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Mystery Knowledge & Mystery Centers
GA 232

24 November 1923, Dornach

2. The Effect Of The Soul Upon Physical Man

If we pass from the life of soul itself to which we paid some attention yesterday, to how the soul works upon physical man, particularly in connection with the experiences then described, we are led in two different directions. Remembrance or memory points the soul back to earlier experiences; thinking leads the soul into the realm of etheric existence. That which affects a man even more strongly than his memory, so strongly indeed that the inner impulses pass over into his bodily life, I called ‘gesture’. And the study of gesture brings us to the subject of how soul-and-spirit manifest in the physical.

Man’s entry into physical life on Earth is a process in which the being of soul-and-spirit takes hold of the physical. And remembrance, memory—to keep to that for the moment—consists in something experienced previously in earthly existence being carried over into a later period of life. The question now is: Just as memory points back to earlier happenings in the course of earthly life, is it possible to look still further back to what preceded a man’s entry into this life?

Here we come to two considerations: firstly, the experiences which man as a being of soul-and-spirit has undergone in pre-earthly existence. We will leave this for later considerations. Secondly, there is something that is connected with his physical, bodily constitution which he, as an individual, carries over into that bodily constitution. It is what scientific thinking calls heredity. In the very traits of his temperament which have a considerable effect upon the life of soul, man bears within him qualities and impulses having an obvious connection with those of his physical ancestors.

Modern humanity approaches such matters superficially and with little real thought. Only this morning I was reading a book dealing with the head of a well-known, now extinct, Royal Family, and the effect of heredity on the dynasty. The author mentions qualities and characteristics which can be traced right back to the seventh century and were repeatedly inherited. Then comes a passage to the effect that some members of this Royal Family have displayed a marked tendency towards freakish behaviour, eccentricity and the like. Again, we are told that there are members of the same family who have no such tendencies. You will agree that this is a peculiar kind of thinking, for surely a writer who makes such a statement would realise that no conclusions whatever can be drawn from it. But if you examine much of what at the present time is supposed to lead to well-founded views, you will find plenty of similar examples.

However superficial prevailing views of heredity seem to be, it must be admitted that a man is indeed the bearer of inherited characteristics. That is the one aspect. He must often battle against these inherited traits and rid himself of them in order to bring to fulfilment the talents laid into him by his pre-earthly life.

The second aspect to be noted has to do with what a human being acquires by education, by intercourse with his fellows and with outer nature. Customary study of the lower kingdoms of nature leads us to speak of this as man’s adaptation to his environment. And as you know, modern natural science regards these two impulses, heredity and adaptation, as the influences of supreme importance for a living being.

But if we steep ourselves open-mindedly in these matters we feel that we cannot reach any real explanation without taking the path into the spiritual world. And so today we will consider in the light of spiritual knowledge, these questions which meet us in life at every turn.

We must here go back to something with which we have been repeatedly concerned in earlier studies, namely the separation of the Moon from the Earth. The Moon separated from the Earth at a particular time in order to influence it from a distance. But I have also spoken of the spiritual reality behind this separation of the Moon. I have told you how at one time there lived on the Earth superhuman Beings who were the first great Teachers of humanity and from whom originated what our human thinking may call the primeval wisdom; it is of deep significance and inspires reverence even in the fragmentary form in which it survives today. It was once tire content of what was taught by those superhuman Teachers at the time when the evolution of earthly humanity was beginning.

These Beings found their way to the Moon sphere and are now part of the Moon population. Now when a man has passed through the gate of death, he journeys by a series of stages through the planetary world belonging to our Earth. After his earthly existence he enters first into the sphere of the Moon’s activities, then into the spheres of the activities of Venus, Mercury, the Sun and so on. Today we are particularly concerned with how he passes into the Moon’s sphere of activities.

I have already indicated here that with Imaginative vision a man’s life can be followed beyond the gate of death and that in actual fact after his physical body has been laid aside and returned to the elements of Earth, he is to be found in the world of spirit. After Iris etheric body has been received into the etheric sphere connected with our Earth, soul-and-spirit remain, that is to say, his Ego and astral body and all that is part of them. But when we follow with Imaginative vision this being who has passed through the gate of death, he still presents himself to us in a definite form: it is the form which gives shape to the physical matter which the man bears within him. Compared with the robust physical body this form is little more than a shadow but makes a very forceful impression upon the soul. In this form, the head of the man makes only a weak impression, whereas a very powerful impression is made by what, in the course of the life between death and a new birth, is gradually transformed into the head of the next incarnation. But there is something important to say about this form that is visible to Imaginative perception after a man has passed through the gate of death: the form is a kind of physiognomical expression of his life on Earth; it is a faithful portrayal of the manifestations of good or evil for which he was responsible in his physical life on Earth. In earthly life a man can conceal whether the evil or the good is active in his soul. After death that is no longer possible. The spirit-form present after death is the physiognomical expression of what the man was on Earth.

A man who carries through the gate of death some moral evil inherent in his soul, will bear a physiognomy in which there is an outer resemblance to Ahrimanic figures. During the first period after death it is a fact that a man’s feeling and perception are dependent upon what he can reproduce in his own being. If he has a physiognomical resemblance to Ahriman because he has carried some moral evil with him through the gate of death, he can reproduce in himself— which means he can perceive—only things that resemble Ahriman and he is as it were blind to those human souls who passed through the gate of death with a sound and good moral disposition. Indeed it is one of the sternest judgments confronting a man after death that he can see only what resembles himself, in so far as he is himself evil, because he can reproduce in his own being only the physiognomy of other evil men.

After his death, man enters into the sphere of the Moon, and there, if he brings evil with him, he comes into the presence, not only of supersensible, superphysical Beings but also into that of others with a physiognomical resemblance to himself—that is to say, Ahrimanic figures. This passage of certain individuals through an Ahrimanic world has very definite significance in the whole nexus of cosmic happenings. And we shall grasp what actually happens if we bear in mind the purpose of those ancient Teachers of humanity when they departed to establish the Moon-colony in the Cosmos.

Now as well as those Beings of the higher Hierarchies whom we usually call Angels, Archangels and so forth, other beings who belong to the Ahrimanic and the Luciferic realms are also bound up with the whole process of cosmic evolution; and these beings are active in that process just as are the normally developing beings. The Luciferic beings work continuously with the aim of preventing anything that has the tendency to press on into physical materiality, from achieving that end. In the realm of man the Luciferic beings use every opportunity to lift him away from his physical corporeality. Their endeavour is to make man into a purely etheric being possessed of spirit-and-soul. The endeavour of the Ahrimanic beings is to separate from man everything that urges him towards the soul-and-spirit to be developed in the human kingdom. They want to transform into the spiritual the subhuman elements, the instincts and impulses, everything that comes to expression in the body. In their own way both the Luciferic and the Ahrimanic beings want to transform man into the spiritual. But while the Luciferic beings want to draw the soul-and-spirit out of man so that he would cease to concern himself with his earthly incarnations but would like to live as a being of soul-and-spirit only, the Ahrimanic beings would prefer to disregard soul-andspirit entirely and detach from man what has been given him as a sheath, a covering or an instrument in the physical and etheric realm, and bring it all into their own world.

And so on the one side man is faced by the Beings of the normally developing Hierarchies, but because he is interwoven with the whole of existence, he is also faced by the Luciferic and Ahrimanic beings. Whenever the Luciferic beings endeavour to approach man, their purpose is to estrange him from the Earth. On the other hand when the Ahrimanic beings make efforts to dominate man, their aim is to make his nature more and more earthly although they also want to spiritualise the Earth, imbuing it with spiritual substance and with dense spiritual forces.

In speaking of spiritual matters one sometimes has to use expressions which may seem grotesque when applied to such matters, but one has, after all, to use human language. So you will allow me to use ordinary words even when I am speaking of something that takes place on the purely spiritual plane. You will understand me and yourselves raise what I say, into the spiritual.

Those Beings who at the beginning of Earth existence brought the primal wisdom to man, withdrew to the Moon in order, as far as lay in their power, to establish the right relationship of the Luciferic and the Ahrimanic to the life of man. Why was that necessary? Why was it necessary for Beings as exalted as these primordial Teachers to elect to leave the Earth which for a time had been their field of action, and proceed to the extra-terrestrial Moon in order to bring the Luciferic and the Ahrimanic as far as possible into the right relationship with man?

When as a being of soul-and-spirit man descends from his pre-earthly existence into the Earth sphere he traverses the path I described in the course of lectures entitled Cosmology, Religion and Philosophy. As a being of soul-and-spirit he unites with the physical embryo provided for him in the direct line of heredity by father and mother. These two components, the physical embryo and the spiritual, interpenetrate and unite, and in that way man enters into existence on Earth. But in the line of heredity, in the inherited characteristics transmitted by ancestors to their descendants, there lie points of attack for the Ahrimanic beings. The Ahrimanic forces lie in the forces of heredity. And if a man has within him many of these inherited impulses, he will have a bodily make-up to which the Ego cannot satisfactorily gain access. Indeed the secret of many human beings is that they have within them too many inherited impulses. This is what is meant today by saying that a man is ‘burdened by heredity’. The consequence is that the Ego cannot penetrate fully into his body nor adequately fill the bodily organs. The body then develops an activity of its own, independently of the impulse of the Ego which should properly be working in the body. Thus by their efforts to lay as much as possible into heredity the Ahrimanic powers succeed in ensuring that the Ego is only very loosely connected with the human being. That is the one aspect.

But man has also to adapt himself to external conditions. This is very evident when you think of the effect of climate and other geographical conditions upon human beings. This effect of the purely natural environment is extraordinarily significant for man. There were even times when the wise leaders of humanity made use of it in particular ways.

When we consider a certain remarkable phenomenon in ancient Greek culture, namely the difference between Spartans and Athenians, we shall realise that this difference which is described very superficially in our history textbooks, is based ultimately on measures adopted in the ancient Mysteries, and the effect of these measures upon the Spartans differed from that made upon the Athenians.

In Greece as you know, great value was attached to Gymnastics. Gymnastics was regarded as the most essential part of a child’s education because through training and causing the body to be used and manipulated in a particular way, an effect was made upon the nature of spirit-and-soul by methods characteristic of the Greeks. But the method used by the Spartans was different from that used by the Athenians. The Spartans were primarily concerned to ensure that by means of their gymnastic exercises the boys’ development should depend as completely as possible upon what the body—the body by itself alone—can achieve. Hence the Spartan boy was obliged to carry out his exercises no matter what the weather might be.

Among the Athenians, it was different. They attached great importance to the gymnastic exercises being adapted to the weather conditions, and insisted that the boy doing those exercises should be exposed to the sunlight in the appropriate way. To the Spartans it was a matter of indifference whether the exercises were carried out in rain or sunshine. The Athenians considered it essential that the human being in question should receive a stimulus in some form, particularly that coming from the Sun.

