At the Gates of Spiritual Science
GA 95
27 August 1906, Stuttgart
6. The Upbringing of Children. Karma.
The grasp of life given by Theosophy is in the highest sense practical. The light it throws on questions of education will be deeply useful to humanity long before people are clairvoyant, and long before a person attains to direct vision he can convince himself that in Theosophy the truth about life is to be found.
Once he is born, the human being enters on a new life, and his various bodies develop in different ways and at different times. The educator should always bear this in mind. The period from the first to the seventh year is very different from the second seven-year period from the seventh to the fifteenth or sixteenth year—earlier with girls, later with boys. Then there is a change again after the sixteenth year, or shall we say after puberty. We can properly understand how a human being grows to maturity only if we keep before our eyes the different ways in which the various members of his being develop.
From birth to the seventh year it is really only the physical body that parents and educators have to consider. At birth the physical body is released into its environment; before birth it is part of the maternal organism. During the whole period of pregnancy the life of the mother and of the human embryo are intermingled. The physical body of the mother surrounds the physical body of the child, so that the outer world has no access to the child. At birth, things change; only then can the child receive impressions from other beings in the physical world. But the child's etheric and astral bodies are still not open to the external world; up to the seventh year, indeed, the external world cannot influence them, for they are inwardly absorbed in building up the physical body. At about the seventh year the etheric body begins to be free to receive impressions from outside, and it can then be influenced. But from the seventh to the fourteenth year no attempt should be made to influence the astral body, or its inward activity will be disturbed. During the first seven years it is best to leave the etheric and astral bodies quite unmolested and to rely on everything happening of its own accord.
The best way to influence the child during his first seven years is through the development of his sense-organs. All the impressions they receive from the outer world are significant, and everything a child sees or hears affects him in terms of his sense-organs. The sense-organs, however, are not influenced by lesson-books or verbal teaching, but by means of example and imitation. The most important thing during the first seven years is to nourish a child's sense-organs. He will see with his eyes how people round him are behaving. Aristotle23Aristotle, 384–322 B.C. The sentence cited here is from the treatise, “On the Poetic Art”, Chapter 4. was quite right in saying that man is the most imitative of all creatures; and this is particularly true during the first seven years. Hence during these years we must try to influence a child's senses, to draw them out so that they become active on their own account. That is why it is such a mistake to give a child one of those “beautiful” dolls; they hinder him from setting his own inner powers to work. A normal child will reject the doll and be much happier with a piece of wood, or with anything which gives his imagination a chance to be active.
No particular method of teaching is needed for the etheric and astral bodies, but it is extremely important that the subtler influences which pass over to them unconsciously from their environment should be favourable. It is very important that during these early years a child should be surrounded by noble-minded, generous-hearted and affectionate people with good thoughts, for these stamp themselves on the child's inner life. Example, therefore, in thought and in feeling is the best means of education at this stage. It is not what we say but what we are that influences a child during his first seven years. Because of the extreme sensitivity of the inner members of a child's being, his surroundings should be kept free from all impure, immoral thoughts and feelings.
From the seventh to the fourteenth, fifteenth or sixteenth year—that is, until puberty—the etheric body goes through a liberation, just as the physical body is thrown open to its environment at birth. During this period, then, we must direct our efforts to the etheric body, the vehicle of memory, of lasting habits, of temperament and inclinations and enduring desires. Accordingly, when the etheric body is set free we must take every care to develop these features; we must influence a child's habits, his memory, everything which will give his character a firm foundation. The child will grow up like a will-o'-the-wisp if care is not taken to imbue his character with certain lasting habits, so that with their aid he will stand firm against the storms of life. This, too, is the time for exercising his memory; memorising is more difficult after this age. It is at this time also that a feeling for art awakens, particularly for the art of music, so closely associated with the vibrations of the etheric body. If any musical talent exists, this is when we should do all we can to encourage it. This again is the time for stories and parables; it is wrong to try to develop critical faculties so early. Our age sins greatly in this respect. Care must be taken to see that the child learns as much as possible through stories and analogies; we must store his memory with them and must see to it that his power of comparison is exercised on concepts drawn from the sense-world. We must bring before him examples taken from the lives of the great men of history, but there must be no talk of “this is good” or “this is bad”, for that would make a demand on his judgment. We can hardly place too many such pictures or examples before the child; these are the things which act on the etheric body. This, too, is the age when stories and fairy tales, which represent human life in the form of pictures, have a powerful effect. All this makes the etheric body supple and plastic and provides it with lasting impressions. How grateful Goethe must have been to his mother for telling him so many fairy stories at this age!
The later the power of critical judgment is aroused in a child, the better. But children ask “why?” We should answer such questions not with abstract explanations but through examples and images. And how infinitely important it is to find the right ones! If a child asks questions about life and death, and the changes that accompany them, we can use the example of the caterpillar and the chrysalis, and explain how the butterfly arises from the chrysalis to a new life. Everywhere in nature we can find such comparisons, relevant to the highest questions. But quite specially important for the child of this age is authority. It must not be an enforced authority—the teacher must gain his authority quite naturally, so that the child will believe before it has knowledge to go on. Theosophical education demands of the teacher not only intellectual knowledge, not only educational principles and insights; it demands that the type of people chosen to be teachers must be those whose natural gifts show promise of their becoming “an authority”. Does this seem too much to ask? Surely we cannot fail to get such teachers, since the future of mankind depends on it. Here a great cultural task for Theosophy opens up.
When the child enters the third period of seven years, the age of puberty, the astral body is liberated; on it depends the power of judgment and criticism and the capacity for entering into direct relationships with other human beings. A young person's feelings towards the world in general develop in company with his feelings towards other people, and now he is at last mature enough for real understanding. As the astral body is liberated, so is the personality, and so personal judgment has to be developed. Nowadays young people are expected to offer criticism much too early. Seventeen-year-old critics can be found in abundance, and many of the people who write and pass judgments are quite immature. You have to be twenty-two or twenty-four before you can offer a sound judgment of your own; before then it is quite impossible. From the fourteenth to the twenty-fourth year, when everything around him can teach a person something, is the best time for learning from the world. That is the way to grow up into full maturity.
These are the great basic principles of education; countless details can be deduced from them. The Theosophical Society is to publish a book24“A book will be published”: “The Education of the Child from the Standpoint of Spiritual Science”, given as a lecture in various places in Germany; first published, made into an article, in Rudolf Steiner's periodical, Lucifer-Gnosis, 1907, and in the same year as a pamphlet. An English translation is available, entitled, The Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy. for teachers and mothers which will show how from birth to the seventh year the essential thing is example; from the seventh to the fourteenth year, authority; from the fourteenth to the twenty-first year the training of independent judgment.
