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Pastoral Medicine
GA 318

13 September 1924, Dornach

Lecture VI

Dear friends,

So far we have been chiefly concerned with discovering how far a human being may deviate in one or the other direction from what can be called “normal”: toward a pathological condition or toward a connection to the real spiritual world.

Today I would like to go beyond the single earth-life to show—with the help of a rather obvious example—how the karma that a human being carries through repeated earth-lives must sometimes relate itself to entirely contrasting conditions, such as, for instance, a capacity to reach into the spiritual world and, in the same human being, a need to reach down into the bodily, natural realm.

If physicians want to practice not only with good external measures and with intelligence but with their whole heart, with all their human capacities, they need to stand within the spiritual world and look at this physical world from a spiritual point of view. The human being journeys through successive earth-lives; causes reach over spiritually from one earth-life and evoke consequences in a later one. Therefore karma cannot remain a mere word to us. We must learn how to relate our healing activity to karma. For this, we must first be fully aware of how karma works in relation to pathological conditions and also to visionary capacities.

If priests want to enter into their parishioners' life situations in the right way, if they want to be a real pastor to the souls in their care, they also need to appreciate the spiritual significance of what confronts a human being in everyday life on this earth. Only then will they be able to care for humanity properly from the standpoint of the spirit.

In this connection we should consider something for a moment that some with a modern, more “enlightened” point of view may regard with derision. If we, too, presumed to take such an attitude, our descendants would surely magnify it a hundred-fold in their estimation of us! For they will view us in future centuries as anyone living today in our so-called scientific culture views our ancestors. You will see at once what I mean.

In the course of human evolution a complete reversal has taken place in the conception of illness. This became particularly obvious at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. If you go back two thousand years or so to the early times of the Old Testament, you find a universal conviction that illness comes from sinfulness, that illness has its original spiritual cause in sin. This was a serious belief. There had to be a spiritual error or failure somewhere as the true cause when a physical illness appeared. This idea was carried further. It was believed of a person in whom the spiritual fault lay causing the illness, that the individual harbored some elemental spiritual force that did not belong there, that somehow the person was “possessed.” In those times all illness signified that a person was “possessed” by some spiritual entity as the consequence of spiritual error or fault. Therapy was created accordingly. It was based on finding the means to bring out of the ill person the alien elemental spirituality that had entered through a spiritual offense. Basically this was the belief that one does not understand an illness unless one knows its cause.

Now consider the belief that came later, pronouncing exactly the opposite view—before psychoanalysis intervened in such a frightfully dilettantish fashion. The new belief said that every sin can be traced to illness. People were convinced of it. If there was a criminal, a “sinner” somewhere (the concept “sin” was defined rather superficially, according to the legal code) they saw to it that in some way or other they got hold of the brain after death, and could thus examine the physical organism. They were looking for the defects. And they did find defects in many instances. In this respect they have advanced quite a little. Clever, well-trained scientists have adopted the view that a person who has a perfect physical organism doesn't sin. A person sins if there is some bodily defect. Sin comes from disease. That's how evolution goes—not in a straight line but by way of opposites. And the people who have now reached this last view (not everyone today admits to it, but it is often fundamental even for those who do not totally subscribe to it) look back with pity to olden times when it was believed that illness comes from sin. For they know they themselves are right, that sin comes from illness. And they know with absolute certainty that in the sick person there is some material process or other that they have to combat, have to neutralize, have to get out of the organism. In earlier times the healers worked to remove a host of elemental spirits. To someone who sees the matter from a broader point of view there is really not very much difference. From an inner standpoint there is no great difference between the health spas that materialistic medicine considers correct and Lourdes. In the latter a person is cured through religious beliefs, in the former through materialistic beliefs. These things must simply be looked at without prejudice.

Influenced by such shortsighted ideas, one certainly will not perceive real connections. Therefore I would like to describe a concrete case. It should reveal to you the deeper connections to be found in this matter of human health. A certain person lived in the nineteenth century. I'll speak of him presently as he was in the nineteenth century, but first I want to take you back to one of his earlier incarnations that had important consequences for his life in the nineteenth century. This person was incarnated in a southeastern region of Asia where the people were extraordinarily fond of animals. You know that oriental teachings include a great reverence and love for animals; they extend what they call love of humanity and love of things, particularly to love of animals. In ancient times it was natural for people in this region to love animals intensely and to take very good care of them. But the man of whom I am speaking was no friend of animals. There in the midst of an animal-loving people was a man who treated them cruelly. Even as a boy he tormented them, he was mean to them; in later life he tortured domestic animals in every possible way to an incredible degree. This aroused violent anger in the people among whom he lived. He also experienced a deep conflict between this compulsive mania (today, in materialistic terms, we would call it perversion of the will) and on the other hand the spiritual teachings of the people. He took these up with great fervor. He was able to relate himself to them completely; he had a fine sense for everything the religion of that area taught. But he became involved in violent conflicts with the most religious individuals around him because of his torture of animals. It was especially the animals in his own house that he tortured, first among his relatives, and later when he became a kind of farmhand. Orientals lavish particularly good care on domestic animals, considering them as part of the family. These were the ones he tortured most shockingly.

This man lived again in our age, in the first half of the nineteenth century, and in this incarnation (which in a wider sense belongs to our own time) he was born as an extremely fearful person, so that he chained dogs to himself. One could say this was now a symptom of illness, this abnormal relation to animals. It did have an aspect of disease about it through the fact that he did not develop any special love for the dogs, only a feeling that he had to have them near him. It is clearly fantastic, the way he related himself to them. It reveals an inner karmic compulsion from an earlier life.

At the same time in this incarnation the man is extremely talented, carrying over from his earlier life everything he had experienced of the oriental spiritual teachings, as well as his own religious devotion. This is not just a feeling in him: it becomes his life practice. In the course of this life he develops not only an astonishing capacity for spiritual fantasy, but the ability to put into poetic form correct visionary images that come to him in a matter-of-fact way. His poetry is about ordinary physical human life into which elemental spiritual beings constantly play. He is a distinguished poet. Moreover one may truly say he is the dramatist whom we Europeans would compare most seriously with Shakespeare. He is Ferdinand Raimund7 Ferdinand Raimund (1790–1836). Viennese dramatist. Wrote Der Alpenkönig und der Menschenfeind (“King of the Alps and the Misanthrope,” 1828).—with his fantastic personality, his giant talent—whose dramatic poems show how he has brought from earlier incarnations his ability to portray spiritual things, to put spiritual happenings into human life. One need only look at Der Alpenkönig und der Menschenfeind (“The King of the Alps and the Misanthrope”) to be able to liken him to Shakespeare. First of all, he is an important actor; this comes from his impulse to bring both trivialities and non-trivialities from spiritual realms to the stage. On the stage he is an incomparable actor, full of humor; in life he is completely overwhelmed by the consequences of the animal torture that he formerly perpetrated. Genius and a pathological condition are thoroughly mixed in him: the genius impelling him to create with soul-spiritual dramatic instinct and Shakespearean power, the pathological condition impelling him to inject a fantastic element into his external life.

Now we must look at a singular trait in Raimund. The animal torture had been a “necessity” to him in that earlier incarnation; he experienced a kind of lust, he did it for secret pleasure. During that earth-life he was not aware it was bad. He came to that realization only after he went through the gate of death. Now the experience one has when one goes through the gate of death and then further into the life between death and a new birth is in the subsequent life expressed foremost (in a wide sense) in the head organization. There lies the impulse one brings with one as talent. This, Raimund brought with him in rich amount. But here also something is working that appears in the rhythmic system, particularly the upper rhythmic or respiratory system. For the human being is built like this (see drawing): metabolic-limb system, rhythmic system, nerve-sense system. What comes from an earlier earth-life works over into the nerve-sense system of the new life; what comes from the time between death and a new birth works over into the rhythmic system; and what comes from the new earth-life works alone in the metabolic-limb sytem.

So all that this individual who is now Ferdinand Raimund experienced of bitter remorse, of deeply crushing insight was working continually after that earlier incarnation, in his life between death and a new birth, affecting his coming rhythmic system. It worked right into the physical body. For in the physical organization of the head we have the after-effect of the previous earth-life; in the physical organization of the rhythmic system we have the after-effect of the life between death and a new birth. These facts are obvious when one studies embryology even externally.

In Raimund's case, in his breathing system, the upper rhythmic system, we see working in him all the bitter remorse and insight he had experienced when he went through the gate of death from that previous earth-life. This experience led inevitably to breathing irregularities in this life, to a meager intake of oxygen and a strong saturation of carbon dioxide. Breathing irregularities—from a physical point of view—bring on a variety of states of anxiety; they can be the carriers of elemental beings of anxiety. The breathing irregularities do not allow the proper balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the breathing process, and this draws in anxiety elementals. You can see all this in The King of the Alps and the Misanthrope. It was well developed in Raimund; he was predisposed to a breathing system that would be a carrier for anxiety elementals.

