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Reincarnation and Immortality
GA 71b

25 April 1918, Stuttgart

II. The Historical Evolution of Humanity

Goethe's observation of human beings and of humanity led him to the following short but comprehensive and significant conclusion that “the most valuable thing about history is the enthusiasm it stimulates.”

We may well be surprised at such a view of historical knowledge, for Goethe was, after all, a person who had deep insight into human life, and yet what he seems to be saying is that it is not the knowledge we acquire about the course of human history that is important, but rather the feelings and enthusiasm that history stimulates. However, the more we feel impelled to go into what is called historical knowledge, the more Goethe's judgment seems to be confirmed. We only need remember that when the catastrophic events began in which the whole of humanity is now embroiled, a number of people—and there were quite a few of them—believed from their reading of history and especially their picture of economic and other material causes in world history, that the war could last four or six months at the most. We have to admit that this conclusion was really not at all stupid. Nor, judging by the historical standards that humanity is accustomed to apply to its own historical evolution, was it in any way shortsighted. And yet, despite this—was this conclusion really founded on what was actually happening?

Let us take as another example what happened to a not insignificant person. It is true that it took place a long time ago, but it can still be mentioned. It concerns a professor of history at a university. This person gave a brilliant inaugural lecture in which he said that a study of the historical evolution of humanity suggested that the European countries would in future form a more or less united family in which there could be all sorts of differences but in which it would become impossible for the various peoples, the members of this great family, to cut each other to pieces. This judgment, the reality of which can hardly be doubted, was made on the basis of historical observation by Friedrich Schiller when he took up his professorship at the University of Jena in 1789. One has the impression that Schiller believed he could arrive at conclusions in his study of history that in a sense rise to a kind of prophecy. Immediately after Schiller had come to this conclusion there followed the events of the French Revolution and all that it brought with it. And if we take everything that has happened up to the present day we find that what even this gifted man had learned from his study of history has been completely disproved by the facts in the most terrible way. We could add hundreds and hundreds of similar examples.

This makes it imperative to take a closer look at what we normally call history and to see how far it really enables us to form judgments about what is going on around us. In such times as ours this is particularly important. History should teach us to recognize what each day brings—and today each day brings a very great deal. Catastrophic events breaking over the whole earth demand judgment from us. We must know what to think of the American West and how it can evolve in the future, and of the Asiatic East. How can we do this if history is regarded in the way we have just touched upon?

Let us take one or two examples by way of introduction to see how a view of history is attained from all the various things that happen in human life. I would like to characterize different aspects of this, starting from the various assumptions that lie close at hand.

At the beginning of our present century, when the events we are now witnessing were being prepared, it happened by what we normally call chance that two men made an historical, all embracing judgment about their country. It is most interesting to study the particular way in which these two looked at history. Although they lived not so far from each other, their two nations are quite different in character. The one is the German historian, Karl Lamprecht, who in 1904 at the invitation of Columbia University in America gave his American listeners his comprehensive judgment about the history of the German nation. The other is Wilson, who at about the same time gave a lecture in which he presented his comprehensive judgment about the American nation. It is interesting to compare these two, and it would be even more valuable to take a third, but the time is too short.—For instance, I can only recommend you to compare what I am saying today with a wonderful statement of Rabindranath Tagore about the spirit of Jesus. If the time allowed us to compare all three we would have a wonderful picture of literary, historical study.

I shall begin with the rather odd views that Karl Lamprecht, the German historian, came to about his own German nation. He has got beyond the merely factual kind of historical observation pursued by Ranke and others, for he sets out to study the inner course of human evolution. He seeks the motivating forces and directs his view to the example of his own nation. I can only give a brief picture of the views that Karl Lamprecht came to, and which he then presented in these lectures at Columbia University. He said that German history can be divided into clearly differentiated epochs according to the inner character of human deeds, of the constitution of the human soul, of the way in which human beings work.

We can go back to a period which came to an end in about the third century A.D. and we find that everything that happened in the German nation at that time arose out of a kind of activity of the imagination which felt itself stimulated to think in symbols and images. Even revered figures and personalities are often presented to the people in images and revered in images. Then there comes a time which is sharply differentiated from this. Whereas in the earlier period it is clear that the imaginative conception of life, which, according to Lamprecht's view, lies at the root of history, leads to the fact that social conditions are organized in a military structure, we see that from the 4th or 5th century to the 11th century it is superseded by a quite different way of thinking and quite different inner motives. In place of the merely comradely sort of life we find a kind of life that is more like a society. And in place of a living in images that always sees images for the things that happen, we have now, thinks Lamprecht, the concept of type. The single, eminent personality is regarded as a type of the times and revered, portrayed and characterized as such from all sides, even in the primitive art that has come down to us.

Then follows a relatively short period, from the 12th to the middle of the 15th century. Lamprecht characterizes this as arising out of all the impulses that were at work when power based on land and obedience evolved out of the old estates and the conditions on them, or being concerned with the way in which the constitution of the soul came to expression in art, with the way men were respected, with the way they acted, and finally with the way knighthood and town life evolved. Lamprecht characterizes it as the time of the conventional conception of life, for at that time life was based on conventions, agreements and a generally fixed way of doing things. For Lamprecht there is then an important break in the historical evolution of the German people which happens at around the middle of the 15th century. He believes that the individual personality that begins to break through for the first time, for the conventional relationships between human beings which are governed by considerations going beyond the merely individual, are no longer uppermost. The individual then enters decisively into historical evolution. Lamprecht shows quite justifiably how something very important begins at this time. Until then, human beings had lived an existence primarily based on deeds, on actions, founded on impulses of the will which arose out of the deepest recesses of the soul, whereas from the middle of the 15th century onward it is the intellect, the understanding, that belongs to the individual personality, that becomes the decisive factor. This lasts until the middle of the 18th century.

What then follows we should call a higher stage of individualism. Lamprecht differentiates it from the earlier period by saying that the age of subjectivism then begins in which a higher kind of understanding becomes particularly significant for human evolution. Lamprecht describes various aspects of this evolution from this viewpoint quite well. He shows, for instance, how the more rudimentary impulses of earlier centuries which prevailed in the relations of the various peoples to each other, turn into a kind of diplomacy based solely on the understanding and intellect. He gives many such examples from many aspects of life. We are still in this age of subjectivism.

From this brief description I have given you can see how an historian tries to explain what happens in history in terms of the nature and evolution of the human being himself. As we shall see in a moment, what Lamprecht put forward is intimately connected with the German way of looking at things. We can see that it is an attempt to use every possible means that are available for reaching a reality which has soul-spirit factors, for penetrating into the real nature of history. But if we then investigate how Lamprecht applies the ideas outlined in his lectures to his detailed description of history, we cannot help feeling bitter disappointment. This is because Lamprecht's views of history never convince us that the efforts he makes in observing certain inner powers of the human soul lead to any sort of convincing result. It is a struggle for a new view of history, but nowhere would we stop and say: Now we can, for instance, really see the inner reasons why the German people have evolved to what they are today. And this question constantly comes to mind when we study Lamprecht's view of history.

Let me compare it with Wilson's view of his own American people. It is something very remarkable, and in order not to be misunderstood I would point out that I am anything but an admirer of Woodrow Wilson. The actual fact of the matter will become clear in further lectures. For the moment I would only mention that my attitude toward Wilson has not arisen during the last six years, for already before the war I expressed my rejection of his approach in a lecture cycle given in Helsingfors in 1913 at a time when many in this country rejected the views expressed in his book, “Only Literature,” which was translated into German, and in his dissertations on freedom—as there were also many in Germany who were deceived and thought he was a great man for reasons which I will not go into now. It is neither chauvinism, that has grown to such proportions today, nor anything other than an entirely objective study of Wilson's approach that leads me to say what I have to say about him.

I have been particularly interested by this parallel phenomenon of Wilson speaking in his lectures about the American people. It is particularly important from one viewpoint because Wilson, when it comes to discovering the virtual factor in viewing a limited phenomenon of historical evolution and in what is needed in order to have some understanding of it, really hits the nail on the head. In this lecture Wilson says that those who live in the east, the New Englanders, do not look at the American people in the right way. And he also describes the quite wrong attitude taken by those living in the south. For he derives the nature of the American and his historical evolution from the events that took place in the 19th century in the center between the west and the east of the North American states when all sorts of people mixed with each other.—Out of their way of life there then arose what Wilson calls the American nation.

It is interesting to see how he succeeds in showing that American history really only begins when those who lived in the east looked toward the west and began to colonize it. Dutch, German, English, French and so on, all came together and formed something that did not come into being through the work of politicians but through those who tilled the land and tended the forests. And then he describes how the three most important political questions of America find their solution under the influence of these conditions. I cannot go into details but would like all the same to state what I think is the important point: the most important questions were those of the attitude of the state toward property, of tariffs and of slavery. All these arose under the influence of these conditions. As far as these conditions are concerned his view of history hits the nail on the head. And there are also further lectures in addition to this one where he speaks about history in general, where he gives his opinion as to how history ought to be studied. And something quite remarkable can happen to anyone viewing things as a whole.

I must say that I find Woodrow Wilson as a thinker and scientist an extraordinarily unsympathetic personality. On the other hand, in another person who has perhaps been too little recognized. I find an extraordinarily sympathetic personality, and this is Hermann Grimm, who applied his historical approach primarily to art, in which, however, his historical ideas are to be found. I have it from him personally because he himself described it to me on many occasions. It lived in him in a wonderfully comprehensive way. On one hand I read in “Only Literature” some of the things that Wilson laid down. On the other, I read what Hermann Grimm said about how history should be studied and how he looked at the evolution of humanity in the light of history. And one comes to the remarkable conclusion that in reading Wilson and Grimm a sentence of Grimm could often be transposed word for word into Wilson's work, and vice-versa. Sometimes there are quite short paragraphs that, from a superficial viewpoint could belong quite well to either of them. Only try to acquire the necessary knowledge, which is quite easy to do in this subject, and you will see the truth of what I say.

How are we to understand this? There is, after all, an enormous difference between these two people and the way they look at history.—There is nothing better than such an example for showing what has to be learned at the present time: that the literal content of a matter is not the whole matter! This is something our age has got to learn, but finds so difficult to learn. For however much our age imagines it lives in reality, it really loves the abstract and theoretical. When they find a few sentences the same with two different authors people are inclined to say that it is the same! The content, the purely literal content, is sometimes quite remote from the actual reality, and however odd this may sound it is proved by this example. For what are we dealing with here? Only the science of spirit can enlighten us, and only the science of spirit can detect the difference between the American historical approach of Woodrow Wilson and that of Karl Lamprecht. The abstract minds of the present time are completely taken in by what Woodrow Wilson says. Now it is not so, but before the war they were taken in. For they do not see the real point. Wilson says many excellent things. But compare them with what Hermann Grimm says, with what Karl Lamprecht says, who perhaps even make great mistakes. What Grimm and Lamprecht say, even when it sounds the same as what Wilson says, is achieved in wrestling with the matter in their souls; it always has the mark of having been permeated by the personality.

For one who is able to see through such things, Wilson's words betray the fact that the personality is possessed by its views. Of course one would have to see the details of the content of his words in the spirit in which it lives in him. Nevertheless, we can see that these things rise up from the unconscious depths of the soul and are not worked over personally by the soul, but simply push through from below. This personality is possessed by what lives below the consciousness.

I certainly do not pass this judgment lightly for I am quite aware that it has far reaching consequences. But I am also aware that it has been arrived at objectively. This is the great difference—on the one hand a personal struggle with truth, on the other a statement of something by which one is merely possessed, where one is more or less an outward medium for something rather indefinite. In this respect Wilson provides a brilliant characterization of his people, one that could hardly be bettered. I must say that some of the statements he makes about the Americans hit home. He says that it is because the American nation has come into being on the basis of work on the land and in the forests that the people have evolved what characterizes them today—the mobility of the eyes, the tendency suddenly to take up bold and adventurous ideas and the tendency to think up plans that can be realized anywhere without much feeling for one's home.

Mobility of the eyes, tendency toward bold, adventurous ideas—these are characteristic of a situation where there is no direct personal struggle, no conscious struggle with the things that are going on, but of a situation where something unconscious plays a part, where the human being is really only more or less a mediator for what is at work. Wilson could offer no greater proof of what he described as American than the history he himself wrote.

I only wanted to show by way of introduction how our view of history is dependent upon the sort of people we are, and how even today historical observation is still largely dependent upon this. I wanted to show how a study of the writing of history itself should enlighten us as to the real nature of the situation.

Now, for example, what is Karl Lamprecht's intention, for he is certainly not possessed by his ideas but, struggles personally for his ideas of history? He wants to introduce a science of soul into history. He wants to understand the historical evolution of humanity on the basis of soul impulses. He is seeking a science of soul applicable to his own times. What does he find? He looks for it in the so called psychologists, in those who investigate the soul. In these psychologists he honestly tried to find something their souls experience within themselves, something that he could then apply to his historical studies. But precisely this made him unsure, and resulted in the fact that there is nothing in his way of looking at history that can offer any convincing satisfaction. Why is this? Because what nowadays is officially pursued as psychology hardly penetrates into the true self, into the real inner soul being of man.

Now the inner soul life of man comes to expression in a quite different way when one is confronted by another person and has to act with him in this situation. And it is on this basis that the historical evolution of humanity proceeds. What proceeds there cannot be viewed in the way that historical research of the present time views it. What has modern historical research grown accustomed to? What has Karl Lamprecht found in the psychologists that can help historical research? He found what has evolved on the pattern of scientific method. And in the 19th century historical research was drawn more and more into a sphere where history is regarded in the same way as nature. The same method of acquiring knowledge, the same kind of knowledge, the same kind of judgment that are used to observe and understand the phenomena of nature were applied to the historical evolution of humanity. Karl Lamprecht sees something significant in applying to his method of looking at history what had led to sure results in natural science.

In this respect too, one can say out of an historical instinct, Hermann Grimm made an excellent observation when he gave his opinion of the famous historian Gibbon. Gibbon, who wrote a history of the decline of the Roman Empire, is an historian who really carries out in exemplary fashion the kind of method suited to studying nature, only he has applied it to history. What really happened here? Hermann Grimm observed quite correctly. Gibbon was a very shrewd, scientific observer of history, but he described all the forces, which he did excellently for the first Christian centuries, all the forces which tend toward decay, which led to the fall of the Roman Empire, which brought to an end the evolution which had been in progress for a long time. Grimm rightly reproaches Gibbon with the fact that something quite different was also happening in the centuries when the Roman Empire was declining, something positive, for the forces connected to the birth of Christianity were entering into historical evolution. These are the forces of progressive evolution, the forces which existed positively alongside the negative forces of decay. They are simply missing from Gibbon's history.

Herman Grimm came to this important observation out of his historical instinct. He did not know the basis for it, for it is only with the science of spirit that we can get to the bottom of such things—the science of spirit whose method works with forces that otherwise slumber in the soul and which will be developed thus enabling the human being really to see into the spiritual. This science of spirit discovers that we cannot grasp the progressive forces of historical evolution bearing the future if we use only the form of knowledge that happens to be excellent for natural science.

What happens when we apply to historical evolution the method that is right for natural science? We find the forces of decay. We find the part of life that becomes dead in historical evolution, in the social life of humanity. If we apply only what our understanding, our ordinary consciousness can grasp, then we find ourselves restricted to studying the impulses of decay. The impulses of growth, of forward evolution, that carry historical evolution in a positive sense, elude this kind of observation. They also elude this kind of observation when we are confronted by real life and wish to take hold of it.

It is shocking that one must say such things, but the present time must learn to grasp things as they really are. Taking care to observe what happens and not to sleepwalk through reality, we should try to get together a parliament or something similar where only people intellectually educated according to the scientific pattern have to vote on what should happen both in social life and in life as a whole; we should create a parliament of people who have fashioned their intellect according to scientific method and let no one else in except those who are fully educated in these things, and you can be quite sure that these people will come to decisions which will very quickly lead the community into decline in every possible sphere. For their way of thinking can be applied only to the forces of decline and decay. It can observe only the declining forces in human evolution. The forces of growth are such that they cannot be comprehended by the powers of our ordinary consciousness. And here I must come back to something that I indicated here several months ago in a lecture about how the unconscious comes to be revealed.

Looked at superficially, this human soul life, in fact human life as a whole, proceeds in alternating states of waking and sleeping. Because we are naturally all very industrious, we are awake two thirds of our lives and are asleep one third. These conditions alternate. But this is not absolutely correct, for what we call sleeping and dreaming also extends to a large extent into our waking life. Our waking life is completely awake only in part. Beneath the surface of our waking life is something that sleeps, even when we are awake. A very significant man, Friedrich Theodor Vischer, had a kind of instinctive feeling for this when he pointed out how closely our feeling life and our passions are related to our dream life. Those who are really able to investigate and observe such things discover that what we experience as our feelings are conscious in us in a quite different way from our perceptions and mental images. For, in fact, we are only really awake in the latter. Our feelings shine through out of the unconscious spheres of the soul just as dreams do. We are not more strongly conscious of our feelings than we are of our dreams; we do not know them as they really are, but only observe their reflection in the sphere of consciousness. We raise our feelings into the waking condition by having them before our minds. We dream the whole day by allowing our souls to be permeated by feelings, and we are asleep inasmuch as we have will impulses and go through the world with such impulses, the motive you know as coming from your will impulses. You know what it is that as perception stimulates the will. How what you want comes about, how your mental images lead to movement in your limbs and hands,—all this proceeds in a sleeping state. We sleep and dream beneath the surface of our normal consciousness.

Having learned to look at the human being in this way, if we then learn to see history as it really is, we become aware of all those actions and impulses at work in the historical evolution of humanity, which are not forces of decay. They come to be recognized as something which the whole of humanity in living together dreams and sleeps. However odd and paradoxical it may sound this will become a most important truth once more, without which there can be no satisfaction in historical research—that the forces carrying humanity forward in its historical evolution do not belong to the normal forces, we use in natural science, for these impulses in history in no way proceed from our ordinary waking consciousness, but proceed from our dreaming and sleeping. This is not a comparison or picture but something real in the deepest sense.

This is why in earlier times, when people were still connected with the life of the spirit in their soul life, even if only unconsciously, they sought their information about social life and historical evolution from a different source than what we call history today. They sought their knowledge in myths, sagas, pictures. And they knew more about the impulses to be found in their own people than can be discovered today purely by means of the understanding that is confined to our ordinary consciousness, and that has provided such magnificent results in science. That is where it belongs.

Now Karl Lamprecht quite rightly observed that a new age began in the middle of the 15th century. But he was not able to make use of this fact. He said that the individual human being then began to be significant, to become intellectual. History really only begins in this age. At first it is studied according to the pattern of science. Of course, we cannot return to the old ways, but the impulses which lie at the root of historical evolution are subconscious.

When a person is possessed by something in the subconscious working in his soul, then something bursts through from the subconscious, as with Wilson, resulting in a brilliant and appropriate observation. But this makes it all the more difficult for someone who is called to be an individuality, an individual soul, to struggle for the truth. It is therefore necessary, especially in this intellectual age, in order to understand social, historical and moral life that something else emerge that can see into the part of the human being that cannot be grasped by our ordinary consciousness, that can see into the part where our ordinary consciousness no longer operates, where we dream and sleep away our normal life.

I have previously described this as imaginative knowledge, inspired knowledge and intuitive knowledge.—This is what looks into the spiritual world, and what can look below the threshold of our consciousness, where the real, true spirit works. The real nature of history, that humanity normally only dreams and sleeps through, can only be called forth if history is studied with the help of imagination and inspiration. In other words, because the real course of history is something that proceeds in the subconscious and does not reveal itself to our ordinary consciousness, it is imperative to apply what I have called the spiritual scientific method,—imagination, inspiration and intuition—to history, to the social, moral and legal life of humanity if we wish to come to know them as they are fundamentally. These facets of reality which first appear before the soul in pictures, in imaginations, must be called forth from the depths of historical evolution. These imaginations must then inspire. Then we shall come upon what is really at work in historical evolution. Attempts in the past such as those of Karl Lamprecht can occasionally come about through instinct, but it can only become truly spiritually enlightened knowledge when history is deepened by the science of spirit.