This is one example of how Theosophy seeks to lay hold of practical life through all its stages.
Another example of practical Theosophy can be drawn from a study of the great law of karma: a law which really makes life comprehensible for the first time. The law of karma is not mere theory, or something that merely satisfies our curiosity. No, it gives us strength and confidence at every stage in life, and makes intelligible much that would otherwise be unintelligible.
First of all, the law of karma answers the great human question: why are children born into such widely differing conditions? For instance, we see one child born to wealth, perhaps endowed also with great talents and surrounded by the most loving care. And we see another child born to poverty and misery, perhaps with few talents or abilities, and so apparently predestined to failure—or a child may have great abilities but no chance to develop them. These are serious problems, and only Theosophy gives an answer to them. If we are to face life with strength and hope we must find an answer. How then does the law of karma answer these riddles?
We have seen that a man passes through repeated lives on Earth, and that when a child is born, it is not for the first time: he has been on Earth many times before. Now in the external world the rule of cause and effect prevails, as everyone recognises, and it is this great natural law of cause and effect which we see, carried over into the spiritual realm, as the law of karma.
How does the law work in the external world? Take a metal ball, heat it and put it on a wooden board. It will burn a hole in the wood. Take another ball, heat it but throw it into water before you put it on the board, and then it will not burn a hole. The fact that the ball was thrown into the water is significant for its later behaviour. The ball goes through a sort of experience, and its behaviour will vary accordingly. Thus the effect depends on the cause. This is an example from the inanimate world, but the same law holds everywhere. Animals gradually lose their eyesight if they go to live in dark caves. Now suppose that in a later generation such an animal were able to reflect: why have I no eyes? It would have to conclude that the cause of its fate was that its ancestors had gone to live in caves. Thus an earlier experience shapes a later destiny, and so the rule of cause and effect holds.
The higher we move in the scale of nature towards man, the more individual does destiny become. Animals have a group-soul, and the destiny of a group of animals is bound up with the group-soul. A man has his own Ego, and the individual Ego undergoes its destiny just as the group-soul of animals does. A whole species of animal may change over the generations, but with man it is the individual Ego that changes from one life to another. Cause and effect go on working from life to life: what I experience today has its cause in a previous life, and what I do today shapes my destiny in my next life. The cause of different circumstances at birth is not to be found in this life; nothing immediate is responsible for it. The cause lies in earlier lives. In a previous life a man has prepared his present destiny.
Surely, you might say, it is just this that must depress a man and rob him of all hope. But in fact the law of karma is the most consoling law there is. Just as it is true that nothing exists without a cause, so it is equally true that nothing existing remains without its effects. I may be born in poverty and misery; my abilities may be very limited; yet whatever I do must produce its effect, and whatever I accomplish now, by way of industry or moral activity, will certainly have its effect in later lives. If it depresses me to think that I have deserved my present destiny, it may equally cheer me to know that I can frame my future destiny myself. Anyone who really takes this law into his thinking and feeling will soon realise what a sense of power and of security he has gained. We do not have to understand the law in all its details; that becomes possible only at the higher stages of clairvoyant knowledge. Much more important is it that we should look at the world in the light of this law and live in accordance with it. If we do this conscientiously over a period of years, the law will of its own accord become part of our feelings. We verify the truth of the law by applying it.
At this point all sorts of objections may arise. Someone may say: “Then we should certainly become sheer fatalists! If we are responsible for whatever happens to us and cannot change it, the best thing is to do nothing. If I am lazy, that is my karma.” Or perhaps someone will say: “The law of karma says we can bring about favourable consequences in our next life. I will start being really good in a later life; for the moment I will enjoy myself. I have plenty of time; I shall be returning to Earth and I will make a start then.” Someone else says: “I shall not help anyone any more, for if he is poor and wretched and I help him I shall be interfering with his karma. He has earned his suffering; he must look after changing his karma by his own efforts.”
All these objections reveal a gross misunderstanding. The law of karma says that all the good I may have done in this life will have its effect, and so will everything bad. Thus in our Book of Life there is a kind of account-sheet, with debit and credit sides, and the balance can be drawn at any moment. If I close the account and draw the balance, that will show my destiny. At first this seems to be a hard, unbending law, but it is not so. A true comparison with the ledger would run as follows: each new transaction alters the balance and each new action alters the destiny.
After all, a merchant does not say that since every new transaction upsets his balance, he can do nothing about it. Just as the merchant is not hindered by his ledger from doing new business, so in life a man is not hindered from making a new entry in his Book of Life. And if the merchant got into difficulties and asked a friend to lend him a thousand marks to help him to recover, it would be nonsense if his friend replied that he really couldn't do anything because it would mean interfering with the state of his friend's account-book. In the same way it would be nonsense if I refused to help another man in order not to come into conflict with the law of karma. However firmly I believe in the law of karma, there is nothing to prevent me from relieving any misery and poverty. On the contrary, if I did not believe in the law, I might doubt whether my help would have any effect: as it is, I know that my help will have a good effect. It is this aspect of karma which can console us and give us energy for action. We ought to think of the law of karma not so much in its relation to the past as in its bearing on the future. We may indeed look back on the past and resolve to bear its karma, but above all we should be positively active in laying a foundation for the future.
Christian clergymen often raise the objection: “Your Theosophy is not Christian, for it ascribes everything to self-redemption. You say a man must work out his own karma quite alone. If he can do this, what place is there for Christ Jesus, who suffered for all mankind? The Theosophist says he needs no help from anyone.”
All this indicates a misunderstanding on both sides. Our critics do not realise that free-will is not restricted by the law of karma. The Theosophist, on his side, needs to see clearly that because he believes in karma he does not depend entirely on self-help and self-development; he must recognise that he can be helped by others. And then a true reconciliation between the law of karma and the central fact of Christianity will not be hard to find. This harmony has always existed; the law of karma has always been known to esoteric Christianity.
Let us imagine two people: one is in distress because of his karma, the other helps him because he has the power to do so, and in this way the karma of the former is improved. Does this exclude the law? On the contrary, it confirms it. It is precisely the working of the law of karma which makes the help effective.
