Illusory Illness and the Feverish Pursuit of Health
GA 56
5 December 1907, Munich
The Feverish Pursuit of Health
Health is something for which every man naturally longs. We may say this longing for health derives indeed not only from egotistic feelings and wishes, but also from the justified longing for work. We owe thanks for our capacity to work, for the possibility of becoming effective in the world, to our health. Hence, it is that we treasure health as a quite special beneficence. Indeed, there lies in this way of thinking about health something of the highest significance for its pursuit. In a certain way there is contained therein the secret of the particular circumstances under which health becomes at all worth pursuing. That the pursuit of health should only under certain circumstances be worthwhile might appear unusual. Our considerations today, however, should disclose that health belongs to those virtues that most readily become a reality in us if we pursue them not for their own sake, but for another's. That this does not always happen today can be taught us if we but look out into our present surrounding world.
However remarkable it may be when speaking of the feverish pursuit of health, the feverish insistence upon health, yet it is possible today for many people to make their own observations about it. With what means, in what countless ways, do most people today press towards health! Everywhere we find a hurried pursuit of health. We may travel through regions in which old castles and ruins tell us of monks and knights who once could call strength of spirit and of body their own. Today they have fallen into decay and replacing them in these same regions we find sanitaria. Was there ever in any time of world evolution such a variety of special efforts to achieve health, to struggle through to health by natural ways of living, by water- or aero-healing methods? People are sent for air and sun baths.
Once an acquaintance of mine who was on his way to a sanitarium came to me during the first half of summer. It had been with much difficulty that he managed to get four weeks' vacation, which he planned to spend there. Of course, it seemed to be the best that could happen to a person, to stay for a time, more or less satisfying, in a sanitarium. Hence I had no wish to explain the futility of his plan and thus deprive him of all hope. On his return journey he came again to me. He brought a little book along in which was written all he was supposed to have accomplished during those four weeks contemplating his organism. Again one could not deprive him of his joy, but, on the tip of one's tongue lay the question, “Do tell me, when have you been more driven? During the whole year at work or during those four weeks during which you were shoved from warmth to cold, from dryness to dampness, and were scrubbed with all those brushes?”
The worst part of it was that after some weeks he said to me, “This cure has helped me as little as all the others in the last thirty years.” He had tried something different each summer. Whoever cared for this person could well look upon his feverish search for health in a somewhat sympathetic way.
How many people today run to mesmerizers and spiritual healers? How many writings there are on “Harmony With the Infinite” and the like! In short, the feverish pursuit of health is something that lives in our time. Now, one might raise another question. “Are these people actually sick?” Well, of course, something is probably wrong with them, but is there a chance that they will attain health through all these things?
Especially among ancient people an age-old saying remains even today. One says so frequently that what the simple person gets from such sayings often may contain something good, but just as often it is something false. So it is with the saying, “There are many illnesses, but only one state of health.” This is foolish. There are as many states of health as there are human beings. For each human being his individual health. What this says is that all general standard prescriptions holding that this or that is healthy for the human being are nonsense. The very part of humanity that is overcome by the feverish pursuit of health suffers most from the general prescriptions for health. Among them are those who believe that there could be something generally tagged as health, that if one does thus and so, that it would be healthy. It is most incredible that there is no realization that a sun bath can be healthy for a person, but that this may not be applied in general. It could be quite harmful for another. Generally, this is admitted but there is no following through in particular instances. We must make it clear to ourselves that health is a quite relative concept, something that is liable to a continuing process of change, especially for the human being, who is the most complicated being on the earth. We need but look into spiritual science. Then shall we penetrate deeply into human nature and recognize how changeable what we call health is. In reality, one forgets almost entirely today that upon which so much value is laid in material aspects. One forgets that the human being is in the throes of development.
What is meant by, “The human being is undergoing development?” Again it is necessary to refer to the being of man. The physical body is only a part of the human entity. This he has in common with all lifeless nature. But he has as second member the etheric or life body, which he has in common only with what is life-imbued. This member wages a continuing battle against everything that would destroy the physical body. Were the etheric body to withdraw from the physical body, in that moment the physical body would become a corpse. The third member is the astral body, which he has in common with animals, the bearer of desires and sorrow, of every feeling and representation, of joy and pain, the so-called consciousness body. The fourth part is his ego, the central point of his being, that makes of him the crown of creation. The ego transforms the three bodies through development out of the central point of the human being.
Let us consider an uneducated savage, an average man, or a highly educated idealist. The savage is still slave to his passions. The average man refines his urges. He denies himself the satisfaction of certain urges and sets in their place legal concepts or high religious ideals, that is, he remodels his astral body from out his ego. As a result the astral body now has two members. The one still has the form that exists in the savage, but the other part has been transformed into spirit self or manas. Through impressions from art or great impressions from founders of religion man works on his ether body and creates buddhi or life spirit. The physical body also can be transformed into Atma, Spirit Self, [In other lectures, Rudolf Steiner refers to "Atma" as "Spirit-man." – e.Ed.] if a person devotes himself to the practice of certain spiritual-scientific exercises. Thus, the human being works unconsciously or consciously on his three bodies.