Now I do not wish to omit contrasting what today is called history with a few historical findings of the science of spirit. I would like to take as my starting point the fact that Karl Lamprecht instinctively divined something I have already mentioned—that a new age arose out of the old around the middle of the 15th century.

If we look with the eye of the seer—if we look with our perceptive consciousness into history, we do in fact find that there is an important turning point that begins roughly about the beginning of the 15th century. Everything that Karl Lamprecht says about subjectivism and the type is of lesser importance than this. Something begins at the turn of the 15th century that is not sufficiently recognized, that brings about a significant and tremendous change in the whole of human life, and which comes to expression most typically in the life of Central Europe. If we go back to the time before this age we find that the configuration, the structure of the human being and his actions are characterized by the fact that his understanding still operates in an instinctive way. In the science of spirit we therefore distinguish the more instinctive rational soul, where cleverness itself is still instinctive. This is superseded around the middle of the 15th century, and not according to the comfortable notion that nature makes no leaps, but is superseded by decided a leap, by a quite different configuration of the human soul. What in the science of spirit we call the consciousness soul which grasps everything through the consciousness, now becomes typical for humanity. And we can grasp what has happened since that time when we recognize that a whole age can be understood only by taking into consideration how this instinctive understanding, this rational soul, began to operate in more or less the same way in the 7th or 8th century B.C., how this understanding molded Greek history, Roman history, Roman law, Roman politics. Thus everything can be grasped only in the light of this instinctive kind of understanding. And we can comprehend what begins to happen around the middle of the 15th century, what is suddenly different in what takes place, only if we know that at that time the consciousness soul began to work.

The consciousness soul has a quite different relationship to reality, for it does not work instinctively from within, but makes the human being think and consider, drawing conclusions and proceeding purely intellectually. It is in this age that we live today. And what we have to study, and what can be observed in every detail, is what this consciousness soul brings to the very foundations of the soul. For the soul life comes to expression quite differently in such people as the Italian or Spanish who still have much that belongs to an older heritage, from such people as the British who have been particularly attracted to the material aspects of life by their geographical situation in evolving the consciousness soul. It is different again in Eastern Europe where there is no natural tendency for the consciousness soul to evolve, where today the evolution of the consciousness soul is slept through. And it is only in the age that will follow this present age of the consciousness soul that those who today are the Russian people will be ready to evolve their particular kind of soul which at the moment cannot be observed at all with the ordinary senses in the people who live in the east of Europe. Today it is imperative to acquire a deeper understanding for what is happening all over the earth. And also a deeper understanding is needed for what is taking place in the individual human being, inasmuch as he belongs to the great dream of history that can be understood only when we can call forth something from the dreaming human soul that cannot be approached with our normal observation: that from the 7th, 8th century until the 14th, 15th century instinctive willing and understanding evolved, and that a great change then comes about, under whose influence we now stand. This is one example.

I will cite another example. At a place such as this, where I have spoken for so many years, I will not shrink from describing the findings of the science of spirit quite concretely for the simple reason that we would not make any progress with the science of spirit if we did not gradually proceed to a description of concrete events.

Normally history draws only upon ordinary observation and ordinary documents for its study of earlier epochs. As I have said previously, the spiritual scientific method is based upon a particular development of powers slumbering in the human soul. It was explained how the soul is led to perceive spheres of life that never manifest themselves in the soul in normal life. Then was shown how the soul can free itself from the body, how it can then pursue knowledge independently of the body. Then the soul begins to utilize forces which, it is true, are present in normal life, but which remain in a slumbering state in the subconscious, the unconscious. Man's real life cannot be grasped by our ordinary powers of knowledge.

Let us take an ordinary phenomenon, but one which leads us deeply into the mysteries of human life, even of ordinary, everyday life. Let us take the fact that we can learn something by heart. In this way we can study how the human memory behaves. Now people usually believe that we master a mental image of what we take in, that we then have it in our consciousness and after a time it rises up again out of consciousness. This superstition is taught by countless psychologists. This is supposed to be science, this superstition that the ideas that we take in wander down into some indefinite sphere, wander about in the unconscious part of the soul, and that when need them they rise up again and appear as memory images. Such a view can only come about because no one has learned how to observe the real life of the soul. In fact, what happens is quite different. At the time we take in a mental image there is in our consciousness only the fact of this taking in. Parallel with this activity is another of quite a different nature that remains unconscious, that slips into the human organization and is responsible for something happening that is quite different from the formation of the mental image. This activity that takes place parallel with the formation of the image is unconscious. The memory is developed unconsciously. Now we have taken in new images. The parallel activity has functioned.

You can get a rough idea of what it is like—the time is too short to provide further proof—by remembering what it is like yourselves. Think of all the various other things you have had to do when learning a poem by heart or when trying to remember things for exams when you really have to cram,—think of all the things you have to do apart from taking in the image in order that the thing sticks! With our consciousness we try to support what happens unconsciously. There is really a parallel activity, and when people strike their foreheads when cramming themselves with what they have to remember, it is all a support for this unconscious activity. The mental image that we take in does not remain; it is temporary. What exists down below and is shaped and prepared there is something that we can perceive inwardly just as we can perceive things outwardly—the mental image is formed anew, it is something different from the original one.

Every time we use our memory the mental image has to be formed anew according to the inner copy. This is the true state of affairs. But the activity on which the memory rests, remains unconscious. Supposing it is drawn up into the consciousness so that we work in it and do consciously what otherwise takes place subconsciously in the parallel activity of forming images,—what have we then? It is the same power that is used when we apply imaginative knowledge. It forms the organism. We penetrate below the thresh-hold of consciousness, we penetrate to a sphere that we constantly exercise in life, but which remains unconscious. And we can always penetrate even deeper. The money then expands. We then acquire the possibility—and here I have to make a rather big leap because I have still to describe further findings—of following historical evolution from a purely spiritual viewpoint and of acquiring insight into the meaning and into the forces existing over the whole earth that carry the evolution of humanity. A number of laws are then revealed that go far beyond that ordinary observation can provide, but which for the first time raise what the human being sleeps and dreams through in his normal historical evolution, into consciousness.

The science of spirit, working with imagination, inspiration and intuition, can reach further back through the expansion of our memory into the memory of humanity so that we are really able to perceive what humanity has experienced. This can come about through the continuation of our own memory. It is true that it is much more difficult to do this than any other kind of scientific work—because we are ourselves deeply involved in it. Then we are able to reach back into earlier epochs of human evolution than the one I have just mentioned, which began in the 7th, 8th century B.C. and continued until the 15th century. We reach back into earlier times than this, into the time which followed what geology calls the ice age and by many geologists is called the flood. We must think of this as having taken place earlier than is normally believed—we go back thousands of years. What we come to then is not an ape-like humanity—this is a scientific superstition—but to a humanity whose soul constitution is quite different to today's. Allow me for once to risk describing in public a finding of the science of spirit. One must approach the science of the spirit without bias if one is not to regard its findings as merely fantastic. We reach back into an ancient epoch of earth evolution, about which we may say the following:

If we look at a human being and observe how he evolves, we see that what has to do with his bodily development takes place in the first years of childhood and in the later years of childhood up to puberty. And if we look still further we note that what develops in our souls goes hand in hand with our bodily development, right into the twenties. But then it stops. Our soul development no longer participates in this bodily development as it does with a child at the change of teeth, in growing and at puberty. The body and the soul then go their own separate ways. This is typical of our development from between the 25th and 30th years until old age—our souls no longer participate in what is developing in the body.

This was quite different in the first age that I will now describe, and which reaches back thousands of years. At that time the soul remained connected with the development taking place in the body until old age. The soul participated in this development right into the fifties and in the decline of the body in a way that today only happens in our childhood years. Because of this, the human being was able to experience something that he can no longer experience. As a matter of course we no longer experience in our souls the decline of our bodily organism. We are already withdrawn from our bodies. What happens in the soul comes to expression in our cultural life, where the soul is no longer dependent upon the bodily organism. At that time in Asia and India the soul-spirit life remained dependent on the life of the physical body until the fifties. This was quite a different kind of experience.

Then came the next epoch of historical evolution, when the dependence did not last so long, for at that time the soul's participation in the life of the body lasted until the forties. Then there was a further epoch when this participation lasted until the middle of the thirties. Here something quite special happened, which was still experienced by the old Egyptians and Chaldeans. And this was, that because the human being begins to decline in the life of the body after the age of 35, they were still able to experience this decline in their souls. Then this age came to an end, which was followed by the age I have already mentioned: the age of Greece and Rome, the effects of which lasted into the 15th century. In their soul life at that time people still remained more or less participants in the life of the body at least into their thirties. No one believes this today because no one really studies with inner personal interest what has come into being through the evolution of humanity. Since the 14th, 15th centuries the age has begun when the human being participates with his bodily life in the spirit-soul life until the end of the twenties. We no longer experience what the decline of human life is. In Greek and Latin times the beginning of the thirties was experienced within the instinctive understanding. At the present time this participation of the bodily life is concluded at the end of the twenties.

You can see that this is a remarkable law of history! As far as soul experience is concerned the age is progressively reduced, its final experience of the body is connected with an ever younger age. This is one of the most comprehensive and important laws of human evolution. Whereas the individual human being always grows older, humanity—if you now carry what I have just said to its logical conclusion—in its experience of the body, becomes younger. This means that it does not experience growing old as a reflex feeling in the soul; it only experiences its effect. But what the soul actually experienced in earlier times was quite different. It had something which enabled a person to look directly into the spiritual world by means of his instinctive knowledge. This must now be achieved again by humanity, only consciously. We have to learn to look into a sphere that cannot be perceived because today humanity can only experience what the body produces up to the age of 27.

I realize it is probably a bit much to speak about this growing younger of humanity, about the non-participation of the soul-spirit in the life of the body. But it does form the beginning of a true knowledge of history. For this true knowledge of history will be concerned with what is otherwise slept through, and we shall be able to understand properly what happens in history when we are able to appreciate such great, all-embracing laws.

I may be permitted to mention a personal experience. Those who have often heard me speak know that I mention personal experiences only if there is a particular reason to do so. It was because I directed my spiritual investigation to such matters that I came to know about what I have just told you—the growing younger of humanity and the influence on humanity due to the fact that the soul-spirit nature only experiences the life of the body in our younger years. That is how I found out about it. And I am quite convinced that anyone else applying the method of the science of spirit will find a law of history, though not of the kind that I characterized at the beginning of the lecture. And so I asked: How old was humanity then in the Greek age in its participation in the life of the body? At that time it continued until the beginning of the thirties. This was a tremendous change. For it is at this age that the human being enters upon a declining development. And in earlier times when he noticed this decline of the body he was granted a special form of spirituality. We study this spirituality when we study ancient wisdom and learning.

I have said that thinking is connected with a declining development. When the soul shared to a very large extent in the declining development of the body, it evolved a particular wisdom. This wisdom became lost in the age which began in the 7th century B.C. and ended in the 15th century. This age—inasmuch as we are interested in it and are still in it—represents the middle of evolution. If a new impulse had not arisen at that time there would have been the threat of a total break in our spiritual connection to the universe. The impulse came. When studying this growing younger of humanity I certainly did not think about such an impulse. That came later, and it belongs to one of the most shattering findings of the science of spirit.

I could see that the general course of human evolution had brought humanity to a crisis where its connection with the spiritual was threatened. What happened in this crisis?—I first came upon it after having found out about its origin. This is important, and I must single it out as a personal experience. I was shown the significance of the Mystery of Golgotha that occurred just in this age: the new impulse that gave humanity a fresh impetus. The Mystery of Golgotha thus finds its place in the historical evolution of humanity in a wonderful way.

Only for special reasons would I ever break what is expressed in the law that one should not use the name of God in vain. The science of spirit certainly leads to the great religious impulses, but I regard it as a duty to allow religious impulses to be cultivated by those who are called to do so. However, I know that what is achieved by the science of spirit also deepens the religious impulses of the human soul. It is precisely the thoughts presented by the science of spirit that can provide a really Christian view of life. But you cannot get people to accept this. They would only reproach us if they found that we have constantly to speak about the great religious content of evolution in a way that does not please them. They also reproach us if we do not do this because we leave it to them, knowing full well that by occupying ourselves with the science of spirit the religious life will certainly be deepened. For they say that the science of spirit, of course, does not talk about Christianity. These are the misunderstandings which are readily thrust into the battle against the science of spirit. We are reproached for whatever we say. If we do not speak about something because we feel that others are called to do this, we are then misunderstood and told that the science of spirit has no Christianity, or whatever it may be.

As I have said, the fact that this event concerning the whole cosmic connections of the universe happens at one particular moment in the evolution of humanity, belongs to the most shattering things that we can experience, especially since in my case—if you will allow me this personal remark—it was an experience quite unsought for.

I only wanted to indicate to you the beginning of a view of world evolution as seen by the science of spirit.

The forces that seek to penetrate more deeply into history have been divined instinctively, especially in our central European evolution. We only have to ask: How does the individual soul participate in this historical evolution? I have mentioned previously how in looking at thinking on the one hand and at the will on the other, we bring to expression in the overdevelopment of the sexual organism something that leads our spiritual-scientific observation to the eternal in the soul, to that which exists in the spiritual world before birth or conception, and which enters through the gate of death. This also leads to something else. The part of us that unites with our physical organism and that comes down from the spiritual world when we are conceived, when we are born, is intimately related—I have already said this today—to the part of us that operates throughout the whole course of our lives and makes us into complete and living human beings, intimately related to what works out of our souls as memory. If we now grasp not only the fact that the thinking can be conceived as inspiration, but also grasp the element that unites with our bodily organism, that flows out of inspiration and accompanies our memory and our growth, then we find that we not only emerge from a spirit-soul existence before beginning this bodily life, and which is united to what we evolve in life, but that within the part of us that goes through death is contained the desire to enter a human life again after the soul has been through a purely spiritual life, and that within this part of us is to be found not only what inspires us, but forms us, which not only comes from a spirit-soul existence before birth, but comes from previous incarnations upon earth.

Imagination, inspiration and intuition provide us with a true idea of previous lives on earth and a justified prospect of future lives on earth. I can only touch upon this for there is insufficient time for a more detailed description. But when we look at individual human life as it proceeds through repeated existences upon earth, we find something in historical evolution that can be grasped concretely. The human being naturally takes part in the various epochs I have described. He lives through the various cultures of the earth and he bears himself as soul from one epoch to the next, taking with him what he has evolved.

In the present epoch, when the consciousness soul is evolved, the human being unconsciously brings with him what he possesses from the previous epoch in which he once lived, and in which the instinctive soul worked instinctively in the understanding, and he now works upon this. Now we can fully grasp what this dream of history consists of, how human souls that live in each epoch work together and return again and again. This idea arose instinctively in the cultural life of Central Europe. But it has never been developed. The science of spirit is called upon to do this.

The pedants or “very clever people”—and I mention this in inverted commas—say: Of course, Lessing managed some wonderful things, but then he grew old and wrote his Education of the Human Race. If one has the necessary mean attitude, it is easy to be so very clever, much easier than being able to penetrate the mysteries of human life as did Lessing. Lessing achieved something immense. He indicated, if only in somewhat amateur fashion, how inner forces guide the evolution of man and of humanity. He says: There was once a time when human beings were educated in a quite particular way. Then there was a time when people were educated differently. Now is the time when self-education begins.—He had a feeling for the successive epochs, just as Karl Lamprecht had. Lessing had a feeling for even more in that he pointed out that the forces of one epoch are taken over into the following epochs by the human souls constantly reincarnating.

Of course it is easy to object to this by saying that human souls do not remember their previous lives. This is the same as saying that a four year old child cannot do arithmetic, therefore the human being cannot do arithmetic. Memory of earlier lives has first to be gained through the kind of knowledge I have referred to previously. Without this knowledge it is not possible to penetrate the sphere that is dreamed as history. This is something that humanity must grasp, for it is intimately connected with the present evolution of humanity.

Tremendous questions are presented to our souls today. One question is: What is the constitution of the human soul like in the east, in our center and in the west? We possess a science of history which, as we saw at the beginning, has gone quite astray. We need a science of history that can penetrate to those deeper forces of the human soul which bring what otherwise only dreams and sleeps, into our consciousness. When imagination and inspiration reach down into our experience of history that otherwise sleeps, we shall realize what it is that works between man and man in our social existence. Then quite different social laws will come into being from the ones of the past few centuries. What then emerges will be quite equal to the demands of life, the demands of reality. People experience history today in an odd way, and in conclusion I would like to give a few examples of this.

A certain J. H. Lambert was born in a South German city in the 18th century. In the 19th century, roughly in the middle of the forties, a monument was erected to him in that city. On the monument is a celestial globe as a sign that this man penetrated the laws of the heavens, as these things were done in the 18th century. Not much is known about this. He penetrated further than is possible with the Kant-Laplace theory. In the 1840's his native city erected a monument to him. A hundred years earlier his father, after several people had pointed out to him that his fourteen year old son was very talented and should be supported, applied for support. The worthy city gave 40 franks, but on condition that the son take himself off and did not return. A hundred years later—such is the course of history—a monument was erected.

Such things happen again and again. You may remember at the beginning of the war, particularly here in this city, I often had occasion to refer to a most significant thinker who once lived here, Karl Christian Planck. I referred to him at that time and had also spoken of him much earlier in my books. Now we see that people begin to take note of him, but not in the way that I meant. If Planck were alive today in conditions that are quite changed, he would express what he said, even in the 1880's, quite differently. Humanity can make use only of what is ardently experienced of reality, and not of what comes from looking back. Because people believe we need a new impetus, they think that a highly gifted and thoughtful person would say the same things today as he said in the 1880's. We honor the memory of such people if we continue to work in their spirit, and if we ask: How would they speak today if they were to speak out of the great spirit out of which they spoke then?

Today the times demand that we grasp what underlies the evolution of humanity, particularly concerning history. Then we shall not hear judgments like those I quoted at the beginning of the lecture. Nor will vague prophecies be uttered. But history will be described in such a way that we confront reality with feeling, which otherwise is only dissipated in dreams; that we confront reality with deeper forces, that we are equal to the demands made upon us. And the demands of the present time are tremendous.

We must know what is stirring in humanity from east to west, what is coming out in the events of today. We must be equal to this reality that is hammering so dreadfully upon our doors. We must take up the laws of history that are not contained in the laws today, laws that penetrate deeper than the purely intellectual, than the kind of understanding that has produced such great results in science, but which cannot grasp the social, political, historical and moral life of man. Goethe felt this. He not only expressed his impressions of the historical knowledge of his time, but he also expressed something that should come to be. What made an impression upon him was the best thing about history is not its abstract laws but the impulses that penetrate into our feelings and our enthusiasm.

By means of imagination, inspiration and intuition it will be possible to unveil what men sleep through. This will sink down into our feelings and enthusiasm. When reality draws toward us and we can approach reality, inwardly permeated by these impulses, we shall not utter prophetic or vaguely mystical statements, but in future our study of history will result in the fashioning of spiritual laws, not such as it has already, but laws which penetrate the human soul to the point of arousing enthusiasm which is equal to and can tackle the situation as it really is.

Not only is what Goethe said at that time true—what can be said today is also true. For today the following holds good: History must generate enthusiasm for the true, real and complete understanding of reality, for it is the best that can be offered to the life of the soul.

The most valuable aspect of history in the future will be the enthusiasm that it generates in the human soul.

Die Rätsel des Geschichtlichen Lebens der Menschheit nach Ergebnissen der Geisteswissenschaft

Meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden! Aus einem tiefen Gefühle heraus, das gegründet war auf Menschen- und Menschheitsbeobachtung, hat Goethe ein kurzes, zusammenfassendes, bedeutsames Urteil gefällt in den Worten: Das Wertvollste an der Geschichte ist der Enthusiasmus, den sie erregt.

Man darf sagen: Das Urteil einer Persönlichkeit, die so tief wie Goethe hineingeschaut hat in das menschliche Leben, über das geschichtliche Erkennen - denn darauf ist es ja zunächst gerichtet —, dies kann recht bedenklich stimmen. Denn scheint es doch, als ob Goethe meinte, nicht dasjenige, was man an Erkenntnissen über das Werden der menschlichen Geschichte erwerben kann, sei das Wertvolle, das Bedeutungsvolle in der Geschichte, sondern die Gefühlsmotive, der Enthusiasmus - wie er sich ausdrückt -, den die Geschichte erregt.