The treatment given to a Spartan boy was intended to make his skin impervious, in order that whatever he might develop should originate within his body. The skin of an Athenian boy was not treated with sand and oil but he was exposed to the influences of the Sun.

The influences of the Sun penetrated into an Athenian boy from outside. He was encouraged to be eloquent, to express himself in beautiful language. A Spartan boy, on the other hand, was enclosed in himself as a result of all kinds of massage with oil; indeed the purpose of massaging the skin with sand and oil was that he should develop everything within himself, independently of outer Nature. He was trained to drive whatever forces can be developed by human nature back into his inner being, not to allow them to emerge.

Thus the Spartan boy did not, like the Athenian boy, become talkative. He was trained to be sparing with words, to say little, to remain silent. If he did say anything it must be significant, have real content. Speeches made by Spartans were rare but were renowned for their substance and content; speeches made by Athenians were renowned for the beauty of the language. All this was connected with the adaptation of human beings to their environment through the appropriate system of education.

You can perceive this elsewhere in a relationship that is established between man and his environment. Southerners who are everywhere exposed to the influences of the Sun, gesticulate a great deal and are talkative; their speech is melodious because their own warmth connects them with the warmth in the outside world.

Northerners, on the other hand, are not talkative because they must retain their bodily warmth within themselves as a stimulus. Northerners are notorious for their silence; they will sit together evening after evening without feeling any urge to speak. One of them may ask a question; then two hours later, or possibly not until the next evening, the other will answer him with a ‘Yes’ or a ‘No’. The reason for this is that it is necessary for Northerners to have stronger impulses within themselves for the production of warmth, because warmth does not come to them from outside.

Here you have examples of man’s adaptation to external conditions in the natural world. Just think of the effects of all this in education, and in other spheres of the life of soul-and-spirit. Just as the Ahrimanic beings exercise their essential influence upon what lies in heredity, Luciferic beings exert their essential influence upon adaptation to environment. They can approach man when he is establishing a relationship to the external world. They entangle the human ‘I’ in the external world. But in so doing they often bring about confusion between this ‘I’ and Karma. Whereas the Ahrimanic beings bring a man’s ‘I’ into confusion in regard to his physical impulses, the Luciferic beings bring the ‘I’ into confusion in regard to his Karma. For what comes from the external world does not always lie in Karma immediately but must first be woven into Karma by means of many threads and relationships so that future Karma may contain it.

Thus the Ahrimanic and the Luciferic powers are intimately connected with human life. This state of things must be regulated in the process of man’s whole evolution. Hence it became necessary for the primeval Teachers of mankind to leave the Earth where such regulation would not have been possible. It cannot be undertaken during a man’s earthly life, and when that life is over he is obviously not on the Earth. The primeval Teachers were therefore obliged to withdraw from the Earth and continue their existence on the Moon. When they had thus withdrawn—and here I must use ordinary language for something that one would prefer to clothe in different word-pictures—these wise Teachers came to an arrangement with the Ahrimanic and Luciferic powers. Now the appearance of the Ahrimanic beings in man’s existence after death would have been particularly injurious if they could have exercised a real influence upon him. For when a man goes through the gate of death, bearing the after-effects of anything evil in his soul, he finds himself, as I have told you, in an entirely Ahrimanic environment; he will even hold Ahrimanic views and he himself has an Ahrimanic physiognomy. He can perceive only those human beings who have a similar appearance. All this must remain purely an experience in the soul. If Ahriman could now intervene and influence the astral body, this would become a force which Ahriman could propel into man—a force which would not only gradually find its karmic balance but would bring man into too close a connection with the Earth. That indeed is the endeavour of Ahrimanic beings. While a man after death in his spirit-form still resembles his earthly form, the Ahrimanic powers strive to gain access to him by way of the evil impulses he carries with him through the gate of death. They want to permeate this spirit-form with forces, to draw as many of such beings as possible down to earthly existence and so to establish there an Ahrimanic Earth-humanity.

It was for this reason that the primeval Teachers, now inhabiting the Moon sphere, made a contract with the Ahrimanic powers, a contract which those powers were obliged to accept for reasons which I will explain later. Under the terms of this contract the Ahrimanic powers were allowed to exercise their influence in the fullest sense of the word and within the limits of possibility, on man’s life before he descends to earthly existence. So that when he is again passing through the Moon sphere on his way to the Earth, in accordance with the agreement reached between the primeval Teachers and the Ahrimanic powers, these powers might have a definite influence upon him. This influence is made manifest in the fact that heredity has become possible. As against this, after the domain of heredity had been allotted to the Ahrimanic beings as a result of the efforts of the primeval Teachers, the Ahrimanic beings were obliged to renounce all interference with processes in man’s evolution after death.

On the other side an agreement was reached with the Luciferic beings that they might exercise their influence upon man only when he has passed through the gate of death and not before he is descending into earthly existence.

Thus the great primeval Teachers were able to regulate the extra-earthly Ahrimanic and Luciferic influences. But we have already heard and a little reflection will at once make it obvious that man is thereby brought into contact with Nature. Because Ahrimanic beings can exert their influence upon him before he descends to the Earth, he is exposed to the operations of the forces of heredity. And because the Luciferic beings can work upon him he is exposed to factors in the physical environment, such as climate and the like, also to factors in the social and mental environment, such as education, modes of behaviour and the like. Thus a relation is established between man and Nature around him, and Ahrimanic and Luciferic beings can work into this environment.

I want now to say something from a quite different side about the existence of these Ahrimanic and Luciferic beings in Nature around us. I have already referred to this subject when dealing with the Michael problem and I will now go into it in more detail. Picture to yourselves the change that occurs in Nature in the phenomenon of rising mist. We may perhaps be living in an atmosphere that is saturated with watery vapours rising up from the Earth. One who has developed spiritual vision discovers that in this phenomenon of Nature there is something that carries an earthly element upwards in the centrifugal direction. It is not without reason that people who live in misty areas easily become melancholic, for there is something in the experience of mist that weighs down the will.

Now there are exercises whereby a man can manipulate his imaginations in such a way that he can himself weigh down his will. These exercises consist in concentration upon certain bodily organs, especially the muscles, whereby a kind of inner feeling, inner awareness, of the muscles is evoked. The feeling evoked by this concentration differs from the awareness of muscles produced by walking or while standing. If such exercises are practised consistently, like others described in the book Knowledge of the Higher Worlds, the will is weighed down by a man’s own activity. And then he begins to see what it is in rising mist that can make people morose and melancholy; he also perceives with the eyes of soul-and-spirit that certain Ahrimanic beings live in the rising mists. Spiritual knowledge makes it clear that in rising mist Ahrimanic beings rise up from the Earth into cosmic space, thus expanding their sphere of action.

Blackboard 1

It is again different—and there are excellent opportunities for this here at the Goetheanum—if you gaze at the sky in the evening or morning and see the clouds flooded with sunlight. A few days ago in the late afternoon, you could have seen a kind of red-golden sunlight becoming embodied in the clouds and producing an infinite variety of wonderful formations. And that same evening the Moon shone with special intensity. Elsewhere too, of course, you can see the clouds illuminated in a brilliant play of colours. Such a spectacle can be seen anywhere. I am merely speaking of what can be seen from this very place.

Luciferic spirits live here in the light that floods the clouds, just as Ahrimanic spirits live in the rising mist. If someone can look at all this with conscious Imagination and succeeds in so training his ordinary thinking that it accompanies the clouds with all their changing formations and colour, if he can get rid of the singularity of his thoughts and enable them to change and be metamorphosed, to expand and contract in harmony with the forms and colours of the clouds, then he will genuinely begin to see this play of colour above the clouds, especially in the evening and morning sky, as a sea of colours in which Luciferic figures are moving. And whereas moods of melancholy are produced in a man by rising mist, his thoughts and also his soul learn to breathe with almost superhuman freedom at the sight of this Luciferic sea of flowing light. This is a special relationship which man can establish with the surrounding world, for then he can have the feeling that his thinking is like an inhalation of the light. He feels his thinking to be a breathing, a breathing of the light. If this is actually experienced, the passage in the Mystery Plays about beings who breathe light will be better understood.

So we find that Ahrimanic and Luciferic forces are also part and parcel of the phenomena of external Nature. In the realm of heredity and adaptation to his environment man’s soul-and-spirit makes contact with Nature. When we contemplate the rising mists and the clouds bathed in flowing light we see how Ahrimanic and Luciferic beings unite with the phenomena of Nature. But when man’s soul-and-spirit approaches the facts of heredity and adaptation, this, as I have shown, is also simply an approach to the Luciferic and Ahrimanic. Thus in man’s own nature we shall find the Luciferic and Ahrimanic; again we find the Luciferic and Ahrimanic in certain natural phenomena containing something which need not concern the physicist. And from this point we can be led to perceive an influence of Nature upon man which transcends the phenomena of earthly existence.

To begin with let us hold firmly in our minds that Ahriman and Lucifer are present in the sphere of human heredity and adaptation. We find them in the rising mists and in the light which floods the clouds and is caught and held with them. We find in man an urge to establish adjustment, rhythm, between heredity and adaptation; but we also find in external Nature the urge to create rhythm between the two Powers working in Nature—the Ahrimanic and Luciferic Powers.

If you follow the whole process in the world of Nature, you have a wonderful drama. Follow the rising mist and observe how Ahrimanic spirits in it are striving outwards into the cosmic expanse. The moment the rising mists form themselves into a cloud, these spirits must give up their striving and return again to the Earth. In the clouds, Ahriman’s arrogant striving finds its limits. When mist becomes cloud it can no longer be a home for Ahriman. But the cloud enables the light to spread above it: Lucifer is there, above the clouds!

Try to grasp this in its full significance: picture the rising mists with greyish yellow Ahrimanic figures gathered into cloud-masses, and in the light above the clouds the Luciferic figures striving downwards. Then you will have a picture of the Ahrimanic and the Luciferic in Nature.

And then you will also realise that in times when men still had a feeling for what lies beyond the Threshold, for what lives and weaves in the luminous clouds and in the rolling mist, the position of painters, for example, was quite different from what it came to be later on. The spiritual power they recognised carried the colours to the right place on the canvas. The poet, conscious that divinity, that spirituality, was speaking in him, could say: ‘Sing, O Muse, of the wrath of Peleus’ son, Achilles’; or: ‘Sing to me, O Muse, of the man, the much-travelled one’. These are the opening lines of Homer’s epics. Klopstock, who lived in times when feeling for the Divine-Spiritual was no longer present, substituted: ‘Sing, Immortal Soul, of the redemption of sinful man.’ I have often spoken of this. But the old painters too, even those living in the epoch of Leonardo and Raphael would still have been able to say and would moreover have felt it in their own way: ‘Paint for me, O Muse, paint for me, O Divine Power, direct my hands, carry soul into my hands so that the brush in my hands is guided by you.’ It is very important to understand this close union of man with the spiritual in all situations of life, especially in the most significant.

