anzueignen. Das ist der eine Pol. Und man ist eben geneigt, entweder zur Epilepsie oder zu irgend etwas, wenn man nicht nach allen Seiten hin mit der Vorstellungsorganisation grapst. Aber das darf um Gottes Willen nicht hinunterschlüpfen in die Willensorganisation! Die muß zurückhaltend sein, sie muß empfänglich sein, sie muß einen Sinn haben für Mein und Dein, der erst am äußeren Leben entwickelt wird. Denken Sie: die Tiere, die mehr im Vorstellungsleben leben als die Menschen, die würden fortwährend verhungern, wenn sie nicht den Sinn hätten, sich alles anzueignen. Diese Dinge muß man durchschauen. Das darf nicht in die Willensorganisation hinunterschlüpfen, das muß in der feinen Vorstellungsart bleiben. Wenn ich so sagen darf, wenn die astrale Infiltration unseres Gehirns, die ganz berechtigt ist, sich alles anzueignen, hinunterschlüpft bis in die Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßenorganisation oder in das rhythmische System hinein, dann entsteht im Willen als Tendenz dasjenige, was in der Vorstellungsorganisation da sein muß: es entsteht dieser Drang, sich alles anzueignen. Er kann in verhältnismäßig harmlosem Sinne auftreten, was Sie dann beobachten können, wenn ein Kind anfängt, alles was es findet, aufzuheben und sich eine Sammlung davon anzulegen. Natürlich, man bekämpft solche Dinge fortwährend; deshalb treten sie nicht so kraß auf. Man muß sich angewöhnen, die Anlage dazu zu sehen. Gewiß, das Kind bringt es gewöhnlich nicht dazu, weil man anfängt, es durchzuprügeln. Aber darauf muß man sorgfältig aufpassen, ob das Kind diese Neigung hat, irgendwie Dinge sich zurückzulegen, sich zusammenzulegen, und man muß eine Empfindung dafür haben, wo das Krankhafte beginnt. Es beginnt das Krankhafte, wenn es über ein gewisses Maß hinausgeht. Die Philistrosität hat vieles, aber hat kein Urteil darüber, wenn nicht gerade eine Veranlassung dazu vorliegt, wieviel man sammeln darf. Man kann ein grandioser Philister sein und Postmarken sammeln, da ist die Sammelwut mehr unschädlich. Wenn sie aber beim Kinde auftritt im Nachahmen, dann deutet das darauf, daß das Kind das heruntergerutscht hat, dieses Sich-Aneignen, in die Willenssphäre. Da handelt es sich wirklich darum, daß Sie sorgfältig sehen, wenn es sich um karmisch-moralische Defekte handelt in der Kleptomanie, daß Sie es sehen aus den Zusammenhängen heraus, die ich gestern geschildert habe, und aus einer solchen Seelenverfassung heraus an das Kind herankommen, indem Sie möglichst wirksam moralisch erziehen mit einer ungeheuren inneren Lebendigkeit, nicht mit Lässigkeit. Mit innerer Lebendigkeit erfindet man Geschichten, wodurch dasjenige, was das Kind tut, im Leben ad absurdum geführt wird. Man erzählt ihm einen Fall von Stehlen und macht das wiederum und immer wiederum. Das greift tatsächlich in das Karma ein.
Da wirkt man auf dem Wege des Heilpädagogischen, das im Moralischen stehenbleiben kann, wenn man wirklich ganz dabei ist, wenn man sich ganz individuell interessiert, wie die Dinge gemacht werden. Jeder Kleptomane ist außerordentlich interessant. Es sind ihm bis in die Zehenspitzen, bis in die Fingerspitzen die Vorstellungseigenschaften hineingerutscht. Das muß man natürlich wissen, wenn man ihn erziehen will. Man muß in die Erzählungen unter Umständen Gesten hineinflechten, die der Kleptomane gern macht. Man versetzt sich ganz in diesen Fall hinein, erfindet Legenden, Märchen, in denen diese Dinge ad absurdum geführt werden.