Und in der Tat, mancherlei, auf das man sich gedrängt fühlt, näher einzugehen gegenüber dem, was man so geschichtliche Erkenntnis nennt, es führt gar sehr zu einer merkwürdigen Erhärtung des Goethe’sehen Urteils. Man braucht sich nur zu erinnern, als dieses katastrophale Ereignis, in das die Menschheit der Erde gegenwärtig hineingestellt ist, begann, da haben eine Reihe von Leuten — es waren ihrer gar nicht wenige -, sie haben geglaubt, aus guten geschichtlichen Unterlagen heraus zu urteilen, die geglaubt haben, insbesondere aus dem Bilde der wirtschaftlichen und sonstigen, auch materiellen Motive der Weltgeschichte sich ein Urteil, das begründet ist, erlauben zu können; sie haben damals die Ansicht gewonnen, dieser Krieg könne höchstens vier bis sechs Monate dauern. Und man darf wohl sagen: Das Urteil, das so gefällt worden ist, es ist nicht eigentlich töricht. Man kann nicht einmal sagen, dass es kurzsichtig war in Gemäßheit der geschichtlichen Motive, die die Menschheit gewohnt ist anzuwenden, wenn sie ihre eigene Geschichte im Erdenwerden betrachtet. Und dennoch - der Wirklichkeit gegenüber, den Ereignissen gegenüber, was war dieses gut begründete Geschichtsurteil?

Oder nehmen wir einen anderen Fall, der bei einer wahrhaftig nicht unbedeutenden Persönlichkeit eintrat. Es ist zwar jetzt schon lange her, aber die Sache kann noch immer erwähnt werden. Der Fall trat ein bei einer Persönlichkeit, die Geschichtsprofessor an einer Universität war. Diese Persönlichkeit hielt eine geistvolle Antrittsrede. In dieser Antrittsrede sagte die betreffende Persönlichkeit, dass sich ihr ergeben habe aus der Betrachtung des historischen Werdeganges der Menschheit, dass die Völker der europäischen Staaten in der Zukunft eine große, mehr oder weniger geeinte Familie bilden werden, in welcher es noch allerlei Zwistigkeiten geben könne, innerhalb welcher es aber unmöglich sein werde, dass sich ihre Völker, diese Mitglieder einer großen Familie, jemals wieder zerfleischen werden.

Dieses Urteil eines Menschen, über dessen Realität wohl kaum ein Zweifel bestehen kann, wurde 1789 gefällt aus historischen Anschauungen heraus, und es wurde gefällt von Friedrich Schiller, als er seine Geschichtsprofessur an der Universität in Jena antrat. Man denke, dass Schiller glaubte, aus der geschichtlichen Betrachtung heraus ein Urteil gewinnen zu können, das sich in einer gewissen Weise bis zur Prophetie aufschwingen könne. Unmittelbar nachdem Schiller dieses Urteil abgegeben hat, folgten die Ereignisse der Französischen Revolution, folgte alles das, was damit verbunden war. Und nehmen wir dasjenige, was bis zum heutigen Tage geschehen ist, so finden wir, dass selbst, was diese geniale Persönlichkeit aus der Geschichtsbetrachtung hat gewinnen wollen, durch die Tatsachen der Wirklichkeit in furchtbarer Art widerlegt worden ist.

Und das, was jetzt gesagt worden ist, es könnte vermehrt werden, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, durch Hunderte und Hunderte von anderen Fällen. Es macht schon einmal notwendig, zu betrachten, wie es eigentlich ist mit dem, was man gewöhnlich Geschichte nennt; inwiefern die Geschichte uns wirklich die Möglichkeit gibt, ein Urteil zu gewinnen über dasjenige, was um uns herum vorgeht. In einer solchen Zeit, wie die heutige ist, muss das ganz besonders naheliegen. Und erkennen lehren soll uns ja die Geschichte dasjenige, was der Tag bringt, in das wir hineingestellt sind. Und wir sind heute wahrhaftig in nicht Weniges hineingestellt. Über die ganze Erde hinüber regen sich katastrophale Ereignisse, die uns auffordern, ein Urteil zu gewinnen; ein Urteil zu gewinnen über den amerikanischen Westen und dasjenige, was eigentlich aus ihm werden kann, für die Menschheit werden kann für die Zukunft; ein Urteil zu gewinnen über den asiatischen Osten. Wie soll man es gewinnen, wenn die Geschichte sich in einer solchen Art erweist, wie es nur annähernd eben skizziert worden ist?

Sehen wir uns einmal einleitend an, wie aus den mannigfaltigen menschlichen Verhältnissen — ich kann nur Beispiele anführen einleitend - Geschichte betrachtet wird. Ich möchte einiges charakterisieren aus ganz verschiedenen Voraussetzungen heraus, die sich aber sozusagen nahestehend darbieten.

Im Beginn unseres Jahrhunderts, als sich die Ereignisse, in denen wir heute stehen, erst vorbereiteten, da traf es sich durch das, was man so im äußeren Leben einen merkwürdigen Zufall nennt, dass zwei Menschen über ihr Volk ein geschichtlich-zusammenfassendes Urteil abgaben. Es ist interessant, diese zwei Menschen, die gar nicht weit örtlich voneinander entfernt sind, aber völkisch sehr weit voneinander entfernt sind, die über ihre Völker ein Urteil abgegeben haben, diese zwei Menschen in Bezug auf die Eigenart gerade ihrer geschichtlichen Betrachtungsweise einmal ins Auge zu fassen. Das ist der deutsche Historiker, der Geschichtsforscher, der vielfach angefochten wurde - aber das tut nichts -, Karl Lamprecht, der 1904 auf Einladung der Columbia-Universität in Amerika seinen amerikanischen Zuhörern ein zusammenfassendes Urteil über die Geschichte seines deutschen Volkes abgegeben hat. Ein Deutscher sprach in einem Vortrag über den Geist der deutschen Geschichte.

Es war ungefähr in derselben Zeit, nur etwas später, dass Wilson über sein amerikanisches Volk ein zusammenfassendes Urteil in einem Vortrag abgab. Es ist interessant, zwei solche Tatsachen miteinander zu vergleichen. Wertvoll wäre es auch noch, einen Dritten heranzuziehen, aber die Zeit ist nicht ausreichend, zum Beispiel eine sehr schöne Äußerung, mit der ich empfehlen kann, dasjenige, was ich heute sagen werde, zu vergleichen, - Rabindranath Tagore hat eine sehr schöne ÄuRerung über den Geist Japans getan. Könnte man, wenn die Zeit ausreichend wäre, alle drei Dinge miteinander vergleichen, man würde ein wunderbares Tableau bekommen literarisch-geschichtlicher Betrachtung.

Ich gehe aus von den eigentümlichen Ansichten, die Karl Lamprecht, der deutsche Forscher, über sein deutsches Volk gewonnen hat. Er ist hinaus über die bloße aktenmäßige geschichtliche Betrachtung Rankes und so weiter; er will bereits den inneren Gang der Menschheitsentwicklung studieren. Er will hineinschauen in die Triebkräfte und wendet dieses Hineinschauen eben auf das Beispiel des eigenen Volkes an.

Nun kann ich nur in ganz flüchtigen Strichen charakterisieren, zu welchen Anschauungen Karl Lamprecht gekommen ist, die er dann in diesen Vorträgen an der Columbia-Universität vorgetragen hat. Er sagte dazumal: Sieht man sich die deutsche Geschichte an, so zerfällt sie nach dem inneren Charakter der menschlichen Taten, der menschlichen Seelenverfassung, des menschlichen Wirkens in deutlich voneinander geschiedene Epochen. Wir können zurückgehen in eine gewisse Urzeit, die etwa im 3. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert endet. Geht man in diese Zeit zurück, dann findet man, dass in dieser Urzeit alles dasjenige, was geschieht innerhalb des deutschen Volkes, aus einer gewissen Phantasietätigkeit heraus geschieht. Die Phantasietätigkeit fühlt sich angeregt, in Symbolen, in Sinnbildern zu denken. Selbst die verehrten Gestalten, verehrte Persönlichkeiten werden in Sinnbildern oft vor das Volk hingestellt, werden in Sinnbildern verehrt.

Dann kommt eine Zeit, die sich deutlich von der vorhergehenden Zeit unterscheidet. Während in der vorhergehenden Zeit ersichtlich ist, dass die sinnbildliche, phantasievolle Auffassung des Lebens, die der Geschichte zugrunde liegen soll nach den Anschauungen Lamprechts, dazu führt, dass sich die Lebenszusammenhänge, das gesellschaftliche Zusammenleben kameradschaftlich-militärisch gestaltet, sieht man, dass vom vierten, fünften Jahrhundert ab bis in das elfte Jahrhundert herein eine ganz andere Denkweise Platz greift, ganz andere seelische Motive Platz greifen. An die Stelle des bloß nahen kameradschaftlichen Lebens tritt ein solches, das man mehr als genossenschaftliches Leben bezeichnen kann. An die Stelle des Lebens in phantasievollen Sinnbildern, das überall Sinnbilder sieht für das, was geschieht, tritt die Anschauung des Typischen, meint Lamprecht. Auch die einzelne hervorragende Persönlichkeit wird als ein Typus der Zeit aufgefasst, und so verehrt, so dargestellt und charakterisiert von allen Seiten, auch von der primitiven vorhandenen Kunst.

Dann kommt ein verhältnismäßig kürzeres Zeitalter vom zwölften Jahrhundert bis in die Mitte des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts. Das charakterisiert Lamprecht aus all den Impulsen, die da drinnen tätig sind, aus der Gestaltung, wie dazumal Grundherrschaft und Hörigkeit sich aus dem alten Grundbesitz und seinen Verhältnissen herausentwickelte, wiederum, wie die Seelenverfassung gewirkt hat in der Kunst, in der Verehrung von Menschen, in der Tätigkeit von Menschen, wie sich das Rittertum, das Städtewesen auf der anderen Seite herausgebildet hat. Lamprecht charakterisiert das als die Zeit, die er nennt — jetzt nicht die symbolisierende, nicht die typisierende, die vergangen war -, sondern die Zeit der konventionellen Lebensauffassung. Auf Konvention, auf Abmachung, auf Festgestelltem beruhten damals die historischen Verhältnisse.

Um die Mitte des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts sieht Lamprecht hereinbrechen in die Geschichte einen bedeutungsvollen Abschnitt im menschheitlichen Werden des deutschen Volkes. Da beginnt nach seiner Anschauung erst die einzelne, persönliche Individualität einzugreifen. Da sind nicht die konventionellen Verhältnisse zwischen Mensch und Mensch allein maßgebend, die über das Individuelle hinausgehen. Da greift das Individuum in das geschichtliche Werden ein. Nicht unberechtigt charakterisiert Lamprecht, wie von dieser Zeit an etwas sehr Wichtiges beginnt. Während bis zu jener Zeit mehr ein Leben, ein Ausleben des Menschendaseins in Taten geherrscht hat, welches auf dunkeln Willensimpulsen beruhte, auf Willensimpulsen, die aus tiefen Untergründen der Seele heraufdrangen, wird von der Mitte des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts an der Intellekt, der Verstand, der aus der einzelnen Persönlichkeit, aus der Individualität herauskommt, besonders maßgebend. Das dauert so bis in die Mitte des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts.

Dann beginnt — wir würden es nennen bloß eine höhere Stufe des Individualismus; Lamprecht unterscheidet es von dem vorhergehenden Zeitraum; er sagt: Dann beginnt das Zeitalter des Subjektivismus, des menschlichen Innern, und der erhöhte Verstand gewinnt noch ganz besondere Bedeutung im menschlichen Werden. Einzelne Tatsachen dieses geschichtlichen Werdens charakterisiert Lamprecht ganz gut von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus. Er zeigt zum Beispiel, wie die ganz anders gearteten, mehr elementaren Impulse der früheren Jahrhunderte in den Verhältnissen der Völker zueinander übergehen in die rein verstandesmäßige, intellektualisierte Diplomatie. Und so zeigt er solche Dinge auf vielen Gebieten. Im Zeitalter des Subjektivismus sind wir noch drinnen.

Sie sehen aus dieser skizzenhaften Darstellung, die ich gegeben habe, dass ein Historiker einmal auftritt, der versucht, aus der Menschennatur und ihrem Werden heraus dasjenige zu charakterisieren, was geschichtlich sich vollzieht. Es hängt innig zusammen, wie wir gleich nachher sehen werden, mit dem tiefsten Wesen eigentlich der deutschen Art der Betrachtung der Dinge, was da Lamprecht angestellt hat. Man sieht, es ist der Versuch, mit all den Mitteln, mit denen man heute beikommen kann der Wirklichkeit, wenn in diese Wirklichkeit seelisch-geistige Faktoren hereinspielen, in die geschichtliche Wirklichkeit einzudringen.

Geht man aber dann durch, wie Lamprecht diese Ideen, die er so in großen Zügen in diesen seinen Vorträgen durchgeführt hat, geht man durch, wie Lamprecht diese Ideen angewendet hat in seiner groß angelegten Geschichte, so findet man sich außerordentlich schmerzlich berührt, schmerzlich berührt aus dem Grunde, weil nirgends eigentlich die Überzeugung Platz greifen kann in Lamprechts Geschichtsbetrachtung, dass diese Bemühungen durch gewisse Betrachtungen innerer Kräfte der menschlichen Seele schon zu einem überzeugenden Resultat geführt haben. Es ist ein Ringen nach einer neuen Geschichtsauffassung, aber nirgends etwas, wobei man halten kann, sodass man sagen könnte: Da sprießt etwas hervor, was uns wirklich sagt, wie sich zum Beispiel dieses deutsche Volk aus inneren Gründen heraus gerade zu dem entwickelt hat, was geworden ist. Und diese Frage sitzt einem doch immer wiederum auf der Seele, wenn man gerade die Lamprecht’sehen kulturgeschichtlichen Betrachtungen durchgeht.

Ich vergleiche damit, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, wie Wilson sein amerikanisches Volk betrachtet hat. Es ist etwas sehr, sehr Merkwürdiges, und ich darf, um nicht missverstanden zu werden, wohl voraussetzen, dass ich wahrhaftig alles cher bin als ein Verehrer von Woodrow Wilson. Nun, wie es sich damit verhält, das wird uns auch noch aus weiteren Vorträgen ersichtlich werden. Aber ich will nur erwähnen, dass die Stellung, die ich zu Wilson einnehme, keineswegs ein Ergebnis der letzten sechs Jahre ist. Nein, in der Zeit — das ist dokumentarisch nachzuweisen -, in der Zeit, bevor der Krieg begonnen hat, habe ich mein entschieden ablehnendes Urteil gegen die ganze Geistesart Wilsons bereits in einem Vortragszyklus in Helsingfors niedergelegt; in einer Zeit, in der auch hierzulande es noch viele Menschen gegeben hat, die dem Urteil Wilsons fernstanden, als sein Buch «Nur Literatur» ins Deutsche übersetzt wurde und seine Abhandlungen über die Freiheit, als auch hierzulande viele Menschen sich täuschen ließen und selbstverständlich Wilson für einen großen Mann hielten, aus Gründen, die ich hier nicht erörtern will. Es ist weder ein Chauvinismus, der durch die letzten Jahre großgezogen, worden ist, noch etwas anderes als eine objektive Betrachtung der Geistesart Wilsons, die mir das eingibt, was ich über ihn zu sagen habe.

Interessiert hat mich nun besonders diese Parallelerscheinung: Wilson, wie er spricht über seine Amerikaner, über das amerikanische Volk. Diese Parallelerscheinung in seinen Vorträgen, sie ist von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus außerordentlich bedeutend, weil Wilson wie den Nagel auf den Kopf trifft dasjenige, worauf es ankommt, wenn man eine beschränkte Erscheinung weltgeschichtlichen Werdens ins Auge fasst und wenn man, was dazugehört, ein gewisses Verständnis dafür hat. Wilson charakterisiert in diesem Vortrag, dass das amerikanische Volk weder richtig betrachtet wird geschichtlich von denjenigen, die er die Neuengländer nennt, die im Osten sitzen ... [Lücke]. Und er charakterisiert auch, welch ganz falschen Standpunkt einnehmen die Bewohner des Südens. Denn er leitet das Wesen des Amerikaners und sein geschichtliches Werden ab von jenen Ereignissen, die sich in der Mitte zwischen West und Ost der nordamerikanischen Staaten im neunzehnten Jahrhundert abgespielt haben, als Völker über Völker sich untereinander mischten und aus der Lebensweise erst dasjenige hervorging, was Wilson die amerikanische Nation nennt. Interessant ist es, wie es ihm gelingt, zu zeigen, dass erst diese amerikanische Geschichte damit beginnt, dass die Menschen des amerikanischen Ostens hinüberschauen nach dem Westen; dass sie anfangen, den Westen zu kolonisieren; dass da zusammenkommen Holländer, Deutsche, Engländer, Franzosen und so weiter, und dass sich da etwas bildet, nicht durch den Geist von Staatsmännern, sondern durch die Landbebauer, durch diejenigen, die in den Wäldern mit Axt und Büchse arbeiten. Da bildet sich etwas, was da erst wird.

Und nun charakterisiert er umfassend, wie unter dem Einflüsse dieser Kulturarbeit die drei wichtigsten politischen Fragen Amerikas ihre Erledigung finden. Ich kann auf Einzelheiten nicht eingehen, möchte aber doch auf das hinweisen, worauf es mir ankommt, die wichtigsten Fragen: die Frage der staatlichen Orientierung der Ländereien, die Frage des Tarifwesens und die Sklavereifrage. Alles das ist entstanden unter dem Einfluss dieser Verhältnisse. Es ist eine Geschichtsbetrachtung, die für jene Verhältnisse den Nagel auf den Kopf trifft. Und angegliedert an diese Vorträge sind andere Vorträge Wilsons, in denen er sich überhaupt über Geschichtsbetrachtung ausspricht, in denen er sagt, wie er sich vorstellt, dass man Geschichtswissenschaft treiben solle. Da passiert dem, der die Dinge im Zusammenhang betrachtet, etwas sehr Merkwürdiges. Ich muss sagen, ich habe es ja schon angedeutet, mir ist Woodrow Wilson eine außerordentlich unsympathische Persönlichkeit als Denker, als Forscher und so weiter. Mir ist eine außerordentlich sympathische Persönlichkeit dagegen derjenige Mann, der vielleicht viel zu wenig gewürdigt wird innerhalb unseres Geisteslebens, das ist Herman Grimm, der seine historische Art der Betrachtung vorzugsweise auf die Kunst angewendet hat, in dem aber die geschichtliche Ideen lebten. Ich weiß es aus seinem eigenen Munde, da er sie mir wiederholt auseinandergeserzt hat. Sie lebten in ihm in einer wunderbar umfassenden Art. Ich lese in dem Buche «Nur Literatur» manches, was Wilson niedergelegt hat. Ich lese dann manches, was Herman Grimm ausgesprochen hat, wie Geschichte betrachtet werden soll, wie er sich die Entwicklung der Menschheit im Lichte der Geschichte denkt. Und das Merkwürdige stellt sich heraus, wenn man so liest bei Wilson und bei Grimm: Ein Satz von Grimm könnte oftmals wörtlich zu Wilson hinübergenommen werden und umgekehrt. Manchmal sind ganze kurze Abschnitte so, dass man sagen könnte, rein äußerlich betrachtet, man könnte sie ebenso gut bei dem einen wie bei dem anderen finden. Man versuche nur einmal, sich die Kenntnisse zu verschaffen, die leicht auf diesem Gebiete zu verschaffen sind, und man wird sehen, dass sich das bewahrheitet, was ich sage!