If someone has more power than this, he may be able to help two or three or four others if they are in need. Someone still more powerful may be able to help hundreds or thousands and influence their karma for the better. And if he is as powerful as Christianity represents Christ to be, he may help the whole of humanity just at a time when it is in special need of help. But that does not make the law of karma ineffective; on the contrary, Christ's deed on Earth is effective precisely because the law of karma can be built upon.
The Redeemer knows that by the law of karma His work of redemption will be available for everyone. Indeed, He accomplished that deed in reliance on the law of karma, as a cause of glorious results in the future, as a seed for a later harvest and as a source of help for anyone who allows the blessings of redemption to act upon him. Christ's deed is conceivable only because of the law of karma; the testament of Christ is in fact the teaching of karma and reincarnation. This does not mean that each one must bear the consequence of his own actions, but that the consequences must be borne by someone, no matter whom. If a Theosophist maintains that he cannot understand the unique deed of Christ having been accomplished once only for all mankind, this means that he does not understand karma. The same is true of any priest who declares that karma interferes with the doctrine of redemption. The reason why Christianity has hitherto failed to emphasise the law of karma and the idea of reincarnation is bound up with the whole question of human evolution and will be dealt with later.
The world does not consist of single “I's”, each one isolated from the rest; the world is really one great unity and brotherhood. And just as in physical life a brother or friend can intervene to help another, so does this hold good in a much deeper sense in the spiritual world.
Sechster Vortrag
Bei der Theosophie handelt es sich um eine im eminentesten Sinne praktische Auffassung des Lebens. Das Licht, das sie auf die Erziehungsfrage wirft, wird der Menschheit tiefen Nutzen bringen, lange bevor es sich um Hellsehen handelt; man kann sich schon überzeugen, daß in der Theosophie Wahrheit ist für das Leben, lange bevor man herantritt an das unmittelbare Schauen.
Nach der Geburt tritt der Mensch hinein in ein neues Leben, und seine verschiedenen Leiber entwickeln sich in ganz verschiedener Art und Zeit. Der Erzieher sollte darauf Rücksicht nehmen. Ganz anders ist es vom ersten bis zum siebenten Jahre, ganz anders in den zweiten sieben Jahren, vom siebenten bis zum fünfzehnten oder sechzehnten Jahre, bei den Knaben später, bei den Mädchen früher. Wieder anders ist die Entwickelung nach dem fünfzehnten Jahre oder, sagen wir, nach der Geschlechtsreife. Man lernt die Entwickelung des Menschen erst dann richtig verstehen, wenn man die verschiedenartige Entwickelung seiner Wesensglieder betrachtet.
Von der Geburt bis zum siebenten Jahre kommt für Eltern und Erzieher eigentlich nur der physische Leib des Kindes in Betracht. Durch die Geburt ist der physische Leib für seine Umgebung frei geworden. Vor der Geburt bildet derselbe einen Bestandteil des Organismus der Mutter. Die ganze Zeit während der Keimung geht das Leben der Mutter und dasjenige des menschlichen Keimes ineinander. Der physische Leib der Mutter umhüllt den physischen Leib des Kindes; das bedeutet, daß er noch unzugänglich ist für die physische Außenwelt. Erst nach der Geburt ändert sich dies. Er kann erst Eindrücke von anderen Wesen der physischen Welt bekommen, wenn er geboren ist. Damit ist aber noch nicht der Äther- und Astralleib für die Außenwelt zugänglich. Auf den Äther- und Astralleib kann man zwischen dem ersten und siebenten Jahre von der Außenwelt her deshalb noch nicht einwirken, weil beide noch mit der Ausbildung des eigenen physischen Leibes zu tun haben. Alle ihre Tätigkeit richtet sich nach dem Innern des physischen Leibes; sie arbeiten an dessen Ausbau. Ungefähr gegen das siebente Lebensjahr fängt der Ätherleib an, frei zu werden für äußere Eindrücke. Dann erst kann man auf den Ätherleib einwirken. Zwischen dem siebenten und dem vierzehnten Jahre sollte man dagegen noch nicht auf den Astralleib wirken, denn man schädigt ihn dadurch, daß man ihm die Möglichkeit entzieht, nach innen zu wirken. Es ist am besten, wenn man in den ersten sieben Jahren den Äther- und Astralleib ganz unbehelligt läßt, wenn man damit rechnet, daß sich in diesen Jahren alles von selbst ergibt.
Wie wirkt man in den ersten sieben Jahren am besten auf den Menschen ein? Indem man die Sinnesorgane ausbildet. Alles, was von außen auf sie einwirkt, ist bedeutsam. Alles, was der Mensch in den ersten sieben Jahren sieht und hört, wirkt auf ihn ein durch die Sinnesorgane. Aber nicht durch einen Lehrstoff oder mündliche Belehrung wirkt man auf die Sinnesorgane ein, sondern durch das Beispiel, das Vorbild. Man muß dem Kinde etwas für seine Sinne bieten; das ist wichtiger als alles andere in den ersten sieben Jahren. Das Kind sieht, wie sich die Menschen benehmen in seiner Umgebung, es sieht es mit seinen Augen. Aristoteles sagt mit Recht: Der Mensch ist das nachahmendste der lebenden Wesen. - Vorzugsweise ist das in den ersten sieben Jahren der Fall. Nie wieder ist der Mensch so sehr der Nachahmung zugänglich wie in diesen ersten sieben Jahren. Darum eben muß man in dieser Zeit auf die Sinnestätigkeit einwirken, muß sie herauszulocken suchen und zur eigenen Tätigkeit anregen. Daher ist es auch so verfehlt, wenn man in der frühen Jugend dem Kinde eine sogenannte «schöne» Puppe gibt; dabei können die inneren Kräfte nicht zur Arbeit kommen. Ein natürlich entwickeltes Kind weist sie ohnehin zurück und hält sich lieber an ein Stück Holz und dergleichen, das die Phantasie und Imagination zu eigener innerer Tätigkeit anregt.
Auf den Äther- und Astralkörper braucht man keine besondere Lehrmethode anzuwenden, aber ungeheuer wichtig ist es, daß die höheren Einflüsse, die von der physischen Umgebung ohne bewußte Einwirkung auf sie übergehen, günstig sind. Sehr wichtig ist es, daß der Mensch in diesem Lebensalter gerade von edlen, hochherzigen und gemütvollen Menschen mit guten Gedankenformen umgeben ist. Diese prägen sich den im Innern arbeitenden Wesensgliedern ein. Das Vorbild also, auch in Gefühlen und Gedanken, ist das wichtigste Erziehungsmittel. Nicht was man sagt, sondern wie man ist, wirkt in den ersten sieben Jahren auf das Kind ein. Wegen der ungemeinen Subtilität dieser Wesensglieder muß sich die Umgebung des Kindes aller unreinen, unmoralischen Gedanken und Gefühle enthalten.