Were we able to look far, far back into the early development of man, we would find everywhere primitive cultural conditions, simple modes of life. Everything that those early people had in the way of appliances to satisfy their spiritual and bodily needs, their way of life, was simple. Everything, everything evolves, and within evolution the human being develops himself. This is most important. Imagine as vividly as you can a primitive man who grinds his grain to flour between stones, and picture to yourself the other things surrounding this individual. Compare him with a man of more recent cultural times. What surrounds this modern person, what does he see from morning until evening? He takes in the frightful impressions of the noisy big city, of street cars, buses and the like. We must then understand how evolution proceeds. We must carry over the insight we gain concerning simple things into the cultural process.
Goethe made the following statement, “The eye was fashioned by the light, for the light.” If we had no eyes, we could not see colors or light. Whence have we eyes? Goethe also said that out of undifferentiated organs the light drew forth eyes. So also is the ear formed by tone, the sense of warmth by warmth. The human being is formed by that which in the whole world spreads itself around him. Just as the eyes owe their existence to the light, so do other delicate structures owe their existence to what surrounds man. The simple primitive world is the dark chamber that still holds back many organs. What light is for the undifferentiated organs out of which the eye developed itself, the environment is for primitive humanity. Things work quite differently upon man in his present mode of living; he cannot turn back to the primitive conditions of culture. Rather is it so that an ever more intense, stronger spiritual light has been effective around him that has called forth the new.
We are able to realize the meaning of this transforming cultural process if we picture to ourselves how the being fares who is also subject to this influence but cannot go along with the transformation. Here we have the condition of the animals. They are differently structured from men. When we look at the animal as it appears in the physical world, we find that it has its physical body, its etheric body and its astral body in the physical world, but it has no ego in the physical world. Hence, the animals are powerless on the physical plane to undergo transformation of the three bodies, and cannot adapt themselves to a new environment. Two days ago we considered wild animals in captivity, how, out in the wilderness certain animals never have tuberculosis, tooth decay, -etc., but do in captivity. A whole series of decadent appearances show up in captivity or under other circumstances.
During the cultural process, men are continually subject to other conditions. This is the nature of culture. Otherwise, there would be no development, no history of human beings. What we observed as experiments with animals as to the effect on the physical body appears as the opposite in men. Man, because he has an ego, has the capacity of inwardly digesting the impressions that storm in upon him from our culture. He is inwardly active, first adapts his astral body to the changed conditions and then reorganizes it. Thus, as he keeps evolving, he comes to higher cultures and always receives new impressions. At first these express themselves in feelings and perceptions. Were he now to remain passive, inactive, were there no activity stirred up in him, no creativity, then he would become stunted and sick as does the animal. This it is that distinguishes the human being, that he can adapt himself and, from out the astral body, gradually change the etheric and physical bodies. He must be inwardly up to this transformation, however, otherwise there is no adjustment of the balance between what comes to him from the outside and what counters it from within. A man would be crushed by the impressions from outside as the animal in a cage is crushed by them because it has no inner creativity. But man has his inner activity. Against the spiritual lights around him, he must be able to set something, in a sense, to counter with eyes, with seeing.
Whatever turns out as a disharmony between impressions from the outside and the inner life is unhealthy. It is in the big cities that we can see what happens when impressions from the outside grow ever more powerful. When we tear along faster and faster, when we must let rumbling sounds and hurrying people go by us without taking a stance, without countering them—this is unhealthy. As regards this position towards the outside, the intellect is the least important, but what is important depends upon whether our feelings, our soul, indeed, our living bodies, can take a position towards it. This we will understand rightly through the consideration of a definite illness that appears especially in our time, and that did not occur earlier. A person not accustomed to absorb much, one poor in soul, is brought up against all kinds of impressions so that he finds himself standing before a quite incomprehensible outer world. This is the case with many feminine natures. Their inner being is too weak, too little organized to digest it all. But we find this condition also in many masculine persons. The consequences result in the illnesses of hysteria. Everything connected with hysteria is derived from this imbalance.
Another form of illness takes hold when our lives bring us to the position of wanting to understand too much of what is set before us in the outer world. It is mostly the case with men who suffer with causality illness. One accustoms oneself always to ask, “Why? why? why? why?” It is even said that the human being must be the never-resting causality animal. Today, because we are too polite, we may no longer give the idle questioner the answer that a founder of religion gave. When he was asked, “What did God do before the creation of the world” he answered, “He cut rods for those who ask useless questions.” This is exactly the opposite condition of the hysterical one. Here the restless longing for the solving of enigmas is too great. This is only a symptom of an inner attitude. The one who never wearies of always asking, “Why?” has a different constitution from other people. He gives signs of a different inner working of spiritual and bodily functions from the person who asks “Why” only on outer provocation. This leads to all hypochondriacal conditions, from the lightest case to the deepest illusory illness. So it is that the cultural process affects human beings. Man must above all have an open mind in order always to be able to digest what comes towards him. Now we can also make it clear to ourselves why so many people have the urge to shed this culture, to have done with this life. They are no longer up to what presses in upon them. They strive to get out. These are always weak natures who do not know how to counter the outer impressions with a mighty inner response.