Let us hold the following firmly in mind: in heredity and adaptation the human is brought into relationship with the Ahrimanic and Luciferic; on the other hand, by intuitive observation of Nature the Luciferic and Ahrimanic can be brought into relationship with Nature in its external manifestations.

We will continue these studies in the lecture tomorrow.

Zweiter Vortrag

Wenn man von dem Seelischen, dem wir uns gestern in der Betrachtung ein wenig widmeten, den Übergang sucht zum Schaffen des Seelischen am physischen Menschen, und gerade zum Schaffen des Seelischen am physischen Menschen in bezug auf diejenigen Dinge, die auch gestern besprochen worden sind, so wird man nach zwei Richtungen hin geführt. Erinnerung weist ja zunächst die Seele zurück in früheres Erleben; Denken weist die Seele, wie ich gestern gezeigt habe, in das ätherische Dasein. Dasjenige, was dann den Menschen noch stärker ergreift als Erinnerung, was ihn so stark ergreift, daß die inneren Impulse in seine Körperlichkeit übergehen, das habe ich dann gestern genannt Geste, Gestenhaftes. Und indem wir das Gestenhafte betrachten, sind wir damit ja schon vorgerückt bis zu dem Offenbaren des Seelisch-Geistigen im Physischen.

Nun ist ja das ganze Hereintreten des Menschen in das physische Erdenleben ein Ergreifen des Physischen durch das Geistig-Seelische. Und wenn wir uns zunächst an die Erinnerung halten, so besteht sie ja darin, daß früher im irdischen Dasein Erlebtes herübergetragen wird in ein späteres Lebensalter.

Es frägt sich nun, können wir vom menschlichen Leben aus - so, wie die Erinnerung zurückweist nur auf Dinge im Laufe des Erdenlebens -, können wir vom menschlichen Leben aus weiter zurück weisen? Können wir zurückweisen auf dasjenige, was vor dem Eintritte des Menschen in das Erdenleben liegt?

Nun kommen wir da zu zwei Dingen: einmal zu dem, was der Mensch geistig-seelisch im vorirdischen Dasein durchgemacht hat. Überlassen wir das zunächst einer späteren Betrachtung. Aber es ist ja noch etwas anderes da, etwas mit der physischen Körperlichkeit Zusammenhängendes, das der Mensch als individuelles Wesen herein in die physische Körperlichkeit trägt. Es ist alles das, was wir aus gewohnten naturwissenschaftlichen Vorstellungen heraus als Vererbung bezeichnen. Der Mensch trägt in sich bis in seine Temperamentsanla‚gen hinein, die also schon stark ins Seelische heraufspielen, Eigentümlichkeiten, Impulse, die sich anschließen an dasjenige, was seinen physischen Vorfahren eigen war.

Allerdings, die heutige Menschheit geht mit solchen Dingen etwas oberflächlich, man könnte sogar sagen, etwas gedankenlos um. Ich habe gerade heute morgen ein Buch gelesen auf einer Fahrt, das über einen Herrscher aus einem bekannten, jetzt vergangenen Herrscherhause handelte, und das sich mit der Frage der Vererbung in diesem Herrscherhause befaßt. Da werden bis ins siebente Jahrhundert zurück Eigenschaften angegeben, die sich immer wiederum vererbten. Nur findet sich in diesem Buch dann bezüglich dieser Vererbung ein eigentümlicher Satz. Der lautet etwa folgendermaßen: In diesem Herrscherhause sind Leute, die auffällig zeigen, daß sie neigen zu Extravaganzen, daß sie neigen zu Paradoxien des Lebens, zu Ausschweifungen und so weiter, aber es gibt auch noch Mitglieder dieses Herrscherhauses, die all das nicht haben. Sie sehen: eine eigentümliche Art, zu denken! Denn man sollte eigentlich voraussetzen, daß jemand, der so etwas bemerkt, sich sagen müßte: Aus solchen Voraussetzungen kann man überhaupt nichts schließen. Wenn Sie aber durchgehen vieles von dem, was in der Gegenwart zu sogenannten sicheren Ansichten führt, da werden Sie vieles dergleichen finden.

‚Aber wenn auch die Anschauungen, die heute über die Vererbung herrschen, sich ziemlich oberflächlich ausnehmen, so muß man doch sagen: Der Mensch trägt einmal die vererbten Merkmale in sich. Das ist die eine Seite. Der Mensch hat ja oftmals auch zu kämpfen mit diesen vererbten Merkmalen. Er muß sich herausschälen gewissermaßen aus diesen vererbten Merkmalen, um zu demjenigen zu kommen, wozu er veranlagt ist durch sein Leben, bevor er das irdische Dasein betreten hat.

Das zweite, worauf wir verwiesen werden, das ist dasjenige, was der Mensch sich aneignet durch Erziehung, durch den Umgang mit seinen Mitmenschen, aber auch durch den Umgang mit der äußeren Natur. Aus den Gewohnheiten der Betrachtung untergeordneter Naturreiche heraus nennt man dieses die Anpassung des Menschen an die umliegenden Verhältnisse. Und Sie wissen ja, daß eine moderne Naturwissenschaft überhaupt für ein Lebewesen diese zwei Impulse, Vererbung und Anpassung, als das Allerwichtigste betrachtet.

Aber gerade wenn man in diese Dinge hineinkommt, dann fühlt man, wenn man unbefangen sich den Dingen hingibt, daß man ohne den Weg in die geistige Welt hinein über solche Dinge überhaupt keinen Aufschluß gewinnen kann. Und so wollen wir denn heute gerade diese Dinge, die einem im Leben auf Schritt und Tritt entgegentreten, im Lichte der Geist-Erkenntnis einmal erfassen.

Da müssen wir zurückgreifen auf etwas, was uns in den vergangenen Betrachtungen wiederholt beschäftigt hat. Wir haben ja hinweisen müssen, auch wiederum in diesen Betrachtungen, auf den Austritt des Mondes aus dem Erdenplaneten. Man kann hinweisen darauf, daß der Mond einmal mit dem Erdenplaneten verbunden war und in einer bestimmten Zeit aus diesem Erdenplaneten herausgetreten ist, um diesen Erdenplaneten von der Ferne aus zu beeinflussen. Ich habe aber auch darauf hingewiesen, welch ein Geistiges hinter diesem Mondausgang liegt. Ich habe darauf hingewiesen, wie einmal auf der Erde geradezu übermenschliche Wesenheiten lebten, die die ersten großen Lehrer der Menschheit waren, und von denen dasjenige herrührt, was auf dem Grunde unseres menschlichen Denkens auf Erden als die Urweisheit bezeichnet werden kann, was sich überall als ein ursprünglicher Einschlag findet, tief bedeutsam ist, Ehrfurcht erregt, was selbst in den Trümmern, in denen es vorhanden ist, Ehrfurcht erregt, und was einstmals den Inhalt eben der Lehre übermenschlicher großer Lehrer am Ausgangspunkte der irdischen Menschheitsentwickelung bildete.

Diese Wesenheiten haben ihren Weg gefunden hinauf in das Mondendasein, und sie sind nun heute mit dem Mondendasein verbunden. Sie gehören gewissermaßen zu der Bevölkerung des Mondes. Nun handelt es sich darum, daß der Mensch, wenn er durch die Pforte des Todes durchgegangen ist, ja etappenweise dasjenige durchmacht, was gebunden ist an die planetarische Welt, die zu unserer Erde gehört. Wir haben ja auch das schon betrachtet, daß der Mensch zunächst, wenn er durch das irdische Dasein durchgegangen ist, in den Bereich der Mondenwirkungen kommt, dann weiter in den Bereich der Venus-, Merkur-, Sonnenwirkungen und so fort. Heute mag uns zunächst interessieren, wie der Mensch da in den Bereich der Mondenwirkungen kommt.

Ich habe schon darauf hingedeutet auch von diesem Orte aus, daß ja mit imaginativer Anschauung verfolgt werden kann das Leben des Menschen über die Todespforte hinaus, und daß tatsächlich dasjenige, was vom Menschen da ist, im Geistigen erscheint, nachdem er den physischen Leib abgelegt hat, den Elementen der Erde übergeben hat. Nachdem er seinen Ätherleib aufgenommen gesehen hat von der Äthersphäre, die mit unserer Erde verbunden ist, bleibt vom Menschen übrig das Geistig-Seelische, Ich, astralischer Leib, dasjenige, was sich an Ich und astralischen Leib dann angliedert. Aber wenn man mit imaginativer Anschauung dieses durch des Todes Pforte Gegangene betrachtet, stellt es sich immer noch in einer Gestalt dar. Es ist die Gestalt, die die physische Materie, die der Mensch in sich trägt, zur eigentlichen Form bringt. Diese Form bleibt der robusten physischen Körperlichkeit gegenüber wie ein Schattenbild, dem seelischen Empfinden und Wahrnehmen gegenüber aber von kräftigem, intensivem Eindruck. Verblaßt ist das Haupt des Menschen an dieser Gestalt für den seelischen Eindruck; stark ist das Übrige, das nach und nach dann beim Durchgang durch das Leben zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt sich verwandelt in das Haupt der nächsten Inkarnation. Aber etwas ist zu sagen über diese Gestalt, die da von der imaginativen Anschauung erblickt werden kann, nachdem der Mensch durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen ist: sie trägt einen gewissen physiognomischen Ausdruck. Sie ist ein getreues Abbild gewissermaßen der Art und Weise, wie der Mensch hier im physischen Erdenleben gut oder böse war. Hier im physischen Erdenleben kann der Mensch verbergen, ob in seiner Seele das Böse oder das Gute wirkt. Nach dem Tode kann er das nicht verbergen. Schaut man auf die Geistgestalt, die geblieben ist nach dem Tode, so trägt diese den physiognomischen Ausdruck desjenigen, was der Mensch auf der Erde war.

Derjenige, der durch des Todes Pforte ein moralisch Böses mit der Seele verbunden trägt, der trägt einen physiognomischen Ausdruck, durch den er äußerlich, wenn ich so sagen darf, ähnlich wird den ahrimanischen Gestalten. Und es ist für die erste Zeit nach dem Tode durchaus so, daß alles Empfinden und Wahrnehmen des Menschen gebunden ist an dasjenige, was der Mensch in sich nachbilden kann. Wenn der Mensch nun an sich selber die Physiognomie Ahrimans trägt dadurch, daß er das moralisch Böse in seiner Seele durch des Todes Pforte geführt hat, dann kann er auch nur dasjenige, was Ahriman ähnlich ist, nachbilden, das heißt wahrnehmen, und er ist gewissermaßen seelisch blind gegen diejenigen Menschenseelen, die mit guter Stimmung, mit guter moralischer Stimmung durch des Todes Pforte hindurchgegangen sind. Das gehört sogar zu dem schärfsten Gericht, in das der Mensch eingeführt wird, nachdem er den Durchgang gefunden hat durch des Todes Pforte, daß er, insofern er böse ist, nur seinesgleichen sehen kann, weil er nur das in sich nachbilden kann, was die Physiognomie von auch bösen Menschen ist.