Such elemental beings are not simply anxiety elementals. If at the same time there is something such as Raimund had in his head system from earlier earth-lives, namely, soul-spiritual ideas—which make his dramas so interesting—one sees that the presence of these anxiety demons causes karma to develop in a very definite direction. One sees clearly how they push in an unhealthy way to bring about karmic effects. They stream into fanciful imaginations that even achieve visionary content—and Raimund's dramas are built on such content. They stream into his visionary activity; they also impel him to develop a fantastic element in his daily life. In this way a karmic stream pushes through his life, a tremendous gift of genius that has to come to expression. One branch of the stream flows in a special kind of spiritual creation. The other branch flows parallel in a kind of life-fantasy that is not expressed externally but is directed inward. For it lies in the rhythmic system, which is of course half inward, but which also works in the lower organs in such a way that it affects a person's external life, and then in turn influences the inner life again. So Raimund's genius is accompanied by a truly pathological tendency. And this pathological tendency, which expresses itself through the anxiety demons, is the vehicle for the fulfillment of his karma.

One can see Raimund's karma quite clearly. He has to keep a dog. He is a fantastic person. He does what other men wouldn't do. One can understand that. One can even sympathize with that. Indeed when I remember how some of our worthy citizens have gorged themselves at court banquets when they were being given distinguished titles, I have a certain sympathy for Raimund, with his wry humor as he sits on the floor and eats with the dog out of the dog's bowl. You see how karma plays in from the animal torture of his earlier incarnation. You see how this deed comes from the animal torture and the remorse after death and is done as a fantastic atonement. But the atonement has to be still more severe. Immediately after this, the anxiety demons appear and take part in the playing-out of his karma. Raimund becomes obsessed by the thought: the dog has rabies, I have been eating with him, now I am infected! Raimund is terrified. While at other moments he can do the most talented things on the stage, the moment he withdraws from his external life he succumbs to the compulsive fear that he is infected with rabies.

Now he undertakes a journey with a friend. They go from Vienna to Salzburg, and there the fear of madness so overwhelms him that he must return at once to Vienna to get treatment. It is a tormenting journey both for him and for the friend. One sees his pathological state always following at the heels of his genius. For now he is well taken care of: people are delighted to entertain Ferdinand Raimund. Gradually he abandons the rabies idea. Something like a cure takes place through life itself, through pleasure, through the kindness he receives on every side—which he doesn't really want to accept because he is still a hypochondriac. And the anxiety demons torment him; if not with one trouble, then with another. So he is always swinging back and forth between Raimund the humorist and Raimund the hypochondriac. But at least he has given up the idea that he might go mad. That fear had obsessed him for years. Even so, he is still bound to animals. After ten years he gets another dog, and now see what happens: he plays with the dog and the dog really bites him. Again the thought of it overpowers him. He is standing there, he is bitten by the dog, and the dog has rabies! (Actually, it was established later that the dog did have rabies, but it was a very light case.) Now Raimund travels to Pottenstein, shoots himself in the head; the bullet lodges in the posterior cavity, far back. It can't be operated on. Raimund dies from the shot after three days.

You see how Raimund had freed himself from the first obsession, but karma continued to work. This is an example of karma working itself out completely, in a remarkable way. For only think! Subjectively, it is not precisely a suicide, for Raimund could not be called a fully responsible individual. Objectively, it is also not precisely a suicide, for if they had been able in those days to operate on that part of the head, Raimund would have been saved. At that time the operation was not possible and they had to leave the bullet in the head, so that after three days death was inevitable. So it is not a pure suicide, either subjectively or objectively. Thus one cannot say there will be consequences in the karma because of suicide. The karma does not continue: it was balanced out by what Raimund experienced in this incarnation up to his death, up to the way his suicidal intention was carried out. One sees clearly how karma from his earlier incarnation rises up and strikes him in this incarnation. One sees it reach across the span of time to strike with strength.

So now, first, we have seen that there are individuals whose ego, astral body, and etheric body develop, either suddenly or by stages, in such a way that they break into the spiritual world with a visionary capacity: St. Teresa, Mechthild of Magdeburg, and many others. There are such individuals who show an abnormality in one direction, the direction of spiritual awareness. They have been given some karmic gift—which we are only considering from the aspect of this particular earth-life. With these individuals we do not need to enter into karmic details. Naturally it is a fulfillment of karma. But one can understand the case from a single earth-life.

Then there are the individuals turned in the other direction. They develop abnormally in their physical-etheric organism; they sink down into their physical body and become pathological cases, as I showed you, in three stages. Their pathological condition is induced by their karma. But one only needs to look at the general picture. With such personalities as St. Teresa the individual became especially strong in earlier earth-lives, while in the pathological cases the individual became especially weak, causing the higher being to be drawn down into the lower organism. Again one needs only to look at a few general characteristics of an individual, one need not examine the karma in detail.

But now in Ferdinand Raimund we have an unusual personality. He developed not only in the visionary direction but in the opposite direction also, and at the same time. We have the two opposites constantly pitted against each other throughout his life. Both the genius and the psychopath are in his personality; they play into each other, wonderfully and tragically. Thus this case obliges us to study the concrete details of his karma. We have to perceive how his karma works to create the two extremes, how it holds them apart, sometimes letting them work into each other. You will find countless places in Raimund's dramas where you can say his spiritual vision is active and at the same time something is working in from the anxiety demons. Sometimes you see it in the structure of the drama itself.

If we study human character in this way, we come inevitably to a consideration of karma. And we must see on the one hand the one-sidedness of that abstract teaching from certain ancient streams of civilization—namely, that illness comes from sin—which means that only abnormal spirituality is active in the human being. Naturally certain ideas can be expressed in this abstract way, but they remain theories even if one treats people in accordance with them. The opposite assertion is just as abstract and just as one-sided: that sin comes from illness, and that there are physical substances and processes in some people to be combated. First of all we have to investigate the concrete details of the total human organism, how its upper members relate to each other, whether they are separated from each other, whether they distance themselves from the lower members. Likewise, we must be able to see how karma is working in such an interplay of genius and pathology as was the case with Raimund. Those who achieve an understanding of these things will find opportunities in life to add something more to what they are already accomplishing in the work of physical healing, to add words that will make the healing process complete. They will reach the moment when they are no longer bound merely to a physical healing process, seeking the why and the wherefore of physical healing alone, for they will perceive how necessary it is in many cases to add a moral dimension to it. This does not mean one becomes sentimental and goes calling on a patient with all kinds of trifling consolations. Usually such things have little effect. Sick people haven't much energy left for weepy callers—or for hearty jollities either! They do have an amazing amount of energy left for what lies in natural human relations, not the “what” of words but the “how” One finds a way instinctively in such situations if one is able to express a view of the world and of life in a way that relates them to spiritual connections—as it can if one takes seriously such examples as I have described.

Spiritual activity cannot consist of talk, much less of religious tirades. Spiritual work must relate to facts. If it takes hold of facts, then it will be useful first of all to make the necessary connections with human beings. Then it can be used for healthy people and sick people. One will develop an instinct for orienting oneself to any illness with this or with that symptom. You will see that this extends to physical illnesses as well. But we must first open up the way to see that these things apply to physical illnesses. You will come to this if you study various examples of them, also the biographies of many geniuses. But not from the standpoint of that arch-philistine Lombroso! What is so disturbing about Lombroso's theory—his own great genius has to be acknowledged—is the fact that he is a thorough philistine, that on every page you read commonplace opinions. Science has fallen to that level! If one refuses to accept assertions from that kind of standpoint, if one directs one's activity from a really thoughtful perception of the world—that is, of physical and spiritual life—then if one needs to offer comfort to a sick person, one will offer the comfort of religion with a true spiritual aura. But not without clear understanding behind it. Whether one gives communion to sick people in the right way, so that they begin to improve, so that during their convalescence their soul is in no way injured, depends upon one's having an understanding for these things.

For certain convalescents, their physical healing will not be complete without the sacrament of communion, so that what had been brought into disarray in their karma can be put in order again. If one does not know that, one cannot carry it into the aura of the sacrament. But if physicians also understand these things, if they recognize karma working through the illness while keeping professional command of the healing process, they will be able to relate themselves to it in the right way. They must observe these things with their whole being from a broad worldview. Then something objective will happen for them, if they work consciously with their whole soul to help the karmic processes developing in the patient. Their healing mission will be the other half of divine service; it will have a religious dimension. They will learn to regard themselves as partners of the priests, standing beside the priests and administering the other half of the divine service. Healing then becomes a divine service. Things that the materialistic world conception has turned into nature worship—to dancing around the golden calf—these things must be returned and transformed to a divine service, through proper anthroposophical understanding. To transform everything in life and art and religion into the service of God: that will be the ultimate task of a comprehensive pastoral medicine that can be practiced within the anthroposophical movement. But a beginning must be made. It must be initiated here; at least the indications must be given for it to those who will carry the impulse forward, out of spiritual foundations, for the two sides of a true divine service.

That is why pastoral medicine is first being presented to priests and physicians within the anthroposophical movement. Those individuals will then find possibilities, with their knowledge of nature and spirit, to pursue pastoral medicine further. But they will also be able to use it to penetrate the specific regions of life that lie within their mission.