Thus it is that we cannot speak today in clichés as regards health just because life itself is so manifold. The one person stands here, the other there. Because what has developed in the human being has developed in a certain sense through the outer world, each has his own health. This is why we must make the human being capable of understanding his environment, even to the very functions of the body. For the man who is born into circumstances in which light muscles and nerves are necessary, it would indeed be foolish to develop heavy muscles. Where does the gauge for the successful developing of the human being lie? It lies within the human being. As with money, so it is with health. When we go after money in order to have it for benevolent purposes, then it is something wholesome, something good. Going after money may not be condemned, for it is something that enables us to forward the cultural process. If we go after money for money's sake, then it is absurd, laughable. It is the same with health. If we go after health for health's sake, then the striving has no significance. If we put ourselves out for health for what we can achieve through our health, then the effort for the sake of health is justified. Whoever would acquire money should first make it clear to himself how much of it he needs. Then he should press forward for it. Whoever yearns for health must look into the easily misunderstood words like comfort, love of life, enjoyment of life, and what could be meant with them. Joy of life, satisfaction in life, love of life are present in savages. In the human being in whom outer and inner life are in harmony, in the harmoniously developed man, conditions must be such that if there is discomfort, if there is this or that hurt of body or of soul, this feeling of discomfort must be seen as some sort of illness, as a disharmony. Hence it is important in all education, in all public work, not to carry on routinely, but rather out of the expanse of a cultural view, so that joy and satisfaction in life are possible.
It is curious that what has just been said has been said by a representative of spiritual science. Yes, so says spiritual science whom people reproach for striving for asceticism. Someone comes along who takes great pleasure in nightly visits to the girlie shows or in downing his eight glasses of beer. Then he encounters people who take joy in something on a higher level. So he remarks that they punish themselves. No, they would punish themselves were they to sit with him in the music hall. Whoever enjoys the girlie shows and such belongs there, and it would be absurd to deprive him of the enjoyment. It is healthy only to take away his taste for it.
One should work to ennoble one's pleasures, one's gratifications in life. It is not so that anthroposophists come together because they suffer when talking about higher worlds, but rather because it is their heart's deepest enjoyment. It would be the most terrible deprivation for them to sit down and play poker. They are completely full of the joy of life in every fiber of their beings.
There is no point in saying, even concerning health, that one should do thus and so. The point is to provide joy and satisfaction in life. Indeed, the spiritual scientist in this case is quite the epicure of life. How is this to be conferred upon health? We must be clear about this, that when we give someone a rule about health, we must aim at what gives joy, bliss and pleasure to his astral body. For by the astral body the other members are affected. This is more easily said than done.
There are, for example, even those among the theosophists who mortify their flesh by no longer eating any meat. Should these be people who still hanker for meat, then must this mortification be seen at best as a preparation for a later condition. There comes, however, a point at which a person may have such a relation with his environment that it becomes impossible for him to eat meat. A physician who was also of those who ate no meat, not because he was a theosophist, but because he considered this way of life healthy, was asked by a friend why he partook of no meat. He countered with the question, “Why don't you eat horse or cat meat?” Of course, the friend had to say that they disgusted him, although he ate meat of pig or cow, etc. To the physician all meat was disgusting.
Only then, when the inner subjective conditions correspond to the objective fact, has the moment come when the outer fact has a healthy effect. We must be inwardly up to the outer facts. This is expressed by the words, “comfortable feeling,” which we may not use lightly, but rather in its dignified meaning of harmonious concordance of our inner forces. Happiness and joy and delight and satisfaction, which are the foundation for a healthy life, always spring from the same foundation, from the feelings of an inner life that attend creativity, inner activity. Happy is the human being when he can be active. Of course, this activity is not to be understood as coarse activity.
Why does love make the human being happy? It is an activity we often do not see as such because it moves from within out, embracing the other one. With it we let our inner being flow out. Hence love's healing and blessing of life. Creativity may be of the most intimate nature; it does not have to become tumultuously visible. When someone is hunched over a book and the impressions from it depress him, overwhelm him, he will gradually become depressed. When, however, the reading of a book brings pictures to mind, then there is a creative activity that makes for happiness. It is something quite similar to becoming pale when one is anxious about coming events. Then the blood flows inwards in order to strengthen us so that what comes at us from the outside can find a counter-balance within. With the feeling of anxiety inner activity is alerted to outer activity. Becoming aware of an inner activity is healing. Had the human being been able to feel the activity of the inner formation in the arising of the eyes out of the undifferentiated basic organ, then he would have perceived a feeling of well-being. He was not conscious, however, of that happening.
Instead of bringing a worn-out human being to a sanitarium, it were far better to bring him into an environment where he would be happy, at first soul-happy, but also physically happy. When you put a human being into an environment of joy, in which with each step he takes an inner feeling of joy awakes, that it is which will make him healthy, when, for example, he sees sunbeams streaming through the trees and perceives the colors and scents of flowers. This, however, a person must himself be able to feel, so that he himself can take the problem of his health in hand. Every step should stir him to inner activity. Paracelsus gave us the beautiful saying, “It is best that everyone should be himself, by himself, and no one else.” It is already a limitation of what makes us healthy if we must first go to another person. Here we are confronted with outer impressions that for a short while appear to help, but finally lead to hysteria.