Aber was liegt denn da eigentlich vor? Es ist doch ein ungeheuer bedeutsamer Unterschied zwischen diesen zwei Persönlichkeiten und ihrer Geschichtsbetrachtung? — Nirgends kann man mehr als an einem solchen Beispiel lernen, was in der Gegenwart so sehr gelernt werden sollte: dass der Inhalt, der wörtliche Inhalt irgendeiner Sache noch nicht die ganze Sache ist! Dass es darauf ankommt, aus welchem Geiste heraus eine Sache gesprochen ist! Das ist etwas, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, was unser Zeitalter wird lernen müssen, was aber unser Zeitalter so schwer lernen kann. Denn unser Zeitalter, so viel es sich auch einbildet, in der Wirklichkeit zu leben, unser Zeitalter liebt das Abstrakte, das Theoretische. Unser Zeitalter ist geneigt, wenn es ein paar Sätze dem Inhalte nach bei irgendeiner Persönlichkeit findet und bei einer anderen Persönlichkeit die gleichen finder, zu sagen: Das ist ja dasselbe! - Der Inhalt einer Sache steht der Wirklichkeit manchmal sehr ferne, der rein wörtliche Inhalt. So sonderbar das klingt, an diesem Beispiel zeigt es sich. Denn was liegt da eigentlich vor?

Im Grunde kann nur die Ihnen gestern charakterisierte Geisteswissenschaft darauf kommen, was da eigentlich vorliegt. Und nur die gestern hier charakterisierte Geisteswissenschaft kann auch den Unterschied finden zwischen der amerikanischen Geschichtsbetrachtung des Woodrow Wilson und der Geschichtsbetrachtung des Karl Lamprecht. Was Woodrow Wilson sagt - die Abstraktlinge unserer Zeit, sie fallen darauf herein. Jetzt nicht mehr, aber vor dem Kriege sind sie darauf hereingefallen. Denn sie sehen nicht, worauf es ankommt. Wilson sagt manches Treffliche. Aber man vergleiche es mit dem, was Herman Grimm sagt, was Karl Lamprecht sagt, die vielleicht irren, vielleicht furchtbar irren: Was Grimm, was Lamprecht sagen, selbst wenn es gleich klingt mit dem, was Wilson sagt, es ist errungen im inneren seelischen Kampf mit der Sache, es trägt überall das Gepräge, dass es unmittelbar von der Persönlichkeit durchlebt ist. Was Wilson sagt, es trägt den Charakter für denjenigen, der so etwas durchschaut - allerdings muss man dann von dem Inhalt Einzelheiten in den ganzen Geist hineinrücken, von dem es getragen ist -, es trägt den Charakter, dass diese Persönlichkeit, ich scheue mich nicht, dieses verpönte Wort zu gebrauchen, von ihren Ansichten besessen ist; dass aus unterbewussten Untergründen der Seele heraufkommen die Dinge, die nicht unmittelbar persönlich von der Seele erarbeitet sind, aber heraufstoßen, heraufkommen. Besessen ist diese Persönlichkeit von dem, was unter dem Bewusstsein lebt.

Ich spreche dieses Urteil wahrhaftig nicht leichtsinnig heraus, denn ich bin mir bewusst, dass es weittragend ist. Aber ich bin mir auch bewusst, dass es objektiv gewonnen ist, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden. Da ist der große Unterschied: auf der einen Seite persönliches Ringen mit der Wahrheit; auf der anderen Seite ein Aussprechen von etwas, von dem man eigentlich nur innerlich besessen ist, für das man mehr oder weniger als für etwas Unbestimmtes das äußere Medium ist. Von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus findet Wilson sogar eine so treffsichere Charakteristik seines Volkes, dass man kaum etwas Treffenderes finden könnte. Aber aus seinem eigenen Geschichtsurteil spricht dieses Urteil, das er über die Amerikaner fällt, heraus. Ich muss sagen, solche Sätze schlagen einen, wie die, die da Wilson über die Amerikaner spricht. Er sagt: Indem diese Amerikaner eigentlich entstanden sind aus der Arbeit des Landbebauers, des Waldjägers, haben sie sich ausgebildet dasjenige, was sie heute charakterisiert: die Beweglichkeit des Auges, die Geneigtheit, schnell auf kühne und abenteuerliche Gedanken einzugehen, und die Geneigtheit, ohne viel Heimatsgefühl Pläne auszuhecken, die überall verwirklicht werden können.

Beweglichkeit des Auges, Hingeneigtsein zu kühnen, abenteuerlichen Plänen, das ist ja die Charakterart, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, die sich ausdrückt bei dem, bei dem nicht ein unmittelbar persönliches Ringen, ein bewusstes Ringen mit den Dingen vor sich geht, sondern wo etwas Unterbewusstes hereinarbeitet, wo der Mensch mehr oder weniger nur Durchgangspunkt ist für das, was sich herausarbeitet. Durch nichts könnte Wilson mehr befestigen das, was er so selbst an Erkenntnis seiner Amerikaner darstellt, als durch dasjenige, wie er selbst Geschichte geschrieben hat.

Ich wollte durch diese Einleitung, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, nur darstellen, wie abhängig dasjenige ist, was Geschichtsbetrachtung genannt werden kann, von der Art und Weise, wie die Menschen selber geartet sind, und wie wenig unabhängig von dieser Menschenartung die geschichtliche Betrachtungsweise bis heute geworden ist. Ich wollte zeigen, dass an der Geschichtsbetrachtung selber erst studiert werden soll, was da eigentlich zugrunde liegt.

Nun, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, was will zum Beispiel gerade Karl Lamprecht, der wahrhaftig von seinen Ideen nicht besessen ist, sondern im persönlichen Kampfe mit diesen seinen Geschichtsideen ringt? Was will er? Er will Seelenkunde in die Geschichte hereintragen. Er will aus den seelischen Impulsen heraus begreifen, wie das geschichtliche Werden der Menschheit sich abgespielt hat. Er sucht die Seelenkunde seiner Zeit. Was findet er? Er sucht sie bei den sogenannten Psychologen, bei den Seelenforschern. Er hat sich ehrlich bemüht, bei den Seelenforschern etwas zu finden, bei den Psychologen etwas zu finden, was ihre Menschenseelen im Innern erleben, was er dann anwenden könnte auf die geschichtliche Betrachtungsweise. Aber gerade das gab ihm eine Unsicherheit; das brachte ihn dazu, dass man an seiner Geschichtsbetrachtung nirgends etwas hat, was in wahrhaft überzeugender Weise einen befriedigen könnte. Warum? Weil dasjenige, was heute offiziell als Seelenkunde betrieben wird, eben sehr wenig eindringt in das wirkliche Selbst des Menschen, in das wirkliche innere Seelenwesen des Menschen.

Nun kommt das innere Seelenleben des Menschen in einer ganz besonderen Art zur Darstellung, wenn der Mensch dem Menschen gegenübersteht, und im Gegenüberstehen mit ihm zusammen handelt. Aus alledem geht ja das geschichtliche Werden der Menschheit gerade hervor. Was da vorgeht, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, das kann man nicht so betrachten, wie die Geschichtswissenschaft der Gegenwart es betrachtet. Was hat sich diese Geschichtswissenschaft der Gegenwart angewöhnt? Was hat Karl Lamprecht für diese Geschichtswissenschaft gefunden bei den Seelenforschern der Gegenwart? Dasjenige hat er gefunden, was nach dem Muster naturwissenschaftlicher Betrachtung ausgebildet ist. Und immer mehr und mehr ist im Laufe des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts die Geschichtsbetrachtung eingezogen in eine Sphäre, wo das geschichtliche Leben betrachtet wird wie das Naturleben. Dieselbe Art von Erkenntnisweise, von Erkenntnis, dieselbe Art des Urteils, die man anwendet, um draußen die Naturerscheinungen zu beobachten und zu begreifen, die wandte man auch an auf das geschichtliche Werden der Menschheit. Karl Lamprecht sieht gerade darin ein Bedeutsames, dass er dasjenige, was in der Naturwissenschaft zu so sicheren Resultaten geführt hat, nun auf die geschichtliche Betrachtungsweise anwendet.

Auch in dieser Beziehung hat, man kann sagen, aus einem historischen Instinkt heraus Herman Grimm ein schönes Urteil gefällt, ein schönes Urteil über den berühmten Historiker Gibbon. Gibbon, welcher den Untergang des Römischen Reiches geschichtlich beschrieben hat, er ist tatsächlich ein Geschichtsschreiber, welcher in mustergültiger Weise das durchführt, die äußere, rein der Natur hingegebene Betrachtungsweise auch auf die Geschichte anzuwenden. Was ist da eigentlich geschehen? Nun, Herman Grimm hat das richtig bemerkt. Gibbon ist scharfsinniger als solcher naturwissenschaftlicher Betrachter der Geschichte; aber er schildert alle die Kräfte, die er so vortrefflich schildert für die ersten Jahrhunderte des Christentums, alle die Kräfte schildert er nur, welche Verfallskräfte sind, welche zum Untergang des Römischen Reiches führen, welche die Entwicklung, die eine Zeit lang gegangen ist, auslöschen. Und Herman Grimm wirft Gibbon mit Recht vor, dass doch in diesen Jahrhunderten, in denen das Römische Reich seinem Verfall entgegengeht, etwas wesentlich anderes noch geschieht, etwas Positives: Da greifen die Kräfte in das geschichtliche Werden ein, die sich anschließen an die Entstehung des Christentums. Das sind die Kräfte der fortschreitenden Entwicklung, die Kräfte, die sich in positiver Weise neben die Verfallskräfte, die negativen Kräfte hinstellen. Die fallen aus der Gibbon’sehen Betrachtung einfach heraus. Aus seinen historischen Instinkten heraus hat Herman Grimm diese bedeutsame Bemerkung gemacht. Er wusste nicht, worauf diese Tatsache beruht; denn auf all diese Dinge ist erst Geisteswissenschaft berufen zu kommen, Geisteswissenschaft, deren Methode ich gestern hier dargestellt habe, die da arbeitet mit den Kräften, die sonst in der Seele schlummern, die entwickelt werden, Geisteswissenschaft, die den Menschen dazu bringt, in das Geistige wirklich hineinzuschauen. Diese Geisteswissenschaft, sie kommt darauf, dass man die fortschreitenden, die zukunfttragenden Kräfte des geschichtlichen Werdens überhaupt nicht erfasst, wenn man auf das geschichtliche Werden nur die Erkenntnisart anwendet, die für die Naturwissenschaft ausgezeichnet ist.

Was findet man, wenn man diese Betrachtungsweise anwendet für das geschichtliche Werden, die für die Naturwissenschaft die Richtige ist? Man findet die Verfallskräfte. Man findet dasjenige, was Leichnam wird im geschichtlichen Werden, im sozialen Leben der Menschheit. Wenn man nur dasjenige anwendet, was der Verstand, das gewöhnliche Bewusstsein einsehen kann, kommt man nur dazu, die Verfallsimpulse studieren zu können. Die wachsenden, sprossenden, die werdenden Impulse, die in positiver Weise das historische Werden tragen, die entziehen sich dieser Betrachtungsweise. Sie entziehen sich auch dann dieser Betrachtungsweise, wenn man dem wirklichen Leben gegenübersteht, wenn man in das Leben eingreifen will mit dieser Betrachtungsweise.

Es ist unerhört, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, wenn man solche Dinge sagen muss, aber die Gegenwart muss Wirklichkeiten begreifen lernen. Man versuche es nur ernstlich, aber man beobachte zugleich dasjenige, was sich ergibt, gehe nicht schlafend durch die Wirklichkeit; man versuche einmal, Parlamente oder so etwas zusammenzustellen, wo lauter Leute, die intellektuell nach naturwissenschaftlichem Muster gebildet sind, bestimmen sollen über dasjenige, was geschehen soll im sozialen oder im sonstigen Leben; man schaffe ein Parlament von Leuten, die ihre Intellektualität herausgebildet haben an der naturwissenschaftlichen Methode, und lasse keinen Menschen hinein anders als diejenigen, die gerade auf diesen Gebieten vollkommen sind. Sie können ganz sicher sein, diese Leute werden nichts anderes beschließen, als was sehr rasch die Gesellschaft, die Gemeinschaft, auf die sie ihre Beschlüsse loslassen, in den Untergang hineinführt, auf allen möglichen Gebieten. Denn diese Denkweise bezieht sich eben auf dasjenige, was Untergangskräfte sind! Sie kann nur Untergangskräfte im menschlichen Werden beobachten. Dasjenige, was werdende, sprossende Mächte sind, das liegt nämlich nicht so, dass es mit den Kräften des gewöhnlichen Bewusstseins erfasst werden kann. Und ich muss da auf etwas zurückkommen, was ich vor einigen Monaten hier gelegentlich der Betrachtung über die Offenbarung des Unbewussten schon angedeutet habe.

Dieses menschliche Seelenleben, dieses menschliche Leben überhaupt, oberflächlich betrachtet verläuft es so, dass es wechselt zwischen Wachen und Schlafen. Wir wachen, und selbstverständlich, weil wir alle fleißig sind zwei Drittel unseres Lebens, wir schlafen ein Drittel unseres Lebens. Dieser Zustand wechselt ab. Aber das ist nicht absolut richtig, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, sondern dasjenige, was wir Schlafen und Träumen nennen, das erstreckt sich im Wesentlichen auch in das wache Leben herein. Das wache Leben ist nur zum Teil vollständig wach. Unter der Oberfläche des wachen Lebens liegt ein solches, in dem der Mensch schläft, selbst wenn er wach ist.

Etwas von dem, obwohl nur instinktiv sozusagen, hat schon der tiefbedeutsame Schwaben-Vischer, der sogenannte V-Vischer eingesehen, indem er darauf hingewiesen hat, wie verwandt das Gefühlsleben, das Leidenschaftsleben ist mit dem Traumleben. Wer untersuchen kann, wer auf diesem Gebiet wirklich beobachten kann, dem ergibt sich, [dass] dasjenige, was in unseren Gefühlen sitzt, was wir als Gefühle erleben, in anderer Weise bewusst ist, als was wir als Wahrnehmungen und Vorstellungen erleben. Denn nur für die Wahrnehmungen und Vorstellungen sind wir wirklich wach. Die Gefühle, sie leuchten herauf aus den unterbewussten Seelensphären, so wie die Träume. Nicht mehr sind wir uns unserer Gefühle bewusst als der Träume; wir kennen sie nicht in ihrer wahren Gestalt, nur ihr Heraufglänzen in die Sphäre des Bewussten kennen wir. Indem wir die Gefühle vorstellen, heben wir sie in den Wachzustand hinauf. Wir träumen den ganzen Tag, indem wir unsere Seele von Gefühlen durchziehen lassen. Und wir schlafen, indem wir Willensimpulse hegen, indem wir durch die Welt mit Willensimpulsen gehen. Von den Willensimpulsen kennen Sie das Motiv; Sie kennen dasjenige, was Sie als Wahrnehmung veranlasst zum Willen. Wie sich das, was Sie wollen, nun abspielt im Menschen, wie Ihre Vorstellungen nun übergehen in Ihre Glieder und Ihre Hand bewegen, das ist tief unterbewusst vorgegangen, so unterbewusst wie alles das, was im Schlafzustand vor sich geht. Wir schlafen und träumen unter der Oberfläche unseres gewöhnlichen Bewusstseins.

Lernt man, nachdem man den Menschen so betrachten gelernt hat, lernt man nun das geschichtliche Leben seiner Realität nach ansehen, dann, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, dann stellen sich alle diejenigen Taten, Handlungen, Impulse im geschichtlichen Werden der Menschheit dar, welche forttragend sind, welche nicht Verfallskräfte sind, sie stellen sich dar als etwas, was die ganze Menschheit in ihrem Zusammenleben träumt und schläft. So sonderbar, so paradox das klingt, es wird doch wieder wichtigste Wahrheit werden können, ohne welche es in der Geschichtsbetrachtung kein Heil geben wird, dass dasjenige, was im geschichtlichen Werden die Menschheit vorwärtsträgt, nicht aus dem gewöhnlichen Kräften, die wir auch in der Naturwissenschaft anwenden, hervorgeht, dass überhaupt diese Geschichtsimpulse nicht hervorgehen aus dem gewöhnlichen hellen Bewusstsein, sondern dass sie hervorgehen aus Träumen und Schlafen. Man muss die Sache nur nicht als Vergleich, nicht als Bild nehmen, sondern man muss sie betrachten als etwas, was im tiefsten, im bedeutsamsten Sinne Wirklichkeit ist.

Daher kommt es, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, dass in früheren Zeiten - ich habe auf diesen Umstand in früheren Vorträgen schon hingewiesen -, als die Menschen noch zusammenhingen in ihrem Seelenleben, wenn auch in unterbewusster Art, mit dem geistigen Leben, dass in früheren Zeiten diese Menschen durch etwas anderes, als was wir heute geschichtliche Betrachtung nennen, über das soziale Leben, über das geschichtliche Werden sich Aufschluss zu geben versuchten. Sie versuchten sich Aufschluss zu geben durch den Mythos, durch die Sagen, durch das Bild. Da wussten sie mehr über dasjenige, was in den Impulsen ihres Volkes lebte, als man heute durch den bloßen Verstand wissen kann, der an das gewöhnliche Bewusstsein gebunden ist und der in der Naturwissenschaft so großartige, so bedeutungsvolle Errungenschaften zeitigte. Aber da gehört er hin.

Nun hat Karl Lamprecht ganz richtig gesehen, dass man in der Mitte des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts in ein neues Zeitalter hereingetreten ist. Aber er hat diese Wahrheit nicht ausnützen können. Er sagte: Der einzelne Mensch wird bedeutungsvoll, er wird Intellektualist. Geschichte entsteht erst mit diesem Zeitalter. Sie wird zunächst so betrieben, dass man sie nach dem Muster der naturwissenschaftlichen Anschauungsweise begreifen wird. Selbstverständlich können wir nicht mehr zum alten Modus zurückgehen. Aber dasjenige, was als Impulse dem geschichtlichen Werden zugrunde liegt, ist unterbewusst. Wenn ein Mensch besessen ist von einem Unterbewussten, das sich in seiner Seele abspielt, dann kommt aus dem Unterbewussten, wie bei Wilson, etwas Schlagkräftiges, etwas, was den Nagel auf den Kopf trifft, hervor.

Aber umso schwieriger wird es für den, der berufen ist, als Individualität, als individuelle Seele zu kämpfen mit der Wahrheit. Da ist es notwendig, dass gerade in diesem intellektuellen Zeitalter, um das soziale, das geschichtliche, auch um das sittliche Leben zu begreifen, etwas anderes heraufkommt: dass etwas heraufkommt, was hineinschauen kann in dasjenige Glied der Menschennatur, das man nicht mit dem gewöhnlichen Bewusstsein erfassen kann, was hineinschauen kann in das, wo dieses gewöhnliche Bewusstsein im Menschen nicht tätig ist, wo er das gewöhnliche Leben verträumt und verschläft.

In diese Region hinein schaut aber dasjenige, was ich gestern geschildert habe als imaginative Erkenntnis, als inspirierte Erkenntnis, als intuitive Erkenntnis; als dasjenige, was in die geistige Welt hereinschaut, was unter die Schwelle des Bewusstseins hinabschaut, was ins Unterbewusste wirklich eindringt; aber in jenes Unterbewusste, wo wirklicher, wesenhafter Geist wirkt. Heraufholen dasjenige, was sonst im gewöhnlichen Leben geschichtlich von der Menschheit geträumt wird, geschlafen wird, heraufholen kann man das nur, wenn man die Geschichte durch Imagination, durch Inspiration betrachtet. Mit anderen Worten: Angewendet werden muss, weil das geschichtliche Leben etwas ist, was im Unterbewussten verläuft, was sich dem gewöhnlichen Bewusstsein nicht ergibt, angewendet werden muss dasjenige, was hinter dieses gewöhnliche Bewusstsein dringt; angewendet werden muss auf die Geschichte, auch auf das soziale Leben, auf das ethische Leben, auf das juristische Leben der Menschheit, wenn man seine ursprünglichen Faktoren erkennen will, dasjenige, was als geisteswissenschaftliche Methode ausgebildet wird, was ich gestern als Imagination, Inspiration, Intuition geschildert habe. Aus den Tiefen des geschichtlichen Werdens müssen heraufgeholt werden diejenigen Wirklichkeiten, die zunächst in Bildern, in Imaginationen vor die Seele hintreten. Diese Imaginationen müssen einen dann inspirieren. Da wird man kommen auf dasjenige, was im geschichtlichen Werden wirklich tätig ist. Dasjenige, was einem in der bisherigen Geschichte entgegentritt, auch das, was Karl Lamprecht versucht hat, es kann zuweilen aus einem Instinkt hervorgehen. Wirkliche, geisterhellte Erkenntnis würde es erst werden, wenn Geschichte durch Geisteswissenschaft vertieft ist. Nun möchte ich nicht zurückscheuen davor, demjenigen, was man heute Geschichte nennt, entgegenzuhalten einige geisteswissenschaftliche geschichtliche Ergebnisse. Ausgehen möchte ich davon, dass Karl Lamprecht instinktiv etwas geahnt hat, was ich schon erwähnt habe: dass sich um die Mitte des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts aus einem älteren Zeitalter ein neues Zeitalter heraushebt.