Denken Sie nach, wir werden auch Kleptomanen vorführen, denken Sie die Dinge immer weiter durch, Sie werden sehen, gerade dadurch kommen Sie auf diesem Gebiet durch die Diagnostik in die Therapie hinein.
Third Lecture
Now, my dear friends, we have spoken about the connection between the etheric, physical, and astral bodies and the ego organization, as it can manifest itself in so-called abnormal children. From what I discussed yesterday about the peculiar way in which the etheric body can be abnormally formed by an inappropriate insertion into the general thought system of the world ether, we have tried to understand that what occurs there can be irregular in various ways. If you can understand this, you will perhaps also be able to take away a conviction in the course of the lectures; that is this: one will have to find the individual treatment method for almost every child's individuality if one wants to bring a general soul mood into education. But one must first know something, and the essential thing is this, that actually the whole of today's psychiatry knows nothing about the so-called soul diseases in terms of method. Once you know these things, you will arrive at the specific treatment methods. Therefore, it is much less important that you receive measures for the individual case; rather, it is particularly important that you understand in principle that in this field, too, a healthy pathology, a healthy diagnosis, develops naturally into the therapeutic approach.
Now, in the case of many so-called mental illnesses, for reasons that you will understand in the course of these lectures, they can no longer be cured, or at least could only be cured under extremely difficult circumstances, even if one could also take spiritual science into account. This would require special sanatoriums for these mentally ill people, where adult mental patients could be cured, albeit with great difficulty. I am referring to patients of a special kind, especially those cases that are important to us in childhood. On the other hand, you will see that proper educational treatment in childhood can certainly help. And we will see that even the most serious conditions in adults, such as epilepsy, actually have a good chance of being improved or even eliminated in early childhood, if one can only see the matter correctly. In each individual case, one can then arrive at the appropriate measures if one knows the principle of transition from what underlies the condition to what one should do. But one must know what underlies the illness.
Now, you see, with today's psychiatry, it is impossible to know this, because today people have no idea that there is such a thing as a special ego organization or a special astral body; even the etheric body is still widely denied today. I don't insist on names, but when certain people speak of certain concepts from theory, such as Driesch, they do not recognize the etheric body because they are afraid of it. But at least from the physical point of view, today's science is already advancing toward the recognition of the organic-etheric. Now, the important thing that cannot be known if one knows nothing about the astral body and the ego organization is this: First, consider the connection between the physical body and the etheric body. It is maintained throughout life, from conception, from the embryonic state to death, because it passes through all states of sleep. In contrast, the connection with the astral body and the ego organization is interrupted during every sleep.
The way in which the ego organization and the astral body behave in the physical body and etheric body when awake must be correctly understood if one wants to have a realistic concept of so-called mentally ill people. It is essential to understand the nature of this integration of the astral body and the ego into the physical body and etheric body if one wants to form a reasonable idea about so-called mental illness. Now, you see, anthroposophists usually believe — not because anthroposophy, which is very precise in its formulations, gives cause to do so, but because they have old habits of thinking — anthroposophists usually believe that when a person wakes up, their astral body and ego organization pass into the physical and etheric bodies, connecting in the same way that hydrogen and oxygen connect. This is not the case. If one looks at the matter clairvoyantly, it is as follows (see Plate 4): if you have the physical body here and the etheric body here, then the astral body does indeed enter, and the ego organization also enters; everything enters and you can see this transition. But this transition, which consists of the astral body and the ego organization taking hold of the physical and etheric bodies, is not everything. And here, I would say, begins a fact of human life that is of extraordinary importance.