When one considers the problem so, one comes upon other healthy thoughts. There are people and doctors today, especially “lay doctors,” who battle against doctors. Medicine does, indeed, need to be reformed, but this cannot come about through these battles. Rather must facts of spiritual science themselves reach into science. Spiritual science exists, but not to further dilettantism. There are people today who have the itch to cure others. It is, of course, easy to find this or that illness in a person. So somebody finds this or that organ in a person different from the way it appears in another. Or a person does not breathe as the one possessed with the curing fever thinks all people should breathe. So for this a cure gets invented. Shocking, most shocking! For it is not at all a matter of directing one's efforts at a routine concept of health. It is easy to say that this and that do not make for health. Consider someone who has lost one of his legs. He is sick, certainly sicker than one who breathes irregularly, whose lungs are affected. It is not a question of healing this person. It would be foolish to say, “One must see to it that this person gets a leg again!” Just try to get him to grow another leg! What really matters is that life for his person be made as bearable as possible.
This is so in gross, but also in more subtle conditions. It is a fact that one can find a small flaw in each human being. Also, what often matters here is not to clear up the flaw, but rather, despite the human being's flaw, to make his life as bearable as possible. Think of a plant, the stem of which is wounded. The tissues and the bark grow around the wound. So is it also with human beings. The forces of nature maintain life as they grow around the flaw. Especially lay doctors fall victim to the error of wanting to cure everything. They would like to cultivate one kind of health for all human beings. There is as little of the one kind of health as there is one kind of normal human being. Not only are illnesses individual, but also healths. The best we can give to the human being, be we physician or counselor, is, to give him the firm frame of mind that he feels himself comfortable when he is healthy, uncomfortable when he is sick. Today this is not at all so easy in our circumstances. He who understands the matter of health will mostly fear such sicknesses as do not come to expression through fatigue and pain. It is, therefore, detrimental to sedate oneself with morphium. It is healthy when health brings zest. Illness brings apathy. This healthy way of living we can acquire only when we make ourselves inwardly strong. This we do when we oppose our complicated conditions with strong, inner activity. The feverish search for health will cease only then when human beings no longer strive for health as such. The human being must learn to feel and perceive whether he is healthy and to know that he can easily put up with a flaw in health. This is only possible through a strong world conception that is effective right down into the physical body. This world outlook makes for harmony. This, however, is only possible through a world concept that is not dependent upon outer impressions. The spiritual scientific world concept leads man into regions that he can only reach if he is inwardly active. One cannot read a spiritual scientific book as one reads other books. It must be so written that it evokes one's own activity. The more one must struggle, the more there is between the lines, the healthier it is. This is so only in the theoretical matters, but spiritual science can be effective in all areas.
What we call spiritual science exists in order to become effective as a strong spiritual movement. It calls forth concepts that are provided with the most powerful energies so that human beings can take a stance against what faces one. Spiritual science would like to give an inner life that extends right into the limbs, into the blood circulation. Then will every individual perceive his health in his feeling of joy, in his feeling of zest and satisfaction. Almost every dietary regime is worthless. That the other fellow tells me that this and that are good for me is of no consequence. What matters is that I find satisfaction when taking my food. The human being must have understanding for his relation to this or that food. We should know what the spiritual process is that goes on between nature and us. To spiritualize everything—that's what becoming healthy means.
Perhaps it is currently thought that for the spiritual scientist eating is something to which he is indifferent, that he gorges himself, devoid of understanding for it. To become aware of what it means to partake of a part of the cosmos, a part that has been drenched with sunlight; to know of the complete spiritual relationship in which our environment stands, to savor it not only physically, but also spiritually, frees us from all sickening disgust, from all sickening encumbrances. Thus we see that to direct this striving for health onto the right tracks sets humanity a great challenge. But spiritual science will be strong. It will transform every human being who dedicates himself to it, bringing him to the attainment of what, for himself, is the normal pattern. This is at the same time a noble striving toward freedom that comes out of spiritual science and makes man his own master. Every man is an individual being from the standpoint of his characteristics as well as of his states of health and illness. We are placed in lawful relation to the world and must learn to know our situation therein. No outer power can help us. When we find this strong inner stance, then only are we complete human beings from whom nothing can be taken. But it also holds that nobody can give us anything. Nevertheless, we shall find our way in health and in illness because we have a strong, inner stance within ourselves. This secret, too, of all healthy striving has been expressed by a spirit, an eminently healthy thinking and healthy feeling spirit. He tells us how the harmonized human being unerringly goes his way. It was Goethe who, in his poem, Orphic Primal Words, says:
As on the day that to the world bestowed thee
The sun stood high to greet the planet's sphere,
Thou didst thenceforth thrive ever on and on,
According to the law that brought thee here.
So must thou be, canst not from thee escape
The Sibyls and the Prophets spoke thy fate;
Not time nor power can destroy the mould
When form once cast doth livingly unfold.