In der Zeit vom siebenten bis vierzehnten, fünfzehnten und sechzehnten Jahre, also bis zur Geschlechtsreife, wird der Ätherleib geradeso herausgeboren, wie bei der Geburt der physische Leib für die Umgebung zugänglich wird. Da muß man also auf den Ätherleib wirken. Der Ätherleib ist der Träger des Gedächtnisses, der bleibenden Gewohnheiten, des Temperamentes, der Neigungen und der bleibenden Begierden. Daher muß man, wenn dieser frei wird, vor allem seine Sorgfalt darauf wenden, diese Eigenschaften zu entwickeln; man muß auf Gewohnheiten wirken, auf das Gedächtnis, überhaupt auf alles das, was dem Menschen einen dauernden Grundstock des Charakters geben soll. Er wird wie ein Irrlicht, wenn nicht in dieser Zeit dafür gesorgt wird, daß gewisse Gewohnheiten wie ein roter Faden seinen Charakter durchziehen, damit er feststehen kann gegen die Stürme des Lebens. Und jetzt muß man auf das Gedächtnis wirken; später, nach dieser Zeit, wird das, was als Gedächtnisstoff aufgenommen werden soll, schwer eingehen. Insbesondere wird auch der Sinn für Kunst in dieser Zeit erwachen, namentlich für eine solche Kunst, die sehr viel zu tun hat mit den Schwingungen des Ätherleibes, nämlich für Musik. Sind hierfür Talente vorhanden, so muß man in diesen Jahren dafür Sorge tragen, sie zur Entfaltung zu bringen. In dieser Zeit wirkt das Gleichnis; wenn man versucht, jetzt auch schon das Urteil auszubilden, so tut man unrecht. Unsere Zeit sündigt darin außerordentlich viel. Man soll dafür Sorge tragen, daß das Kind möglichst viel durch Gleichnisse lernt; das Gedächtnis muß Inhalt bekommen, die Vergleichungskraft muß an sinnlichen Vorstellungen geübt werden. Es müssen ihm Beispiele großer Menschen aus der Weltgeschichte vorgeführt werden; aber man darf nicht sagen, das ist gut oder das ist schlecht, denn das würde auf die Urteilskraft wirken. Man kann gar nicht genug solche Bilder, die auf den Ätherleib wirken, oder Vergleiche mit dem Großen auf der Welt dem Kinde vorhalten. Dabei ist es von großem Nutzen, wenn man viel mit Sinnbildern arbeitet. Das ist die Zeit, wo die sinnigen Märchen und Erzählungen, die das Menschenleben in Bildern darstellen, mächtig wirken. Dadurch macht man den Ätherleib beweglich, schmiegsam und gibt ihm dauernde Eindrücke, Wie mußte Goethe seiner Mutter dankbar sein, daß sie ihm in dieser Zeit so viele Märchen erzählte!
Also, je später man dazu kommt, das Urteil im Kinde hervorzurufen, desto besser ist es. Das Kind aber frägt «Warum». Diese Fragen nach dem Wie und Warum sollen nicht mit abstrakten Erklärungen, sondern mit Beispielen, mit Sinnbildern beantwortet werden. Und wie unendlich wichtig ist es, die richtigen Sinnbilder zu finden! Wenn das Kind frägt nach Leben und Tod, nach den Verwandlungen des Menschen, so kann man ihm das Beispiel von der Raupe und Puppe vorführen; man macht ihm klar, wie gleichsam aus der Puppe heraus der Schmetterling aufersteht zu einem neuen Leben. Überall in der Natur findet man solche Gleichnisse für die höchsten Fragen. Ganz besonders aber wichtig ist in dieser Zeit für das Kind die Autorität. Nur darf es keine erzwungene Autorität sein, sondern in ganz natürlicher Weise muß der Lehrer Autorität erlangen, damit das Kind glaubt, bevor sich ein Wissen entwickeln darf. Daher fordert die theosophische Pädagogik nicht bloß intellektuelles Wissen, pädagogische Grundsätze und Einsichten bei dem Erzieher, sondern sie fordert, daß man solche Menschen dazu wählt, die durch ihre natürlichen Anlagen versprechen, eine Autorität zu werden. Scheint dies eine Härte? Aber wie sollte man sie nicht hineinbringen, da die Zukunft der Menschheit davon abhängt! Gerade das ist eine Perspektive für eine große Kulturaufgabe der Theosophie.
Wenn dann der Mensch die dritten sieben Jahre antritt, die Zeit der Geschlechtsreife, wird der Astralleib frei, und an ihm hängt das Urteil, die Kritik, hangen die unmittelbaren Beziehungen zu den übrigen Menschen. So wie die Gefühle von Mensch zu Mensch erwachen, so erwachen auch die Gefühle für die übrige Umwelt; da ist der Mensch reif, anzufangen zu begreifen. Die Persönlichkeit wird mit dem Astralleib freigelegt; da muß man das eigene Urteil aus dem Menschen herauslocken. Heutzutage wird er viel zu früh zur Kritik herausgefordert. Siebzehnjährige Kritiker sind häufig, und wie viele schreiben und urteilen ganz und gar Unreifes für die Menschheit! Man muß zweiundzwanzig bis vierundzwanzig Jahre alt sein, ehe man selbst urteilen kann; das andere ist absolut unmöglich. Vom vierzehnten bis zum vierundzwanzigsten Jahre ist die Zeit, wo der Mensch am besten von der Welt lernen wird, wo alles für ihn Lehre wird, was ihn umgibt. So wächst er heran zur völligen Lebensreife.
Das sind die großen Grundsätze der Erziehung. Unzählige Einzelheiten ergeben sich daraus. Die Theosophische Gesellschaft wird ein Buch herausgeben für Lehrer und Mütter, worin gezeigt wird, wie vom ersten bis siebenten Lebensjahre das Vorbild, vom siebenten bis vierzehnten Lebensjahre die Autorität und vom vierzehnten bis vierundzwanzigsten Lebensjahre das selbständige Urteil am Menschen arbeiten muß.
Das sollte ein Beispiel dafür sein, wie die Theosophie ihre Kulturaufgabe zu erfüllen sucht, wie sie auf Schritt und Tritt einzugreifen vermag in die wirklichen praktischen Aufgaben des Lebens.