Let us first turn to the ego organization. The ego organization does not merely take hold of the etheric and physical bodies when it recedes upon waking, but it also takes hold of the outer world, the forces of the outer world, in the human body. What does that mean? Now imagine that we have gravity, which acts in this way (see plate 4). Within the direction of gravity, we stand upright when we are awake. Just imagine gravity as such, acting there, that is, the direction of the forces of weight. Now there are two ideas; let us make this quite clear: one could consist in the fact that the I — let us leave the etheric body aside for the moment — takes hold of the physical body, and the physical body then submits to gravity, does it not? We place ourselves in gravity when we walk, we have to find our balance, and so on. That would be one idea: when we wake up, we take hold of the physical body with the I; the physical body is heavy and subject to the weight of the earth, and now we are subject to the weight of the earth with our physical body and thus have an indirect relationship to physical gravity. That is one possibility. It is just as if I have an indirect relationship to gravity with the weight of the book when I take hold of the book. That is one idea; it is false, incorrect. The other idea is this: the ego slips into the physical body, grasps the physical body, but slips in so far that it makes the physical body weightless; the physical body loses its gravity when the ego slips into it. So when I stand upright as a conscious human being, gravity is overcome for my consciousness, for the I itself, for the I organization, which also has its physical expression in the warmth organism. There is no possibility of entering into an indirect relationship with gravity. The I enters into a direct relationship, places itself as the I into gravity, and thus switches off the physical body. That is what it is all about. You constantly place yourself in the real gravity of the earth with the ego organization when you walk, not indirectly through the physical body; you enter into a direct relationship with the telluric forces.
It is the same with the etheric body. The etheric body is also connected to forces. Let us take one of these forces. I have often pointed out that, as human beings walking around on Earth, we are subject to a very strong buoyancy. We have our brain, which weighs an average of 1500 grams. If this weight of 1500 grams were to press down on the base of our brain with its fine veins, they would be crushed immediately. But it does not press down; in fact, it floats in the cerebral fluid. This gives it buoyancy, and it loses as much of its weight as the displaced mass of water weighs. This displaced mass of water weighs about 20 grams less than the brain itself, so that the brain presses down on its base with a weight of only 20 grams. So we have a heavy brain, but it is not pressed down, it has buoyancy. We live in this buoyancy, our etheric body lives in it. But when we slip into our etheric body with our ego organization, we do not stand indirectly in the buoyancy, but directly with the ego organization. Our human organization is related to all the forces of the earth, to the entire physical world, and indeed in a direct, immediate relationship, not an indirect one.
Now, you see, what is our ego organization related to? First of all, our ego organization is related to gravity, that is, to the earthly. For, my dear friends, what physicists call matter does not exist. In reality, only forces exist, and these forces are quite similar to gravity, for example — there are, of course, other forces, certain electrical forces, magnetic forces — and the ego organization is directly related to all of them and is present in the normal human being throughout the entire waking state. We can say that everything we encompass on earth is these forces. Everything we encompass under water, which is in a state of equilibrium, is directly connected to the ego organization. Everything that is air-like — isn't it true that in physics, in addition to ordinary mechanics, we also have to learn hydromechanics and aeromechanics, because the processes of equilibrium and meteorological processes in the air have their own special form — is directly connected to the ego organization.
Then the ego organization is also connected with a part of the general state of heat, with a part of the general heat forces, through which we always pass when we live in the physical world. (See Table 5):
Ego organization: Earth
Water
Air
Heat
Heat
Astral body: Heat
Light
Chemism
Life ether
I cross out “heat” because it is only one part. We wake up and place ourselves as spirits with our ego organization into the world of earthly forces. Our relationship is not actually a physical one, but a magical one. Only that it can only be exercised spatially, purely spatially limited by the boundaries of our organism. When you begin to understand that the relationship of our ego organization is not a physical one, but a magical one, then you have gained a great deal.