Das Gesundheitsfieber im Lichte der Geisteswissenschaft
Gesundheit ist etwas, wonach naturgemäß jeder Mensch verlangt. Und wir dürfen sagen: Dieses Verlangen des Menschen nach Gesundheit entspringt ja nicht allein den egoistischen Gefühlen und Wünschen, sondern es entspringt dem berechtigten Sehnen nach Arbeit. Wir verdanken unsere Arbeitsfähigkeit, die Möglichkeit, in der Welt zu wirken, der Gesundheit. Deshalb schätzen wir die Gesundheit als ein ganz besonderes Gut. Nun liegt aber gerade in dieser Denkungsart, die Gesundheit um der Arbeitsfähigkeit willen zu erstreben, etwas höchst Bedeutsames vor. In gewisser Weise liegt darin das Geheimnis, unter welchen Umständen Gesundheit überhaupt erstrebenswert ist. Es könnte dies sonderbar aussehen, daß Gesundheit nur unter gewissen Umständen erstrebenswert sein soll. Aber die heutige Betrachtung soll uns gerade zeigen, daß Gesundheit zu denjenigen Gütern gehört, die uns am ehesten dann werden, wenn wir sie nicht um ihrer selbst willen, sondern um eines anderen willen erstreben. Daß dies heute nicht immer geschieht, das kann jeden ein Blick in die Umwelt, die uns gegenwärtig umgibt, lehren.
So merkwürdig es ist, wenn man von Gesundheitsfieber spricht, von einem fieberhaften Drängen nach Gesundheit, so kann doch mancher heute darüber seine Wahrnehmungen machen. Mit welchen Mitteln, auf welchen unzähligen Wegen drängen nicht heute die meisten Menschen nach Gesundheit. Heute finden wir überall ein hastiges Streben nach Gesundheit. Wir wandern durch Gegenden, in denen uns alte Burgen und Ruinen melden von denen, die einst als Mönche und Ritter Stärke des Geistes und leibliche Stärke ihr eigen nannten. Diese Burgen sind heute verfallen. Wir finden in denselben Gegenden heute Sanatorien. Und wann hätte es in irgendeiner Zeit der Weltenentwickelung so vielerlei Spezialbestrebungen gegeben, die Gesundheit zu erlangen, durch naturgemäße Lebensweise, Wasser- oder Luftheilmethoden? In Luft- und Sonnenbäder treibt man die Menschen. Ein Bekannter kam einmal in der ersten Hälfte des Sommers zu mir, er war auf dem Wege in ein Sanatorium. Mit Mühe und Not hatte er sich die vier Wochen Urlaub abringen können, die er dort zubringen wollte. Nach seiner Meinung war es selbstverständlich das beste, was dem Menschen werden konnte, in dieser Zeit ein einigermaßen befriedigendes Dasein im Sanatorium zuzubringen. Deshalb wollte ich ihm nicht das Nutzlose seines Vorhabens klarmachen und ihm so alle Hoffnung nehmen. Auf dem Rückwege kam er wieder zu mir. Er brachte ein Büchelchen mit, in dem alles aufgeschrieben war, was er in diesen vier Wochen mit seinem Organismus hatte leisten müssen. Wieder konnte man ihm die Freude nicht nehmen, aber es lag einem doch die Frage auf der Zunge: Sagen Sie einmal, wann haben Sie sich denn mehr abgerackert, während des ganzen Jahres oder in diesen vier Wochen, wo Sie getrieben wurden vom Warmen ins Kalte, vom Trockenen ins Nasse und wo Sie mit manchem Besen abgekehrt wurden? — Und das Schlimmste war noch, nach einigen Wochen sagte er mir: Diese Kur hat mir nun ebensowenig geholfen, wie jede andere seit dreißig Jahren, — denn er hatte jeden Sommer etwas anderes versucht. Wer diesen Menschen lieb hatte, der konnte nur in einer etwas bedauernden Weise auf sein Gesundheitsfieber blicken. Wie viele Leute laufen heute zu Magnetiseuren und «geistigen Heilern»! Wie viele Schriften gibt es nicht über «Harmonie mit dem Unendlichen» und Ähnliches. Kurz, Gesundheitsfieber ist etwas, was in unserer Zeit lebt.
Nun könnte man eine andere Frage aufwerfen: Sind denn diese Leute wirklich krank? — Gewiß, irgend etwas wird ihnen schon fehlen; aber ist denn überhaupt Aussicht vorhanden, durch alle diese Dinge seine Gesundheit zu erlangen?
Ein uralter Ausspruch hat sich besonders bei den primitiven Leuten heute noch erhalten. Man sagt so häufig, das, was der einfache Mensch an solchen Aussprüchen hat, enthalte sehr oft etwas Gutes. — Ja, aber ebenso oft ist es auch etwas Falsches! Und so ist es auch mit diesem Ausspruch: Es gibt viele Krankheiten, aber nur eine Gesundheit. — Das ist eben sehr töricht. Es gibt so viele Gesundheiten, wie es Menschen gibt: für jeden Menschen seine individuelle Gesundheit. — Darin liegt schon ausgesprochen, daß alle allgemeinen schablonenhaften Vorschriften, das und das sei für den Menschen gesund, ein Unding sind. Gerade der Teil der Menschheit, der vom Gesundheitsfieber befallen ist, leidet am allermeisten unter den allgemeinen Vorschriften für die Gesundheit und darunter, daß er, im Glauben, daß es überhaupt etwas gäbe, was man allgemein als Gesundheit bezeichnen könne, meint, das und das müsse man machen, das sei gesund. Es ist das Unglaublichste, daß nicht eingesehen wird, daß für einen Menschen einmal ein Sonnenbad gesund sein kann, daß es aber nicht verallgemeinert werden darf; es kann für einen andern sehr schädlich sein. Im allgemeinen gibt man das zu, aber im besonderen handelt man nicht danach. Wir müssen uns klarmachen: Gesundheit ist ein ganz relativer Begriff, etwas, was einer fortwährenden Veränderung unterliegt, besonders für den Menschen, der das komplizierteste Wesen auf dem Erdball ist.