Ein anderes Beispiel für praktische Theosophie gibt die Betrachtung des großen Gesetzes von Karma. Es ist das ein Gesetz, das dem Menschen das Leben eigentlich erst verständlich macht. Das Karmagesetz ist nicht bloß ein theoretisches Gesetz oder etwas, was bloß unsere Wißbegierde befriedigt. Nein, auf Schritt und Tritt ist es für das Leben etwas, was Kraft zum Handeln und Sicherheit gibt, was alles Unverständliche verständlich macht.
Zunächst antwortet das Karmagesetz auf eine große Lebensfrage: Wodurch kommt überhaupt unser Schicksal zustande? Warum obwalten schon bei der Geburt der Kinder so verschiedene Verhältnisse? Man sieht zum Beispiel, wie ein Kind in Reichtum geboren wird, vielleicht auch mit großen Talenten, von sorgsamster Liebe umgeben ist. Und man sieht ein anderes Kind, geboren in Elend und Armut, vielleicht mit geringen Talenten oder Fähigkeiten, so daß es dazu prädestiniert scheint, es zu nichts zu bringen; oder auch mit großen Fähigkeiten, die aber vielleicht nicht ausgebildet werden können. Das sind Rätselfragen des praktischen Lebens, und auf diese gibt nur die Theosophie eine Antwort. Diese Fragen muß der Mensch beantwortet haben, wenn er mit Kraft und Hoffnung im Leben dastehen soll. Und wie antwortet das Karmagesetz auf diese Fragen?
Wir haben gesehen, daß der Mensch wiederholte Leben auf der Erde durchlebt. Das Kind wird nicht zum ersten Male auf dieser Erde geboren, es war schon oft da. Alles nun in der Welt draußen steht im Zusammenhang von Ursache und Wirkung; das erkennt jeder an. Das große Ursachengesetz herrscht also in der Natur, und dieses Gesetz, auf das Geistige, auf die geistige Welt übertragen, das ist das Karmagesetz.
Wie wirkt das Gesetz nun in der Außenwelt? Wenn wir eine Kugel nehmen, sie erhitzen und dann auf eine Holzplatte legen, so brennt sie ein Loch in das Holz hinein. Erhitzen wir eine andere Kugel, werfen sie erst ins Wasser und legen sie dann auf das Brett, dann brennt sie kein Loch in das Holz. Die Tatsache, daß ich die Kugel ins Wasser werfe, ist bedeutsam für das, was die Kugel nachher bewirkt. Die Kugel hat gleichsam ein Erlebnis, und es ist verschieden, was sie vor diesem Erlebnis und nachher tut. So hängt die Wirkung ab von der Ursache. Das ist ein Beispiel aus der leblosen Natur, und so ist esin der ganzen Welt. Tiere, die sehend in finstere Höhlen einwandern, verlieren die Sehkraft. Wenn das Tier in einer späteren Generation darüber nachdenken könnte: Warum habe ich keine Augen? - so müßte es sich sagen: Die Einwanderung meiner Vorfahren in diese Höhlen ist die Ursache meines Schicksals. — So ist das Erlebnis von vorher das Schicksal für später. So hängen die Dinge zusammen nach Ursache und Wirkung. Je weiter wir nun hinaufrücken zum Menschen, desto individueller wird die ganze Sache. Das Tier hat eine Gattungsseele, und das Schicksal einer Gruppe von Tieren knüpft sich an an die Gruppenseele. Der Mensch dahingegen hat ein Ich für sich. Dieses Einzel-Ich erleidet ein ähnliches Schicksal wie die Gruppenseele der Tiere. Wie die ganze Gattung von Tieren sich verwandelt, so verwandelt sich das einzelne Ich von einem Leben zum andern. Ursache und Wirkung pflanzen sich fort von einem Leben zum andern. Was ich heute erlebe, hat seine Ursache im früheren Leben, und was ich heute tue, bildet mein Schicksal für das nächste Leben. In diesem Leben liegt nicht die Ursache zu der verschiedenartigen Geburt; nichts ist jetzt verschuldet. Die Ursache liegt in dem früheren Leben. Der Mensch hat sich sein heutiges Schicksal selbst in dem vorigen Leben zubereitet.
Nun kann man sagen: Aber muß das nicht gerade den Menschen niederdrücken und ihm jede Hoffnung nehmen? — Und doch ist das Karmagesetz das trostreichste Gesetz für das Leben. Denn so wahr es ist, daß nichts ohne Ursache ist, ebenso wahr ist es auch, daß nichts ohne Wirkung bleibt. Werde ich auch in Not und Elend geboren, habe ich auch geringe Fähigkeiten: Was ich tue, muß seine Wirkung haben, und was ich mir zueigne durch Fleiß und Moralität, das wird seine sichere Wirkung haben in folgenden Lebensläufen. Kann es mich niederdrücken, daß ich mein Schicksal selbst verdient habe, so kann es mich erheben, daß ich mir mein Schicksal für die Zukunft selbst zimmern kann. - Wer dieses Gesetz in sein Denken und Fühlen aufnimmt, wird sehen, welche Kraft und Sicherheit im Leben er gewinnt. Es ist nicht so wichtig, daß man das Gesetz im einzelnen durchschaut; das kommt erst auf den höheren Stufen der hellseherischen Erkenntnis. Viel wichtiger ist, daß man im Sinne dieses Gesetzes die Welt betrachtet und danach lebt. Tut man dies mit Ernst durch Jahre hindurch, dann wird sich dieses Gesetz ganz von selbst dem Gefühl mitteilen. Es bewahrheitet sich durch Anwendung.
Nun kann jemand einwenden: Da würden wir ja zu reinen Fatalisten! Alles, was uns trifft, haben wir uns selbst zubereitet, aber wir können ja nichts daran ändern; also ist es das beste, wenn man nichts tut. Wenn ich faul bin, ist das eben mein Karma. - Oder man sagt vielleicht: Es gibt ein Karmagesetz, das sagt, daß wir günstige Wirkungen für unser späteres Leben erzielen können. Da werde ich im späteren Leben anfangen, recht brav zu sein; jetzt will ich erst einmal genießen. Ich habe ja Zeit, ich komme ja später wieder auf die Erde; da fange ich dann an. - Ein anderer sagt: Ich helfe jetzt keinem Menschen mehr, denn wenn er arm und elend ist und ich helfe ihm, dann greife ich ja in sein Karma ein. Er hat verdient, was er leidet; er muß selbst dafür sorgen, daß sein Karma ein anderes wird.