Sechster Vortrag

Meine lieben Freunde! Wir haben betrachtet den Menschen im wesentlichen, obwohl wir das andere haben hereinleuchten lassen, insofern er in seinem Erdenleben nach der einen oder anderen Seite hin sich aus dem, was man das Normale nennen kann, herausentwickelt nach dem Pathologischen hin, oder auch nach derjenigen Seite hin, die ihn in ein Verhältnis bringt zur realen geistigen Welt.

Wir wollen heute versuchen, über das einzelne menschliche Leben hinauszugehen, über das Leben des Menschen, insofern es ein einzelnes Erdenleben darstellt, um zunächst an einem mehr oder weniger überschaubaren Beispiel zu sehen, wie auch in solchen Zuständen, die, ich möchte sagen, in dem polarischen Gegensatz drinnenstehen zwischen dem Hineinreichen in die geistige Welt und dem Hinunterreichen in das Körperliche, in das Naturhafte, um zu sehen, wie zu solchen Vorgängen steht dasjenige, was sich durch die wiederholten Erdenleben zieht. Denn es ist schon so: der Arzt braucht, wenn er seinen Beruf ausüben will, nicht nur in äußerlicher Weise oder in verstandesmäßiger Weise, sondern mit dem vollen Herzen, mit dem ganzen Menschen, er braucht das Darinnenstehen in der geistigen Welt, das Anschauen der Welt vom Aspekt des Geistigen aus. Aber da nun einmal tatsächlich das Menschenwesen durch aufeinanderfolgende Erdenleben reicht, die Ursachen von einem Erdenleben auf geistige Art in das andere Erdenleben hinübergehen, wirksam werden im Menschen, so darf das Karma für uns keine Phrase bleiben, sondern wir müssen auch allmählich einsehen, wie wir uns heilend zum Karma zu stellen haben. Dazu müssen wir vor allen Dingen seine Wirksamkeit mit Bezug auf das Pathologische und mit Bezug auf das Visionäre durchschauen.

Der Priester braucht, wenn er in der richtigen Weise auf die Erscheinungen des Lebens eingehen will und für die Seelen, die ihm anvertraut sind, sorgen will, ein richtiger Seelsorger sein will, er braucht auch das Hineinschauen in die Bedeutung des Geistigen für dasjenige, was einem im physischen Erdenleben entgegentritt. Nur dann wird er die Menschen auf Erden in richtiger Weise vom Gesichtspunkte des Geistigen behandeln können.

Da fällt uns ja sogleich etwas auf, meine lieben Freunde, worauf man heute vom überlegenen, aufklärerischen Standpunkte aus, vielleicht mit einer gewissen Verächtlichkeit schauen kann, aber würden wir es tun, unsere Nachkommen in fernen Jahrhunderten würden es uns heimzahlen. Denn sie würden es mit uns ebenso machen wie der Mensch, der heute in der sogenannten wissenschaftlichen Bildung darinnen lebt, es macht mit den Vorfahren. Sie werden gleich einsehen, was ich meine.

In bezug auf die Anschauung über die Krankheiten hat sich im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung ein vollständiger Umschwung vollzogen, und gerade Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts konnte einem dieser Umschwung besonders ins Auge fallen. Gehen Sie zurück ein paar Jahrtausende in der Entwickelung der Menschheit, in ältere Zeiten des Alten Testaments, so finden Sie überall die Überzeugung: die Krankheit kommt von der Sünde, die Krankheit hat ihre geistige Ursache zu allerletzt in der Sünde. Das wurde sehr ernst genommen. Es mußte eine geistige Verirrung oder Verfehlung irgendwo vorliegen als eigentliche Ursache, wenn eine physische Erkrankung auftrat. Und diese Anschauung ging weiter. Diese Anschauung ging dahin, daß man sagte: Da in einem Menschen, bei dem irgendeine geistige Verfehlung oder Verirrung zugrunde liegt, die in ihm die Erscheinung der Krankheit hervorruft, ist irgend etwas geistig Elementarisches enthalten, was nicht in ihn hineingehört, er ist irgendwie besessen. — Jede Krankheit bedeutete ja eine Besessenheit mit Geistigem als Folge einer geistigen Verirrung oder Verfehlung in älteren Zeiten, und demgemäß war auch die Therapie eingerichtet. Sie war darauf eingerichtet, nach Mitteln zu sinnen, wie man dasjenige, was durch die geistige Verfehlung an fremder elementarer Geistigkeit in den Menschen hineinkam, wie man das wieder herausbringt. Radikal war diese Anschauung, daß man eine Krankheit nicht versteht, wenn man nicht ihre krankhafte Ursache weiß,

Nun, nehmen Sie dasjenige, was in ganz folgerichtiger Entwickelung heraufgekommen ist und mehr oder weniger in der letzten Zeit, bevor dilettantisch die Psychoanalyse, die analytische Psychologie in so furchtbarer Weise eingegriffen hat, indem sie das genau Entgegengesetzte von dem, was da als Ansicht geherrscht hat, sagte: Jede Sünde hat in der Krankheit ihre Ursache. - Man war überzeugt davon; wenn man irgendwo einen Verbrecher, einen Sünder hatte, wobei man den Begriff der Sünde ziemlich äußerlich nach dem Staatskodex definierte, wenn man irgendwo einen Verbrecher oder Sünder hatte, sah man, daß man nur in irgendeiner Weise seines Gehirns habhaft werden konnte nach dem Tode, seines Schädels irgendwie habhaft werden konnte, seine physische Organisation untersuchen konnte. Man würde schon die Defekte, die Merkmale finden. Man hat sie auch in vieler Beziehung gefunden, und man ist ja in dieser Beziehung nicht gerade wenig weit gekommen. Tüchtige naturwissenschaftlich gebildete Leute sind zu der Ansicht gekommen, wenn der Mensch vollkommen organisch ausgebildet ist, sündigt er nicht. Er sündigt dadurch, daß ein körperlicher Defekt irgendwo da ist: die Sünde kommt von der Krankheit. So geht die Entwickelung. Sie geht nicht in gerader Linie weiter, sie geht durch polarische Gegensätze; und gerade die Menschen, die nun zur letzteren Ansicht gekommen sind - es gesteht sich heute nicht jeder, aber es liegt vielfach zugrunde selbst bei denjenigen, die äußerlich nicht ganz auf dem Boden stehen -, diese Menschen sehen mit aller Verachtung zurück nach denjenigen Zeiten, in denen man gesagt hat: Die Krankheit kommt von der Sünde. - Denn sie wissen, nach ihrer Meinung ist das richtig: die Sünde kommt von der Krankheit. Ebenso wissen sie, daß man irgendeinen stofflichen Prozeß im Kranken hat, den man bekämpfen muß, aufheben muß, herausbringen muß, wie man früher eine geistige Elementarwelt herausbringen wollte. Für den, der die Sache im großen anschaut, unterscheidet sich das nicht im wesentlichen, wie schließlich, innerlich angeschaut, zwischen mancher Heilquelle, die die materialistische Medizin für richtig anschaut, und Lourdes auch nicht ein sehr beträchtlicher Unterschied ist. Das eine ist geheiligt durch den kirchlichen, das andere durch den materialistischen Glauben. Diese Dinge müssen eben einfach unbefangen angeschaut werden.

Nun aber, wenn man in so, ich möchte sagen, kurzsinnigen Vorstellungen sich bewegt, kann man doch nicht auf die realen Zusammenhänge kommen. Deshalb möchte ich Ihnen heute — und man sollte eigentlich immer von konkreten Dingen sprechen, wenn man von solchen Dingen spricht - einen konkreten Fall erzählen, der Ihnen höhere Zusammenhänge im Gesundheitsieben des Menschen klarlegen kann. Sehen Sie, es gibt einen Menschen im Verlauf des 19. Jahrhunderts. Wir werden ihn so, wie er im 19. Jahrhundert da war, später kennenlernen. Ich möchte Sie zuerst zu einer seiner früheren Inkarnationen — ich möchte nicht sagen zu der unmittelbar vorhergehenden - führen, die für seine Inkarnation im 19. Jahrhundert maßgebend war, wovon die Inkarnation im 19. Jahrhundert die wesentlichsten Folgen hatte. Da war er, dieser Mensch, in einer Gegend des südlichen Orients, in Asien inkarniert, lebte in einer menschlichen Umgebung, wo die Menschen außerordentlich tierliebend waren. Sie wissen, daß die orientalischen Lehren in der Tierliebe etwas ungeheuer Ehrliches haben, sie ausdehnen dasjenige, was sie die Liebe zu den Menschen und zu den Dingen nennen, namentlich auf die Tiere. Es ist eben namentlich in älteren Zeiten gewissen Menschen in solchen Gegenden absolut naturgemäß gewesen, die Tiere ungeheuer zu lieben und gewisse Tiere sehr gut zu behandeln. Dieser Mensch, den ich meine, der in einer früheren Inkarnation lebte in einer Umgebung, wo man sich so zur Tierwelt verhielt, er war kein Tierfreund. Er war, wohl bewirkt durch frühere Inkarnationen — die wollen wir nicht untersuchen -, jetzt mitten unter einer tierliebenden Bevölkerung ein Mensch, der außerordentlich schlecht gewisse Tiere behandelte. Er quälte sie schon als Knabe, behandelte sie schlecht, quälte sie dann später, indem er die Haustiere mit allerlei Quälereien belegte, kurz, er wurde im umfänglichen Sinn ein Tierquäler. Das rief die stärkste Entrüstung hervor in der Umgebung, in der er lebte. Und er erlebte eigentlich viel an Konflikten zwischen seiner Sehnsucht, Tiere zu quälen, von der er nicht lassen konnte, die in ihm wie etwas war, was ein innerer Drang war — wir würden heute wiederum materialistisch gefärbt sagen: eine Perversität des Willens —; dabei nahm er, und das war seine Eigentümlichkeit damals, die spirituellen Lehren, welche die Bevölkerung in seiner Umgebung hatte, mit einer großartigen Empfänglichkeit