Wir müssen einen Blick tun in die Geisteswissenschaft, dann werden wir tief eindringen in die menschliche Natur. und erkennen, wie veränderlich das ist, was wir Gesundheit nennen. Praktisch vergißt man meistens vollständig, worauf heute bei materiellen Dingen soviel Wert gelegt wird: man vergißt, daß auch der Mensch in Entwickelung begriffen ist.
Was heißt es: Der Mensch ist in Entwickelung begriffen? -— Noch einmal muß auf die Wesenheit des Menschen hingewiesen werden. Der physische Leib ist nur ein Teil der menschlichen Wesenheit. Diesen hat er gemeinschaftlich mit der ganzen leblosen Natur. Aber er hat als zweites Glied den Äther- oder Lebensleib, den er gemeinsam hat mit allem, was lebt. Dieser ist ein fortwährender Kämpfer gegen alles, was den physischen Leib zerstören will. In dem Augenblicke, wo der Ätherleib den physischen Leib verlassen würde, wäre der physische Leib ein Leichnam. Das dritte Glied ist der astralische Leib, den er mit den Tieren gemeinschaftlich hat, der Träger von Lust und Leid, von jeder Empfindung und Vorstellung, von Freude und Schmerz, der sogenannte Bewußtseinsleib. Der vierte Teil ist sein Ich, der Mittelpunkt seines Wesens, der ihn zur Krone der Schöpfung macht. Das Ich verändert die drei Leiber durch Entwickelung aus dem Mittelpunkt heraus. Betrachten wir einen ungebildeten Wilden, einen Durchschnittsmenschen und einen hochgebildeten Idealisten. Der Wilde ist noch der Sklave seiner Leidenschaften. Der Durchschnittsmensch läutert seine Triebe. Er versagt sich, gewissen Trieben nachzugeben und setzt an ihre Stelle das Recht oder hohe religiöse Ideale. Das heißt, daß er vom Ich aus seinen astralischen Leib umarbeitet. Dadurch hat dieser jetzt zwei Glieder. Das eine hat noch die Gestalt, wie sie beim Wilden ist, der andere Teil aber ist umgestaltet zum Geistselbst oder Manas. Durch die Eindrücke der Kunst oder die großen Eindrücke der Religionsstifter arbeitet der Mensch an seinem Ätherleib und schafft Buddhi. Aber auch der physische Leib kann umgestaltet werden zu Atma, wenn der Mensch sich gewissen geisteswissenschaftlichen Übungen hingibt. So arbeitet der Mensch in unbewußter oder bewußter Art an seinen drei Leibern. Wenn wir weit, weit zurückblicken könnten in der Entwickelung der Menschheit, so würden wir überall primitive Kulturzustände, einfache Arten der Lebensweise finden. Alles, was da die Menschen an Gerätschaften haben, um ihre geistigen und körperlichen Bedürfnisse zu befriedigen, ihre ganze Lebensweise, ist einfach. Alles entwickelt sich und damit entwickelt sich der Mensch selber. Das ist das Wichtigste.
Stellen Sie sich ganz lebhaft einen primitiven Menschen vor, der zwischen zwei Steinen seine Körner zermahlt zu Mehl, und vergegenwärtigen Sie sich, was sonst noch um diesen Menschen herum ist. Vergleichen Sie diesen Menschen mit einem Menschen der Spätkultur. Was ist alles um diesen herum, was sieht er alles vom Morgen bis zum Abend? Er nimmt die furchtbaren Eindrücke der lärmenden Großstadt auf, der Straßenbahnen und so weiter. Wir müssen nun verstehen, wie die Entwickelung vor sich geht. Wir müssen das, was wir für die einfachen Dinge einsehen, auch übertragen auf den Kulturprozeß. Goethe hat den Ausspruch getan: Das Auge ist vom Lichte für das Licht gebildet. - Wenn wir keine Augen hätten, sähen wir keine Farben und kein Licht. Woher haben wir das Auge? Auch das ist von Goethe gesagt: Aus gleichgültigen Organen hat das Licht die Augen herausgezogen. — So ist durch den Ton das Ohr, durch die Wärme der Wärmesinn gebildet worden. Der Mensch ist gebildet durch dasjenige, was in der ganzen Welt um ihn herum sich ausbreitet. Wie die Augen dem Lichte, so verdanken andere feinere Strukturen im Organismus ihr Dasein auch dem, was den Menschen umgibt. Die einfache, primitive Welt ist die Dunkelkammer, die viele Organe noch zurückhält. Was für die gleichgültigen Organe, aus denen sich das Auge entwickelt hat, das Licht ist, das ist für den primitiven Menschen die Umgebung. Ganz anders wirkt sie auf den Menschen, so wie er heute lebt. Er kann nicht in den primitiven Kulturzustand zurückkehren, sondern ein immer intensiveres, stärkeres Geisteslicht ist um ihn wirksam gewesen, das immer Neues hervorgerufen hat.