Nun kommt der Mensch, indem er durch des Todes Pforte getreten ist, in den Bereich des Mondes. Da gerät derjenige, der Böses durch des Todes Pforte trägt, in die Gegenwart von übersinnlichen, überphysischen Wesenheiten, aber immer auch solchen, die ihm physiognomisch ähnlich sind, also in die Nähe von ahrimanischen Gestalten. Dieses Durchgehen durch eine ahrimanische Welt bei gewissen Menschen hat eine ganz bestimmte Bedeutung im ganzen Zusammenhange des Weltgeschehens. Und wir werden begreifen, was da eigentlich geschieht, wenn wir nun den eigentlichen Sinn der Hinauswanderung der urweisen Lehrer nach der Mondenkolonie des Kosmos ins Auge fassen.

Sehen Sie, mit der ganzen Weltentwickelung sind ja außer den Wesenheiten der höheren Hierarchien, die wir gewöhnlich mit den Namen Angeloi, Archangeloi und so weiter bezeichnen, durchaus auch diejenigen Wesenheiten verbunden, die in das ahrimanische und in das luziferische Reich gehören; diese Wesenheiten wirken im ganzen Weltenzusammenhange so, wie die normal sich entfaltenden. Die luziferischen Wesenheiten wirken fortwährend, indem sie dasjenige, was die Tendenz in sich trägt, zur physischen Materialität vorzuschreiten, abbringen wollen von dem Vordringen zur physischen Materialität. Im Bereiche des Menschen wirken die luziferischen Wesenheiten so, daß sie jede Gelegenheit benützen, um den Menschen hinwegzuheben von seiner physischen Körperlichkeit. Die luziferischen Wesenheiten haben das Bestreben, aus dem Menschen ein rein geistig-seelisch-ätherisches Wesen zu machen. Die ahrimanischen Gestalten haben das Bestreben, alles dasjenige von dem Menschen auszusondern, was ihn nach dem Seelisch-Geistigen, wie es nun einmal im Menschenreiche sich entwickeln muß, hinträgt. Sie möchten das Untermenschliche, dasjenige, was in den Trieben, Instinkten und so weiter liegt, was sich in der Körperlichkeit ausdrückt, ins Geistige verwandeln. Ins Geistige den Menschen verwandeln, das ist der Trieb sowohl der luziferischen wie der ahrimanischen Wesenheiten. Nur daß die luziferischen das Geistig-Seelische aus dem Menschen herausziehen wollen, so daß sich der Mensch nicht mehr kümmern würde um seine irdischen Verkörperungen, sondern als geistig-seelisches Wesen leben wollte. Die ahrimanischen Wesenheiten möchten sich am liebsten gar nicht um das GeistigSeelische des Menschen kümmern, sondern dasjenige, was ihm als Hülle, als Kleid, als Werkzeug im Physischen und Ätherischen gegeben ist, das möchten sie loslösen und in ihre Welt hineinbringen.

So steht der Mensch auf der einen Seite gegenüber den Wesenheiten der normal sich entfaltenden Hierarchien, aber er steht, weil er einverwoben ist in das ganze, in das totale Dasein, auch gegenüber den luziferischen und ahrimanischen Gestalten.

Und nun handelt es sich darum, daß ja jedesmal, wenn die luziferischen Gestalten Anstrengungen machen, an den Menschen heranzukommen, dies damit verbunden ist, daß der Mensch eigentlich erdenfremd und erdenfern gemacht werden soll; dagegen, wenn die ahrimanischen Gestalten Anstrengungen machen, sich des Menschen zu bemächtigen, so möchten sie ihn immer irdischer und irdischer machen, obwohl sie die Erde in dichter geistiger Substanz und mit dichten geistigen Kräften eben auch vergeistigen wollen.

Man muß, wenn man geistige Angelegenheiten bespricht, sich nun gewissermaßen solcher Ausdrücke bedienen, die vielleicht grotesk erscheinen gegenüber diesen geistigen Angelegenheiten. Aber wir müssen ja uns zunächst der Menschensprache bedienen. Daher gestatten Sie schon, meine lieben Freunde, daß ich für etwas, was sich im rein Geistigen vollzieht, eben gewöhnliche Menschenworte gebrauche. Sie werden mich ja verstehen. Sie werden hinaufheben das, was ich in dieser Weise ausdrücke, in das Geistige.

Gerade diejenigen Wesenheiten, die dem Menschen einstmals im Beginne des Erdendaseins als die großen Lehrer die Urweisheit gebracht haben, die haben sich nach dem Monde aus dem Grunde zurückgezogen, um, so weit es in ihrem Bereiche möglich ist, das Luzifetische und das Ahrimanische in das richtige Verhältnis zum Menschenleben zu bringen. Warum war das notwendig? Warum mußte von solchen erhabenen Wesenheiten, wie diese Urlehrer waren, die Tat gewählt werden, aus dem Irdischen, in dessen Bereich sie eine Zeitlang gewirkt hatten, herauszugehen, nach dem außerirdischen Monde hinzugehen, um das Luziferische und das Ahrimanische in das rechte Verhältnis zum Menschen der Möglichkeit nach zu bringen?

Sehen Sie, wenn der Mensch aus dem vorirdischen Dasein als seelisch-geistige Wesenheit heruntersteigt ins Irdische, so macht er ja jenen Weg durch, den ich in dem Kursus über «Kosmologie, Religion und Philosophie» beschrieben habe. Er hat ein bestimmtes geistig-seelisches Dasein; das verbindet er mit dem, was ihm in der reinen Vererbungslinie durch Vater und Mutter gegeben wird, mit dem physischembryonalen Dasein. Die beiden, das Physisch-Embryonale und das Geistige, dringen ineinander, vereinigen sich miteinander, und der Mensch kommt auf diese Weise in das Erdendasein herein. Aber in dem, was nun in der Vererbungslinie liegt, in dem, was von den Vorfahren übergeht an Vererbungsmerkmalen auf die Nachkommen, in dem ist dasjenige enthalten, was den ahrimanischen Wesenheiten gerade die Angriffspunkte auf die menschliche Natur gibt. In den Vererbungskräften liegen die ahrimanischen Kräfte. Und indem der Mensch in sich viel von diesen Vererbungsimpulsen trägt, hat er eine Körperlichkeit, an die das Ich nicht gut herankann. Das ist sogar das Geheimnis mancher menschlichen Wesenheiten, daß sie zu viel der Vererbungsimpulse in sich tragen. Man nennt das heute «erblich belastet sein». Das hat dann zur Folge, daß das Ich nicht voll in die Körperlichkeit hineindringen kann, daß das Ich nicht voll ausfüllen kann alle die einzelnen Organe der Körperlichkeit, und der Körper gewissermaßen eine Eigenwirkung entfaltet neben der Impulsivität des Ich, die eigentlich hineingehöfrt in diese Körperlichkeit. So daß es den ahrimanischen Mächten, indem sie ihre Anstrengungen machen, möglichst viel in die Vererbung hineinzulegen, gelingt, das Ich nur lose sitzen zu machen in der menschlichen Wesenheit. Das ist das eine.

Aber der Mensch unterliegt ja auch der Anpassung an die äußeren Verhältnisse. Denken Sie nur, wie stark der Mensch der Anpassung an die äußeren Verhältnisse unterliegt, indem Sie betrachten, was für Einflüsse Klima und andere geographische Verhältnisse auf den Menschen haben. Dieser Einfluß der reinen Naturumgebung ist ja von außerordentlicher Bedeutung für den Menschen. Es gab sogar Zeiten, in denen dieser Einfluß der Naturumgebung in besonderer Weise durch die Leitung der weisen Führer der Menschheit benutzt worden ist.

Wenn wir zum Beispiel hinschauen auf etwas ganz Merkwürdiges im alten Griechentum, auf den Unterschied der Spartaner und Athener, so müssen wir sagen: dieser Unterschied der Spartaner und Athener, der eigentlich in unseren gebräuchlichen Geschichtshandbüchern in einer recht äußerlichen Weise geschildert wird, er beruht auf etwas, das zurückgeht auf Maßnahmen alter Mysterien, die Verschiedenes wirkten für die Spartaner und die Athener.

In Griechenland gab man ja sehr viel auf Gymnastik. Die Gymnastik war das Hauptsächlichste in der Erziehung des Kindes, weil man auf dem Umwege durch die Körperlichkeit, indem man diese Körperlichkeit in einer bestimmten Weise lenkte und leitete, gerade in der griechischen Art auch auf das Geistig-Seelische wirkte. Aber in verschiedener Art geschah das bei den Spartanern, in verschiedener Art bei den Athenern. Bei den Spartanern war es so, daß es vor allen Dingen darauf ankam, die Knaben so sich entwickeln zu lassen, daß sie durch ihre gymnastischen Übungen möglichst dasjenige, was der Körper innerlich arbeitet, auch voll nur durch den Körper sich erarbeiteten. Daher wurde der spartanische Knabe angehalten, unbesehen der Witterung seine gymnastischen Übungen zu machen.

Anders war das bei den Athenern. Die Athener sahen viel darauf, daß die gymnastischen Übungen angepaßt wurden den Witterungsverhältnissen; sie sahen viel darauf, daß der Knabe, der seine gymnastischen Übungen machte, dem Sonnenlichte in entsprechender Weise ausgesetzt wurde. Den Spartanern war es gleichgültig, ob bei Regen oder Sonnenschein die Übungen durchgeführt wurden. Die Athener forderten, daß auf den Menschen Anregendes wirkte, insbesondere das Anregende der Sonnenwirkungen.

Der spartanische Knabe wurde so behandelt, daß seine Haut geradezu dicht gemacht wurde, damit alles, was er an sich entwickelte, vom inneren Körperlichen kam. Der athenische Knabe wurde in bezug auf seine Haut nicht nur mit Sand und Öl bearbeitet, sondern er wurde ausgesetzt der Sonnenwirkung.

Dadurch ist übergegangen in den athenischen Knaben dasjenige, was von außen, von den Sonnenwirkungen in den Menschen hereinkommen kann. Der athenische Knabe wurde angeregt, gesprächig zu werden, der athenische Knabe wurde angeregt, sich in schönen Worten auszudrücken. Der spartanische Knabe wurde geradezu abgeschlossen durch alle möglichen Öleinreibungen, ja sogar durch Bearbeitung der Haut mit Sand und Öl, alles in sich zu entwickeln, es zu entwickeln unabhängig von der äußeren Natur. Dadurch wurde der spartanische Knabe dazu veranlaßt, alles, was an Kräften die menschliche Natur entwickeln kann, in das Innere zu treiben, nicht es herauszubringen.