Alle diese Dinge sind die gröbsten Mißverständnisse. Das Karmagesetz sagt: Alles, was ich im Leben an guten Taten getan habe, wird seine Wirkung haben, ebenso alles Schlechte, so daß das wie eine Art Konto gibt im Lebensbuche mit einer Soll- und einer Habenseite. In jedem Moment kann man Bilanz machen. Mache ich nun den Abschluß und ziehe die Bilanz, so ergibt das mein Schicksal. - Das scheint zunächst etwas Starres, Unbewegliches; das ist aber nicht der Fall. Der richtige Vergleich mit dem Kontobuch ergibt folgendes: Jedes neue Geschäft verändert die Bilanz, und jede neue Tat verändert das Schicksal. Der Kaufmann kann doch nicht sagen: Durch jedes neue Geschäft störe ich meine Bilanz, ich kann also nichts tun. Ebensowenig wie der Kaufmann durch sein Kontobuch gehindert ist, ein neues Geschäft zu machen, ebensowenig ist der Mensch gehindert, ein neues Faktum in sein Lebensbuch einzutragen. Und wenn der Kaufmann in Kalamität ist und zu seinem Freund sagt: Du, gib mir tausend Mark, damit ich mich aus der schwierigen Lage herausreiße -, und der Freund erwidern würde: Damit greife ich ja in dein Kontobuch ein -, so wäre diese Antwort ein Unsinn. Ebenso wäre es ein Unsinn, wenn ich nicht helfen wollte, um nicht mit dem Karmagesetz in Konflikt zu kommen. Nichts hindert den Menschen, der fest an das Karmagesetz glaubt, allem Elend, aller Not abzuhelfen. Im Gegenteil, wenn man nicht daran glauben würde, müßte man bezweifeln, ob die Hilfe überhaupt wirksam wird; so aber weiß ich gewiß, daß die Hilfe richtig wirkt. Darin liegt die trostreiche, tatkräftige Seite des Karmagesetzes. Man darf nicht so sehr nach der vergangenen Seite des Karmagesetzes sehen als nach der zukünftigen. Man sieht wohl zurück auf das Geschehene und trägt das Karma, aber vor allen Dingen rührt man seine Hände, weil man eine Grundlage legen muß für die Zukunft.
Von christlichen Geistlichen wird oft der Einwand erhoben: Eure Theosophie ist kein Christentum, denn sie schreibt alles der Selbsterlösung zu. Ihr sagt, der Mensch muß ganz allein sein Karma auswirken. Wenn der Mensch selbst sein Karma auswirken kann, dann bleibt kein Platz für Christus Jesus, der doch für die ganze Menschheit litt. Der Theosoph sagt, ich brauche niemand. — Das ist ein Mißverständnis auf beiden Seiten. Man bedenkt nicht, daß der freie Wille nicht beschränkt wird durch das Karmagesetz. Diese Einsicht muß der Theosoph haben, daß er nicht allein auf Selbsthilfe und Selbstentwickelung baut, wenn er an Karma glaubt, Er muß wissen, daß der andere ihm helfen kann; und dann werden wir die echte Vereinigung des Karmagesetzes mit der zentralen Tatsache des Christentums leicht finden. Sie ist immer vorhanden gewesen, diese Übereinstimmung; die christliche Geheimlehre kennt das Karmagesetz.
Stellen wir uns zwei Menschen vor, der eine ist durch sein Karma im Elend, der andere hilft ihm, weil er die Macht hat zu helfen; jener hat sein Karma verbessert. Wird dadurch das Gesetz aus der Welt geschafft? Im Gegenteil, es bestätigt sich; gerade durch das Gesetz von Karma kann ja die Hilfe wirken.
Wenn einer mächtiger ist, so kann er zweien helfen oder dreien oder vieren, wenn sie es brauchen; und ist einer noch mächtiger, so kann er Hunderten oder Tausenden helfen und ihr Karma im günstigen Sinne beeinflussen. Und ist einer so mächtig, wie das Christentum sich den Christus Jesus vorstellt, so hilft er in einer Zeit, wo die ganze Menschheit Hilfe braucht, der ganzen Menschheit. Und das Karmagesetz wird dadurch nicht unwirksam, sondern im Gegenteil: Die Tat des Christus Jesus auf Erden wird gerade dadurch wirksam, daß man auf Karma bauen kann.
Der Erlöser weiß, daß durch Karma das Erlösungswerk auch wirklich allen zugänglich wird. Ja, diese Tat geschah gerade im Bauen auf das Karmagesetz, als eine Ursache für die zukünftige herrliche Wirkung, als eine Saat für die spätere Ernte, als eine Hilfe für den, der die Segnungen der Erlösung auf sich wirken läßt. Die Tat des Christus Jesus ist überhaupt nur denkbar durch das Existieren des Karmagesetzes; gerade das Testament des Christus Jesus ist die Karma- und Reinkarnationslehre. Darin heißt es nicht: Jeder muß die Folgen seiner Tat tragen -, sondern: Die Folgen der Tat müssen getragen werden, gleichviel von wem. - Wenn der Theosoph behauptet, er verstehe die einmalige Tat des Christus Jesus für die ganze Menschheit nicht, so versteht er eben Karma nicht. Ebenso der Priester, der da behauptet, Karma störe die Erlösung. Warum das Christentum gerade dieses Gesetz und auch den Reinkarnationsgedanken bisher weniger betont hat, liegt in der Entwickelung der Menschheit begründet und wird später noch näher behandelt werden.
Die Welt besteht nicht aus einzelnen Ichs, von denen jedes für sich abgeschlossen dasteht, sondern es herrscht die große Einheit, die große Verbrüderung in der Welt. Und wie hier im physischen Leben ein Bruder, ein Freund für den andern einspringen kann, so im weit tieferen Sinne auch in der geistigen Welt.
Sixth Lecture
Theosophy is a practical view of life in the most eminent sense. The light it sheds on the question of education will be of profound benefit to humanity long before it comes to clairvoyance; one can already be convinced that there is truth for life in Theosophy long before one approaches direct perception.
After birth, humans enter a new life, and their various bodies develop in very different ways and at different times. Educators should take this into account. It is completely different from the first to the seventh year, completely different in the second seven years, from the seventh to the fifteenth or sixteenth year, later for boys, earlier for girls. Development after the age of fifteen, or, let us say, after puberty, is different again. One can only truly understand human development when one considers the different ways in which the various parts of the human being develop.