Wenn man mit dem hellsichtigen Blick - damit ist das gemeint, was ich gestern auseinandergesetzt habe -, wenn man mit dem hellsichtigen Blick, mit dem schauenden Bewusstsein in das geschichtliche Leben hineinblickt, so sieht man in der Tat einen bedeutsamen Wendepunkt, der ungefähr eintritt um die Wende des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts. Alles, was über Subjektivismus, über Typismus Karl Lamprecht angibt, ist von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Um die Wende des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts tritt etwas ein - man würdigt das nur nicht genügend -, was höchst bedeutsam ist als ein Umschwung im ganzen menschlichen Leben und was sich insbesondere im mitteleuropäischen menschlichen Leben ganz typisch zum Ausdruck bringt.

Wenn man zurückgeht vor dieses Zeitalter, so hat man in der Konfiguration, in der ganzen Ausgestaltung des menschlichen Wesens und der menschlichen Handlungen etwas, was man bezeichnen kann so, dass man sagt: In jenem Zeitalter wirkt der Verstand noch instinktiv. In der Geisteswissenschaft unterscheiden wir daher die instinktiv wirkende Verstandesseele, wo man aus Instinkt heraus gescheit ist. Das wird abgelöst um die Mitte des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts - und zwar nicht nach dem bequemen Ausspruch, dass die Natur keine Sprünge macht, sondern durch entschiedene Sprünge - das wird abgelöst von einer ganz anderen Konfiguration der Menschenseele. Dasjenige, was wir in der Geisteswissenschaft die Bewusstseinsseele nennen, die alles aus dem Bewusstsein heraus erfasst, die nicht instinktiv wirkt, die wird typisch für die Menschheit. Und man begreift dasjenige, was seither geschieht, nur dann, wenn man weiß, dass ein ganzer Zeitraum, der lange dauert, nur erfasst werden kann, wenn man ins Auge fasst, wie dieser instinktive Verstand, diese als Verstandesseele wirkende Menschenwesenheit ungefähr in derselben Weise zu wirken begann im siebten oder achten vorchristlichen Jahrhundert; wie dieser Verstand die griechische Geschichte schafft, die römische Geschichte, das römische Recht, die römische Politik schafft; wie alle Ereignisse nur zu begreifen sind, wenn man sie in der Nuance des instinktiven Verstandes begreift.

Und man begreift nur, was da heraufzieht um die Mitte des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts, was da in den Ereignissen auf einmal anders wird, wenn man weiß: Da tritt die Bewusstseinsseele ein, die in ganz anderer Weise sich zu der äußeren Wirklichkeit stellt, die nicht instinktiv aus dem Innern herauswirkt, sondern so, dass der Mensch überlegen muss, dass er nicht mehr vergleicht nur die Dinge, sondern Schlüsse zieht, intellektualistisch vorgeht. In diesem Zeitalter leben wir drinnen. Und dasjenige, was da auf dem Grund der Seele ist durch diese Bewusstseinsseele, das ist das, was studiert werden muss und studiert werden kann in allen Einzelheiten.

Denn in anderer Art lebt sich das aus bei solchen Völkern, die, wie das italienische oder spanische Volk, noch viel von alter Erbschaft hereingetragen haben; anders bei solchen Völkern, wie das britische Volk ist, das, ganz besonders durch seine verschiedenen geografischen Verhältnisse hingewiesen auf das Materielle, die Bewusstseinsseele auszubilden hat durch die unmittelbare Konfiguration.

Anders ist das im europäischen Osten, wo keine Anlage ist für diese Bewusstseinsseele; wo diese Bewusstseinsseelenentwicklung vorläufig verschlafen wird und erst ein nächster Zeitraum, der diesen Zeitraum der Bewusstseinsseele ablösen wird, das Volk bereit finden wird, das vor kurzer Zeit noch das russische Volk war, das seine eigentliche Seelenart, die heute noch in den Menschen, die da im Osten wohnen, gar nicht beobachtet werden kann mit äußeren Sinnen, entwickeln wird.

Und heute ist es notwendig, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, tieferes Verständnis für dasjenige zu bekommen, was über die Erde hinüber geschieht; tieferes Verständnis auch für dasjenige zu bekommen, was im einzelnen Menschen vorgeht, insofern er Angehöriger ist des großen Geschichtstraumes, den man nur versteht, wenn man aus der träumenden Menschenseele so etwas hervorholt wie das, an das man mit der gewöhnlichen Beobachtung nicht herankann: dass sich vom siebten, achten [vorchristlichen] Jahrhundert bis in das vierzehnten, fünfzehnten Jahrhundert herein instinktives Wollen, instinktiver Verstand entwickelt, wie da der Umschwung eintritt, unter dessen Einfluss wir heute stehen. Das ist ein Beispiel.

Und ein anderes Beispiel will ich anführen. Hier, wo ich so viele Jahre schon gesprochen habe, will ich nicht zurückschrecken, Ergebnisse der Geisteswissenschaft in ihrer Konkretheit anzuführen, aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil man ja nicht weiterkommen würde auf dem Boden dieser Geisteswissenschaft, wenn man nicht allmählich übergehen würde zur Schilderung der konkreten Ergebnisse.

Die gewöhnliche Geschichte schöpft ja nur aus der äußeren Beobachtung, und für die älteren Zeiten nur aus äußeren Dokumenten. Sie haben gestern gesehen, dass dasjenige, was geisteswissenschaftliche Methode ist, geholt wird aus einer besonderen Entwicklung der in der Menschenseele schlummernden Kräfte. Sie haben gesehen, wie die Seele dazu geführt wird, hineinzuschauen in dasjenige, was in dieser Menschenseele sonst gar nicht im gewöhnlichen Leben zum Vorschein kommt. Sie haben gesehen, wie diese Menschenseele sich befreien kann vom Leibe, wie sie leibfrei dann erkennen kann. Ja, da beginnt die Menschenseele zu arbeiten mit Kräften, die im gewöhnlichen Leben allerdings vorhanden sind, die aber im Unterbewussten, im Unbewussten schlummernd bleiben. Und mit den gewöhnlichen Erkenntniskräften kann man gar nicht das wirkliche Leben, das der Mensch darlebt, erfassen.

Nehmen Sie eine gewöhnliche Erscheinung, aber eine Erscheinung, die tiefer hineinführt in die menschlichen Lebensgeheimnisse sogar des Alltags. Nehmen Sie die Erscheinung: Man lernt etwas auswendig, das man sich merken will. Man studiert auf diese Weise, wie es sich mit dem menschlichen Gedächtnis verhält. Nun, die Menschen glauben da gewöhnlich, man bemächtige sich der Vorstellung von dem, was man aufnimmt; dann hat man es im Bewusstsein. Nach einiger Zeit kommt das wiederum herauf aus dem Bewusstsein. In zahlreichen «Psychologien», in der offiziellen Seelenkunde wird dieser Aberglaube gelehrt. Er soll Wissenschaft sein, dieser Aberglaube, dass die Vorstellungen, die man aufnimmt, da hinunterwandern in irgendein unbestimmtes Gebiet; da gehen sie spazieren im Unterbewussten der Seele; und wenn man sie braucht, wandern sie wiederum herauf als Erinnerungsvorstellung.

Solch eine Anschauung beruht nur darauf, dass man das wirkliche Seelenleben niemals beobachten gelernt hat in Wahrheit. Die Sache geht ganz anders vor sich. Während man sich etwas aneignet als Vorstellung, liegt im Bewusstsein nur die Tatsache dieses Aneignens der Vorstellung. Parallel geht mit dieser Tätigkeit eine andere, die unbewusst bleibt, die ganz anderer Art ist und die sich einschleicht in die menschliche Organisation und die da macht, dass in dieser menschlichen Organisation etwas ganz anderes vor sich geht, als dass die Vorstellung gebildet ist. Das alles, was da parallel geht mit der Vorstellungsbildung, ist aber unbewusst. Das Gedächtnis wird unbewusst entwickelt. Nun haben wir Vorstellungen in uns aufgenommen. Diese Paralleltätigkeit hat gewirkt. Grob - man kann die Sache belegen, aber dazu ist jetzt nicht Zeit -, grob können Sie schon beobachten, wenn Sie sich nur einmal erinnern, wie es Ihnen selbst gegangen ist. Wenn Sie Gedichte auswendig gelernt haben, oder wenn Sie etwas memorieren sollten für ein Examen, wenn man einmal so recht ochsen muss, was macht man da alles noch nebenbei, neben dem, dass man die Vorstellung aufnimmt, damit die Geschichte haften bleibt! Da versucht man das, was unbewusst geschieht, mit dem Bewusstsein zu unterstützen. Es geht wirklich parallel eine Tätigkeit, und wie die Leute sich an die Stirne packen, wenn sie sich einpauken, was sie sich merken sollen, es ist eine Unterstützung dieser unterbewussten Tätigkeit.

Dasjenige, was wir uns aneignen als Vorstellung, das bleibt nicht, das ist vorübergehend. Dasjenige, was da unten ist, was da unten in der Organisation konfiguriert wird, zubereitet wird, das ist etwas, was man innerlich ebenso wahrnimmt, wie man äußere Dinge wahrnimmt; da bildet man die Vorstellung neu; das ist etwas anderes als Vorstellung. Jedes Mal, wenn wir uns erinnern, ist die Vorstellung nach der inneren Abzeichnung neu zu bilden. Das ist der wahre Tatbestand.

Aber die Tätigkeit, die dem Gedächtnis zugrunde liegt, die bleibt unbewusst. Wird sie in das Bewusstsein so heraufgeholt, dass man in ihr wirkt, dass man bewusst dasjenige tut, was sonst der vorstellungsbildenden Tätigkeit parallelgeht, was man unterbewusst tut, was ist das? Das ist dieselbe Kraft, die man anwendet, [wenn] man imaginative Erkenntnis anwendet. Im Gedächtnis wendet man die imaginative Erkenntnis fortwährend an. Sie bildet den Organismus. Man dringt unter die Schwelle des Bewusstseins; man dringt in etwas ein, was man im Leben immer übt, was aber unbewusst bleibt. Und man kann immer tiefer eindringen. Dann erweitert sich das Gedächtnis. Dann bekommt man die Möglichkeit, auch den Geist in sich wirklich zu erfassen. Man bekommt die Möglichkeit - ich muss jetzt einen verhältnismäßig großen Sprung machen, weil ich Ergebnisse anzuführen habe -, man bekommt die Möglichkeit, das geschichtliche Werden zu verfolgen von rein geistigen Gesichtspunkten aus und Einblick zu gewinnen in den Sinn, in die tragenden Kräfte der Menschheitsentwicklung über die Erde hin. Mancherlei Gesetze zeigen sich da auf, die weit über das hinausgehen, was die äußere Betrachtung geben kann, die aber dasjenige, was der Mensch sonst im geschichtlichen Werden verträumt und verschläft, erst ins Bewusstsein hinaufheben. Dafür sei ein Beispiel angeführt.

Diese Geisteswissenschaft, die ich meine, die mit Imagination, mit Inspiration, mit Intuition arbeitet, die kann weiter zurückgehen, viel weiter, indem dasjenige, was als Gedächtnis erfasst wird, sich erweitert zum Gedächtnis der Menschheit und man wirklich schauen kann, was die Menschheit erlebt hat, indem man das Gedächtnis in sich erfasst und dann es fortsetzt. Es ist das allerdings eine Arbeit, schwerer als jede andere wissenschaftliche Arbeit, namentlich deshalb schwierig, weil man selbst hineinverwoben ist. Da kommt man zurück in noch ältere Epochen der Menschheitsentwicklung, als die ist, auf die ich hingedeutet habe. Ich habe auf die Epoche hingedeutet, die im siebten, achten Jahrhundert [vor Christus] begonnen hat und die ungefähr im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert aufgehört hat. Aber man kommt in ältere Zeiten zurück. In eine ganz alte Zeit kommt man zurück, die etwa gefolgt ist auf dasjenige, was die Geologie die Eiszeit nennt, was die verschiedenen Geologen die [Sintflut] nennen, was aber weiter zurückversetzt werden muss, als es gewöhnlich geschieht. Man kommt in alte Jahrtausende zurück. Da kommt man aber nicht zurück auf eine affenartige Menschheit. Das ist ein naturwissenschaftlicher Aberglaube. Sondern man kommt zurück auf eine Menschheit, die seelisch ganz anders geartet war.

Man kommt zurück in eine uralte Epoche der Erdentwicklung - gestatten Sie, dass ich ein heute so gewagtes Ergebnis der Geisteswissenschaft öffentlich ausspreche, aber man muss der Geisteswissenschaft gegenüber vorurteilslos sein, wenn man ihre Ergebnisse nicht als bloße Phantasterei ansehen will -, man kommt in eine alte Epoche zurück, von der kann Folgendes gesagt werden: Wenn wir jetzt einen Menschen in seiner Entwicklung anschauen, so bemerken wir dasjenige, was aus seiner körperlichen Entwicklung kommt. Das entwickelt sich in den ersten Kinderjahren, auch noch in den späteren Kinderjahren bis zur Geschlechtsreife, noch weiter hinauf. Und wenn man weitere Beobachtungsgabe hat, bemerkt man noch bis in die Zwanzigerjahre hinein, dass dasjenige, was in uns sich seelisch entwickelt, mitgeht mit der leiblichen, der körperhaften Entwicklung. Dann aber hört sie auf für uns. Dann sind wir nicht mehr so, dass wir so teilnehmen mit unserer seelischen Entwicklung, wie etwa das Kind am Zahnwechsel teilnimmt, am Wachstum teilnimmt, am Größerwerden, an der Geschlechtsreife. Dann geht der Körper und dann geht die Seele ihre eigenen Wege. Das charakterisiert gerade unsere Entwicklung vom 25. bis 30. Jahre an bis in das späteste Alter, dass wir nicht mehr teilnehmen mit der Seele an demjenigen, was der Leib entwickelt.

Das war in dem ersten Zeitraum, den ich jetzt schildern will, der in alte Jahrtausende zurückgeht, anders. Da blieben die Seelen verbunden in ihrer Entwicklung bis in das höhere Alter hinauf mit der Leibesentwicklung. Da nahmen die Seelen teil bis in die Fünfzigerjahre des Menschen geradeso an dem, was im Leibe sich entwickelte, auch im Verfall des Leibes, wie heute nur beim Kinde, im Jünglings- und Jungfrauen-Alter das seelische Leben am leiblichen Leben teilnimmt. Dadurch erlebte der Mensch etwas, was man jetzt nicht mehr seelisch erleben kann. Wir erleben ja nicht mehr seelisch ohne Weiteres das Abnehmen, das Absinken unserer Leibesorganisation. Da sind wir schon herausgehoben aus dem Leibe. Da verläuft das Seelische in dem, was die Kultur darstellt. Da ist das Seelische nicht mehr abhängig von der Leibesorganisation. Fern in Asien, in Indien, da entwickelte sich in alten Zeiten die Menschheit, die so war, dass das seelisch-geistige Leben bis in die Fünfzigerjahre abhängig blieb von dem physisch-leiblichen Leben. Ein ganz andersartiges Erleben war das.

Dann kam eine nächste Epoche der Erdenentwicklung, eine nächste historische Epoche. Da ging die Sache weiter zurück. Da waren die Menschen nur bis in die Vierzigerjahre hinein mit ihrem seelischen Leben Teilnehmer an ihrem leiblichen Leben. Dann kam eine weitere Epoche. Da waren die Menschen nur von der Mitte der DreiRigerjahre ab Teilnehmer an ihrem leiblichen Leben. Da war etwas ganz besonderes. Die älteren Ägypter, die älteren Chaldäer erlebten noch das. Und dieses besondere war, weil ja der Mensch nach dem 35. Lebensjahr absinkt, weil es da abwärtsgeht mit dem leiblichen Leben, da erlebte man noch seelisch dieses Abwärtsgehen mit. Dann ging der Zeitraum zu Ende.

Und dann kam der Zeitraum, von dem ich schon gesprochen habe: der Zeitraum, in dem sich das Griechentum, das Römertum entwickelte, dessen Nachwirkung bis in das fünfzehnte Jahrhundert hinein dauerte. Und in diesem Zeitraum blieben die Menschen mehr oder weniger Teilnehmer - man glaubt das heute nicht, weil man nicht mehr sinnvoll, mit innerem Anteil, mit einem schauenden Bewusstsein auf das eingeht, was sich in der Menschheitsentwicklung ergeben hat -, da waren die Menschen Teilnehmer im Seelisch-Geistigen ihres Leiblichen wenigstens bis in die Dreißigerjahre hinein. Damals begann, seit dem fünfzehnten — dem vierzehnten, fünfzehnten Jahrhundert, die Zeit, in der die Menschen nur mit ihrer leiblichen Organisation in dem geistig-seelischen Leben gehen bis zum Ende der Zwanzigerjahre. Da erlebt man nicht mehr dasjenige, was sinkendes Menschenleben ist. In der griechischen, der lateinischen Zeit erlebte man den Anfang der Dreißigerjahre, erlebte ihn im instinktiven Verstand. Jetzt schließt man das Miterleben des Leiblichen ab mit dem Erreichen der letzten Zwanzigerjahre.

Sie sehen, ein merkwürdiges historisches Gesetz! Die Menschheit geht zurück in Bezug auf ihr seelisches Erleben des Alters. Sie erlebt seelisch immer jüngere Leiblichkeiten als abschließend. Das ist eines der umfassendsten, der bedeutsamsten Gesetze des menschlichen Werdens. Während der einzelne Mensch immer älter wird, wird die Menschheit, wenn Sie das durchdenken, was ich gesagt habe, in Bezug auf ihr leibliches Leben immer jünger. Das heißt: Sie spürt nicht im seelischen Reflex das Altwerden; spürt es nur in der Wirkung; aber das, was in der Seele sich eigentlich auslebt, das war etwas ganz anderes früher. Das war etwas, was unmittelbar in die geistige Welt durch instinktive Erkenntnis hineinschauen ließ. Das aber muss nun wiederum in bewusster Weise von der Menschheit errungen werden. Man muss hineinschauen lernen in dasjenige, in das man nicht hineinschauen kann, weil die Menschheit heute nur das miterleben kann, was der Leib hergibt bis zum 27. Jahr.

Ich weiß, es ist ein gewagtes Ergebnis, das ich da ausspreche, von diesem Jüngerwerden der Menschheit, von diesem Nicht-Anteilnehmen des Seelisch-Geistigen in unmittelbarer Weise an dem Leiblichen. Aber es ist etwas, was den Anfang bildet einer wirklichen Geschichtserkenntnis. Denn diese wirkliche Geschichtserkenntnis, die wird auf dasjenige gehen, was sonst verschlafen wird. Man wird dasjenige, was im Laufe des geschichtlichen Werdens geschieht, erst in der richtigen Art einsehen, wenn man solche großen, umfassenden Gesetze zu würdigen vermag.