Now let us turn to the astral body: the astral body does not stand merely through the etheric body, but in direct relation to certain forces that act upon us when we are awake. Now, this is again part of the heat force; namely, heat acts partly on the physical organism and partly on the etheric organism. Then the astral body is in direct relation to the forces of light. But you must know that for spiritual science, forces of light are something different from what physics understands by them today. We do not want to go into theories, but it is true that what the world around us can perceive in illumination is naturally based on something in the ether, so that we can already say: light is an etheric force. In ordinary science today, we speak of light as contained in what is illuminated. Spiritual science speaks of light in this way: it also calls light that which underlies other sensory perceptions, such as the light of sound perceptions. When we have sound perceptions, external physics is only tempted to speak of the external correlate of sound perception, of the moving air. The moving air is only the medium of the real sound element. The real sound element is an etheric one, and the vibration of the air is only the effect of this etheric vibration. Light also lives in the perception of smell. In short, all perceptions are based on something much more general than light, than what is called light in physics today. It is certainly misleading, I admit, to speak of light in this way. For basically, this is how light was spoken of in ancient spiritual science until the 12th and 13th centuries AD. Then the understanding of this was lost, and attempts were made to use other expressions, which are even more incomprehensible. That is why the books on alchemy that followed the 12th century are so incomprehensible. What is important for you is that this is called light. With this light, the astral body is connected with everything that is subject to sensory perception on earth, not indirectly through the etheric body, but directly. This is particularly interesting. Outside, light lives in the ether, but we also have etheric elements within us. Light acts on the etheric body. But when we wake up, we do not only come into contact with this light that is within us; by bypassing this light, we integrate ourselves into the light that flows externally. The same is true of the external chemistry that acts through the world. We also integrate ourselves into chemistry in a direct way. And this is particularly important, because it means that when we are awake, we are integrated into a kind of cosmic chemistry. Now, our science today only knows lifeless chemistry, at most a little organic chemistry, but it does not know at all that chemistry which is a general world chemistry. We become part of this when we wake up. And in the same way we become part of the general life of the world, of the life ether; everything directly.
And what I have now outlined to you must be achieved when the human being, as I have described, gradually builds up his second body from the first and also builds up the third. All this must be achieved by the human being immersing himself, with penetration of his own being, into the earthly-cosmic agencies. He must be able to grasp the world through himself. Today, in our science, we have only one area where this is clearly evident, where physics proceeds in a similar way to how one might wish it to in many areas. That is the organization of the eye.
When you look at the eye, think of it, like a thick-headed physicist, as a physical device, a physical instrument: you draw exactly the same figures in the eye if you want to understand the eye, from the refraction of light through the lens, the formation of the objective image, and so on, except that you cannot move on to the way in which the soul intervenes in the physical. But the whole thing is terribly interesting. Because now, when you proceed in this physical way, you have this whole drawing in front of you, and now you pause, now you want to reach the soul through the brain. Take a look at these amusing philosophical somersaults, all these interesting but in fact utterly foolish theories of psychophysical parallelism or interaction. In truth, it is precisely in the eye that the ego organization and the astral body come directly into contact with what we draw physically, grasping the physical within the eye. So, for the eye, one is close to grasping the true facts, because one is compelled to do so by this peculiar separation of the eye, because the eye is almost on the outside and is incorporated from the outside in embryonic development. One does this with the eye. But this is the case with the whole human being. One would have to grasp the whole human being internally, physically and spiritually-physically, so that one can add the fleeting forces of light to the earthly forces. One would have to recognize within the human organization that which is actually present in the human being from the environment and which is so directly grasped by the human being, that which is physically constructed.