na auf, konnte sich ganz in sie hineinfinden, hatte einen feinen Sinn für alles das, was die Religion in jenen Gegenden lehrte. Aber er geriet gerade mit den religiösesten Leuten seiner Umgebung in furchtbarste Konflikte, weil er eben die Tiere quälte. Namentlich die Tiere quälte er, die er in seinem eigenen Haus hatte, zuerst bei seinen Angehörigen, später indem er selbst eine Art Feldbebauer war. Die Tiere, die ihm die nächsten Wesen waren, die die Orientalen ganz besonders gut behandeln, wie zur Familie gehörig behandeln, diese Tiere quälte er ungeheuer.

Nun, wie gesagt, wir werden uns nicht aufhalten bei einer zwischenliegenden Inkarnation, die in Betracht kommen könnte, sie hat nicht viel zu bedeuten für das folgende Leben dieses Menschen. Er lebte wieder in unserem Zeitalter, im 19. Jahrhundert, in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. In dieser Inkarnation, die also im weiteren Sinn unserer Zeit angehört, wurde er geboren als ein außerordentlich ängstlicher Mensch, der in seiner Ängstlichkeit darauf angewiesen war, Tiere an sich zu ketten, namentlich Hunde an sich zu ketten. Man konnte schon sagen, es war ein krankhafter Zug in dieser wiederum nicht ganz normalen Neigung zu Tieren, die er nun entwickelte. Das alles bekam einen Zug von Krankhaftigkeit dadurch, daß er eigentlich nicht eine besondere Liebe entwickelte zu den Hunden, wohl aber ein Gefühl, daß er sie haben müsse. Man sieht gerade an der Art, wie er sich mit Hunden einließ, erstens etwas Phantastisches, wie wir gleich sehen werden, zweitens aber etwas, worin ein innerlicher karmischer Zwang von vorneherein sichtbar ist. Dabei wird der Mensch in dieser Inkarnation ein außerordentlich begabter Mensch, der sich herüberträgt aus jener alten Inkarnation alles dasjenige, was er erlebt hat unter der orientalischen Bevölkerung an spirituellen Lehren, auch an spiritueller Religiosität. Das wird bei ihm nicht nur Gefühl und Empfindung, das wird bei ihm Lebenspraxis. Er kommt im Verlaufe seines Lebens nicht nur zu Phantasievorstellungen über das Geistige, sondern er kommt zu der Möglichkeit, in richtigen visionsartigen Imaginationen, die sich ihm mit elementarischer Selbstverständlichkeit ergeben, dichterisch zu bilden dasjenige, was physisch im Menschenleben da ist, und wo fortwährend hineinspielen geistige, elementarische Wesenheiten. Das ist das eine. So daß wir sehen, er ist Dichter, ausgezeichneter Dichter. Er ist nicht nur ausgezeichneter Dichter, sondern man kann schon sagen, er ist gerade im Dramatischen derjenige Dichter, den wir auf dem Kontinent am ehesten vergleichen möchten mit Shakespeare. Es ist Ferdinand Raimund, Raimund mit seinen extravaganten Zügen, mit seinem Riesentalent, der dramatische Dichtungen schreibt, welche zeigen, er hat das aus früheren Inkarnationen herübergebracht, Geistiges gestalten zu können, hineinstellen zu können ins Menschenleben. Man sehe sich nur an: «Der Alpenkönig und der Menschenfeind» und so weiter, und man darf ihn mit Shakespeare sogar darin vergleichen, daß er zugleich ein bedeutender Schauspieler ist, was auch davon kommt, daß er den innerlichen Impetus hat, aus dem Geistigen heraus Triviales und Nichttriviales auf der Bühne zu gestalten. Er ist ein unvergleichlicher Schauspieler, voller Humor auf der Bühne, im Leben ganz und gar unter der Einwirkung des anderen, was ihm herüberkommt aus der Tierquälerei, die er getrieben hat. So einheitlich ist hier das Pathologische und das Geniale untereinandergemischt, das Geniale, das ihn auf der einen Seite treibt, wirklich mit Shakespearescher Kraft und Gewalt und geistig-seelischer Dramatik zu schaffen und das auch auf der Bühne zu verkörpern, das Pathologische, das ihn auf der anderen Seite treibt, das Phantastische selbst in das äußerliche Leben hineinzutragen. Nun müssen wir uns einen besonderen Zug anschauen bei dieser Individualität des Ferdinand Raimund.

Sehen Sie, in der Tierquälerei, die ihm damals in einer Inkarnation ein Bedürfnis war, fühlte er eine Art Wollust, das tat er gern, er quälte die Tiere aus innerer Lust. Daher kam er nicht während des Erdenlebens zum Bewußtsein, daß das etwas Schlechtes sei. Aber nachdem er durch die Todespforte geschritten war, da kam er dazu. Nun, dasjenige, was man durchlebt, indem man durch die Todespforte schreitet und dann weitergeht vom Tod zu einer neuen Geburt, das drückt sich aus zunächst in einem weiteren Sinne in der Kopforganisation. Da liegt dann das Moment, dasjenige, was man als Begabung mitbringt. Das hat er sich reichlich mitgebracht. Da lebt sich aber auch etwas aus, was im rhythmischen System, und namentlich im oberen rhythmischen System, im Atmungssystem, zutage tritt. Denn der Mensch ist ja so gebaut, wenn Sie sich den Menschen vorstellen schematisch (siehe Zeichnung): Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßensystem, rhythmisches System, Nerven-Sinnessystem. Dann wirkt herüber in das Nerven-Sinnessystem dasjenige, was aus früheren Erdenleben kommt, in sein rhythmisches System dasjenige, was zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt ist, und dasjenige, was auf der Erde ist, wirkt einzig und allein im Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßensystem.

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Nun, alles dasjenige, was diese Individualität, die da jetzt Ferdinand Raimund ist, erleben konnte an bitterer Reue, an aufklärender, tief niederschmetternder Einsicht nach dem Tode in jener früheren Inkarnation über seine Sehnsucht zur Tierquälerei, all das wirkte sich ja aus immer in den Zuständen zwischen Tod und einer neuen Geburt, und beeinflußte das rhythmische System. Es kam im rhythmischen System dadurch zum Ausdruck, daß es bis ins Physische hineinwirkte. Denn in der Physis des Kopfes haben wir die Nachwirkung des vorigen Erdenlebens, in der Physis des rhythmischen Systems haben wir die Nachwirkung des Lebens zwischen Tod und einer neuen Geburt.

In der Embryologie haben Sie diese Wahrheit zum Greifen nahe, auch äußerlich physisch-sinnlich. Bei dieser Individualität des Ferdinand Raimund sehen wir namentlich in seinem Atemsystem, in dem oberen rhythmischen System, wie all die Reue, die bitteren Einsichten hineinwirken, die über ihn kommen, indem er aus dem maßgebenden vorigen Erdenleben heraus durch die Pforte des Todes schritt. Und er wird dadurch veranlaßt, dasjenige auszubilden, was zu einer Art von Atemunregelmäßigkeit, zu geringer Aufnahme von Sauerstoff, zu starkem Durchdrungensein von Kohlensäure zu führen hat, Atmungsunregelmäßigkeiten, die, physisch betrachtet, an sich alle Angstzustände herbeirufen, die aber die Träger sein können von Elementarwesen der Angst. Alles dasjenige, was in Atmungsunregelmäßigkeiten lebt, was nicht die richtigen Mengen von Sauerstoff und Kohlensäure in dem Atmungsprozeß sein läßt, zieht Elementarwesen der Angst herbei. Das können Sie gut verfolgen im «Alpenkönig und Menschenfeind». Das war in Ferdinand Raimund ganz besonders gut ausgebildet, er war sozusagen «disponiert», wenn wir den gelehrten Ausdruck gebrauchen wollen, sein Atmungssystem zum Träger zu machen von Elementarwesen der Angst.