Da darf ich wohl ein persönliches Erlebnis anführen. Die verehrten Zuhörer, die mir öfter zugehört haben, wissen, dass ich nur dann, wenn eine besondere Veranlassung da ist, von persönlichen Erlebnissen spreche. Dasjenige, was ich Ihnen jetzt angeführt habe von dem Jüngerwerden der Menschheit, von dem Einfluss, der auf die Menschheit dadurch ausgeübt wird, dass das GeistigSeelische nur das Leibliche in jüngeren Jahren miterlebt, von diesem Einflusse wusste ich dadurch, dass ich einmal eben die geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung auf diese Dinge lenkte. So ergab sich mir dieses Jüngerwerden der Menschheit. Und ich bin überzeugt, ich weiß es ganz bestimmt, derjenige, der eine geisteswissenschaftliche Methode anwendet, findet auf diese Weise ein historisches Gesetz, nicht ein solches, das so charakterisiert werden muss wie im Anfange des Vortrages. Da stellte sich mir heraus: Wie alt war dann eigentlich die Menschheit mit dem Miterleben des Leibes in der griechischen Zeit? Da ging das Miterleben bis in den Anfang der Dreißigerjahre. Da war ein mächtiger Umschwung. Denn da fängt der Mensch ja an, die absteigende Entwicklung zu haben. In alten Zeiten gab ihm das Bemerken dieses körperlichen Abstieges, dieser Rückentwicklung des Leiblichen, eine besondere Form der Geistigkeit. Diese Geistigkeit studieren wir, wenn wir die uralte Weisheit, die uralten Wissenschaften studieren.

Denken, habe ich gesagt, hängt mit Rückentwicklung zusammen. Als die Menschenseele die Rückentwicklung des Leibes noch in so hohem Grade mitmachte, entwickelte sie eine besondere Weisheit. Diese Weisheit ging verloren in dem Zeitraum, der mit dem siebten vorchristlichen Jahrhundert begann und im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert aufhörte. In diesem Zeitraum stand die Menschheit gewissermaßen, soweit sie uns jetzt interessiert, insofern wir selber drinnen stehen, in der Mitte der Entwicklung. Da drohte ihr, wenn nicht ein neuer Impuls in sie hereinschlug, dass ihr die geistigen Zusammenhänge mit dem Weltenall verloren gehen. Da trat ein Impuls ein.

Ich habe wahrhaftig, als ich dieses Jüngerwerden der Menschheit ins Auge fasste, zunächst nicht an diesen Impuls gedacht. Das ist erst später gekommen. Und so etwas gehört zu den erschütterndsten Ergebnissen geisteswissenschaftlicher Forschungen. Ich sagte mir: Der allgemeine Gang des menschlichen Werdens ergibt das, dass die Menschheit an eine Krisis angekommen war, wo ihr drohte, den Zusammenhang mit dem Geistigen zu verlieren. Was geschah in dieser Krisis? Ich kam erst darauf, nachdem ich die Erkenntnis hatte von dem Hergang. Das ist wichtig; und das muss ich hervorheben als persönliches Erlebnis. Da zeigte sich mir die Bedeutung des Mysteriums von Golgatha, das gerade in diesen Zeitraum hineinfällt; der neue Impuls, der der Menschheit einen neuen Anstoß gab. In wunderbarer Weise wird hineingestellt dieses Mysterium von Golgatha in die Geschichtsentwicklung der Menschheit.

Meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, nur bei besonderen Anlässen durchbreche ich dasjenige, was ja auch in dem Gebot ausgedrückt wird, dass man den Namen des Gottes nicht eitel zu nennen habe (2 Mos 20,7). Geisteswissenschaft führt zu den großen, religiösen Impulsen schon hin. Aber ich betrachte es als eine Verpflichtung, die religiösen Impulse pflegen zu lassen von denen, die dazu bestellt sind. Ich weiß, dass das, was durch Geisteswissenschaft errungen wird, auch die religiösen Impulse der Menschenseele vertieft. Dasjenige, was christliche Weltanschauung ist, es wird im höchsten Sinne gerade aus den geisteswissenschaftlichen Voraussetzungen heraus gefunden. Aber man kann es den Leuten nicht recht machen. Würden sie finden, dass man immer wiederum in einer Weise, wie es ihnen nicht gefällt, auf die großen religiösen Inhalte des Werdens zu sprechen kommt, sie würden einem das zum Vorwurf machen. Finden sie, dass man das nicht tut, weil man es ihnen überlässt, weil man es vollbewusst nicht tut, weil man weiß, dass die Beschäftigung mit der Geisteswissenschaft sicher zur Vertiefung des religiösen Lebens führt, dann machen sie einem das auch zum Vorwurf. Dann sagen sie: Geisteswissenschaft redet ja nicht vom Christentum. Das sind die Missverständnisse - ich will es nur so nennen -, die man gerne gegen Geisteswissenschaft ins Feld führt. Redet man von irgendetwas, so bekommt man den Vorwurf für das, was man sagt. Redet man nicht davon, will man die anderen dazu für berufen halten, wird es so missverstanden, dass gesagt wird, Geisteswissenschaft habe kein Christentum, oder dergleichen.

Dasjenige, was ich soeben angeführt habe, dass gerade an einem wichtigen Punkte der Menschheitsentwicklung hingestellt wird dieses Ereignis von den ganzen kosmischen Weltenzusammenhängen, das gehört tatsächlich zu dem Erschütterndsten, wenn man es so erlebt, wie ich es erlebt habe, - lassen Sie mich dieses Persönliche anführen — ganz ungesucht erlebt habe. Ich wollte nur, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, sozusagen den Anfang einer geisteswissenschaftlichen Betrachtung des Weltenwerdens Ihnen anführen.

Instinktiv, aus einem gewissen Ahnen heraus, ist gerade in unserer mitteleuropäischen Entwicklung das zutage getreten, was tiefer in das Geschichtliche hineinwill. Da braucht man sich nur zu fragen: Wie nimmt denn die einzelne Menschenseele an diesem ausgespannten geschichtlichen Werden teil? Ich habe es gestern erwähnt, wie man, wenn man das Denken auf der einen Seite betrachtet, das Wollen auf der anderen Seite betrachtet, mit dem, was sich in der Überentwicklung der menschlichen Sexualorganisation zum Ausdruck bringt, wie das hinführt die geisteswissenschaftliche Betrachtung zu dem Ewigen in der Seele, zu dem, was vor der Geburt oder Empfängnis in der geistigen Welt lebt, zu dem, was durch die Pforte des Todes tritt.

Es ergibt sich dadurch noch ein anderes. Dasjenige, was sich verbindet mit unserer physischen Organisation, dasjenige, was aus der geistigen Welt herunterkommt, indem wir empfangen, indem wir geboren werden, das ist ja innig verwandt - ich habe es heute schon ausgesprochen mit dem, was durch unseren ganzen Lebenslauf hindurchwirkt und uns zum einheitlichen, lebendigen Menschen erst macht, innig mit dem verwandt, was aus den Tiefen unserer Seele als Gedächtnis wirkt. Vertieft man sich nun nicht nur in die Tatsache, die ich gestern erwähnte, dass das Denken als Inspiration erfasst wird, sondern in das, was sich da verbindet mit unserer Leibesorganisation, was aus dieser Inspiration erfließend mit unserem Gedächtnis und mit unserem Wachstum zusammengeht, dann findet man nicht nur, dass man hinüberkommt aus einem geistig-seelischen Erleben, bevor man das leibliche Erleben angetreten hat, mit dem, was wir im Leben entwickeln, sondern dass in dem, was durch die Pforte des Todes geht, liegt die Begierde, ein Menschenleben wieder zu beginnen, nachdem die Seele durch ein rein geistiges Leben gegangen ist, und eben in dem, was nicht nur inspirierend in uns wirkt, sondern bildend auf uns wirkt, was nicht nur aus einem geistig-seelischen Erleben vor der Geburt herkommt, sondern was aus früheren Erdenleben herauskommt. Wirkliche Anschauung früherer Erdenleben, berechtigter Ausblick auf zukünftige Erdenleben geht aus Imagination, Inspiration, Intuition hervor.

Ich kann das nur andeuten; die Zeit reicht nicht aus zu einer genaueren Charakterisierung. Aber wenn man hineinschaut in dieses individuelle Menschenleben, wie es durch wiederholte Erdendaseine hindurchgeht, dann findet man ein Konkretes im geschichtlichen Werden noch ganz besonders ausgedrückt. Der Mensch nimmt ja teil an diesen verschiedenen Ausgestaltungen, die ich geschildert habe. Er geht wiederholt durch die Kulturen der Erde hindurch. Er trägt selbst als Seele aus der einen Epoche in die andere hinüber dasjenige, was sich dort ausgebildet hat. Unbewusst trägt der Mensch in dieser jetzigen Epoche, wo sich neu ausbildet die Bewusstseinsseele, aus der früheren Epoche, wo die instinktive Seele instinktiv durch den Verstand gewirkt hat und wo die Seelen, die jetzt leben, schon einmal da waren, unbewusst trägt der Mensch das hinüber und gestaltet es jetzt aus. Man begreift jetzt ganz, worin der Geschichtstraum besteht, wie mitwirken diese Menschenseelen, die von Epoche zu Epoche sich hinüberleben, die immer wiederkehren.

Aus dem mitteleuropäischen Geistesleben ist instinktiv dieser Gedanke aufgetaucht. Noch ist er nicht ausgebildet. Geisteswissenschaft ist dazu berufen, ihn auszubilden. Die Pedanten oder die «sehr gescheiten Leute» — unter Anführungszeichen sage ich das -, die sagen: Nun, der Lessing hat ja manches Großartige geleistet; dann ist er alt geworden, dann hat er so etwas geschrieben wie seine «Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts», in der er diesen Traum von den wiederholten Erdenleben anführt. Es ist leicht, schulmeisterlich gescheiter zu sein als ein so tief in die menschlichen Geheimnisse eindringender Mensch, wie Lessing es war, wenn man dazu die nötige Gesinnung, die nötige schofle Gesinnung hat. Lessing hat damals etwas Großes, Gewaltiges getan. Er hat, wenn auch laienhaft und dilettantisch, schon hingewiesen darauf, wie innere Kräfte das Menschenwerden lenken, das Menschheitswerden lenken. Er sagt: Einmal war eine Zeit, wo die Menschheit erzogen wurde in einer bestimmten Weise. Dann kam eine Zeit, wo die Menschheit anders erzogen wurde. Jetzt ist die Zeit, wo die Selbsterziehung beginnt. - Er ahnte etwas von den aufeinanderfolgenden Epochen, wie es auch Karl Lamprecht ahnte. Lessing ahnte mehr, indem er darauf hinwies, dass die Kräfte der einen Epoche in die folgenden Epochen hinübergetragen werden durch die sich immer wieder verkörpernden Menschenseelen. Gewiss, der Einwand ist leicht zu machen, warum die Menschenseelen sich dann nicht an die früheren Epochen erinnern. Das ist dasselbe, wie wenn man sagen würde: Da ist ein vierjähriges Kind, es kann nicht rechnen; also kann der Mensch nicht rechnen. Die Erinnerung der früheren Erdenleben ist etwas, was erst durch Erkenntnisse angeeignet wird, wie ich sie gestern angeführt habe. Aber ohne diese Erkenntnisse dringt man nicht hinein in dasjenige, was als Geschichte geträumt wird. Das ist das, was die Menschheit durchschauen muss, was innig zusammenhängt mit der Gegenwartsentwicklung der Menschheit.

Große Fragen treten heute vor unsere Seele. Die Frage: Wie ist die Konfiguration der Menschenseelen im Osten? Wie ist sie in unserer Mitte? Wie im Westen? Eine Geschichtswissenschaft haben wir nur vor uns, welche so irrt, wie ich es im Anfang dargestellt habe. Eine Geschichtswissenschaft brauchen wir, welche in die tieferen Kräfte des menschlichen Seelenwesens hineindringt, welche das heraufholt ins Bewusstsein, was sonst verträumt, verschlafen wird. Wenn Imagination und Inspiration hinuntertauchen werden in das sonst schlafende Geschichtserleben, dann wird man erkennen, was von Mensch zu Mensch im sozialen Dasein wirkt. Dann wird etwas anderes heraufkommen als dasjenige, was die letzten Jahrhunderte an sozialen Gesetzen oder dergleichen heraufgebracht haben. Dann wird dasjenige heraufkommen, was dem Leben, der Wirklichkeit gewachsen ist. Heute, heute erleben die Menschen in merkwürdiger Weise Geschichte. Nun ja, zum Schlusse - es dauert nur einige Minuten — möchte ich ein paar Beispiele dafür noch anführen.

Ein Mensch, Johann Heinrich Lambert, er ist in einer süddeutschen Stadt geboren im achtzehnten Jahrhundert. Im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, ungefähr in den Vierzigerjahren, hat man diesem Manne in dieser süddeutschen Stadt ein Denkmal gesetzt. Auf dem Denkmal ist die Himmelskugel, zum Zeichen dafür, dass dieser Mann eingedrungen ist in die Gesetze des Himmels, so wie man im achtzehnten Jahrhundert eindringen konnte. Es ist wenig davon bekannt geworden. Er ist tiefer eingedrungen, als die Kant-Laplace’sche Theorie das ergibt. In den Vierzigerjahren hat die süddeutsche Geburtsstadt diesem Manne ein Denkmal gesetzt. Hundert Jahre früher hat der Vater, nachdem einige Menschen ihn darauf aufmerksam gemacht haben, dass der 14-jährige Sohn ein sehr begabter Junge ist, der unterstützt werden sollte, eine Unterstützung beantragt. Da hat die erhabene Stadt 40 Franken gegeben! 40 Franken, aber unter der Bedingung, dass er sich trollt und nicht wiederkommt! Hundert Jahre danach, nach dieser Tat - so ist es im geschichtlichen Werden - wurde das Denkmal gesetzt.

Solche Dinge, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, leben sich ja in der Menschheitsentwicklung immer wieder und wiederum aus. Sie erinnern sich, dass ich aus bestimmten Gründen am Beginn dieses Weltkrieges gerade hier in dieser Stadt öfter aufmerksam gemacht habe auf einen tief-bedeutsamen Denker, der hier gelebt hat, auf Karl Christian Planck. Ich habe dazumal auf ihn hingewiesen, und in meinen Büchern schon viel früher. Jetzt erlebt man es, dass auf ihn hingewiesen wird. Aber so war mein damaliges Hinweisen nicht gemeint. Planck würde, wenn er heute lebte, unter den Verhältnissen, die nun anders sind, auch dasjenige, was er in den Achtzigerjahren ausgesprochen hat, wieder anders aussprechen. Im brennenden Miterleben mit der Wirklichkeit drückt sich allein dasjenige aus, was man in der Menschheit braucht, nicht bloß in der rückschauenden Betrachtung. Weil da manche Leute glauben, man brauche neue Einschläge, so glauben sie, dass ein Mensch, der als genialer, tiefsinniger Mensch in den Achtzigerjahren etwas ausgesprochen hat, das heute noch ebenso aussprechen würde. Man ehrt das Andenken solcher Menschen, wenn man in ihrem Geiste fortwirkt, wenn man sich fragt: Wie würden sie heute sprechen aus dem großen Geiste heraus, aus dem sie dazumal gesprochen haben?

Heute fordert die Zeit, dass man in die tiefen Unterlagen des menschheitlichen Werdens hineinsieht gerade auf geschichtlichem Gebiete. Dann werden nicht mehr Urteile herauskommen, wie ich sie am Beginn des Vortrages angeführt habe. Dann werden auch nicht vage Prophetien ausgesprochen werden. Aber das geschichtliche Leben wird so ausgesprochen werden, dass wir mit unserem Gefühl, das sonst in Träumen verfließt, wenn wir es brauchen, der Wirklichkeit gegenüberstehen; dass wir gerade mit den tieferen Kräften, nicht mit den intellektuellen Kräften, uns der Wirklichkeit gegenüberstellen; dass wir gewachsen sind dem, was als Anforderung an uns herantritt. Und groß und gewaltig sind die Anforderungen der Gegenwart. Kennen müssen wir, was vom Osten bis zum Westen in der Menschheit pulsiert, was sich heute auslebt. Gewachsen müssen wir werden dieser Wirklichkeit, die so furchtbar an unsere Türen pocht. Aufnehmen müssen wir geschichtliche Gesetze, die nicht enthalten sind in den Gesetzen heute, solche Gesetze, die tiefer hinunterdringen als bloß intellektuell, als bloß in das Verständnis, das in der Naturwissenschaft so große Errungenschaften hervorgebracht hat, aber nicht das soziale, das politische, das geschichtliche, das menschlich-sittliche Leben erfassen kann.

Das hat Goethe gefühlt. Er hat nicht nur ausgesprochen einen Eindruck, den die geschichtliche Erkenntnis auf ihn machte damals, sondern er hat auch ausgesprochen ein Sollen, etwas, was sein soll. Auf ihn hat die Geschichte den Eindruck gemacht, dass ihr Bestes nicht die abstrakten Gesetze sind, sondern die Impulse, die in unser Gefühl, in unseren Enthusiasmus hineindringen. Dasjenige, was die Menschen verträumen, es wird sich durch Imagination, Inspiration, Intuition heraufheben lassen. Die werden sich wieder real senken in unsere Gefühle, in unseren Enthusiasmus. Wir werden, nicht prophetisch, nicht mystisch vage, aber so, dass, wenn die Wirklichkeit an uns herantritt, wir innerlich durchdrungen von diesen Impulsen an diese Wirklichkeit herandringen können, wir werden Geschichte so betrachten können in Zukunft, dass sie geistige Gesetze schafft, nicht solche, die sie schon hat; Gesetze, die eindringen in die menschliche Seele bis zum Enthusiasmus, der aber der Wirklichkeit gewachsen ist.

Nicht nur, was Goethe dazumal sagte, ist wahr; wahr ist noch, was heute ausgesprochen werden kann. Denn heute gilt es: Geschichte muss werden dasjenige, was als Bestes für das Leben der menschlichen Seele erzeugt den Enthusiasmus für das rechte, das wahrhaftige, volle Ergreifen der Wirklichkeit. Das Wertvollste an der Zukunftsgeschichte wird sein der Enthusiasmus, den sie in der Menschenseele erzeugt.

The Mysteries of the Historical Life of Humanity According to the Findings of Spiritual Science

Ladies and gentlemen! Based on a deep feeling founded on his observations of people and humanity, Goethe made a brief, concise, and significant judgment in the words: “The most valuable thing about history is the enthusiasm it arouses.”

It is fair to say that the judgment of a personality who looked as deeply into human life as Goethe did, about historical knowledge—for that is what it is primarily directed at—can give cause for concern. For it seems as if Goethe believed that it is not the knowledge that can be gained about the development of human history that is valuable and significant in history, but rather the emotional motives, the enthusiasm—as he puts it—that history arouses.

And indeed, many things that one feels compelled to examine more closely in relation to what is called historical knowledge lead to a remarkable confirmation of Goethe's judgment. One need only remember that when this catastrophic event, in which humanity on earth is currently embroiled, began, there were a number of people—and they were not few—who believed they could judge on the basis of sound historical documentation, who believed that they could make a well-founded judgment based in particular on the economic and other, including material, motives of world history; at that time, they came to the conclusion that this war could last at most four to six months. And it is fair to say that the judgment that was made was not actually foolish. One cannot even say that it was short-sighted in accordance with the historical motives that humanity is accustomed to applying when it considers its own history on Earth. And yet – in the face of reality, in the face of events, what was this well-founded historical judgment?

Or let us take another case that occurred with a truly not insignificant personality. It was a long time ago, but the matter can still be mentioned. The case occurred with a personality who was a history professor at a university. This personality gave a witty inaugural speech. In this inaugural speech, the person in question said that, based on his observation of the historical development of humanity, he had come to the conclusion that the peoples of the European states would in future form a large, more or less united family, in which there might still be all kinds of disputes, but within which it would be impossible for its peoples, these members of a large family, ever to tear each other apart again.

This judgment by a person whose reality can hardly be doubted was made in 1789 on the basis of historical observations, and it was made by Friedrich Schiller when he took up his professorship of history at the University of Jena. Consider that Schiller believed that he could arrive at a judgment based on historical observation that could, in a certain way, rise to the level of prophecy. Immediately after Schiller made this judgment, the events of the French Revolution followed, along with everything associated with it. And if we take what has happened to this day, we find that even what this brilliant personality wanted to gain from his view of history has been refuted in a terrible way by the facts of reality.