But how can the matter be in abnormal conditions? In an abnormal condition, something, some organ — it cannot be the whole organism — can be such that the human being has no possibility of finding a direct connection to the outside world through this organ. An organ can, so to speak, stand in the way, so that the human being cannot find a connection to the outside world through this organ. What must then happen? Take any organ (see plate 5, right), the lung for example, the lung is positioned in the human organism in such a way that when the human being wakes up, he cannot find a connection to the outside world. But suppose a person is asleep, and something happens in the lungs during sleep that organizes the lungs in such a way that when the person wakes up, they would submerge into the lungs but could not emerge into the outside world. Then their ego and astral body are forced by the lung organization to press themselves into the lungs, but they cannot come out again. For it must be the case that the person submerges with their astral body, but can come out again in all directions into the world. The lungs must simply be able to provide the transition. Now they do not provide the transition, but hold the astral body and ego in place, that is, they would hold them in place if the person were to wake up. The unfortunate thing is that under such circumstances he wakes up in any case, because what enters the lungs is, due to the special chemistry, an infiltration of some substance in fine distribution. The organization thus displaced is filled with some fine substance that has a special affinity for the lungs. Then the lungs are irregular, and as a result the person wakes up. But how? He wakes up, but without regaining consciousness. In order to regain consciousness, it is necessary to come out. One regains consciousness when one has penetrated through. If one has merely entered, one wakes up; if one penetrates through, one regains consciousness. One remains stuck inside, and sleep, which is healthy unconsciousness, continues into unhealthy unconsciousness, which means that the person wakes up but does not become conscious.
You see, on the one hand, the condition of the epileptic is described precisely from within. Epilepsy is as I have described it, especially in childhood. So it must be said: What is actually going on with an epileptic? — What is happening in an epileptic is that, although he can submerge his ego organization and his astral body into the physical and etheric bodies, he cannot emerge into the physical world; he is held captive within. Now imagine what it is actually like when the astral body enters, say, the lungs, is held there, and cannot get out again. It is pressed against the surface of the lungs. The astral body and the ego organization are pressed there and accumulate there. You see, in such a case, a congestion of the ego organization and the astral body arises beneath the surface of the organs. This manifests in the outer world as a cramp. These are cramps. Every time a cramp occurs, there is an internal congestion on the surface of some organ. These congestions are mainly found in the brain areas — and we know how the brain areas relate to the others — but they can also consist of something congesting in the liver or lungs, with the brain congestion being only a projection, a weaker image. Every time a cramp occurs, one notices this congestion of the ego organization and the astral body within an organ. And then one is finally at the true cause of epileptic cramps, for which one otherwise has nothing but the external descriptive. One cannot truly understand this condition unless one is able to move up from the physical and etheric bodies to the ego and astral body. Otherwise, one has no substance when speaking of convulsions, unless one knows that the astral body and ego organization are terribly jumbled together on the surface. They cannot get out, so they push outward and are held back.
If you now take what we have discussed here, you will say to yourself: What do I do when the symptoms of epilepsy are present in childhood, loss of consciousness associated with convulsions or their substitute phenomena, which we will discuss later? What can be done in each individual case? In each individual case, one must try, so to speak, out of instinct. First, one tries to determine whether the disturbances of consciousness are very similar, as is often the case with some epileptics, to the symptoms of ordinary dizziness. The symptoms of dizziness occur. One will notice them in the child's disposition. It will be clear if, for example, the lapses in consciousness are only brief, but there are strongly noticeable symptoms of dizziness where something is somehow missing. What will be missing here is that the ego organization and the astral body do not come into direct contact with the forces of equilibrium. You must first investigate whether this is the case with any child, that the ego organization and the astral body do not come into the right relationship with the forces of equilibrium. Now let them do gymnastics or eurythmy, always giving them external objects to hold during gymnastics or eurythmy, such as the familiar dumbbells (see plate 5, below) or similar, and let them do balance exercises in particular, between the ages of tooth replacement and sexual maturity. Then the child will still have the opportunity, if you give them two dumbbells of equal weight — but they must be balanced like a pharmacist's scales — and let them do dumbbell exercises and eurythmic movements or other gymnastic movements with dumbbells, then you will have done one thing. Now give them a dumbbell in their left hand that is lighter than the one in their right hand, let them exercise again, then give them a lighter dumbbell in their right hand than in their left, let them exercise again, then tie something heavy to one of their legs, it doesn't have to be particularly heavy, and let them walk with it so that they become aware of the force pulling on their leg. If it walks normally, it will not be aware of the force; but it must put itself into the ego organization and it will immediately become aware of it when you attach something to it. Then attach the weight to the other leg, then encourage it to do the thing more mentally, encourage it to feel, to think its way into the movements, into the stretching movement of the left arm, into the stretching movement of the right arm, into the stretching movement of both arms; let it consciously perceive the heaviness by having it lift one leg and leave the other standing. In short, in these cases, where you notice through the dizzy spells that the earthly forces are not really entering, you make movements in which the child is forced to learn to control its external balance. Similarly, epileptic and epileptoid children can be treated by allowing them to integrate with the other forces.