Dadurch wurde er nicht gesprächig, wie der athenische Knabe; dadurch wurde er gerade dazu gebracht, mit Worten zu kargen, wenig auszusprechen, still zu sein. Und wenn er etwas aussprach, dann mußte es bedeutsam sein, dann mußte es Inhalt haben. Spartanische Redensarten — nur wenige wurden ausgesprochen — waren bekannt durch ihr Inhaltsvolles, athenische Redensarten durch das Schöne der Sprachformungen. Das hing zusammen mit der Anpassung des Menschen an die Umgebung durch das entsprechende Erziehungssystem.

Sie können das auch sonst sehen in dem Verhältnis, das sich herstellt zwischen dem Menschen und seiner Umgebung. Menschen des Südens, an die überhaupt herantritt, was äußere Sonnenwirkung ist, sie werden gebärdenreich, sie werden auch gesprächig; es entwickelt sich bei ihnen eine Sprache, die Wohlklang hat, weil sie in ihrer Wärme-Entwickelung mit der äußeren Wärme-Entwickelung zusammenhängen.

Menschen des Nordens, sie entwickeln sich so, daß sie nicht gesprächig werden, weil sie im Innern die Körperwärme als Impulse bei sich behalten müssen. Sehen Sie sich Menschen des Nordens an. Sie sind bekannt durch ihr Schweigen; sie sitzen ganze Abende miteinander zusammen, ohne daß sie sich gedrängt fühlen, viele Worte zu machen. Der eine frägt; der andere antwortet ihm mit einem Nein oder Ja nach zwei Stunden oder erst am nächsten Abend. Das hängt durchaus damit zusammen, daß diese Menschen des Nordens genötigt sind, stärkere innere Impulse für die Erzeugung des Wärmehaften in sich zu haben, weil das Wärmehafte nicht von außen an sie herandringt.

Da haben wir dasjenige, was man Anpassung des Menschen an die äußeren Verhältnisse schon im Naturhaften nennen kann. Sehen Sie dann, wie das alles in der Erziehung, im sonstigen geistig-seelischen Leben wirkt. Gerade wie auf dasjenige, was in der Vererbung liegt, die ahrimanischen Wesenheiten ihren wesentlichen Einfluß haben, so haben auf dasjenige, was Anpassung ist, die luziferischenWesenheitenihren wesentlichen Einfluß. Da können sie an den Menschen heran, wenn der Mensch seine Beziehungen zur Außenwelt herstellt. Sie verstricken das menschliche Ich in die Außenwelt. Dadurch aber bringen sie dieses Ich oftmals in eine Verwirrung gegenüber dem Karma hinein.

Während also die ahrimanischen Wesenheiten den Menschen in eine Verwirrung hineinbringen in bezug auf sein Ich gegenüber seinen physischen Impulsen, bringen ihn die luziferischen Wesenheiten in eine Verwirrung hinein gegenüber seinem Karma. Denn dasjenige, was da von der Außenwelt kommt, liegt durchaus nicht immer im Karma, sondern muß erst ins Karma durch mancherlei Fäden und Verbindungen hineingefügt werden, damit es in der Zukunft einmal im Karma liegen kann.

So hängt mit dem menschlichen Leben das Ahrimanische, das Luziferische intim zusammen. Das muß geregelt werden; es muß geregelt werden in der Gesamtentwickelung des Menschen. Daher war es notwendig geworden, daß diese urweisen Lehrer der Menschheit von der Erde, auf der sie diese Regelung nicht hätten vornehmen können, weil sie nicht während des menschlichen Erdenlebens vorgenommen werden kann, und der Mensch außerhalb des Erdenlebens eben nicht auf der Erde ist - deshalb war es notwendig, daß diese urweisen Lehrer der Menschheit von der Erde weggehen mußten, auf dem Monde ihr Dasein weiterfanden. Denn jetzt, nachdem sie nach dem Monde gezogen waren - und hier komme ich dazu, eben die Menschensprache gebrauchen zu müssen für etwas, was man eigentlich in andere Wortbilder kleiden möchte, — kamen diese Wesenheiten, also diese urweisen Lehrer, dazu, während ihres Mondendaseins Verträge zu suchen mit den ahrimanischen und mit den luziferischen Mächten. Und dem Menschen wäre besonders schädlich das Auftreten der ahrimanischen Mächte in seinem Dasein nach dem Tode; wenn diese ahrimanischen Wesenheiten da wirklich auf ihn einen Einfluß nehmen könnten. Denn sehen Sie, wenn da der Mensch durch des Todes Pforte geht und irgend etwas Böses in den Nachwirkungen in seiner Seele trägt, so befindet er sich ja, wie ich Ihnen gesagt habe, ganz in ahrimanischer Umgebung, ja sogar in ahrimanischen Anschauungen. Er selber hat eine ahrimanische Physiognomie. Er hat nur eine Wahrnehmung für diejenigen menschlichen Wesenheiten, die auch eine ahrimanische Physiognomie an sich tragen. Das muß so bleiben, daß es bloß seelisches Erleben des Menschen ist. Könnte Ahriman jetzt eingreifen, könnte er den astralischen Leib beeinflussen, dann würde dies eine Kraft werden, die da Ahriman in den Menschen hineinimpulsieren könnte, die nicht nur nach und nach karmisch sich ausgleichen würde, sondern die den Menschen ganz nahe verwandt der Erde machen würde, die den Menschen in zu starken Zusammenhang mit dem Irdischen bringen würde. Das streben auch die ahrimanischen Mächte an. Sie möchten bei denjenigen menschlichen Wesen, bei denen es anginge, durch das, was sie an bösen Impulsen durch die Pforte des Todes tragen, nach dem Tode einsetzen, wo der Mensch noch in seiner Geistgestalt ähnlich ist der irdischen Gestalt. Da möchten sie diese Geistgestalt mit Kräften durchdringen, möglichst viele solche Wesenheiten nahe ans Erdendasein heranziehen und sozusagen eine ahrimanische Erdenmenschheit begründen.

Deshalb haben die urweisen Lehrer der Menschheit, die jetzigen Bewohner des Mondes, einen Vertrag geschlossen mit den ahrimanischen Mächten, der von den ahrimanischen Mächten eingegangen werden mußte aus Gründen, die ich noch später auseinandersetzen werde, einen Vertrag, daß sie in vollem Sinne des Wortes, so weit es nur möglich ist, den ahrimanischen Mächten einen Einfluß auf das menschliche Leben überlassen, bevor der Mensch zum irdischen Dasein heruntersteigt. Wenn der Mensch also im Heruntersteigen zum irdischen Dasein wiederum die Mondensphäre passiert, dann dürfen nach den Abmachungen zwischen den urweisen Lehrern der Menschheit und den ahrimanischen Mächten diese Mächte auf den Menschen einen bestimmten Einfluß haben. Und dieser Einfluß äußert sich eben darin, daß die Vererbung möglich geworden ist. Dagegen mußten, nachdem ihnen dieses Vererbungsgebiet gewissermaßen durch die Bemühungen der urweisen Lehrer der Menschheit zugewiesen worden war, die ahrimanischen Wesenheiten verzichten auf dasjenige, was in der menschlichen Entwickelung nach dem Tode lebt.

Umgekehrt wiederum ist ein Vertrag zustande gekommen mit den luziferischen Wesenheiten, daß diese luziferischen Wesenheiten nur einen Einfluß haben dürfen auf den Menschen, wenn er durch des Todes Pforte gegangen ist, und nicht, bevor er heruntersteigt zum irdischen Dasein.

Dadurch kam eine Regelung in die außerirdischen Einflüsse des Ahrimanischen und des Luziferischen gerade durch die großen urweisen Lehrer der Menschheit zustande. Aber wir haben ja schon gesehen und brauchen uns die Sache nur zu überlegen, so tritt es gleich zutage: da wird der Mensch an die Natur herangeführt. Dadurch, daß die ahrimanischen Wesenheiten auf ihn wirken können vor dem Heruntersteigen auf die Erde, wird der Mensch ausgesetzt den Einwirkungen der Vererbungsimpulse. Dadurch, daß die luziferischen Wesenheiten auf ihn wirken können, wird der Mensch ausgesetzt denjenigen Impulsen, die in der physischen Umgebung liegen, im Klima und dergleichen, auch in der geistig-seelisch-sozialen Umgebung durch Erziehung, Leben und so weiter. Der Mensch kommt also mit seiner Naturumgebung in ein Verhältnis, und in diese Naturumgebung kann hineinwirken das Ahrimanische und das Luziferische.

Nun möchte ich von einer ganz anderen Seiteher über das Dasein dieser ahrimanischen und luziferischen Wesenheiten gerade auch in der Naturumgebung sprechen. Ich habe bei der Besprechung des Michaelproblemes schon auf die Dinge hingewiesen. Jetzt will ich es noch genauer machen. Stellen Sie sich einmal vor jenen Wechsel in der uns umgebenden Natur, der dadurch eintritt, daß wir vor aufsteigenden Nebeln stehen können. Die wäßrigen Dünste der Erde steigen auf. Wir leben vielleicht sogar innerhalb der Atmosphäre, die erfüllt ist von diesem Aufsteigen der wäßrigen Dünste der Erde. In diesem Aufsteigen der wäßrigen Dünste der Erde entdeckt derjenige, der es zum geistigen Schauen gebracht hat, daß in dieser Naturerscheinung etwas leben kann, was Irdisches in zentrifugaler Richtung nach aufwärts trägt, hinaufträgt.

Sehen Sie, nicht umsonst werden Menschen leicht melancholisch, wenn sie im Nebel leben, denn es ist etwas im Erleben des Nebeligen, was unseren Willen belastet. Wir erfahren Belastung des Willens im Nebeligen.

Nun kann man unter anderen Übungen seine Imaginationen so herstellen, daß man von sich aus seinen Willen belastet. Man kann das durch Übungen machen, die darin bestehen, daß man durch innerliche Konzentration auf bestimmte körperliche Organe, Muskeln namentlich, eine Art inneren Muskelgefühls, Muskelspürens hervorruft. Wenn man so den Willen belastet, indem man dieses innerliche Muskelspüren hervorruft — es ist etwas anderes, wenn man geht und man spürt den Muskel, als wenn man durch Konzentration beim Stehen die Muskeln spannt —, wenn das eine ständige Übung wird, wenn es so gemacht wird, wie andere Übungen, die ich in «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» beschrieben habe, dann belastet man den Willen durch seine eigene Tätigkeit. Und dann wird man ansichtig desjenigen, was im aufsteigenden Nebel vorhanden ist, was im aufsteigenden Nebel einen moros und melancholisch machen kann, dann wird man ansichtig, geistig-seelisch ansichtig, wie im aufsteigenden Nebel gewisse ahrimanische Geister leben. So daß man mit Geist-Erkenntnis sagen muß: im aufsteigenden Nebel erheben sich von der Erde in den Weltenraum hinaus ahrimanische Geister, die da auf diese Art ihr Dasein weiten in bezug auf das Irdische.