Solche Elementarwesen der Angst sind aber nicht allein Elementarwesen der Angst, sondern, wenn man zu gleicher Zeit eben sich auch das mitbringt, was Ferdinand Raimund im Kopfe hatte aus früheren Erdenleben an psychisch-spirituellen Anschauungen, die seine Dramen so interessant machen, dann sieht man, wie durch das Hineinwirken dieser Angstdämonen, die auf diese Weise kommen, das Karma in einer ganz bestimmten Richtung läuft. Man sieht förmlich, wie diese Angstdämonen zu einer Auswirkung, zu einer krankhaften Auswirkung im Sinne des Karma drängen. Sie gießen sich hinein, möchte ich sagen, in die phantasievollen Imaginationen bis ins Visionäre sich hineinlebende Imaginationen — denn Raimunds Dramen liegt Visionäres zugrunde -, sie gießen sich hinein in das Visionäre und verursachen dadurch, daß der Mensch auch im Leben etwas Phantastisches entwickelt. Und auf diese Weise stößt eine Strömung im Karma durch, eine ungeheuer geniale Begabung, die sich auslebt. In einer besonderen Art geistigen Schaffens lebt die eine Strömung sich aus, die andere Strömung lebt parallel in einer Art Lebensphantasterei, die aber nicht sich äußerlich auslebt, sondern nach innen sieht, weil sie im rhythmischen System liegt, das ja das halb Innerliche ist, das aber in seinen unteren Organen sich wieder so auslebt, daß es sich auf das äußere Leben erstreckt, aber auch wieder nach dem Inneren zurückschlägt, wodurch seine geniale Individualität begleitet wurde von einem wirklich pathologischen Zug. Und dieser Zug, dieser pathologische Zug, der in Angstdämonen sich auslebte, der wurde das Vehikel für das Ausleben des Karma.

Man kann direkt ablesen das Karma Ferdinand Raimunds. Raimund ist genötigt, einen Hund zu halten. Er ist Phantast. Er tut, was andere Menschen nicht tun. Man kann das verstehen, kann auch durchaus seine Sympathien dafür haben. Denn man kann schon sagen, meine lieben Freunde, ich habe mehr Sympathie als für das Essen manches zum Kommerzienrat ernannten Bürgerlichen an der Hoftafel, wenn ich wahrnehme, daß Raimund aus einer phantastischen Laune heraus sich zu seinem Hund setzt und von der Mahlzeit seines Hundes sich etwas wegnimmt, um es zu verzehren. Das tut Raimund, Schauen Sie sich an, wie das Karma der Tierquälerei aus der früheren Inkarnation hereinspielt. Sehen Sie sich an, wie einfach diese Tatsache, die umgestaltet ist aus der Reue nach dem Tode und der Tierquälerei von früher, wie eine phantastische Sühne sich vollzieht, aber diese phantastische Sühne vollzieht sich in einer noch viel herberen Art. Gleich nachher kommen die Angstdämonen und wirken mit in der Vollziehung des Karmas. Ferdinand Raimund wird überfallen von der Idee: der Hund ist wütend, ich habe mit ihm gegessen, ich bin angesteckt von der Hundswut! — Nun sehen Sie, wie Raimund ganz niedergeschmettert ist. Während er unter Umständen das Genialste auf der Bühne tut - in dem Moment, wo er hinausgezogen ist aus dem Leben, von den Zwangsideen überfallen wird, ist ein Gefühl da, er sei von der Hundswut angesteckt.

Dann unternimmt er zum Beispiel eine Reise mit einem Freunde. Sie reisen von Wien nach Salzburg, da überfällt ihn diese Idee, er sei von der Hundswut angesteckt, er müsse gleich wieder zurück nach Wien, um seine Heilung zu suchen. Es ist eine qualvolle Reise für ihn und für den Freund, wenn man die Reise verfolgt. Man sieht überall das Pathologische dem Genialen auf dem Fuße folgen. Nun, er wird sehr gut behandelt, Ferdinand Raimund, weil ihn die Leute außerordentlich gern haben. Allmählich kommt er ab von dieser Idee. Es ist wirklich etwas da wie eine Heilung durch das Leben, durch die Freude, durch all das Gute, was er von verschiedenen Seiten bekommt, was er nicht gern annimmt, weil er Hypochonder ist und bleibt, weil die Angstdämonen, wenn sie ihn nicht mit dem einen quälen, mit dem anderen quälen. So ist er immer hin und her pendelnd zwischen dem humoristischen Raimund und dem Hypochonder. Aber wenigstens kriegte er diese Idee los, daß er wütend wäre. Sie hat jahrelang gedauert, diese Idee. Aber er bleibt an die Tiere gefesselt. Wieder hat er einen Hund nach zehn Jahren, und siehe da, als er mit dem Hunde spielt, beißt er ihn wirklich. Wieder tritt die Idee auf — kurioserweise ist es auch konstatiert worden, daß der Hund an Hundswut litt, es war aber ganz unbedeutend —, Raimund stand da, er war gebissen von dem Hund, der hat Hundswut! Raimund fährt nach Pottenstein, schießt sich eine Kugel in den Kopf, die in die hintere Höhlung hinaufgeht und weit zurück sitzt. Sie kann nicht operiert werden; Raimund stirbt an dem Schuß nach etwa drei Tagen. Sie sehen, die erste sozusagen «Wahnidee» hat er losbekommen, aber das Karma hat fortgewirkt.

Es ist ein Fall, wo in seltener Art das Karma sich reinlich auswirkt; denn denken Sie nur einmal folgendes: Es ist subjektiv nicht ganz ein Selbstmord, denn Raimund hat nicht ganz die volle Verantwortlichkeit, es ist nicht subjektiv ein voller Selbstmord. Es ist objektiv auch kein voller Selbstmord, denn wenn gerade an der Stelle dazumal hätte operiert werden können, so wäre Raimund gerettet worden. Aber man konnte dazumal nicht an der Stelle operieren, man mußte die Kugel drinnen lassen und das führte nach drei Tagen zum Tode. Es ist kein reiner Selbstmord, weder subjektiv noch objektiv. Man kann also nicht sagen, daß da sich irgend etwas anschließt wegen Selbstmords im Karma. Das Karma setzt sich nicht fort, es lebte sich aus mit dem, was er in diesem Leben erlebt hat bis zum Schlußpunkt, bis zu der Art, wie sich die selbstmörderische Absicht verwirklichte. Aber man sieht förmlich heraufschlagen, deutlich erkennbar, das Karma aus dem früheren Leben, sieht es so herüberschlagen, daß man sich nun sagen kann, wir haben folgendes gesehen.

Wir haben gesehen, wie es Menschen gibt - die sind durch eine besondere karmische Veranlagung da, die wir nur für das Erdenleben betrachtet haben -, die veranlagt sind, daß sie ihr Ich, ihren astralischen Leib, ihren Ätherleib entweder sogleich oder stufenweise, etappenweise so haben, daß sie in die geistige Welt visionär hineinbrechen: die heilige Theresia, Mechthild von Magdeburg und viele andere. Wir haben solche Persönlichkeiten, welche nach der einen Richtung hin, nach der Richtung nach dem Geistigen, eine Abnormität zeigen. Wir haben bei denjenigen, die nach der einen Seite hin eine solche Abnormität zeigen, nicht nötig, auf die Einzelheiten des Karmas einzugehen. Natürlich ist es karmisch veranlagt. Aber wir brauchen nicht auf die Einzelheiten des Karmas einzugehen. Denn man durchschaut den Fall in einem einzelnen Erdenleben.

Ebenso auf der anderen Seite, die wir gestern betrachtet haben. Wir sehen, wie die Menschen sich abnorm hineinentwickeln in ihren physisch-ätherischen Organismus und so mehr untertauchen in den physischen Leib und dann pathologisch werden, wie ich Ihnen gestern gezeigt habe, in drei Etappen. Das Pathologische ist in dem Karma veranlagt. Aber man braucht nur bis zu dem Allgemeinen zu gehen, daß bei solchen Persönlichkeiten, wie die heilige Theresia, die Individualität in früheren Erdenleben ganz besonders stark geworden ist, bei den Psychopathen oder pathologischen Persönlichkeiten, die wir hier im Auge haben, besonders schwach sich ausgebildet hat, daher hereingezogen wird durch die niederen Glieder das Höhere. Man braucht wieder nur zu der allgemeinen Eigenschaft der Individualität zu gehen, nicht das Karma im einzelnen ins Auge zu fassen.

Aber nun haben wir in Ferdinand Raimund eine eigentümliche Persönlichkeit. Sie entwickelte sich nicht nach dem Visionären allein, sondern gleichzeitig ist die andere Entwickelung da. Es sind beides polarische Gegensätze, die fortwährend im Leben zusammenstoßen. Beide sind in seiner Persönlichkeit; das Pathologische und Geniale spielen gerade in ihm auf der einen Seite wunderbar, auf der anderen Seite schreckhaft ineinander. Wir haben da nötig, dann auf das Konkrete des Karmas einzugehen. Da muß man schon einsehen, wie das Karma wirkt, beide Pole zu erzeugen und sie auch wiederum auseinanderzuhalten, zuweilen ineinander wirken zu lassen. Sie werden in Ferdinand Raimunds Dramen zahlreiche Stellen finden, denen gegenüber Sie sich sagen können: Da drinnen wirkt ja zu gleicher Zeit seine geistige Schau, aber auch wirkt da hinein dasjenige, was von den Angstdämonen kommt. In der dramatischen Gestaltung sehen Sie es zuweilen.