Well, up to this point, it is still possible. You will achieve something with some epileptics, in whom you see that they have a disturbed circulatory system, that the circulation of fluids actually causes the symptoms. So if you notice that the epileptic seizures, whether they occur as convulsions or even as dizzy spells, are accompanied by particular feelings of nausea, then you are dealing with an inability to integrate into the water element. It would then be beneficial to make the water element as noticeable as possible to the child before it is absorbed into the organism, by trying to prepare the child's food in such a way that they can feel it strongly. Externally, something could be achieved by teaching them to swim. Learning to swim is a very good remedy for epileptics, but one must look carefully at what is involved.For the actual clouding of consciousness that occurs without the person concerned experiencing severe nausea, carefully regulated breathing exercises are not a bad way of establishing a connection with the air. And for the right connection with warmth, it is necessary to accustom epileptic children in particular to feeling warmth. This means that if it is already somewhat appalling in normal children to let them walk around half-naked with their lower legs uncovered, which is very often the cause of appendicitis, even appendicitis in later life — people don't know this — then it is absolutely poisonous in epileptic children. Epileptic children should be dressed in such a way that they always tend to sweat a little, so that sweating is always present in the status nascendi, that they are dressed a little too warmly. That is actually therapy. All this terrible talk of hardening leads to people being terribly hardened as children, and the results of this hardening are that when they grow old, they cannot even walk across a sunlit market square without sinking to their knees. You are not hardened if you cannot walk across a sunlit market square unscathed. Just look at the gentlemen taking off their top hats when they walk across a sunlit market square and constantly want to sink to their knees. These are usually the results of today's hardening.
Now we have mainly dealt with the things that, especially in childhood, still guide the ego organization into the elements into which it must be guided. But this is where the doctor must immediately approach the educational aspect. For in these cases, when epileptic symptoms are present, we can only deal with the matter by means of a remedy, and we must not shy away from dealing with the matter by means of a remedy. As soon as the epileptic phenomena are linked, namely with that with which they are linked, when the astral body is mainly involved, when the upper, etheric elements prevent the astral body from penetrating into the outside world, then we must indeed work on these elements within the human being itself. And here it is a matter of really finding the way, but above all of first recognizing whether the astral body is involved or not.
And how do we recognize whether the astral body is involved? Well, anyone who has observed many children with an epileptic or epileptoid predisposition will notice two very different states. One is where, I would say, the child is not challenging in terms of moral judgment, because the child fits into what one wants to teach every child in moral terms. So when dealing with epileptic or epileptoid children who easily fit into the moral world order, one can perhaps leave it at what I have said. But if you are dealing with children who become inaccessible to morality, who, for example, easily become violent during their seizures — because epileptic seizures can be masked by, for example, violent behavior in the child, which they often have no memory of — if this occurs, that is, if morally apparent defects occur, then it is a matter of intervening with real remedies during childhood, so that one actually tries to combat epilepsy, for example, with the remedies that are commonly used or recommended by us in a certain respect, such as sulfur or belladonna, and initiates regular therapy. Well, we will talk more about this more medical aspect later. Today I would just like to point out how one must move from external observations to a more pedagogical treatment and then to a more medical treatment. And in the case of certain epileptic children, it will certainly be necessary to avoid external exercises and to work primarily with internal therapy, because they are already quite well integrated into the external world.