Nun können wir uns einen Begriff machen von der Bedeutung dieses umbildenden Kulturprozesses, wenn wir uns vergegenwärtigen, wie es den Wesen ergeht, die auch dieser Einwirkung unterworfen sind und die Umbildung nicht mitmachen können. Das sind die Tiere. Diese sind anders gebaut als die Menschen. Wenn wir das Tier ansehen, so wie es in der physischen Welt erscheint, so hat es seinen physischen Leib, seinen Ätherleib und seinen astralischen Leib in der physischen Welt, aber es hat kein Ich in der physischen Welt. Deshalb sind die Tiere auf dem physischen Plan unfähig zur Umwandlung der drei Leiber und können sich einer neuen Umgebung nicht mehr anpassen. Vorgestern haben wir die wilden Tiere in der Gefangenschaft betrachtet. Tiere draußen in der Wildnis haben nie Tuberkulose, Zahnfäule und so weiter, wohl aber in der Gefangenschaft. So zeigen sie eine ganze Reihe von Dekadenzerscheinungen in der Gefangenschaft oder in ähnlichen Verhältnissen. Der Mensch wird während des Kulturprozesses fortwährend in andere Verhältnisse gebracht. Darin besteht die Kultur. Es gäbe sonst keine Entwickelung, keine Geschichte der Menschen. Das, was wir als Naturexperiment bei den Tieren in seiner Wirkung auf den physischen Leib beobachtet haben, das tritt uns bei den Menschen als das Gegenteil entgegen. Der Mensch vermag, weil er ein Ich hat, die Kultureindrücke, die auf ihn einstürmen, innerlich zu verarbeiten. Er ist innerlich tätig, paßt zunächst seinen astralischen Leib den geänderten Verhältnissen an und gliedert ihn um. Während der Mensch sich heranentwickelt, kommt er in höhere Kulturen und empfängt immer neue Eindrücke. Diese drücken sich zunächst in Gefühlen und Empfindungen aus. Würde der Mensch nun passiv, untätig bleiben, würde keine Aktivität sich regen, keine Produktivität, so würde auch der Mensch verkümmern, krank werden, wie das Tier. Aber das zeichnet den Menschen aus, daß er sich anpassen kann und vom Astralleib aus den Ätherleib und physischen Leib allmählich umzuändern vermag. Der Mensch muß aber innerlich dieser Umwandlung gewachsen sein, sonst tritt kein Gleichgewicht ein zwischen dem, was äußerlich an ihn herantritt und dem, was von innen dagegen wirkt. Wir würden erdrückt werden durch die Eindrücke von außen, wie das Tier von ihnen erdrückt wird im Käfig, weil es keine innere Produktivität entwickelt. Der Mensch hat aber diese innere Tätigkeit. Den geistigen Lichtern um ihn herum muß der Mensch immer etwas entgegensetzen können, gewissermaßen ihnen Augen entgegenbringen.
Alles ist ungesund, was eine Disharmonie ergibt zwischen äußeren Eindrücken und innerem Leben. Gerade in der Großstadt können wir sehen, was es bewirkt, wenn die äußeren Eindrücke immer gewaltiger werden. Wenn wir immer mehr dahinstürmen müssen, wenn wir polternde Töne, hastende Menschen an uns vorbeigehen lassen müssen, ohne dagegen Stellung zu nehmen, ohne dagegen zu wirken, dann ist das ungesund. Unter der Stellungnahme dagegen ist am wenigsten eine verstandesmäßige zu verstehen, sondern es kommt darauf an, daß unsere Empfindung, unsere Seele, ja unser Leibesleben dazu Stellung nehmen kann. Wir werden das recht verstehen durch die Betrachtung einer bestimmten Krankheit, die besonders in unserer Zeit auftritt und die früher nie da war: Ein Mensch, der nicht viel aufzunehmen gewohnt ist, der arm ist in seiner Seele, wird allen möglichen Eindrücken entgegengeführt, so daß er einem ganz unverstandenen Äußeren gegenübersteht. Das ist namentlich bei vielen weiblichen Naturen der Fall: das Innere ist zu schwach, zu wenig gegliedert, um alles zu verarbeiten. Aber auch bei vielen männlichen Personen finden wir das. Die Folge sind hysterische Krankheiten. Alle diese Krankheiten sind hierauf zurückzuführen.