Sie sehen, wir kommen auf eine ganz selbstverständliche Art, wenn wir in dieser Weise verfolgen menschliche Charaktere, in karmische Betrachtungen hinein und müssen daraus ersehen, wie einseitig es eigentlich ist, wenn man auf der einen Seite die abstrakte Lehre nimmt, die innerhalb gewisser Zivilisationsströmungen des Altertums vorhanden war: Die Krankheit kommt von der Sünde -, es wirkt nur die abnorme Geistigkeit im Menschen. In dieser Abstraktheit lassen sich Dinge natürlich behaupten, bleiben Theorien auch dann, wenn man die Menschen darnach behandelt. Auch das andere ist eine abstrakte Einseitigkeit, wenn man sagt: Die Sünde kommt von der Krankheit -, und es sind physische Substanzen, physische Prozesse im Menschenleben zu bekämpfen. Man muß auf das Konkrete eingehen, einmal auf das Konkrete der menschlichen Organisation, wie die höheren Leiber zueinander stehen, ob sie voneinander angezogen werden, oder ob sie sich entfernen von den niederen, und man muß auf entsprechende Weise sehen können in einem solchen Ineinanderwirken von Genialität und Pathologischem, wie es bei Raimund der Fall ist, das Wirken von Karma. Denn wenn man sich für solche Dinge ein Verständnis aneignet, dann wird man schon im Leben finden die Möglichkeit, hinzuzufügen zu demjenigen, was man im physischen Heilungsprozeß leistet, das Wort, das man braucht als Ergänzung des physischen Heilungsprozesses. Man wird durchaus dazu kommen, nicht in Befangenheit bloß im physischen Heilungsprozeß das Um und Auf zu sehen, sondern zu wissen, wie in manchen Fällen notwendig ist, das Moralische der Heilung hinzuzufügen. Es braucht ja nicht darin zu bestehen, daß man philiströser Tröster wird und an den Kranken herangeht mit allerlei philiströsen Tröstereien. Die wirken in der Regel wenig, denn dafür haben die Kranken nicht viel übrig, für die Teetantentröstereien und gutmütigen Pfeifenonkeltröstereien, dafür haben die Kranken eigentlich nicht sonderlich viel übrig. Aber sie haben für das außerordentlich viel übrig, was im natürlichen Verhalten liegt, in dem, was im «Wie» des Aussprechens liegt, nicht in dem «Was». Da hinein findet man sich aber ganz instinktiv, wenn man eben geneigt ist, seine Weltanschauung und Lebensauffassung und Lebensbetrachtung in solches Licht zu stellen, das mit den geistigen Zusammenhängen so sich verträgt, wie es sich vertragen kann, wenn man solche Beispiele, wie das angeführte, wirklich völlig ernst nehmen kann.

Man kann ja nicht, meine lieben Freunde, das geistige Wirken nur in Tiraden sehen, nur im Reden aus religiösen Tiraden heraus, sondern das geistige Leben muß an Tatsachen entwickelt werden. Denn wenn das geistige Leben in Tatsachen erfaßt wird, dann kann die Erfassung des geistigen Lebens in der notwendigen Menschenbehandlung erst angewendet werden. Dann kann es angewendet werden auf den gesunden und kranken Menschen. Namentlich bekommt man einen Instinkt für die Orientierung irgendeines Krankheitszustandes, der so oder so auftritt. Wir werden sehen, das geht auch in physische Erkrankungen hinein, aber wir müssen uns erst den Weg bahnen, diese Dinge dann auch in den physischen Erkrankungen zu sehen. Da sehen Sie, da kommen Sie schon darauf, wenn Sie solche Dinge, die ja durch mancherlei Beispiele vermehrt werden könnten, studieren. Von diesem Gesichtspunkt aus ist es interessant, vieler Menschen Leben, die gerade geniale Naturen waren, nicht vom Standpunkt eines Erzphilisters, wie Lombroso es war, zu studieren. Das Ekelhafte an Lombrosos Theorie ist nicht seine große Genialität, die ist ja da, aber das Ekelhafte ist, daß er ein Erzphilister ist, daß man auf jeder Seite ein philiströses Urteil liest. Es ist schon so, daß da die Wissenschaft wirklich einmal auf den Erzphilister gekommen ist. Wenn Sie die Dinge wirklich nicht vom Standpunkt des Erzphilisters nehmen, sondern sie nehmen vom Standpunkt des Durchschauens der Welt, das heißt des sinnlich-geistigen Lebens, dann wird man, wenn man in seinem inneren Beruf den Trost braucht, den Trost der Religion oder das Sakrament heranbringen an den Kranken, dieses Sakrament mit der richtigen spirituellen Aura darbieten. Aber ohne das dahinterliegende Verständnis nicht. Ob man dem Kranken, dazu, daß er genesen ist, dazu, daß er an der Genesung nicht seelisch Schaden nimmt, das Abendmahl in der richtigen Weise reicht, hängt davon ab, daß man für solche Dinge Verständnis hat.

Sehen Sie, es hat schon einen Sinn — wir werden davon noch sprechen -, daß in Ergänzung des physischen Heilungsprozesses für gewisse Menschen das Abendmahl nötig ist, wenn sie genesen sind, damit das, was im Karma in Unordnung gebracht ist, in Ordnung gebracht werde. Aber wenn man das nicht weiß, kann man das nicht in die Aura des Sakraments hineintragen. Aber auf der anderen Seite wird auch der Arzt, der diese Dinge durchschaut, der in der Krankheit das wirkende Karma sieht, der pflichtgemäß eingreift in den Heilungsprozeß, sich in richtiger Weise hineinstellen können, wenn er weltanschauungsgemäß mit dem ganzen Menschen diese Dinge durchschaut. Aber dann wird etwas Objektives mit dem Arzt, mit dem Heiler vorgehen, wenn der Arzt mit seiner ganzen Seele sich wirkend weiß im Menschen mit den karmischen Prozessen. Dann wird seine Heilmission die andere Seite des Gottesdienstes, einen religiösen Zug bekommen, und er wird sich auffassen lernen als der Genosse des Priesters, als derjenige, der neben der Priesterschaft steht und die andere Seite des Gottesdienstes verrichtet; und Heilen wird Gottesdienst. Durch eine richtige anthroposophische Auffassung sind diejenigen Dinge, die die materialistische Weltanschauung aufgebracht hat im Naturdienst, das heißt Herumtanzen um das goldene Kalb, im hebräischen Sinne gesprochen, sind diese Dinge wieder zu verwandeln in Gottesdienst. Alles im Leben und Kunst und Religion verwandeln in Gottesdienst, das ist dasjenige, was schließlich Aufgabe sein kann der umfassendsten Pastoralmedizin, die getrieben werden kann innerhalb der anthroposophischen Bewegung. Aber der Anfang muß gemacht werden, indem zunächst diese Pastoralmedizin wenigstens andeutungsweise hier ausgeführt wird für diejenigen, von denen das Wirken für die beiden Seiten des wahren Gottesdienstes aus den geistigen Untergründen heraus hervorgehen muß.

Daher wird Pastoralmedizin zunächst für Priester und für Ärzte vorgetragen innerhalb der anthroposophischen Bewegung, und diese werden dann die Möglichkeit finden, mit dem Wissen von Natur und Geist sie weiter zu verfolgen, aber auch gerade diejenigen Gebiete des Lebens, die innerhalb ihrer Mission liegen, damit zu penetrieren.

Davon wollen wir morgen weiterreden.

Sixth Lecture

My dear friends! We have considered the human being in essence, although we have also shed light on other aspects, insofar as in his earthly life he develops in one direction or another away from what can be called normal, toward the pathological, or toward that which brings him into relationship with the real spiritual world.

Today we want to try to go beyond the individual human life, beyond the life of the human being insofar as it represents a single earthly life, in order to see, first of all, in a more or less manageable example, how even in such states, which, I would say, in the polar opposition between reaching into the spiritual world and reaching down into the physical, into the natural, to see how such processes relate to what runs through repeated earthly lives. For it is indeed the case that if a physician wants to practice his profession, he needs not only in an outward or intellectual way, but with his whole heart, with his whole being, he needs to stand within the spiritual world, to view the world from the spiritual aspect. But since the human being actually extends through successive earthly lives, and the causes of one earthly life pass over in a spiritual way into the next earthly life and become effective in the human being, karma must not remain a mere phrase for us; rather, we must gradually come to understand how we are to relate to karma in a healing way. To do this, we must above all understand its effectiveness in relation to the pathological and in relation to the visionary.

If the priest wants to respond to the phenomena of life in the right way and care for the souls entrusted to him, if he wants to be a true pastor, he also needs to look into the meaning of the spiritual for what one encounters in physical earthly life. Only then will he be able to treat people on earth in the right way from the spiritual point of view.

Something immediately strikes us, my dear friends, which today, from a superior, enlightened point of view, we might regard with a certain contempt, but if we did so, our descendants in distant centuries would repay us for it. For they would do to us just as the people who live in today's so-called scientific education do to their ancestors. You will soon see what I mean.