Blackboard 1

Wieder etwas anderes ist es, wenn man — wozu man ja gerade hier am Goetheanum so viel schöne Gelegenheit hat - den Blick des Abends oder des Morgens wendet in die Weiten und sieht in den Weiten die Wolken, aber lagernd über diesen Wolken das Sonnenlicht. Vor einigen Tagen konnten Sie hier sehen, so in den späteren Nachmittagsstunden, wie geradezu eine Art roten Sonnengoldes in Wolken sich verkörperte und die verschiedensten Gestaltungen in einer ganz wunderbaren Art hervorrief. Es war derselbe Abend, an dem dann der Mond von einer besonderen Intensität seines Scheinens war. Aber auch sonst können Sie sehen, wie die Wolken dastehen und über den Wolken sich lagert, man möchte sagen, das Leuchten in einem wunderbar erglänzenden Farbenspiel. Natürlich kann man es überall sehen, aber ich weise eben auf das hin, was gerade hier in Dornach besonders schön gesehen werden kann.

In dem, was in der Atmosphäre sich an flutendem Lichte über die Wolken hinlagert, da leben nun ebenso die luziferischen Geister, wie im aufsteigenden Nebel die ahrimanischen Geister. Und im Grunde genommen ist es für denjenigen, der nun in der richtigen Weise bewußt mit Imagination so etwas anschauen kann, so, daß er, wenn es ihm gelingt, das gewöhnliche Denken mitgehen zu lassen mit den die Gestalten und Farben verwandelnden Wolken, wenn er sozusagen seinen Gedanken die Möglichkeit gibt, statt scharfe Umrisse zu haben, sich zu metamorphosieren, sich zu wandeln, wenn die Gedanken selber so weit und wieder eng werden, wenn sie mitgehen mit den Wolkengebilden, wenn sie Gestalt und Farben der Wolkenbildungen mitmachen: dann ist es so, daß der Mensch wirklich beginnt, dieses Farbenspiel über den Wolken, insbesondere des Abend- und Morgenhimmels, anzusehen wie ein Farbenmeer, in dem sich luziferische Gestalten bewegen. Und wenn beim Menschen durch den aufsteigenden Nebel Stimmungen der Melancholie angeregt werden, dann ist es hier so, daß seine Gedanken, damit aber auch sein Gemüt gewissermaßen in einer übermenschlichen Freiheit atmen lernen beim Anblicke dieses luzifetisch flutenden Lichtmeeres. Das ist eine besondere Beziehung, die der Mensch zu der Umgebung eingehen kann, denn da kann er tatsächlich bis zu dem Gefühle sich aufschwingen, daß sein Denken ist wie ein ‚Atmen im Lichte. Der Mensch fühlt das Denken wie ein Atmen, aber wie ein Atmen im Lichte. Gerade wenn Sie dies durchmachen wollen, werden Sie besser verstehen die eine Stelle in meinen Mysteriendramen, wo gesprochen wird von den Wesen, die Licht atmen dürfen. Der Mensch kann schon ein Vorgefühl bekommen von dem, was solche Wesen sind als Atmungswesen des Lichtes, wenn er so etwas, wie ich es beschrieben habe, durchmacht.

So finden wir, wie das Ahrimanische und Luziferische auch eingegliedert ist den Erscheinungen der äußeren Natur. Und wenn wir auf die Vererbung und auf die Anpassungserscheinungen in der Menschenwesenheit hinschauen, so trägt in ihnen der Mensch sein geistig-seelisches Wesen an die Natur heran. Wenn wir solche Naturerscheinungen betrachten, wie den aufsteigenden Nebeldunst und die Wolken, überzogen von flutendem Lichte, dann sehen wir, wie ahrimanische und luziferische Wesenheiten mit dem Naturhaften sich verbinden. Aber das Herankommen des menschlichen Geistig-Seelischen in Vererbung und Anpassung an die Natur ist ja, wie ich Ihnen gezeigt habe heute, auch nur ein Herankommen an das Luziferische und Ahrimanische. Und so finden wir im Menschen, wenn wir auf sein Naturhaftes hinschauen, das Luziferische und Ahrimanische, und wir finden in denjenigen Naturerscheinungen, die etwas in sich tragen, was den Physiker nichts anzugehen braucht, wiederum das Luziferische und Ahrimanische. Und sehen Sie, das ist der Punkt, wo wir hingeführt werden können zu einer über das irdische Dasein hinausgehenden Wirkung des Naturhaften auf den Menschen.

Halten wir zunächst heute das fest: wir finden Ahriman und Luzifer in der menschlichen Vererbung und in der menschlichen Anpassung. Wir finden Ahriman und Luzifer im aufsteigenden Nebel und in dem auf die Wolken herabflutenden und von ihnen aufgehaltenen, aufgefangenen Lichte. Und wir finden im Menschen ein Streben, Ausgleich, Rhythmus zu schaffen zwischen Vererbung und Anpassung. Wir finden aber auch in der Natur draußen das Bestreben, Rhythmus zu schaffen zwischen den beiden Gewalten, die ich jetzt im Naturhaften als die ahrimanischen und luziferischen aufgezeigt habe.

Verfolgen Sie den ganzen Hergang im Naturhaften draußen, so haben Sie im Grunde ein wunderbares Schauspiel. Verfolgen Sie den aufsteigenden Nebel, verfolgen Sie darinnen, wie ahrimanische Geister in diesem aufsteigenden Nebel hinausstreben in die Weltenweiten. In dem Augenblicke, wo der aufsteigende Nebel oben sich zur Wolke ballt, müssen sie absehen von ihren Bestrebungen, müssen wiederum zurück auf die Erde. In der Wolke findet das anmaßende Aufwärtsstreben Ahrimans seine Grenzen. In der Wolke hört das Nebelhafte auf, damit aber auch das Heimische des Ahriman für das Nebelhafte. In der Wolke aber beginnt die Möglichkeit, daß sich das Lichthafte über die Wolke oben lagert: Luzifer, oben über die Wolken gelagert.

Fassen Sie das in seiner vollen Bedeutung. Fassen Sie den aufsteigenden Nebel mit den gelbfahlen Ahrimangestalten, in sich zu Wolken geballt; in demjenigen, was sich als das flutende Licht über der Wolke bildet, die luziferischen Gestalten nach abwärts strebend, dann haben Sie in die Natur hineingezeichnet das Ahrimanische und das Luziferische.

Und dann werden Sie auch begreifen, daß Zeiten, in denen man ein Gefühl hatte für dasjenige, was jenseits der Schwelle liegt, für das, was webt und lebt in der Leuchte-Wolke, was lebt und webt in dem sich aufballenden Nebel, daß in diesen Zeiten zum Beispiel die Maler in einer ganz anderen Lage waren als später. Da trug für sie auch das, was sie als das Geistige kannten, die Farbe, damit diese Farbe hinkam an ihre rechte Stelle auf die Leinwand. Der Dichter konnte sagen, indem er sich bewußt war, daß die Göttlichkeit, die Geistigkeit in ihm sprach: «Singe, o Muse, vom Zorn des Peleiden Achilles» oder: «Singe mir, 0 Muse, vom Manne, dem Vielgereisten»; so beginnen die Homerischen Dichtungen. Klopstock hat dann, da damals nicht mehr rege war der Sinn für das Göttlich-Geistige, an die Stelle gesetzt: «Singe, unsterbliche Seele, dersündigen Menschen Erlösung»; ich habe das öfter besprochen. So wie das der Dichter in alten Zeiten gesagt hatte - er konnte das in Worte kleiden und seine Dichtungen damit beginnen -, so hätten aber auch die alten Maler, selbst noch diejenigen der Leonardo- und Raffael-Zeit sagen können und haben es auch empfunden in ihrer Art: Male mir, o Muse, male mir, o göttliche Kraft, trage mir die Hände, trage mir die Seele in die Hände, damit du in meinen Händen den Pinsel führen kannst.

Es handelt sich wirklich darum, daß man dieses Verbundensein des Menschen mit dem Geistigen in allen Lebenslagen begreift, und am meisten eben in den wichtigsten Lebenslagen.

Das halten wir also fest, daß wir auf der einen Seite in der Vererbung und Anpassung das Menschliche selbst an das Ahrimanische und Luziferische heranbringen, daß wir aber auch in einem Durchschauen der Natur das Luziferische und Ahrimanische an die äußere Natur heranbringen können. Dann fahren wir morgen in unseren Betrachtungen von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus fort.

Second lecture

If we seek to make the transition from the soul life, to which we devoted ourselves a little in yesterday's meditation, to the work of bringing the soul life to bear on the physical human being, and specifically to the work of bringing the soul life to bear on the physical human being in relation to those things that were also discussed yesterday, we are led in two directions. Memory, of course, points the soul back to earlier experiences; thinking, as I showed yesterday, points the soul into the etheric realm. What then takes hold of the human being even more powerfully than memory, what takes hold of him so strongly that the inner impulses pass over into his physicality, I called that yesterday: gesture, gestural. And by looking at the gestural, we have already advanced to the point of revealing the soul-spiritual in the physical.

Now, the whole process of a person entering physical life on earth is a taking hold of the physical through the soul and spirit. And if we initially consider memory, it consists of experiences from an earlier earthly existence being carried over into a later age.

The question now is, can we point further back from human life – in the same way that memory only points to things in the course of earthly life? Can we point back to what lies before a person's entry into earthly life?

Now we come to two things: first, what the human being has gone through spiritually and emotionally in the pre-earthly existence. Let us leave that for a later consideration. But there is something else, something connected with the physical body that the human being carries into the physical body as an individual being. All this is what we, in our conventional scientific conceptions, call inheritance. The human being carries within himself, even in his temperament, which thus already plays strongly into the soul, peculiarities and impulses that connect with what was peculiar to his physical ancestors.

Of course, today's humanity deals with such things somewhat superficially, one could even say somewhat thoughtlessly. Just this morning, on a trip, I read a book that dealt with a ruler from a well-known, now defunct dynasty and that dealt with the question of inheritance in that dynasty. It goes back seven centuries and describes how traits were always inherited in turn. But then there is a strange sentence in this book regarding this inheritance. It reads something like this: In this ruling house there are people who conspicuously show that they have a tendency towards extravagance, towards the paradoxes of life, towards debauchery and so on, but there are also members of this ruling house who do not have any of these things. You see: a peculiar way of thinking! Because one should actually assume that someone who notices something like this would have to say: From such assumptions one cannot draw any conclusions at all. But if you go through much of what leads to so-called certain views in the present day, you will find much of the same.