From birth to the age of seven, parents and educators really only need to consider the child's physical body. Through birth, the physical body has become free for its environment. Before birth, it forms part of the mother's organism. Throughout the period of gestation, the life of the mother and that of the human embryo are intertwined. The mother's physical body envelops the child's physical body, which means that it is still inaccessible to the physical outside world. This only changes after birth. The child can only receive impressions from other beings in the physical world once it is born. However, this does not mean that the etheric and astral bodies are accessible to the outside world. Between the ages of one and seven, the outside world cannot yet influence the etheric and astral bodies because both are still involved in the development of the child's own physical body. All their activity is directed toward the inner physical body; they work on its development. Around the age of seven, the etheric body begins to become open to external impressions. Only then can one influence the etheric body. Between the ages of seven and fourteen, however, one should not yet influence the astral body, because this damages it by depriving it of the opportunity to work inwardly. It is best to leave the etheric and astral bodies completely undisturbed during the first seven years, trusting that everything will develop naturally during this time.
How can we best influence people during the first seven years? By training the sense organs. Everything that affects them from outside is significant. Everything that people see and hear during the first seven years affects them through the sense organs. But it is not through teaching or verbal instruction that we influence the sensory organs, but through example, through role models. We must offer the child something for their senses; this is more important than anything else in the first seven years. The child sees how people behave in their environment; they see it with their own eyes. Aristotle rightly says: Man is the most imitative of all living beings. This is especially true in the first seven years. Never again is a person as susceptible to imitation as in these first seven years. That is why it is so important to influence the activity of the senses during this time, to try to elicit it and stimulate it to activity. This is why it is so misguided to give a child a so-called “beautiful” doll in early childhood; this prevents the inner forces from coming into play. A naturally developed child will reject it anyway and prefer to stick to a piece of wood or something similar that stimulates the imagination and fantasy to engage in its own inner activity.
No special teaching method needs to be applied to the etheric and astral bodies, but it is extremely important that the higher influences that pass from the physical environment without consciously affecting them are favorable. It is very important that at this age, people are surrounded by noble, generous, and warm-hearted people with good thought forms. These impress themselves upon the inner working parts of the being. The example set, including in feelings and thoughts, is therefore the most important educational tool. It is not what one says, but how one is that influences the child in the first seven years. Because of the extraordinary subtlety of these parts of the being, the child's environment must refrain from all impure, immoral thoughts and feelings.In the period from the seventh to the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth years, that is, until puberty, the etheric body is born just as the physical body becomes accessible to the environment at birth. So one must work on the etheric body. The etheric body is the bearer of memory, lasting habits, temperament, inclinations, and lasting desires. Therefore, when it becomes free, one must above all take care to develop these qualities; one must work on habits, on memory, on everything that is to give the human being a lasting foundation of character. If care is not taken during this period to ensure that certain habits run like a thread through their character, they will become like a will-o'-the-wisp, unable to stand firm against the storms of life. And now one must work on the memory; later, after this period, it will be difficult to absorb what is to be taken in as memory material. In particular, the sense of art will also awaken during this period, especially for art that has a lot to do with the vibrations of the etheric body, namely music. If talents are present for this, care must be taken during these years to develop them. The parable has an effect during this period; it is wrong to try to develop judgment at this stage. Our time sins greatly in this respect. Care should be taken to ensure that the child learns as much as possible through parables; the memory must be filled with content, and the power of comparison must be exercised through sensory images. Examples of great people from world history must be presented to the child, but one must not say that this is good or that is bad, for that would influence the power of judgment. One cannot present enough images that affect the etheric body, or comparisons with the great things in the world, to the child. It is very useful to work a lot with symbols. This is the time when meaningful fairy tales and stories that depict human life in images have a powerful effect. This makes the etheric body flexible and supple and gives it lasting impressions. How grateful Goethe must have been to his mother for telling him so many fairy tales during this time!
So, the later you start to encourage judgment in children, the better. But the child asks “Why.” These questions about how and why should not be answered with abstract explanations, but with examples, with symbols. And how infinitely important it is to find the right symbols! When the child asks about life and death, about the transformations of human beings, one can show them the example of the caterpillar and the chrysalis; making it clear to them how the butterfly rises from the chrysalis, as it were, to a new life. Such parables for the highest questions can be found everywhere in nature. However, authority is particularly important for children at this age. But it must not be forced authority; rather, the teacher must gain authority in a completely natural way so that the child believes before knowledge can develop. Therefore, theosophical pedagogy demands not only intellectual knowledge, pedagogical principles, and insights from the educator, but also that people be chosen who, through their natural aptitudes, promise to become authorities. Does this seem harsh? But how could one not introduce it, since the future of humanity depends on it! This is precisely the perspective for a great cultural task of theosophy.
When a person enters the third seven years, the time of sexual maturity, the astral body becomes free, and judgment, criticism, and immediate relationships with other people depend on it. Just as feelings between people awaken, so do feelings for the rest of the environment; then the human being is mature enough to begin to understand. The personality is revealed with the astral body; then one must draw out one's own judgment from within the human being. Nowadays, people are challenged to criticize far too early. Seventeen-year-old critics are common, and how many write and judge things that are completely immature for humanity! One must be twenty-two to twenty-four years old before one can judge for oneself; anything else is absolutely impossible. From the age of fourteen to twenty-four is the time when a person will learn best from the world, when everything around them becomes a lesson. In this way, they grow to complete maturity in life.
These are the great principles of education. Countless details arise from them. The Theosophical Society will publish a book for teachers and mothers, showing how from the first to the seventh year of life the example, from the seventh to the fourteenth year of life authority, and from the fourteenth to the twenty-fourth year of life independent judgment must work on the human being.
This should serve as an example of how Theosophy seeks to fulfill its cultural task, how it is able to intervene at every turn in the real practical tasks of life.
Another example of practical Theosophy is the consideration of the great law of karma. It is a law that actually makes life understandable to human beings. The law of karma is not merely a theoretical law or something that merely satisfies our thirst for knowledge. No, at every turn it is something that gives life the power to act and security, that makes everything incomprehensible comprehensible.
First of all, the law of karma answers a big question in life: How does our destiny come about? Why do children have such different circumstances at birth? For example, we see a child born into wealth, perhaps with great talents, surrounded by the most careful love. And we see another child, born into misery and poverty, perhaps with few talents or abilities, so that it seems predestined to achieve nothing; or even with great abilities, but which perhaps cannot be developed. These are the riddles of practical life, and only theosophy provides an answer to them. Human beings must have answers to these questions if they are to stand strong and hopeful in life. And how does the law of karma answer these questions?