And what has now been said, ladies and gentlemen, could be augmented by hundreds and hundreds of other cases. It is necessary to consider what is actually meant by what we commonly call history; to what extent history really gives us the opportunity to form a judgment about what is happening around us. In times such as these, this must be particularly obvious. And history should teach us to recognize what the day brings, in which we find ourselves. And today we truly find ourselves in no small situation. Catastrophic events are unfolding across the globe, challenging us to form a judgment; to form a judgment about the American West and what it can actually become for humanity in the future; to form a judgment about the Asian East. How can we form such a judgment when history is proving to be as it has just been outlined?

Let us begin by looking at how history is viewed from the perspective of diverse human circumstances — I can only give examples by way of introduction. I would like to characterize a few things from very different perspectives, which, however, are closely related, so to speak.

At the beginning of our century, when the events we are experiencing today were just beginning to unfold, it happened, through what one might call a strange coincidence in external life, that two people made a historical summary judgment about their people. It is interesting to consider these two people, who were not far apart geographically but very far apart in terms of their nationality, who passed judgment on their peoples, these two people in relation to the peculiarity of their historical perspective. One is the German historian, the historical researcher who was often challenged—but that doesn't matter—Karl Lamprecht, who, at the invitation of Columbia University in America in 1904, gave his American audience a summary judgment on the history of his German people. A German spoke in a lecture about the spirit of German history.

It was around the same time, only a little later, that Wilson gave a summary assessment of his American people in a lecture. It is interesting to compare these two facts. It would also be valuable to refer to a third, but there is not enough time. For example, there is a very beautiful statement with which I can recommend comparing what I am going to say today: Rabindranath Tagore made a very beautiful statement about the spirit of Japan. If there were enough time to compare all three things, one would obtain a wonderful tableau of literary-historical observation.

I start from the peculiar views that Karl Lamprecht, the German researcher, has gained about his German people. He goes beyond the mere documentary historical observation of Ranke and so on; he wants to study the inner workings of human development. He wants to look into the driving forces and applies this insight to the example of his own people.

Now I can only characterize in very brief strokes the views that Karl Lamprecht arrived at, which he then presented in these lectures at Columbia University. He said at the time: If one looks at German history, it can be divided into clearly distinct epochs according to the inner character of human deeds, the human state of mind, and human activity. We can go back to a certain primeval age that ends around the third century AD. If we go back to this time, we find that in this primeval age, everything that happens within the German people happens out of a certain imaginative activity. The imaginative activity feels stimulated to think in symbols, in allegories. Even the revered figures, revered personalities, are often presented to the people in allegories, are revered in allegories.

Then comes a time that differs significantly from the previous period. Whereas in the previous period it is evident that the symbolic, imaginative conception of life, which according to Lamprecht's views is supposed to underlie history, leads to the context of life, social coexistence, taking on a comradely-military form, it can be seen that from the fourth or fifth century onwards, right up to the eleventh century, a completely different way of thinking takes hold, with completely different spiritual motives. The merely close comradely life is replaced by one that can be described more as a cooperative life. According to Lamprecht, life in imaginative symbols, which sees symbols everywhere for what is happening, is replaced by the view of the typical. Even the individual outstanding personality is understood as a type of the time and thus revered, portrayed, and characterized from all sides, including by the primitive art that existed at the time.

Then comes a relatively shorter period from the twelfth century to the middle of the fifteenth century. Lamprecht characterizes this from all the impulses that are at work within it, from the way in which manorialism and serfdom developed out of the old land ownership and its conditions, and again from the way in which the state of mind influenced art, the veneration of people, human activity, and the development of knighthood and urban life on the other hand. Lamprecht characterizes this as the era he calls—not the symbolic, not the typical, which had passed—but the era of the conventional view of life. Historical conditions at that time were based on convention, on agreement, on established facts.

Around the middle of the fifteenth century, Lamprecht sees a significant phase in the historical development of the German people dawning. In his view, this is when individual, personal individuality begins to intervene. It is no longer the conventional relationships between people alone that are decisive, which transcend the individual. The individual intervenes in historical development. Lamprecht is not wrong in characterizing how something very important begins from this time on. Whereas up to that time, life had been dominated more by the living out of human existence in deeds based on dark impulses of the will, impulses that arose from the depths of the soul, from the middle of the fifteenth century onwards, the intellect, the mind that emerges from the individual personality, from individuality, became particularly decisive. This continues until the middle of the eighteenth century.

Then begins — we would call it simply a higher stage of individualism; Lamprecht distinguishes it from the previous period; he says: Then begins the age of subjectivism, of the human inner life, and the heightened intellect gains even more special significance in human development. Lamprecht characterizes individual facts of this historical development quite well from this point of view. He shows, for example, how the very different, more elementary impulses of earlier centuries in the relations between peoples are transformed into purely rational, intellectualized diplomacy. And he points out such things in many areas. We are still in the age of subjectivism.

You can see from this sketchy description I have given that a historian once appeared who attempted to characterize what is happening historically on the basis of human nature and its development. What Lamprecht has done is closely connected, as we shall see shortly, with the deepest essence of the German way of looking at things. It is an attempt to penetrate historical reality with all the means available today when spiritual factors come into play in this reality.

But if one then goes through how Lamprecht applied these ideas, which he outlined in broad strokes in his lectures, if one goes through how Lamprecht applied these ideas in his large-scale history, one finds oneself extremely painfully touched, painfully touched for the reason that nowhere in Lamprecht's view of history can the conviction take hold that these efforts have already led to a convincing result through certain considerations of the inner forces of the human soul. It is a struggle for a new conception of history, but nowhere is there anything to hold on to, so that one could say: something is sprouting here that really tells us how, for example, this German people has developed from inner reasons into what it has become. And this question always weighs on one's mind when one goes through Lamprecht's cultural-historical considerations.

I compare this, ladies and gentlemen, to how Wilson viewed his American people. It is something very, very strange, and in order not to be misunderstood, I must assume that I am truly anything but an admirer of Woodrow Wilson. Well, how this is the case will become clear to us in further lectures. But I would just like to mention that my position on Wilson is by no means a result of the last six years. No, in the period—and this can be documented—in the period before the war began, I had already expressed my decidedly negative opinion of Wilson's entire mindset in a series of lectures in Helsinki; at a time when there were still many people in this country who were far removed from Wilson's judgment, when his book “Nur Literatur” was translated into German and his treatises on freedom were published, and when many people in this country were deceived and naturally considered Wilson a great man, for reasons I do not wish to discuss here. It is neither chauvinism, which has been fostered in recent years, nor anything other than an objective observation of Wilson's mindset that prompts me to say what I have to say about him.

I was particularly interested in this parallel phenomenon: Wilson talking about his Americans, about the American people. This parallel phenomenon in his lectures is, from a certain point of view, extremely significant, because Wilson hits the nail on the head when it comes to what matters when one considers a limited phenomenon of world historical development and when one has a certain understanding of it, which is part and parcel of it. In this lecture, Wilson characterizes that the American people are not properly viewed historically by those he calls the New Englanders, who are located in the East ... [gap]. He also characterizes the completely wrong point of view taken by the inhabitants of the South. For he derives the essence of the American and its historical development from those events that took place in the middle between West and East of the North American states in the nineteenth century, when peoples mixed with peoples and the way of life gave rise to what Wilson calls the American nation. It is interesting how he succeeds in showing that this American history only begins when the people of the American East look westward; when they begin to colonize the West; when Dutch, Germans, English, French, and so on, and that something was formed there, not by the minds of statesmen, but by the farmers, by those who worked in the forests with axes and rifles. Something was formed there that was just beginning to take shape.

And now he comprehensively characterizes how, under the influence of this cultural work, the three most important political issues in America are resolved. I cannot go into details, but I would like to point out what is important to me, the most important issues: the question of the state orientation of the lands, the question of tariffs, and the question of slavery. All of this has arisen under the influence of these circumstances. It is a view of history that hits the nail on the head for those circumstances. And attached to these lectures are other lectures by Wilson in which he talks about his view of history in general, in which he says how he thinks history should be studied. Something very strange happens to those who look at things in context. I must say, as I have already indicated, that I find Woodrow Wilson an extremely unsympathetic personality as a thinker, researcher, and so on. On the other hand, I find the man who is perhaps far too little appreciated in our intellectual life to be an extremely likeable personality, namely Herman Grimm, who applied his historical way of looking at things primarily to art, but in whom historical ideas lived on. I know this from his own mouth, as he repeatedly explained it to me. They lived in him in a wonderfully comprehensive way. I read in the book “Nur Literatur” (Only Literature) many things that Wilson has written down. I then read many things that Herman Grimm has said about how history should be viewed, how he thinks about the development of humanity in the light of history. And the strange thing is that when you read Wilson and Grimm, you find that a sentence from Grimm could often be taken over verbatim by Wilson and vice versa. Sometimes entire short passages are such that, viewed purely from the outside, one could say that they could just as easily be found in one as in the other. Just try to acquire the knowledge that is easily available in this field, and you will see that what I say is true!

But what is actually at stake here? Isn't there a tremendous difference between these two personalities and their views of history? — Nowhere else can one learn more than from such an example what should be learned so much in the present: that the content, the literal content of any matter is not the whole matter! That what matters is the spirit in which a matter is spoken! This is something, my dear friends, that our age will have to learn, but which our age finds so difficult to learn. For our age, as much as it imagines itself to be living in reality, our age loves the abstract, the theoretical. Our age is inclined, when it finds a few sentences with a certain content in one personality and finds the same in another personality, to say: That is the same thing! The content of a thing is sometimes very far from reality, the purely literal content. As strange as it sounds, this example illustrates it. For what is actually at hand here?

Basically, only the spiritual science characterized yesterday can come up with what is actually at hand. And only the spiritual science characterized here yesterday can also find the difference between Woodrow Wilson's American view of history and Karl Lamprecht's view of history. What Woodrow Wilson says—the abstract thinkers of our time fall for it. Not anymore, but before the war they fell for it. Because they don't see what matters. Wilson says some excellent things. But compare them with what Herman Grimm says, what Karl Lamprecht says, who may be wrong, may be terribly wrong: What Grimm and Lamprecht say, even if it sounds the same as what Wilson says, is achieved in an inner spiritual struggle with the matter; it bears the mark of having been lived through directly by the personality. What Wilson says has a character for those who see through such things—although one must then move from the details of the content into the whole spirit that carries it— it bears the character of this personality, I am not afraid to use this frowned-upon word, being obsessed with its views; that things arise from the subconscious depths of the soul that are not directly worked out by the soul itself, but surge up, come to the surface. This personality is obsessed with what lives beneath consciousness.

I truly do not make this judgment lightly, for I am aware that it is far-reaching. But I am also aware that it is objectively gained, my dear audience. There is a big difference: on the one hand, there is personal struggle with the truth; on the other hand, there is the expression of something that one is actually only obsessed with internally, for which one is more or less the external medium for something indefinite. From this point of view, Wilson even finds such an accurate characterization of his people that one could hardly find anything more apt. But this judgment he passes on Americans speaks from his own historical assessment. I must say, statements like the ones Wilson makes about Americans are striking. He says: Having actually emerged from the work of the farmer and the hunter, these Americans have developed what characterizes them today: the mobility of the eye, the inclination to quickly respond to bold and adventurous ideas, and the inclination to hatch plans that can be realized anywhere, without much attachment to their homeland.

Agility of the eye, a propensity for bold, adventurous plans—that, ladies and gentlemen, is the character trait that is expressed in those who are not engaged in an immediate personal struggle, a conscious struggle with things, but where something subconscious is at work, where the individual is more or less only a conduit for what is being worked out. Nothing could reinforce Wilson's portrayal of his fellow Americans' understanding more than the way he himself made history.

With this introduction, ladies and gentlemen, I simply wanted to show how dependent what can be called the view of history is on the nature of human beings themselves, and how little independent of this human nature the historical view has become to this day. I wanted to show that it is the view of history itself that should first be studied to understand what actually underlies it.

Now, ladies and gentlemen, what does Karl Lamprecht, for example, who is truly not obsessed with his ideas but struggles with them in a personal battle, want? What does he want? He wants to bring psychology into history. He wants to understand how the historical development of humanity has unfolded based on psychological impulses. He seeks the psychology of his time. What does he find? He seeks it among the so-called psychologists, among the soul researchers. He has made an honest effort to find something among the soul researchers, to find something among the psychologists about what human souls experience within themselves, which he could then apply to his view of history. But this very thing gave him a feeling of uncertainty; it led him to conclude that nowhere in his view of history is there anything that could satisfy him in a truly convincing way. Why? Because what is officially practiced today as psychology penetrates very little into the real self of the human being, into the real inner soul of the human being.

Now, the inner soul life of human beings is revealed in a very special way when human beings stand face to face with one another and act together in this encounter. It is precisely from all this that the historical development of humanity emerges. What takes place here, dear audience, cannot be viewed in the same way as contemporary historical science views it. What has contemporary historical science become accustomed to? What did Karl Lamprecht find for this historical science among contemporary soul researchers? He found that which has been developed according to the model of scientific observation. And in the course of the nineteenth century, the observation of history has increasingly moved into a sphere where historical life is viewed in the same way as natural life. The same kind of knowledge, the same kind of judgment that is applied to observing and understanding natural phenomena outside, was also applied to the historical development of humanity. Karl Lamprecht sees it as significant that he now applies what has led to such reliable results in natural science to the historical approach.

In this regard, too, one can say that Herman Grimm, out of a historical instinct, made a beautiful judgment, a beautiful judgment about the famous historian Gibbon. Gibbon, who described the fall of the Roman Empire historically, is in fact a historian who exemplarily applies the external, purely natural approach to history. What actually happened there? Well, Herman Grimm noticed this correctly. Gibbon is more astute than such a scientific observer of history; but he describes all the forces that he so excellently describes for the first centuries of Christianity, he describes only those forces that are forces of decay, that lead to the downfall of the Roman Empire, that wipe out the development that has been going on for a time. And Herman Grimm rightly reproaches Gibbon for failing to recognize that during these centuries, in which the Roman Empire was heading toward its decline, something else was happening, something positive: forces were intervening in the course of history that were connected to the emergence of Christianity. These are the forces of progressive development, the forces that stand in a positive way alongside the forces of decay, the negative forces. They simply fall out of Gibbon's view. Herman Grimm made this significant remark based on his historical instincts. He did not know what this fact was based on, for it is only spiritual science that can explain all these things, spiritual science whose method I described here yesterday, which works with the forces that otherwise lie dormant in the soul, which are developed, spiritual science that enables people to really look into the spiritual. This spiritual science comes to the conclusion that the progressive, future-bearing forces of historical development cannot be grasped at all if one applies to historical development only the kind of knowledge that is characteristic of natural science.

What does one find when one applies this approach to historical development, which is the right one for natural science? One finds the forces of decay. One finds that which becomes a corpse in historical development, in the social life of humanity. If one applies only that which the intellect, the ordinary consciousness, can comprehend, one can only study the impulses of decay. The growing, sprouting, becoming impulses that carry historical development in a positive way elude this approach. They also elude this approach when one is confronted with real life, when one wants to intervene in life with this approach.

It is unheard of, my dear friends, to have to say such things, but the present must learn to understand realities. Try it seriously, but at the same time observe what happens, do not go through reality asleep; try to put together parliaments or something similar, where people who are intellectually educated according to the scientific model are to decide what should happen in social or other areas of life; create a parliament of people who have developed their intellectuality using the scientific method, and do not allow anyone in except those who are perfect in these areas. You can be quite sure that these people will decide on nothing other than what will very quickly lead the society, the community, on which they unleash their decisions, to ruin in all possible areas. For this way of thinking relates precisely to what are forces of destruction! It can only observe forces of destruction in human development. For what are developing, sprouting powers cannot be grasped with the forces of ordinary consciousness. And I must return here to something I already hinted at a few months ago when considering the revelation of the unconscious.

This human soul life, this human life in general, superficially viewed, alternates between waking and sleeping. We are awake, and of course, because we are all industrious, we sleep for one third of our lives and are awake for two thirds. This state alternates. But that is not entirely correct, ladies and gentlemen, because what we call sleeping and dreaming essentially extends into our waking life as well. Waking life is only partially fully awake. Beneath the surface of waking life lies a life in which people sleep even when they are awake.

Something of this, albeit only instinctively, so to speak, was already recognized by the profoundly significant Swabian Vischer, the so-called V-Vischer, when he pointed out how closely related the life of feelings, the life of passions, is to the life of dreams. Anyone who can investigate, anyone who can really observe in this area, will see that what lies in our feelings, what we experience as feelings, is conscious in a different way than what we experience as perceptions and ideas. For we are only truly awake to perceptions and ideas. Feelings shine up from the subconscious spheres of the soul, just like dreams. We are no more aware of our feelings than we are of our dreams; we do not know them in their true form, we only know their shining up into the sphere of consciousness. By imagining feelings, we raise them to the waking state. We dream all day long by allowing our soul to be permeated by feelings. And we sleep by harboring impulses of will, by going through the world with impulses of will. You know the motive behind the impulses of will; you know what causes you to will as perception. How what you want now plays out in human beings, how your ideas now pass into your limbs and move your hand, this has taken place deep in the subconscious, as subconscious as everything that goes on in the state of sleep. We sleep and dream beneath the surface of our ordinary consciousness.

Once you have learned to view human beings in this way, you learn to view historical life according to its reality. Then, my dear audience, all those deeds, actions, and impulses in the historical development of humanity that are progressive, that are not forces of decay, appear as something that the whole of humanity dreams and sleeps in its coexistence. As strange and paradoxical as it may sound, it can once again become the most important truth, without which there will be no salvation in the consideration of history, that that which carries humanity forward in historical development does not arise from the ordinary forces that we also apply in natural science, that these historical impulses do not arise from ordinary conscious awareness, but that they arise from dreams and sleep. One must not take this as a comparison or an image, but must regard it as something that is reality in the deepest, most significant sense.

This is why, ladies and gentlemen, in earlier times — I have already pointed this out in earlier lectures — when people were still connected in their soul life, albeit in a subconscious way, with spiritual life, these people tried to gain insight into social life and historical development through something other than what we today call historical observation. They tried to gain insight through myths, legends, and images. They knew more about what lived in the impulses of their people than can be known today through the mere intellect, which is bound to ordinary consciousness and which has produced such great and significant achievements in natural science. But that is where it belongs.

Karl Lamprecht correctly saw that a new era had dawned in the middle of the fifteenth century. But he was unable to make use of this truth. He said: The individual human being becomes significant, he becomes an intellectual. History only comes into being with this era. It is initially pursued in such a way that it will be understood according to the model of the scientific view of the world. Of course, we can no longer return to the old mode. But what underlies historical development as impulses is subconscious. When a person is possessed by a subconscious that plays out in their soul, then something powerful emerges from the subconscious, something that hits the nail on the head, as with Wilson.

But this makes it all the more difficult for those who are called upon to fight for the truth as individuals, as individual souls. It is therefore necessary, especially in this intellectual age, to understand social, historical, and moral life something else must emerge: something that can look into that part of human nature that cannot be grasped with ordinary consciousness, something that can look into that part where ordinary consciousness is not active in human beings, where they dream and sleep through ordinary life.

But what I described yesterday as imaginative knowledge, as inspired knowledge, as intuitive knowledge, looks into this region; as that which looks into the spiritual world, which looks down below the threshold of consciousness, which really penetrates into the subconscious; but into that subconscious where real, essential spirit is at work. Bringing up what is otherwise dreamed of, slept through, in the history of humanity in ordinary life can only be done by viewing history through imagination, through inspiration. In other words: because historical life is something that takes place in the subconscious, something that does not yield to ordinary consciousness, one must apply that which penetrates beyond this ordinary consciousness; What must be applied to history, as well as to social life, ethical life, and the legal life of humanity, if one wants to recognize its original factors, is what is developed as a spiritual scientific method, what I described yesterday as imagination, inspiration, and intuition. From the depths of historical development, we must bring forth those realities that first appear before the soul in images, in imaginations. These imaginations must then inspire us. Then one will arrive at what is truly active in historical development. What one encounters in history to date, including what Karl Lamprecht attempted, can sometimes arise from instinct. It would only become true, spiritually illuminated knowledge when history is deepened through spiritual science. Now I do not want to shy away from countering what we today call history with some historical findings from spiritual science. I would like to start from the assumption that Karl Lamprecht instinctively sensed something that I have already mentioned: that around the middle of the fifteenth century, a new era emerged from an older one.