'But even if the views that prevail today about heredity seem rather superficial, one must still say: Man does carry the inherited traits within him. That is one side of it. Often, people also struggle with these inherited traits. They have to, as it were, peel themselves away from these inherited traits in order to arrive at what they are predisposed to through their life before they entered earthly existence.

The second impulse we are referred to is what a person acquires through education, through association with his fellow human beings, but also through association with external nature. From the habits of observation of subordinate natural kingdoms, this is called the adaptation of man to the surrounding conditions. And you know that modern natural science regards these two impulses, heredity and adaptation, as the most important for a living being.

But just when one enters into these things, then one feels, when one devotes oneself to the things impartially, that one can win no information at all about such things without the path into the spiritual world.

And so today we want to grasp these things, which one encounters in life at every turn, in the light of spiritual knowledge.

To do this, we must refer back to something that has repeatedly occupied us in past reflections. We have indeed had to point out, also in these reflections, the departure of the moon from the earth planet. It can be pointed out that the moon was once connected with the earth planet and at a certain time left this earth planet in order to influence this earth planet from a distance. But I have also pointed out what is spiritual behind this departure of the moon. I have pointed out how almost superhuman beings once lived on earth, who were the first great teachers of mankind, and from whom comes that which, at the basis of our human thinking on earth, can be called primal wisdom, which is found everywhere as an original influence, is deeply significant, inspires awe, even in the ruins in which it exists, and which once formed the content of the very teaching of superhuman great teachers at the starting point of the earthly development of mankind.

These beings have found their way up into the moon's existence, and today they are connected with the moon's existence. They belong, so to speak, to the population of the moon. Now, when a person has passed through the gate of death, they go through, in stages, that which is connected to the planetary world that belongs to our earth. We have already considered that after passing through earthly existence, the human being first enters the sphere of the moon's influence, then that of Venus, Mercury, the sun and so on. Today, we may be interested to see how the human being enters the sphere of the moon's influence.

I have already indicated, also from this point of view, that the life of the human being can be followed with imaginative insight beyond the gate of death, and that in fact that which is there of the human being appears in the spiritual after he has laid aside the physical body and handed it over to the elements of the earth. After he has seen his etheric body taken up by the etheric sphere, which is connected to our earth, what remains of the human being is the spiritual-soul, I, astral body, that which then joins the I and the astral body. But if one regards with imaginative vision that which has passed through the gate of death, it still presents itself in a form. It is the form which the physical matter that the human being carries within him brings into the actual form. Compared to the robust physical body, this form remains like a silhouette, but compared to the soul's feelings and perceptions, it makes a strong, intense impression. For the soul, the human being's head pales in the face of this form; the rest is strong, and little by little, during the passage through life between death and the next birth, it is transformed into the head of the next incarnation. But something must be said about this form, which can be seen by the imaginative intuition after the human being has passed through the gate of death: it bears a certain physiognomic expression. It is a true reflection, as it were, of the way in which the person was good or evil here in physical life on earth. Here in physical life a person can hide whether evil or good is at work in his soul. After death he can no longer hide it. If one looks at the spiritual form that has remained after death, it bears the physiognomic expression of what the person was on earth.

He who, after passing through the gate of death, carries a moral evil bound up with his soul, bears a physiognomy which makes him outwardly, if I may so express it, similar to the ahrimanic forms. And it is absolutely the case for the time immediately following death that all human sensing and perceiving is bound up with what the human being can reproduce in himself. If a person bears the physiognomy of Ahriman in that he has led the moral evil in his soul through the gate of death, then he can only reproduce, that is, perceive, that which is similar to Ahriman, and he is, so to speak, spiritually blind to those human souls who have passed through the gate of death with a good moral disposition. This is one of the most severe judgments to which man is subjected after he has found the way through the gate of death, and if he is evil he can see only his own kind, because he can reproduce in himself only the physiognomy of evil men.

Now, having passed through the gate of death, the human being enters the realm of the moon. There, the one who carries evil through the gate of death comes into the presence of supersensible, superphysical entities, but also always of those that are physiognomically similar to him, thus coming into the proximity of Ahrimanic figures. This passing through an Ahrimanic world in certain people has a very specific meaning in the context of world events. And we will understand what is actually happening when we now consider the actual meaning of the wise teachers' outward migration to the moon colony of the cosmos.

You see, the entire evolution of the world is connected not only with the beings of the higher hierarchies, which we usually call angels, archangels and so on, but also with those beings that belong to the Ahrimanic and Luciferic realms; these beings work in the entire world context in the same way as those that are developing normally. Luciferic entities are constantly at work seeking to divert that which tends towards progressing to physical materiality, from progressing to physical materiality. In the sphere of man, the luciferic entities work in such a way that they use every opportunity to remove man from his physical materiality. The luciferic entities endeavor to make man a purely spiritual, soul-like, ethereal being. The Ahrimanic beings endeavor to eliminate everything in man that carries him towards the soul-spiritual, as it must develop in the human kingdom. They would like to transform what is subhuman, what lies in the drives, instincts and so on, what expresses itself in the physical, into the spiritual. To transform man into the spiritual, that is the urge of both the luciferic and the ahrimanic entities. Only that the luciferic entities want to draw the soul-spiritual out of the human being, so that the human being would no longer care about his earthly embodiments, but would want to live as a spiritual-soul being. The Ahrimanic entities would prefer not to concern themselves at all with the spiritual soul of man, but would rather detach what is given to him as a cover, as a garment, as a tool in the physical and ethereal, and bring it into their world.

Thus, on the one hand, the human being is confronted with the beings of the hierarchies that are developing normally, but because he is interwoven into the whole, into total existence, he is also confronted with the luciferic and ahrimanic figures.

And now it is a matter of the fact that every time the luciferic figures make efforts to get at the human being, this is connected with the fact that the human being is actually to be made alien and distant from the earth; on the other hand, when the Ahrimanic figures make efforts to take possession of the human being, they always want to make him more and more earthly, although they also want to spiritualize the earth in dense spiritual substance and with dense spiritual forces.

When discussing spiritual matters, one must, so to speak, use expressions that may seem grotesque in comparison to these spiritual matters. But we must first make use of human language. Therefore, my dear friends, please allow me to use ordinary human words for something that takes place in the purely spiritual realm. You will understand me. You will lift up what I express in this way into the spiritual.

The very beings who once brought man the Primordial Wisdom as his great teachers at the beginning of his earthly existence, have withdrawn from the Moon for the reason of bringing the Luciferic and the Ahrimanic into the right relationship to human life, as far as possible in their sphere. Why was this necessary? Why did such exalted entities, as these original teachers were, have to choose the act of leaving the earthly, in whose sphere they had worked for a time, and go to the extra-terrestrial moon, in order to bring the Luciferic and the Ahrimanic into the right relationship to man, as far as possible?

You see, when a human being descends from his pre-earthly existence as a soul-spiritual entity into the earthly, he undergoes the very path that I described in the course on “Cosmology, Religion and Philosophy”. It has a particular spiritual and soul existence; this it connects with what is given to it in the pure line of inheritance through father and mother, with the physical-embryonic existence. The two, the physical-embryonic and the spiritual, interpenetrate and unite with each other, and in this way the human being enters into earthly existence. But in what is now in the line of inheritance, in what is passed down from ancestors to descendants in terms of hereditary traits, that is what gives the ahrimanic beings their points of attack on human nature. The Ahrimanic forces lie in the forces of heredity. And because the human being carries much of these hereditary impulses within him, he has a physicality that the I cannot easily reach. It is even the secret of some human beings that they carry too much of the hereditary impulses within themselves. Today this is called “being burdened by heredity”. The consequence of this is that the ego cannot fully penetrate the physical body, that the ego cannot fully fill all the individual organs of the physical body, and the body develops, as it were, an effect of its own alongside the impulsivity of the ego, which actually belongs in this physical body. So that Ahrimanic powers, by making their efforts to put as much as possible into heredity, succeed in making the ego only loosely seated in the human being. That is one thing.

But man is also subject to adaptation to external circumstances. Just think how strongly man is subject to adaptation to external circumstances by considering the influence of climate and other geographical conditions on people. This influence of the pure natural environment is of extraordinary importance for humans. There were even times when this influence of the natural environment was used in a special way by the wise leaders of humanity.

If we look, for example, at something quite remarkable in ancient Greece, at the difference between the Spartans and the Athenians, we have to say: this difference between the Spartans and the Athenians, which is actually described in our usual history books in a rather superficial way, it is based on something that goes back to the measures of ancient mysteries, which worked differently for the Spartans and the Athenians.

In Greece, a great deal was invested in gymnastics. Gymnastics was the most important part of a child's education because, indirectly, by directing and guiding this physicality in a certain way, one also worked on the spiritual and mental side, especially in the Greek way. But this was done in different ways by the Spartans and the Athenians. For the Spartans, it was most important to let the boys develop in such a way that, through their gymnastic exercises, they worked out through their bodies, as much as possible, what the body does internally. Therefore, the Spartan boy was encouraged to do his gymnastic exercises regardless of the weather.

The Athenians had a different view. They placed a great deal of emphasis on the fact that the gymnastic exercises were adapted to the weather conditions; they placed a great deal of emphasis on the fact that the boy who did his gymnastic exercises was exposed to the sunlight in an appropriate way. The Spartans did not care whether the exercises were carried out in rain or sunshine. The Athenians demanded that man be stimulated by the sun's effects in particular.

The Spartan boy was treated in such a way that his skin was virtually thickened, so that everything he developed came from the inner physical. The Athenian boy was not only treated with sand and oil in relation to his skin, but he was exposed to the effects of the sun.

Thus, everything that can enter the human being from the outside, through the effects of the sun, has passed into the Athenian boy. The Athenian boy was encouraged to become talkative, the Athenian boy was encouraged to express himself in beautiful words. The Spartan boy was practically sealed off through all possible oil rubbings, and even through the treatment of the skin with sand and oil, to develop everything within himself, to develop it independently of the external world. Thus the Spartan boy was led to drive everything that human nature can develop inward, not to bring it out.

This did not make him talkative, like the Athenian boy; it led him to be sparing of words, to say little, to be silent. And when he did speak, it had to be significant, it had to have content. Spartan sayings – only a few were uttered – were recognized by their content, Athenian sayings by the beauty of the language. This was connected with the adaptation of the human being to his environment through the corresponding education system.

You can also see this in the relationship that develops between people and their environment. People of the south, who are affected by the external effects of the sun, become more gesticulatory and talkative; they develop a language that has euphony because their warm development is connected to the external warm development.