We have seen that human beings live through repeated lives on earth. The child is not being born on this earth for the first time; it has been here many times before. Everything in the world outside is connected by cause and effect; everyone recognizes that. The great law of cause and effect therefore prevails in nature, and this law, applied to the spiritual, to the spiritual world, is the law of karma.
How does this law work in the outside world? If we take a ball, heat it up, and then place it on a wooden board, it burns a hole in the wood. If we heat another ball, throw it into water first and then place it on the board, it will not burn a hole in the wood. The fact that I throw the ball into the water is significant for what the ball does afterwards. The ball has an experience, as it were, and what it does before and after this experience is different. Thus, the effect depends on the cause. This is an example from inanimate nature, and it is the same throughout the world. Animals that migrate into dark caves lose their sight. If the animal in a later generation could think about it: Why don't I have eyes? – it would have to say to itself: The migration of my ancestors into these caves is the cause of my fate. — Thus, the experience of the past is the fate of the future. This is how things are connected according to cause and effect. The closer we get to humans, the more individual the whole thing becomes. Animals have a species soul, and the fate of a group of animals is linked to the group soul. Humans, on the other hand, have an individual self. This individual ego suffers a similar fate to the group soul of animals. Just as the entire species of animals transforms, so too does the individual ego transform from one life to the next. Cause and effect are perpetuated from one life to the next. What I experience today has its cause in my previous life, and what I do today shapes my fate for the next life. The cause of different births does not lie in this life; nothing is owed now. The cause lies in the previous life. Humans have prepared their own fate today in their previous life.
Now one might say: But doesn't that depress humans and rob them of all hope? — And yet the law of karma is the most comforting law for life. For as true as it is that nothing is without cause, it is equally true that nothing remains without effect. Even if I am born into poverty and misery, even if I have few abilities: what I do must have its effect, and what I acquire through diligence and morality will have its certain effect in subsequent lives. If it can depress me that I have earned my fate myself, it can also uplift me that I can shape my own fate for the future. Those who accept this law in their thoughts and feelings will see what strength and security they gain in life. It is not so important to understand the law in detail; that comes only at the higher levels of clairvoyant knowledge. It is much more important to view the world in the spirit of this law and to live according to it. If one does this earnestly over the years, then this law will communicate itself to one's feelings. It proves itself through application.
Now someone may object: That would make us pure fatalists! Everything that happens to us is our own doing, but we cannot change it; so it is best to do nothing. If I am lazy, that is simply my karma. - Or one might say: There is a law of karma that says we can achieve favorable effects for our later life. I will start to be good in my future life; for now, I want to enjoy myself. I have time, I will come back to earth later; then I will start. Another person says: I will not help anyone anymore, because if they are poor and miserable and I help them, then I am interfering with their karma. He deserves what he is suffering; he must take care himself to change his karma.
All these things are gross misunderstandings. The law of karma says: Everything good I have done in life will have its effect, as will everything bad, so that there is a kind of account in the book of life with a debit and a credit side. You can take stock at any moment. If I now close the books and take stock, the result is my destiny. At first glance, this seems somewhat rigid and immovable, but that is not the case. A correct comparison with the account book shows the following: every new transaction changes the balance sheet, and every new deed changes destiny. The merchant cannot say: Every new transaction upsets my balance sheet, so I cannot do anything. Just as the merchant is not prevented by his account book from doing new business, so man is not prevented from entering a new fact in his book of life. And if the merchant is in dire straits and says to his friend, “Give me a thousand marks so that I can get myself out of this difficult situation,” and the friend replies, “But that would interfere with your account book,” then this answer would be nonsense. It would be equally nonsensical if I did not want to help in order to avoid coming into conflict with the law of karma. Nothing prevents a person who firmly believes in the law of karma from alleviating all misery and hardship. On the contrary, if one did not believe in it, one would have to doubt whether the help would be effective at all; but as it is, I know for certain that the help will have the right effect. This is the comforting, active side of the law of karma. One should not look so much at the past side of the law of karma as at the future. One may well look back on what has happened and bear the karma, but above all one must work hard because one has to lay a foundation for the future.
Christian clergy often raise the objection: Your theosophy is not Christianity, because it attributes everything to self-redemption. You say that man must work out his karma all by himself. If man can work out his karma himself, then there is no place for Christ Jesus, who suffered for all mankind. The theosophist says, I don't need anyone. — This is a misunderstanding on both sides. They do not consider that free will is not restricted by the law of karma. Theosophists must understand that they cannot rely solely on self-help and self-development if they believe in karma. They must know that others can help them; and then we will easily find the true union of the law of karma with the central fact of Christianity. This harmony has always existed; Christian esotericism knows the law of karma.
Let us imagine two people, one of whom is in misery because of his karma, and the other who helps him because he has the power to help; the former has improved his karma. Does this abolish the law? On the contrary, it is confirmed; it is precisely through the law of karma that help can be effective.
If one is more powerful, he can help two or three or four if they need it; and if one is even more powerful, he can help hundreds or thousands and influence their karma in a favorable way. And if someone is as powerful as Christianity imagines Christ Jesus to be, he helps all of humanity at a time when all of humanity needs help. And this does not render the law of karma ineffective; on the contrary, the deed of Christ Jesus on earth becomes effective precisely because one can rely on karma.
The Redeemer knows that through karma, the work of redemption really becomes accessible to all. Yes, this deed was done precisely by building on the law of karma, as a cause for the future glorious effect, as a seed for the later harvest, as a help for those who allow the blessings of redemption to work on them. The deed of Christ Jesus is only conceivable at all through the existence of the law of karma; the testament of Christ Jesus is precisely the doctrine of karma and reincarnation. It does not say: Everyone must bear the consequences of their deeds – but rather: The consequences of the deed must be borne, no matter by whom. When theosophists claim that they do not understand the unique act of Christ Jesus for all humanity, they simply do not understand karma. The same is true of priests who claim that karma interferes with salvation. The reason why Christianity has so far placed less emphasis on this law and also on the idea of reincarnation lies in the development of humanity and will be discussed in more detail later.
The world does not consist of individual selves, each of which stands alone, but rather there is a great unity, a great brotherhood in the world. And just as here in physical life one brother or friend can stand in for another, so too, in a much deeper sense, in the spiritual world.