If one looks at historical life with a clear-sighted gaze—by which I mean what I discussed yesterday—if one looks at it with a clear-sighted gaze, with a conscious awareness, one does indeed see a significant turning point, which occurs around the turn of the fifteenth century. Everything Karl Lamprecht says about subjectivism and typism is of secondary importance. At the turn of the fifteenth century, something occurs—something that is not sufficiently appreciated—that is highly significant as a turning point in the whole of human life and that finds its most typical expression in Central European human life.

If we go back to before this era, we find something in the configuration, in the entire structure of the human being and human actions, that can be described as follows: in that era, the intellect still works instinctively. In spiritual science, we therefore distinguish between the instinctively acting intellectual soul, where one is intelligent out of instinct. This is replaced around the middle of the fifteenth century – not according to the convenient saying that nature does not make leaps, but through decisive leaps – it is replaced by a completely different configuration of the human soul. What we call the consciousness soul in spiritual science, which grasps everything out of consciousness and does not act instinctively, becomes typical of humanity. And one can only understand what has happened since then if one knows that a whole period of time, which lasts a long time, can only be grasped if one considers how this instinctive mind, this human being acting as a mind soul, began to act in roughly the same way in the seventh or eighth century BC; how this intellect created Greek history, Roman history, Roman law, Roman politics; how all events can only be understood when they are understood in the nuance of the instinctive intellect.

And one can only understand what was coming up around the middle of the fifteenth century, what suddenly changed in events, if one knows: The consciousness soul enters, which relates to external reality in a completely different way, which does not work instinctively from within, but in such a way that the human being must think, that he no longer just compares things, but draws conclusions, proceeds intellectually. We live in this age. And what lies at the bottom of the soul through this consciousness soul is what must be studied and can be studied in all its details.

For this plays out differently in peoples such as the Italian or Spanish, who have carried over much of their ancient heritage; unlike such peoples as the British, who, particularly because of their different geographical conditions, are directed toward the material and have to develop the consciousness soul through direct configuration.

The situation is different in Eastern Europe, where there is no predisposition for this consciousness soul; where this development of the consciousness soul is currently dormant and only a future period, which will replace this period of the consciousness soul, will find the people ready, who until recently were the Russian people, to develop their true soul nature, which today cannot be observed with the outer senses in the people who live in the East.

And today, my dear friends, it is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of what is happening across the earth; to gain a deeper understanding of what is happening within each individual human being, insofar as they are part of the great historical dream, which can only be understood if one brings forth from the dreaming human soul something that cannot be accessed through ordinary observation: that from the seventh, eighth [pre-Christian] century to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, instinctive will and instinctive intellect developed, and how the change occurred that influences us today. That is one example.

And I would like to give another example. Here, where I have been speaking for so many years, I do not want to shy away from citing the concrete results of spiritual science, for the simple reason that one would not make any progress on the basis of this spiritual science if one did not gradually move on to describing the concrete results.

Ordinary history draws only on external observation, and for older times only on external documents. Yesterday you saw that the spiritual-scientific method is derived from a special development of the powers slumbering in the human soul. You have seen how the soul is led to look into what otherwise does not appear in the human soul in ordinary life. You have seen how this human soul can free itself from the body, how it can then recognize without the body. Yes, there the human soul begins to work with forces that are indeed present in ordinary life, but which remain dormant in the subconscious, in the unconscious. And with the ordinary powers of cognition, it is impossible to grasp the real life that human beings live.

Take an ordinary phenomenon, but one that leads deeper into the secrets of human life, even of everyday life. Take the phenomenon of learning something by heart that you want to remember. In this way, you study how the human memory works. Now, people usually believe that you take possession of the idea of what you are taking in; then you have it in your consciousness. After some time, it comes back up from the consciousness. This superstition is taught in numerous “psychologies,” in official psychology. It is supposed to be science, this superstition that the ideas one takes in wander down into some undefined area; there they stroll around in the subconscious of the soul; and when one needs them, they wander back up as memories.

Such a view is based solely on the fact that one has never learned to observe the real life of the soul in truth. The matter is quite different. While one acquires something as an idea, only the fact of acquiring the idea lies in consciousness. Parallel to this activity is another that remains unconscious, that is of a completely different nature and that creeps into the human organization and causes something completely different to happen in this human organization than the formation of the idea. But everything that goes on parallel to the formation of ideas is unconscious. Memory is developed unconsciously. Now we have absorbed ideas into ourselves. This parallel activity has had an effect. Roughly speaking—you can prove this, but there is no time for that now—roughly speaking, you can already observe this if you just remember how it was for you yourself. When you have memorized poems, or when you had to memorize something for an exam, when you really had to cram, what else did you do besides absorbing the idea so that the story would stick? You tried to support what was happening unconsciously with your consciousness. There really is a parallel activity going on, and the way people clutch their foreheads when they are cramming what they need to remember is a support for this subconscious activity.

What we acquire as an idea does not remain, it is temporary. What is down there, what is configured and prepared down there in the organization, is something that one perceives internally just as one perceives external things; there one reforms the idea; that is something different from imagination. Every time we remember, the idea has to be reformed according to the inner imprint. That is the true state of affairs.

But the activity that underlies memory remains unconscious. If it is brought up into consciousness in such a way that one acts within it, that one consciously does what otherwise goes parallel to the activity of forming ideas, what one does subconsciously, what is that? It is the same power that one uses [when] one applies imaginative knowledge. In memory, one continually applies imaginative knowledge. It forms the organism. One penetrates below the threshold of consciousness; one penetrates into something that one always practices in life, but which remains unconscious. And one can penetrate ever deeper. Then memory expands. Then one has the opportunity to truly grasp the spirit within oneself. One gains the opportunity — I must now make a relatively large leap, because I have results to present — one gains the opportunity to follow historical development from a purely spiritual point of view and to gain insight into the meaning, into the driving forces of human development on Earth. Various laws become apparent that go far beyond what external observation can reveal, but which raise to consciousness what human beings otherwise dream away and sleep through in historical development. Let me give an example of this.

This spiritual science that I am referring to, which works with imagination, inspiration, and intuition, can go back much further, much further, in that what is grasped as memory expands into the memory of humanity, and one can truly see what humanity has experienced by grasping the memory within oneself and then continuing it. However, this is a task more difficult than any other scientific work, particularly because one is interwoven with it oneself. One goes back to even older epochs of human development than the one I have referred to. I have referred to the epoch that began in the seventh or eighth century [BC] and ended around the fifteenth century. But one goes back to older times. One goes back to a very old time, which followed what geology calls the Ice Age, what various geologists call the [Flood], but which must be placed further back than is usually done. One goes back to ancient millennia. But one does not go back to an ape-like humanity. That is a scientific superstition. Instead, one goes back to a humanity that was completely different in nature.

One goes back to an ancient epoch in the development of the earth — allow me to publicly express a conclusion of spiritual science that is so daring today, but one must be unprejudiced toward spiritual science if one does not want to regard its conclusions as mere fantasy — one goes back to an ancient epoch about which the following can be said: When we look at a human being in their development, we notice what comes from their physical development. This develops in the first years of childhood, and continues to develop in later childhood until puberty. And if one has further powers of observation, one notices that up into one's twenties, what develops in us spiritually goes hand in hand with our physical development. But then it stops for us. Then we are no longer so involved in our soul development as a child is involved in changing teeth, growing, getting bigger, reaching sexual maturity. Then the body goes its own way and the soul goes its own way. This characterizes our development from the age of 25 to 30 and into old age, that we no longer participate with our soul in what the body develops.

This was different in the first period I am about to describe, which goes back thousands of years. Then the souls remained connected in their development with the development of the body until old age. Until a person reached their fifties, souls participated in what was developing in the body, even in the decline of the body, just as today only in children, adolescents, and young adults does the soul participate in physical life. As a result, people experienced something that can no longer be experienced spiritually. We no longer experience the decline and decline of our physical organization in our souls. We are already lifted out of the body. The soul flows into what culture represents. The soul is no longer dependent on the physical organization. Far away in Asia, in India, humanity developed in ancient times in such a way that spiritual life remained dependent on physical life until the 1950s. That was a completely different experience.

Then came the next epoch of Earth's development, the next historical epoch. There, things went further back. There, people only participated in their physical life with their soul life up to the forties. Then came another epoch. There, people only participated in their physical life from the middle of the thirties onwards. There was something very special about that. The older Egyptians and Chaldeans still experienced this. And what was special about it was that, since human beings decline after the age of 35, because their physical life begins to decline, they still experienced this decline with their souls. Then the period came to an end.

And then came the period I have already spoken about: the period in which Greek and Roman civilization developed, the after-effects of which lasted into the fifteenth century. And during this period, people remained more or less participants — one does not believe this today because one no longer responds meaningfully, with inner involvement, with a seeing consciousness, to what has happened in human development — people were participants in the soul-spiritual life of their physical bodies at least until the 1930s. At that time, since the fifteenth — the fourteenth, fifteenth century, the period in which people only go through spiritual-soul life with their physical organization began, lasting until the end of the 1920s. Then one no longer experiences what is sinking human life. In the Greek and Latin periods, people experienced the beginning of their thirties, experienced it in their instinctive understanding. Now, the experience of the physical body ends with the attainment of the late twenties.

You see, it is a remarkable historical law! Humanity is regressing in terms of its soul experience of age. It experiences ever younger physical bodies as final. This is one of the most comprehensive and significant laws of human development. While the individual human being grows older and older, humanity, if you think through what I have said, becomes younger and younger in relation to its physical life. That is to say, it does not feel aging in its soul reflex; it only feels it in its effects; but what actually plays out in the soul was something quite different in the past. It was something that allowed a direct insight into the spiritual world through instinctive knowledge. But this must now be consciously achieved by humanity. We must learn to look into that which we cannot see, because humanity today can only experience what the body provides up to the age of 27.

I know it is a bold conclusion that I am expressing here, about humanity becoming a disciple, about the soul and spirit not participating directly in the physical. But it is something that forms the beginning of a true understanding of history. For this true understanding of history will focus on what is otherwise overlooked. Only when one is able to appreciate such great, comprehensive laws will one be able to understand what happens in the course of historical development in the right way.

Allow me to cite a personal experience. Those of you who have listened to me often know that I only speak of personal experiences when there is a special reason to do so. What I have just told you about humanity becoming a disciple, about the influence exerted on humanity by the fact that the spiritual-soul only experiences the physical in younger years, I knew about this influence because I once directed spiritual scientific research to these things. This is how humanity's becoming a disciple came to me. And I am convinced, I know for certain, that anyone who applies a spiritual scientific method will find a historical law in this way, not one that must be characterized as in the beginning of the lecture. It then occurred to me: How old was humanity actually when it experienced the body in the Greek period? The experience lasted until the beginning of the 1930s. There was a powerful change. For that is when human beings began to experience a downward development. In ancient times, the awareness of this physical decline, this regression of the physical body, gave them a special form of spirituality. We study this spirituality when we study ancient wisdom and ancient sciences.

Thinking, I have said, is connected with regression. When the human soul still participated to such a high degree in the regression of the body, it developed a special wisdom. This wisdom was lost in the period that began in the seventh century BC and ended in the fifteenth century. During this period, humanity stood, in a sense, as far as we are now interested, insofar as we ourselves are involved, in the middle of its development. Unless a new impulse struck it, it was in danger of losing its spiritual connection with the universe. Then an impulse came.

When I first contemplated humanity's becoming a disciple, I did not initially think of this impulse. That came later. And this is one of the most shocking results of spiritual scientific research. I said to myself: the general course of human development shows that humanity had reached a crisis where it was in danger of losing its connection with the spiritual. What happened in this crisis? I only realized this after I had gained insight into the course of events. This is important, and I must emphasize it as a personal experience. Then the significance of the mystery of Golgotha, which falls precisely into this period, became clear to me; the new impulse that gave humanity a new impetus. This mystery of Golgotha is wonderfully placed within the historical development of humanity.

My dear friends, only on special occasions do I break with what is expressed in the commandment that one should not take the name of God in vain (Exodus 20:7). Spiritual science already leads to the great religious impulses. But I consider it an obligation to let the religious impulses be cultivated by those who are appointed to do so. I know that what is achieved through spiritual science also deepens the religious impulses of the human soul. The Christian worldview is found in the highest sense precisely from the premises of spiritual science. But you cannot please everyone. If they found that the great religious contents of becoming were always being discussed in a way that they did not like, they would reproach you for it. If they find that this is not done, because it is left up to them, because it is deliberately not done, because it is known that engaging with spiritual science certainly leads to a deepening of religious life, then they also reproach you for this. Then they say: Spiritual science does not speak of Christianity. These are the misunderstandings — I will call them that — that people like to bring up against spiritual science. If you talk about something, you are reproached for what you say. If you don't talk about it, if you want others to consider it their calling, it is misunderstood in such a way that people say spiritual science has no Christianity, or something like that.

What I have just mentioned, that this event is placed at an important point in human development, in the context of the entire cosmic world, is indeed one of the most shocking things when you experience it as I have experienced it — let me mention this personal experience — quite unsought . I just wanted to present to you, my dear audience, the beginning of a spiritual scientific view of the becoming of the world, so to speak.

Instinctively, out of a certain premonition, what wants to go deeper into history has come to light, especially in our Central European development. One need only ask oneself: How does the individual human soul participate in this extended historical becoming? Yesterday I mentioned how, when we consider thinking on the one hand and willing on the other, together with what is expressed in the overdevelopment of the human sexual organization, this leads spiritual scientific contemplation to the eternal in the soul, to what lives in the spiritual world before birth or conception, to what passes through the gate of death.

This leads to something else. That which is connected with our physical organization, that which comes down from the spiritual world when we are conceived, when we are born, is intimately related—as I have already said today—to that which works throughout our entire life and makes us into unified, living human beings, intimately related to that which works as memory from the depths of our soul. If we delve not only into the fact I mentioned yesterday, that thinking is grasped as inspiration, but also into what connects with our physical organization, what flows from this inspiration and goes together with our memory and our growth, then we find not only that we come over from a spiritual-soul experience before we have entered into physical experience, with what we develop in life, but that in what passes through the gate of death lies the desire to begin a human life again after the soul has passed through a purely spiritual life, and precisely in what not only has an inspiring effect on us, but also a formative effect, which comes not only from a spiritual-soul experience before birth, but also from previous earthly lives. A true view of previous earthly lives and a justified outlook on future earthly lives arise from imagination, inspiration, and intuition.

I can only hint at this; there is not enough time for a more detailed characterization. But when one looks into this individual human life as it passes through repeated earthly existences, one finds something concrete that is still particularly expressed in historical development. Human beings participate in these various forms of development that I have described. They pass repeatedly through the cultures of the earth. As souls, they carry over from one epoch to the next what has been developed there. Unconsciously, in this present epoch, where the consciousness soul is newly developing, human beings carry over from the earlier epoch, where the instinctive soul worked instinctively through the intellect and where the souls that are now living were already present, unconsciously human beings carry this over and now shape it. We now understand completely what the historical dream consists of, how these human souls, which live on from epoch to epoch, which always return, contribute.

This idea has emerged instinctively from Central European intellectual life. It is not yet fully developed. Spiritual science is called upon to develop it. The pedants or the “very clever people” — I say this in quotation marks — who say: Well, Lessing did achieve some great things; then he grew old and wrote something like his “Education of the Human Race,” in which he introduces this dream of repeated earthly lives. It is easy to be more pedantically clever than a man who penetrated so deeply into the mysteries of humanity as Lessing did, if one has the necessary disposition, the necessary shrewd disposition. Lessing did something great and powerful at that time. He pointed out, albeit in an amateurish and dilettantish way, how inner forces guide the process of becoming human, of becoming humanity. He says: There was a time when humanity was educated in a certain way. Then came a time when humanity was educated differently. Now is the time when self-education begins. He sensed something of the successive epochs, as Karl Lamprecht also sensed. Lessing sensed more by pointing out that the forces of one epoch are carried over into the following epochs by the human souls that are repeatedly incarnated. Certainly, it is easy to object that human souls do not remember earlier epochs. That is the same as saying: there is a four-year-old child who cannot do arithmetic; therefore, human beings cannot do arithmetic. The memory of previous earthly lives is something that is only acquired through insights such as those I mentioned yesterday. But without these insights, one cannot penetrate into what is dreamed as history. This is what humanity must understand, which is intimately connected with the present development of humanity.

Great questions arise before our souls today. The question: What is the configuration of human souls in the East? What is it in our midst? What is it in the West? We only have a historical science before us that is as erroneous as I described at the beginning. We need a science of history that penetrates into the deeper forces of the human soul, that brings to consciousness what would otherwise be dreamt away, slept through. When imagination and inspiration dive down into the otherwise dormant experience of history, then we will recognize what works from person to person in social existence. Then something different will emerge from what the last centuries have produced in terms of social laws and the like. Then something will emerge that is equal to life, to reality. Today, people experience history in a strange way. Well, in conclusion — it will only take a few minutes — I would like to give a few examples of this.

A man named Johann Heinrich Lambert was born in a southern German city in the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century, around the 1840s, a monument was erected to this man in this southern German city. On the monument is the celestial sphere, signifying that this man penetrated the laws of heaven as far as one could in the eighteenth century. Little is known about this. He penetrated deeper than the Kant-Laplace theory suggests. In the 1840s, the southern German town where he was born erected a monument to this man. A hundred years earlier, after several people had pointed out to his father that his 14-year-old son was a very gifted boy who should be supported, his father applied for financial assistance. The noble city gave 40 francs! 40 francs, but on condition that he leave and never return! A hundred years later, after this deed – as is the way of history – the monument was erected.

Such things, ladies and gentlemen, are repeated time and again in the development of humanity. You will remember that, for certain reasons, at the beginning of this world war, I often drew attention here in this city to a deeply significant thinker who lived here, Karl Christian Planck. I referred to him at that time, and much earlier in my books. Now we are seeing him being referred to. But that was not my intention at the time. If Planck were alive today, under the circumstances that are now different, he would also express differently what he said in the 1880s. It is only in the burning experience of reality that what humanity needs is expressed, not merely in retrospective observation. Because some people believe that new insights are needed, they believe that a person who, as a brilliant, profound individual, said something in the 1980s would say the same thing today. We honor the memory of such people by continuing to work in their spirit, by asking ourselves: How would they speak today from the great spirit from which they spoke back then?

Today, the times demand that we look into the deep records of human development, especially in the field of history. Then judgments such as those I mentioned at the beginning of this lecture will no longer be made. Nor will vague prophecies be uttered. But historical life will be expressed in such a way that we will face reality with our feelings, which otherwise flow away in dreams when we need them; that we will face reality with our deeper powers, not with our intellectual powers; that we will have grown to meet the demands placed upon us. And the demands of the present are great and powerful. We must know what pulsates in humanity from East to West, what is being lived out today. We must grow to meet this reality that is knocking so terribly at our doors. We must take in historical laws that are not contained in today's laws, laws that penetrate deeper than the merely intellectual, than the understanding that has produced such great achievements in the natural sciences, but cannot grasp social, political, historical, and human-moral life.

He not only expressed an impression that historical knowledge made on him at the time, but he also expressed an imperative, something that should be. History made the impression on him that its best features are not abstract laws, but the impulses that penetrate our feelings, our enthusiasm. What people dream of can be brought to life through imagination, inspiration, and intuition. These will sink back into our feelings, into our enthusiasm. We will, not prophetically, not mystically vaguely, but in such a way that when reality approaches us, we can approach this reality inwardly imbued with these impulses, we will be able to view history in the future in such a way that it creates spiritual laws, not those it already has; laws that penetrate the human soul to the point of enthusiasm, but enthusiasm that is equal to reality.

Not only is what Goethe said at that time true; what can be said today is also true. For today, history must become that which, as the best thing for the life of the human soul, generates enthusiasm for the right, the true, the full grasp of reality. The most valuable thing about the history of the future will be the enthusiasm it generates in the human soul.