People of the north, on the other hand, do not develop the gift of the gab because they have to keep their bodily warmth within as impulses. Look at people of the north. They are known for their silence; they sit together for whole evenings without feeling the need to say much. One asks; the other answers him with a no or a yes, after two hours or not until the next evening. This is definitely connected with the fact that these people of the north are compelled to have stronger inner impulses for the generation of warmth in themselves, because the warmth does not penetrate to them from the outside.

Here we have what may be called the human being's adaptation to external conditions in its naturalness. You can then see how all this works in education and in other spiritual and soul life. Just as the ahrimanic beings have their essential influence on what lies in heredity, so the luciferic beings have their essential influence on what is adaptation. They can approach the human being when the human being establishes his relationships with the outside world. They entangle the human ego in the outside world. But in so doing, they often bring this ego into confusion with regard to karma.

Thus, while the Ahrimanic entities bring man into confusion with regard to his ego in relation to his physical impulses, the Luciferic entities bring him into confusion with regard to his karma. For what comes from the outside world is by no means always due to karma, but must first be woven into karma through many threads and connections, so that one day in the future it may lie within karma.

Thus the Ahrimanic, the Luciferic, is intimately connected with human life. This must be regulated; it must be regulated in the overall development of the human being. Therefore it had become necessary that these wise teachers of mankind left the earth, on which they could not have carried out this regulation, because it cannot be carried out during human life on earth, and man is not on earth outside of earthly life - therefore it was necessary that these wise teachers of mankind had to leave the earth and found their existence on the moon. For now, after they had moved to the moon - and here I come to having to use the language of men for something that one would actually like to clothe in different words - these entities, these primeval teachers, came to seek contracts with the Ahrimanic and Luciferic powers during their existence on the moon. And the appearance of the ahrimanic powers would be particularly harmful to man in his existence after death; if these ahrimanic entities could really influence him. For you see, when a person passes through the gateway of death and carries some evil in the after-effects in his soul, then, as I have told you, he finds himself quite in an ahrimanic environment, indeed even in ahrimanic conceptions. He himself has an ahrimanic physiognomy. He has only an awareness of those human beings who also have an ahrimanic physiognomy. It must remain the case that it is purely a spiritual experience for the human being. If Ahriman were to intervene now, if he were to influence the astral body, this would become a force that Ahriman could impel into the human being, a force that would not only gradually balance itself out karmically, but that would make the human being very close to the earth, that would bring the human being into too strong a connection with the earthly. This is also what the Ahrimanic forces strive for. They would like to take hold of those human beings, in whom it is possible, through the evil impulses they carry through the gate of death, after death, where the human being is still similar in his spiritual form to his earthly form. There they would like to permeate this spiritual form with forces, draw as many such entities as possible close to earthly existence and, so to speak, establish an Ahrimanic earthly humanity.

That is why the wise teachers of humanity, the present inhabitants of the moon, have concluded a contract with the Ahrimanic powers, which had to be entered into by the Ahrimanic powers for reasons that I will explain later, a contract that, in the full sense of the word, as far as possible, leave the influence of the Ahrimanic Powers on human life to the fullest extent possible before the human being descends to earthly existence. When the human being passes through the lunar sphere again on the descent to earthly existence, then, according to the agreements between the wise teachers of humanity and the Ahrimanic Powers, these Powers may have a certain influence on the human being. And this influence is expressed in the fact that inheritance has become possible. On the other hand, after this area of inheritance had been assigned to them, as it were, by the efforts of the wise teachers of mankind, the Ahrimanic beings had to renounce that which lives in human development after death.

Conversely, a contract has been made with the luciferic entities that these luciferic entities may only have an influence on a person if he has passed through the gate of death and not before he descends to earthly existence.

Thus a regulation was established regarding the extraterrestrial influences of Ahriman and Lucifer, precisely by the great wise teachers of mankind. But we have already seen this, and if we just think about it, it is immediately apparent: man is introduced to nature. Through the fact that the Ahrimanic entities can have an effect on him before descending to earth, man is exposed to the effects of the impulses of heredity. Through the fact that the Luciferic entities can have an effect on him, man is exposed to those impulses that lie in the physical environment, in the climate and the like, also in the spiritual, soul and social environment through education, life and so on. Thus man enters into a relationship with his natural environment, and into this natural environment the Ahrimanic and the Luciferic can have an effect.

Now I would like to speak from a completely different perspective about the existence of these Ahrimanic and Luciferic entities, especially in the natural environment. I have already alluded to these things in discussing the Michael problem. Now I will make it even more explicit. Imagine the change in the nature that surrounds us, which occurs when we can stand before rising mists. The watery vapors of the earth rise. We may even live within the atmosphere, which is filled with this rising of the watery vapors of the earth. In this rising of the watery vapors of the earth, the one who has attained spiritual vision discovers that something can live in this natural phenomenon that carries the earthly in a centrifugal direction upwards.

You see, it is not without reason that people easily become melancholy when they live in the fog, because there is something in the experience of the foggy that weighs on our will. We experience a strain on the will in the foggy.

Now, among other exercises, you can develop your imagination in such a way that you burden your will on your own initiative. You can do this through exercises that consist of evoking a kind of inner muscle feeling, muscle sensing, by concentrating inwardly on certain physical organs, especially muscles. When you burden the will by evoking this inner muscle sensation – it is different when you walk and feel the muscle than when you tense the muscles while standing in concentration – if this becomes a constant exercise, if it is done like other exercises that I have described in “How to Know Higher Worlds” , then one's will is strengthened by its own activity. And then one becomes aware of what is present in the rising fog, what can make one morose and melancholy in the rising fog, then one becomes aware, spiritually and mentally aware, of how certain Ahrimanic spirits live in the rising fog. So that one must say with spiritual insight: in the rising mist, Ahrimanic spirits rise from the earth into space, expanding their existence in this way in relation to the earthly.

Blackboard 1

It is something else again when, as one has so many wonderful opportunities to do here at the Goetheanum, one turns one's gaze in the evening or in the morning to the expanses and sees the clouds, but the sunlight lying over these clouds. A few days ago, you could see here, in the late afternoon hours, how a kind of red solar gold was embodied in clouds and evoked the most diverse formations in a truly wonderful way. It was the same evening that the moon had a particularly intense glow. But even otherwise, you can see how the clouds are arranged and the layers above them, one could almost say that the radiance is a wonderfully glowing play of colors. Of course, it can be seen everywhere, but I am pointing out what can be seen particularly well here in Dornach.

The luciferic spirits live in the flooding light that lies over the clouds in the atmosphere, just as the ahrimanic spirits live in rising fog. And basically, for someone who can consciously observe something like this with imagination in the right way, it is so that if he succeeds in allowing ordinary thinking to go along with the shapes and colors of the transforming clouds, if he, so to speak, gives his thoughts the possibility of metamorphosing instead of having sharp outlines, to change, when thoughts themselves become so wide and then narrow again, when they go along with the cloud formations, when they take on the shape and colors of the cloud formations: then it is the case that the person really begins to see this play of colors over the clouds, especially in the evening and morning sky, as a sea of colors in which Luciferic figures move. And when the rising mist evokes feelings of melancholy in people, then it is the case that their thoughts, but also their minds, learn to breathe, as it were, in a superhuman freedom when they behold this luciferically flooded sea of light. This is a special relationship that a person can enter into with their surroundings, because they can actually rise to the feeling that their thinking is like 'breathing in the light'. A person feels thinking like breathing, but like breathing in the light. If you want to experience this, you will better understand the one passage in my mystery dramas where it speaks of beings that are allowed to breathe light. A human being can already get a premonition of what such beings are as breathing beings of light if they go through something like what I have described.

In this way we find how the Ahrimanic and the Luciferic is also incorporated into the phenomena of outer nature. And when we look at heredity and the phenomena of adaptation in the human being, it is through them that the human being brings his spiritual-soul nature to nature. When we observe such natural phenomena as rising mist and clouds covered with flowing light, we see how Ahrimanic and Luciferic entities combine with the natural. But the approach of the human soul and spirit in inheritance and adaptation to nature is, as I have shown you today, also only an approach to the Luciferic and Ahrimanic. And so, when we look at the human being in terms of his nature, we find the Luciferic and Ahrimanic, and we find the Luciferic and Ahrimanic again in those natural phenomena that have something in them that need not concern the physicist. And you see, this is the point where we can be led to an effect of the natural on man that goes beyond earthly existence.

Let us first of all hold on to this today: we find Ahriman and Lucifer in human inheritance and in human adaptation. We find Ahriman and Lucifer in the rising mist and in the light that pours down on the clouds and is held back and caught by them. And we find in man a striving to create balance, rhythm between inheritance and adaptation. But we also find in nature outside the endeavor to create rhythm between the two forces that I have now shown to be Ahrimanic and Luciferic in nature.

If you follow the whole process in nature outside, you have a wonderful spectacle at the bottom. Follow the rising mist, and see how Ahrimanic spirits in this rising mist strive out into the world. At the moment when the rising mist forms a cloud overhead, they have to abandon their aspirations and return to earth. In the cloud, Ahriman's presumptuous upward striving finds its limits. In the cloud, the nebulousness ceases, but with it, so does Ahriman's home for the nebulous. In the cloud, however, the possibility begins that the light-filled may be deposited above the cloud: Lucifer, deposited above the clouds.

Grasp this in its full significance. Grasp the rising mist with the yellow-withered Ahriman figures, clenched in clouds within themselves; in that which forms as the flooding light above the cloud, the luciferic figures striving downwards, then you have drawn into nature the Ahrimanic and the Luciferic.

And then you will also understand that in times when one had a feeling for that which lies beyond the threshold, for that which lives and weaves in the luminous cloud, that in those times, for example, painters were in a completely different position than later. There, what they knew as the spiritual, the color, also carried them, so that this color came to its right place on the canvas. The poet could say, being aware that the divine, the spiritual in him spoke: “Sing, O Muse, of the wrath of the Peleid Achilles” or: “Sing to me, O Muse, of the man, the much-traveled”; so the Homeric poems begin. Klopstock then, since at that time the sense of the divine-spiritual was no longer alive, put in its place: “Singe, unsterbliche Seele, des sündigen Menschen Erlösung” [Sing, immortal soul, the redemption of sinful man]; I have discussed this often. Just as the poet in ancient times had said it – he could clothe it in words and begin his poems with it – so too could the old painters, even those of the time of Leonardo and Raphael, and they also felt it in their own way: “Paint me, O Muse, paint me, O divine power, carry my hands, carry my soul into my hands, so that you can guide the brush in my hands.

It is really a matter of understanding this connection between the human being and the spiritual in all situations in life, and most of all in the most important situations in life.

We therefore hold that on the one hand, in inheritance and adaptation, we bring the human itself to the Ahrimanic and Luciferic, but that we can also bring the Luciferic and Ahrimanic to outer nature in a seeing through of nature. Then tomorrow we will continue our reflections from this point of view.