With regard to the view of disease, a complete reversal has taken place in the course of human development, and it was precisely at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries that this reversal was particularly noticeable. If you go back a few millennia in human development, to the older times of the Old Testament, you will find everywhere the conviction that illness comes from sin, that illness ultimately has its spiritual cause in sin. This was taken very seriously. There had to be some kind of spiritual aberration or transgression as the actual cause when a physical illness occurred. And this view went further. This view went so far as to say that since a person who has committed some spiritual transgression or aberration that causes the manifestation of illness in him contains something spiritually elemental that does not belong in him, he is somehow possessed. Every illness meant possession by a spirit as a result of a spiritual aberration or transgression in earlier times, and therapy was designed accordingly. It was designed to find ways of removing from the person what had entered them as a foreign elemental spirit through spiritual transgression. This view was radical in that one cannot understand an illness without knowing its pathological cause.

Now, take what has emerged in a completely logical development and more or less in recent times, before psychoanalysis and analytical psychology intervened in such a terrible way, saying the exact opposite of what had been the prevailing view: every sin has its cause in illness. People were convinced of this; if there was a criminal or a sinner somewhere, whereby the concept of sin was defined quite externally according to the state code, if there was a criminal or a sinner somewhere, people saw that they could only get hold of his brain in some way after his death, get hold of his skull somehow, examine his physical organization. One would find the defects, the characteristics. They have been found in many respects, and one has not come very far in this respect. Competent people with a scientific education have come to the conclusion that if a person is perfectly formed organically, he does not sin. He sins because there is a physical defect somewhere: sin comes from illness. This is how development proceeds. It does not proceed in a straight line, but through polar opposites; and precisely those people who have now come to the latter view — not everyone admits it today, but it is often the underlying belief even of those who are not quite grounded in reality — these people look back with utter contempt on those times when it was said: Illness comes from sin. For they know, in their opinion, that this is correct: sin comes from illness. They also know that there is some kind of material process in the sick person that must be fought, eliminated, brought out, just as in the past one wanted to bring out a spiritual elemental world. For those who look at the big picture, there is no essential difference, just as, when viewed internally, there is no significant difference between some healing springs that materialistic medicine considers to be effective and Lourdes. One is sanctified by the church, the other by materialistic belief. These things simply have to be viewed impartially.

Now, however, if one moves in such, I would say, short-sighted ideas, one cannot arrive at the real connections. That is why I would like to tell you today — and one should always speak of concrete things when talking about such matters — a concrete case that can clarify higher connections in the human health system. You see, there was a person in the 19th century. We will get to know him later as he was in the 19th century. First, I would like to take you to one of his earlier incarnations — I don't want to say the one immediately preceding — which was decisive for his incarnation in the 19th century, and which had the most significant consequences for his incarnation in the 19th century. There he was, this person, incarnated in a region of the southern Orient, in Asia, living in a human environment where people were extremely fond of animals. You know that there is something tremendously honest about the Oriental teachings on the love of animals; they extend what they call love for people and things to animals in particular. Especially in earlier times, it was absolutely natural for certain people in such regions to love animals immensely and to treat certain animals very well. This person I am referring to, who in a previous incarnation lived in an environment where people behaved in this way toward the animal world, was not an animal lover. He was, probably as a result of earlier incarnations — which we will not examine — now, in the midst of an animal-loving population, a person who treated certain animals extremely badly. He tormented them even as a boy, treated them badly, and later tormented them by subjecting domestic animals to all kinds of torture. In short, he became an animal torturer in the broadest sense. This caused the strongest indignation in the community where he lived. And he actually experienced a lot of conflict between his desire to torture animals, which he could not give up, which was something like an inner urge within him — today we would say, with a materialistic slant, a perversity of the will — yet, and this was his peculiarity at the time, he took in the spiritual teachings of the people around him with great receptivity

He was able to identify with them completely and had a keen sense for everything that religion taught in those regions. But he got into terrible conflicts with the most religious people in his environment because he tortured animals. He tortured the animals he had in his own house, first with his relatives, and later when he himself was a kind of farmer. He tormented the animals that were closest to him, the animals that Orientals treat particularly well, treating them as part of the family.

Now, as I said, we will not dwell on an intermediate incarnation that could be considered, as it does not mean much for the following life of this person. He lived again in our age, in the 19th century, in the first half of the 19th century. In this incarnation, which in a broader sense belongs to our time, he was born an extremely fearful person who, in his fearfulness, felt compelled to chain animals to himself, namely dogs. One could say that there was a pathological trait in this, again not entirely normal, inclination toward animals that he now developed. All this took on a pathological character in that he did not actually develop a particular love for dogs, but rather a feeling that he had to have them. The way he involved himself with dogs reveals, first of all, something fantastical, as we shall see in a moment, but secondly, something in which an inner karmic compulsion is visible from the outset. In this incarnation, the person becomes an extraordinarily gifted individual who carries over from that old incarnation everything he experienced among the Oriental population in terms of spiritual teachings and spiritual religiosity. For him, this becomes not only feeling and sensation, but also a way of life. In the course of his life, he not only arrives at imaginative ideas about the spiritual, but he also arrives at the possibility of poetically forming, in true vision-like imaginations that arise with elemental self-evidence, that which is physically present in human life and where spiritual, elemental beings continually play a part. That is one thing. So we see that he is a poet, an excellent poet. He is not only an excellent poet, but one can already say that, especially in the dramatic field, he is the poet whom we on the continent would most like to compare with Shakespeare. It is Ferdinand Raimund, Raimund with his extravagant traits, with his enormous talent, who writes dramatic poems that show that he has brought over from previous incarnations the ability to shape the spiritual and to place it into human life. Just look at “Der Alpenkönig und der Menschenfeind” (The King of the Alps and the Misanthrope) and so on, and one can even compare him to Shakespeare in that he is also a significant actor, which also comes from the fact that he has the inner impetus to create the trivial and the non-trivial on stage from the spiritual. He is an incomparable actor, full of humor on stage, but in life completely under the influence of the other, which comes to him from the cruelty to animals he has committed. The pathological and the genius are so uniformly mixed here, the genius that drives him on the one hand to create with truly Shakespearean power and force and spiritual-emotional drama and to embody this on stage, and the pathological that drives him on the other hand to carry the fantastic into his outer life. Now we must look at a special trait in this individuality of Ferdinand Raimund.

You see, in the cruelty to animals, which was a need for him in that incarnation, he felt a kind of lust, he enjoyed doing it, he tortured the animals out of inner pleasure. Therefore, during his earthly life, he did not realize that this was something bad. But after he had passed through the gate of death, he came to realize it. Now, what one experiences when passing through the gate of death and then moving on from death to a new birth is expressed first of all in a broader sense in the head organization. There lies the moment, that which one brings with oneself as talent. He brought this with him in abundance. But something also comes to life that manifests itself in the rhythmic system, and specifically in the upper rhythmic system, the respiratory system. For the human being is constructed in such a way, if you imagine the human being schematically (see drawing): metabolic-limb system, rhythmic system, nerve-sensory system. Then what comes from previous earthly lives affects the nervous-sensory system, what is between death and new birth affects the rhythmic system, and what is on earth affects only the metabolic-limb system.

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Now, everything that this individuality, which is now Ferdinand Raimund, was able to experience in bitter remorse, in enlightening, deeply devastating insight after death in that earlier incarnation about his longing for cruelty to animals, all of that always had an effect in the states between death and a new birth, and influenced the rhythmic system. This was expressed in the rhythmic system in that it had an effect on the physical body. For in the physical body of the head we have the after-effects of the previous earthly life, and in the physical body of the rhythmic system we have the after-effects of the life between death and a new birth.

In embryology, you have this truth within reach, even externally in a physical and sensory way. In the individuality of Ferdinand Raimund, we see, particularly in his respiratory system, in the upper rhythmic system, how all the remorse and bitter insights that come over him as he passes through the gate of death from his decisive previous earthly life have an effect. And this causes him to develop what leads to a kind of breathing irregularity, to low oxygen intake, to strong carbon dioxide saturation, breathing irregularities which, physically speaking, cause all states of anxiety, but which can be the carriers of elemental beings of fear. Everything that lives in breathing irregularities, that does not allow the right amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the breathing process, attracts elemental beings of fear. You can follow this well in “The Alpine King and the Miserable Man.” This was particularly well developed in Ferdinand Raimund; he was, so to speak, “predisposed,” to use the scholarly term, to make his respiratory system the carrier of elemental beings of fear.

However, such elemental beings of fear are not only elemental beings of fear, but if at the same time one also brings with one what Ferdinand Raimund had in his mind from previous earthly lives in terms of psychic-spiritual views, which make his dramas so interesting, then one sees how, through the influence of these fear demons that come in this way, karma runs in a very specific direction. One can literally see how these fear demons push toward an effect, a pathological effect in the sense of karma. They pour themselves, I would say, into the imaginative imaginations, into the visionary imaginations that live themselves into reality — for Raimund's dramas are based on the visionary — they pour themselves into the visionary and thereby cause the human being to develop something fantastic in life as well. And in this way, a current breaks through in karma, an enormously ingenious talent that lives itself out. In a special kind of spiritual creativity, one current lives itself out, while the other current lives in parallel in a kind of life fantasy, which, however, does not live itself out externally, but looks inward, because it lies in the rhythmic system, which is, of course, the semi-inner, but which in its lower organs lives itself out again in such a way that it extends to external life, but also rebounds inwardly, whereby his brilliant individuality was accompanied by a truly pathological trait. And this trait, this pathological trait, which lived itself out in demons of fear, became the vehicle for the living out of karma.