Now, at the same time, this is the point where the epileptic symptoms gradually transition into other symptoms. Yesterday I spoke about how thoughts cannot actually be wrong, and now I have been talking continuously about the way in which human beings integrate their thoughts. A phenomenon such as the astral body accumulating in the lungs is based on the fact that the thought of the lungs is not properly integrated. So these are all defects of thought. They occur when we are unable to control our organism in the right way as we descend, so that we can build it up again the second time. But we also bring with us from our previous earthly life the volitional aspect that is distributed among the individual organs. If thoughts cannot be wrong at all, but are always right, only appearing distorted in us through our organism, and thus also able to build organs in a distorted way, then the will, as it enters earthly existence from pre-earthly existence, can hardly be right. It arrives in complete uncertainty and must build itself up in the thought system. The thought system is such that it is nowhere in the world incorrect, while the will system is such that it can hardly be correct in any way without the human being doing something about it. Under all circumstances, the human being brings an incorrect will system into the world. And this means that we never descend into the world with morality when we become physical human beings. We must acquire morality little by little. What morality was for our previous incarnation, we needed between death and new birth, when we were busy with our wise building; we have long since lost that. We must always acquire morality anew in each individual earthly life. This means that something very significant now occurs: now that we enter from our pre-earthly existence in an amoral state, we must develop meaning in our will; we enter our organs with our will, and we must develop meaning in our will for what is presented to us morally.
It is extraordinarily wonderful how moral impulses flow into the child as it learns to speak. That is why it is so immensely important for us to recognize that imitation extends into the most intimate things. It is very important to bear this in mind: for if the educators and parents in the child's environment are immoral, speak immorally, then it is not the outward action but the immoral content that is imitated in the child's deep inner organization. So it is a matter of our also relating to the outside world, but indirectly through the whole organism, not through individual organs. And if a blockage occurs, it occurs because, whereas before we did not express our thoughts everywhere, here we do not express our will. And this becomes apparent in moral defects. Now you see the inner causes of moral defects: when what comes in from pre-earthly existence and should break through and find its way, when it should find its way to the moral assessment of our environment, becomes congested in the whole human organism. We must be able to absorb the morality of our environment. We may not be able to do this if our mental and spiritual organization is congested, if we are stuck in it — in the physical organization — if we cannot get through with our mental and spiritual organization.
Now, you see, it is a matter of actually standing entirely in the moral realm. But this must also be recognized in the right way. When you are dealing with actual epileptic symptoms, you will have to diagnose this from the symptoms I have mentioned, dizziness, loss of consciousness, and so on, which occur temporarily in humans. If you want to recognize moral defects in the moral realm, then you must not think of the temporary symptoms, but of the permanent symptoms.
What are the main disorders, and how can they occur? Of course, everything is conditioned by karma; one must speak of two sides, the nature with which the human being appears and his karmic conditioning. Now imagine that the embryo is positioned in the organism in such a way that it is compressed here, that the brain is formed too narrow for the rest of the organism. Now you have to consider this: during the child's development, the narrowly developed brain disrupts and blocks the brain waves that are particularly important between the ages of seven and fourteen, because what is blocked here is reflected in the function of the spleen. What is the consequence? The consequence of this blockage is that the child does not develop any inner sympathy for anything that is a moral judgment; it lacks sympathy for it. Just as colors do not exist for a color-blind person, so for certain children the moral impulses that lie in our speech and in our admonitions do not exist. The child thus becomes morally blind. And we then have the task of remedying this moral blindness. — So, if we proceed carefully, we will always be able to find a wonderful symptom in external deformities. And one will always find many objections to this charlatanistic practice of phrenology, but in order to judge moral defects, everyone should actually study genuine phrenology. For it is interesting to see that moral defects connected with karma are such strong forces where karmic immorality exists that they inevitably appear in deformities of the physical organism.