One can directly read Ferdinand Raimund's karma. Raimund is compelled to keep a dog. He is a fantasist. He does what other people do not do. One can understand this and even sympathize with it. For I can say, my dear friends, that I have more sympathy for this than for the eating habits of some bourgeoisie appointed to the court table, when I perceive that Raimund, on a whim, sits down with his dog and takes some of his dog's meal to eat it himself. Raimund does this. Look at how the karma of animal cruelty from a previous incarnation comes into play. Look at how simply this fact, which has been transformed from remorse after death and animal cruelty in the past, is carried out as a fantastic atonement, but this fantastic atonement is carried out in an even more severe manner. Immediately afterwards, the demons of fear arrive and participate in the execution of karma. Ferdinand Raimund is overcome by the idea: the dog is rabid, I have eaten with him, I am infected with rabies! — Now you see how Raimund is completely devastated. While he may be doing the most brilliant thing on stage, the moment he withdraws from life and is overcome by obsessive thoughts, there is a feeling that he has been infected with rabies.

Then, for example, he goes on a trip with a friend. They travel from Vienna to Salzburg, where he is overcome by the idea that he has been infected with rabies and must return to Vienna immediately to seek a cure. It is an agonizing journey for him and for his friend, if you follow the journey. Everywhere you look, you see the pathological following hot on the heels of the genius. Well, Ferdinand Raimund is treated very well because people are extremely fond of him. Gradually, he gets over this idea. There really is something like a cure through life, through joy, through all the good things he receives from various sources, which he does not like to accept because he is and remains a hypochondriac, because the demons of fear, when they are not tormenting him with one thing, torment him with another. So he is always oscillating between the humorous Raimund and the hypochondriac. But at least he got rid of this idea that he was angry. This idea lasted for years. But he remains attached to animals. After ten years, he has a dog again, and lo and behold, when he plays with the dog, it actually bites him. The idea comes up again—curiously, it has also been established that the dog suffered from rabies, but it was quite insignificant—Raimund stood there, he was bitten by the dog, which has rabies! Raimund drives to Pottenstein, shoots himself in the head with a bullet that goes up into the back cavity and sits far back. It cannot be operated on; Raimund dies from the shot after about three days. You see, he got rid of the first “delusion,” so to speak, but the karma continued to have an effect.

This is a rare case where karma has a clear effect; just consider the following: subjectively, it is not entirely suicide, because Raimund is not fully responsible; subjectively, it is not complete suicide. Objectively, it is not complete suicide either, because if surgery had been possible at that location at that time, Raimund would have been saved. But at that time, it was not possible to operate at that point; the bullet had to be left inside, and that led to his death three days later. It is not pure suicide, neither subjectively nor objectively. So one cannot say that anything follows from suicide in karma. The karma does not continue; it was lived out with what he experienced in this life until the end, until the way in which the suicidal intention was realized. But one can literally see the karma from the previous life coming up, clearly recognizable, seeing it spill over in such a way that one can now say that we have seen the following.

We have seen how there are people — who are here because of a special karmic predisposition, which we have only considered for earthly life — who are predisposed to have their ego, their astral body, their etheric body, either immediately or gradually, step by step, in such a way that they break into the spiritual world as visionaries: Saint Teresa, Mechthild of Magdeburg, and many others. We have such personalities who show an abnormality in one direction, in the direction of the spiritual. In the case of those who show such an abnormality in one direction, we do not need to go into the details of karma. Of course, it is karmically predisposed. But we do not need to go into the details of karma. For one can see through the case in a single earthly life.

The same applies to the other side, which we considered yesterday. We see how people develop abnormally in their physical-etheric organism and thus submerge more into the physical body and then become pathological, as I showed you yesterday, in three stages. The pathological is predisposed in karma. But one need only go to the general point that in personalities such as Saint Theresa, individuality has become particularly strong in earlier earthly lives, while in the psychopaths or pathological personalities we are considering here, it has developed particularly weakly, so that the higher is drawn in through the lower members. Again, one need only go to the general characteristic of individuality, not to consider karma in detail.

But now we have a peculiar personality in Ferdinand Raimund. He did not develop according to the visionary alone, but at the same time the other development is there. These are two polar opposites that constantly clash in life. Both are present in his personality; the pathological and the genius play wonderfully together on the one hand, and fearfully on the other. Here we need to go into the specifics of karma. We must understand how karma works to create both poles and to keep them apart, while at times allowing them to interact. You will find numerous passages in Ferdinand Raimund's dramas where you can say to yourself: here we see his spiritual vision at work, but at the same time we also see the influence of the demons of fear. You can see this at times in the dramatic composition.

You see, when we pursue human characters in this way, we naturally arrive at karmic considerations and must realize how one-sided it actually is to take, on the one hand, the abstract teaching that existed within certain civilizational currents of antiquity: Illness comes from sin—only the abnormal spirituality in human beings is at work. In this abstractness, things can of course be asserted, and theories remain theories even when people are treated according to them. The other view is also an abstract one-sidedness when it says: Sin comes from illness – and it is physical substances, physical processes in human life that must be combated. One must address the concrete, first of all the concrete nature of the human organization, how the higher bodies relate to each other, whether they are attracted to each other or whether they distance themselves from the lower ones, and one must be able to see in an appropriate way in such an interaction of genius and pathology, as is the case with Raimund, the working of karma. For when one acquires an understanding of such things, one will already find in life the opportunity to add to what one accomplishes in the physical healing process the word that is needed to complement the physical healing process. One will come to see that it is not enough to focus solely on the physical healing process, but that in some cases it is necessary to add the moral aspect of healing. This does not mean that one has to become a philistine comforter and approach the sick with all kinds of philistine consolations. As a rule, these have little effect, because the sick do not have much time for them, for the tea-drinking aunties' platitudes and the good-natured pipe-smoking uncles' platitudes; the sick do not really have much time for them. But they have a great deal of time for what lies in natural behavior, in the “how” of speaking, not in the “what.” But one finds one's way into this quite instinctively if one is inclined to place one's worldview and conception of life and observation of life in such a light that it is as compatible with spiritual connections as it can be, if one can really take examples such as the one cited completely seriously.

My dear friends, one cannot see spiritual activity only in tirades, only in religious speeches, but spiritual life must be developed on the basis of facts. For when spiritual life is grasped in facts, then the grasp of spiritual life can be applied in the necessary treatment of human beings. Then it can be applied to healthy and sick people. In particular, one develops an instinct for orienting oneself to any state of illness that occurs in one way or another. We will see that this also applies to physical illnesses, but we must first pave the way to see these things in physical illnesses as well. You see, you will come to this conclusion when you study such things, which could be augmented by various examples. From this point of view, it is interesting to study the lives of many people who were truly brilliant, not from the standpoint of an arch-philistine like Lombroso. The disgusting thing about Lombroso's theory is not his great genius, which is there, but the disgusting thing is that he is an arch-philistine, that one reads a philistine judgment on every page. It is true that science has really once upon a time come to the arch-philistine. If you really don't take things from the point of view of the arch-philistine, but take them from the point of view of seeing through the world, that is, of sensual-spiritual life, then when you need comfort in your inner vocation, you will bring the comfort of religion or the sacrament to the sick person, offering this sacrament with the right spiritual aura. But not without the underlying understanding. Whether you administer the sacrament in the right way to the sick person, so that they recover and are not psychologically harmed by the recovery, depends on your understanding of such things.

You see, it makes sense—we will talk about this later—that, in addition to the physical healing process, certain people need Holy Communion when they have recovered, so that what has been disrupted in their karma can be put right. But if you don't know this, you cannot carry it into the aura of the sacrament. On the other hand, however, the doctor who understands these things, who sees the karma at work in the illness, who dutifully intervenes in the healing process, will also be able to position himself correctly if he understands these things in accordance with his worldview and with the whole person. But then something objective will happen with the doctor, with the healer, when the doctor knows with his whole soul that he is working in the human being with the karmic processes. Then his healing mission will take on the other side of worship, a religious aspect, and he will learn to see himself as the comrade of the priest, as the one who stands beside the priesthood and performs the other side of worship; and healing will become worship. Through a correct anthroposophical understanding, those things that the materialistic worldview has brought about in the service of nature, that is, dancing around the golden calf, in the Hebrew sense, these things are to be transformed back into worship. Transforming everything in life, art, and religion into worship is what can ultimately be the task of the most comprehensive pastoral medicine that can be pursued within the anthroposophical movement. But the beginning must be made by first presenting this pastoral medicine, at least in outline, here for those whose work for the two sides of true worship must emerge from spiritual foundations.

Therefore, pastoral medicine is first presented to priests and doctors within the anthroposophical movement, and they will then find the opportunity to pursue it further with their knowledge of nature and spirit, but also to penetrate precisely those areas of life that lie within their mission.