But on the other hand, curative education experiments are particularly appropriate in this area, and if one possesses the qualities mentioned yesterday, this inner courage and this ability to face decisions, one will also be able to give the necessary inner strength to the admonitions that are then needed. Inner strength is needed for this. I have often illustrated with a specific example that healing can occur. You see, a very well-known German poet once had his phrenology examined by an expert. He was already a famous poet. And the phrenologist, who thought he would find all sorts of interesting things, suddenly turned pale as a ghost when he touched a certain spot, and he didn't dare to say any more, whereas he was usually very talkative when he found interesting things. The poet began to laugh and said: “I know, you have discovered the thief's mind; I had a strong one!” He had discovered that the person in question could have become a kleptomaniac. Now he has transformed kleptomania into poetry.
That is precisely where one must approach things as I explained yesterday; and one must not judge these things from the outset in the way one would otherwise judge them. For you see, it is like this: when one stands before a human being, he has developed his human characteristics mainly in two directions, toward the pole of the more intellectual and imaginative, and toward the pole of the volitional. Yes, the imaginative is sick if it is not a thief, and indeed a very prolific thief. The brain's imaginative organization must be a terrible thief, not applying morality to what it is supposed to take in. It must have the sense to appropriate everything. That is one pole. And one is inclined either toward epilepsy or toward something else if one does not grapple with the imagination organization on all sides. But for God's sake, that must not slip down into the will organization! That must be restrained, it must be receptive, it must have a sense of mine and yours, which is only developed in outer life. Consider this: animals, which live more in the life of imagination than humans, would constantly starve if they did not have the sense to appropriate everything. One must see through these things. This must not slip down into the organization of the will; it must remain in the subtle mode of imagination. If I may say so, when the astral infiltration of our brain, which is quite justified in appropriating everything, slips down into the metabolic limb organization or into the rhythmic system, then what must be present in the imagination organization arises as a tendency in the will: this urge to appropriate everything arises. It can occur in a relatively harmless sense, which you can observe when a child begins to pick up everything it finds and start a collection of it. Of course, such things are constantly combated; that is why they do not occur so blatantly. One must get into the habit of recognizing the predisposition for this. Certainly, the child usually does not do it because one begins to beat it. But you have to pay careful attention to whether the child has this tendency to put things away, to collect them, and you have to have a sense of where the pathological begins. The pathological begins when it goes beyond a certain degree. Philistism has many things, but it has no judgment about how much one is allowed to collect unless there is a reason to do so. One can be a grandiose philistine and collect postage stamps, in which case the collecting mania is more harmless. But when it occurs in a child in imitation, it indicates that the child has slipped into the sphere of the will, this appropriation. It is really a matter of carefully observing whether kleptomania involves karmic-moral defects, of seeing it in the context I described yesterday, and of approaching the child from such a state of mind, educating them morally as effectively as possible with tremendous inner vitality, not with indifference. With inner vitality, you invent stories that reduce what the child does to absurdity. You tell them a story about stealing and repeat it over and over again. This actually intervenes in the karma.
This is done through curative education, which can remain moral if one is truly fully engaged, if one is individually interested in how things are done. Every kleptomaniac is extremely interesting. Their imaginative qualities have slipped into every fiber of their being, right down to their fingertips. Of course, one must know this if one wants to educate them. Under certain circumstances, you have to weave gestures that the kleptomaniac likes to make into the stories. You put yourself completely in this case, inventing legends and fairy tales in which these things are taken to absurd extremes.
Think about it, we will also demonstrate kleptomaniacs, think things through further and further, you will see that this is precisely how you get from diagnosis to therapy in this area.