Eine andere Form von Krankheit tritt dann auf, wenn unser Leben uns dazu bringt, gegenüber dem, was in der Außenwelt uns entgegentritt, zu viel verstehen zu wollen. Bei Männern, die an der Kausalitätskrankheit leiden, tritt das am meisten hervor. Man gewöhnt sich an, immer zu fragen: Warum? Warum? — Es wird sogar vom Menschen als dem nie rastenden Kausalitätstier gesprochen. Wir können heute den unnützen Fragern nicht mehr die Antwort geben, die ein Religionsstifter gegeben hat, weil wir zu höflich sind. Er sagte, als man ihn fragte: Was hat Gott vor der Erschaffung der Welt getan. — Er hat Ruten geschnitten für die, die unnütze Fragen stellen. — Das ist gerade der entgegengesetzte Zustand wie beim Hysteriker. Hier ist ein zu großes rastloses Sehnen nach Rätsellösung. Es ist das nur ein Ausdruck für eine innere Stimmung. Wer nicht müde wird, immer zu fragen «Warum?», der hat eine andere Konstitution als andere Menschen, der zeigt, daß er einen anderen inneren Ablauf der geistigen und leiblichen Funktionen hat als ein Mensch, der nur bei einer äußeren Veranlassung fragt «Warum?». Dies führt zu allen hypochondrischen Zuständen von der leichtesten Art bis zum schwersten Krankheitswahn. So wirkt der Kulturprozeß auf die Menschen. Der Mensch muß vor allem einen offenen Sinn haben, um immer das verarbeiten zu können, was an ihn herantritt. Nun können wir uns auch erklären, warum so viele Menschen den Drang bekommen: Hinaus aus dieser Kultur, hinaus aus diesem Leben! Sie sind nicht mehr gewachsen dem, was auf sie eindringt; sie streben hinaus. Das sind immer schwächliche Naturen, die den äußeren Eindrücken kein mächtiges Inneres entgegenzustellen wissen.
Wir können darum heute gar nicht irgendwie von einer allgemeinen Schablone der Gesundheit sprechen, weil eben unser Leben so mannigfaltig ist. Der eine steht hier, der andere dort. Und weil das, was sich im Menschen entwikkelt hat, in gewisser Weise durch die Außenwelt entwikkelt worden ist, so hat jeder Mensch seine eigene Gesundheit. Deshalb müssen wir den Menschen fähig machen, seine Umgebung ertragen zu können bis in die Leibesvorgänge hinein. Für einen Menschen, der in Verhältnisse hineingeboren ist, wo leichte Muskeln, leichte Nerven erforderlich sind, für den wäre es etwas Törichtes, dicke Muskeln heranzubilden. Wo liegt der Maßstab für die gedeihliche Entwickelung des Menschen? Er liegt im Menschen selber. Mit der Gesundheit ist es wie mit dem Gelde. Wenn wir nach dem Gelde streben, um es zu wohltätigen Zwecken zu haben, so ist es etwas Heilsames, etwas Gutes. Das Streben nach Geld darf nicht verworfen werden, denn es ist etwas, was uns fähig macht, den Kulturprozeß zu fördern. Streben wir nach Geld um des Geldes willen, so ist das absurd, lächerlich. Ebenso ist es mit der Gesundheit. Streben wir nach der Gesundheit um der Gesundheit willen, so hat sie keine Bedeutung. Streben wir nach der Gesundung um dessentwillen, was wir mit der Gesundheit erreichen können, dann ist das Streben nach Gesundheit berechtigt. Wer Geld erwerben will, soll sich erst klarmachen: Wieviel brauchst du? - Dann soll er danach streben. Wer sich nach Gesundheit sehnt, der muß in Betracht ziehen, was in der Realität mit den leicht mißverständlichen Worten: Behagen, Lebenslust und Lebensfreude gesagt werden kann. Bei den primitiven Menschen ist Lebensfreude, Lebensbefriedigung, Lebenslust vorhanden. Bei dem Menschen, bei dem äußeres und inneres Leben in Harmonie stehen, bei dem harmonisch ausgebildeten Menschen muß es sich so verhalten, daß, wenn irgendwo Unlust vorhanden ist, wenn irgend etwas schmerzt, leiblich oder seelisch, dieses Unlustgefühl ein Anzeichen für irgendeine Krankheit, für eine Disharmonie ist. Deshalb ist in aller Erziehung, in aller öffentlichen Arbeit nicht schablonenmäßig zu arbeiten, sondern aus der Breite der Kulturanschauung heraus, so daß dem Menschen Freude und Befriedigung am Leben möglich ist.
Sonderbar, daß das gerade von einem Vertreter der Geisteswissenschaft gesagt wird! Das sagt nun die Geisteswissenschaft, der man vorwirft, sie strebe nach Askese! Wenn einer, der eine große Freude daran hat, jeden Abend ins Tingeltangel zu gehen oder seine acht Maß Bier zu trinken, Leute findet, die an etwas Höherem Freude finden, da sagt er eben: Sie kasteien sich. — Nein, kasteien würden sich diese Leute, wenn sie sich zu ihm setzten. Wer am Tingeltangel und dergleichen Freude hat, der gehört dahin, und es wäre verkehrt, ihm die Freude zu nehmen. Gesund wäre es nur, ihm den Geschmack daran zu nehmen.
Arbeiten soll man, um die Genüsse, die Befriedigungen zu läutern. Nicht deshalb setzen sich die Theosophen zusammen, weil es ihnen weh tut, zu sprechen über höhere Welten, sondern weil es ihnen die höchste Lust ist. Ihnen wäre es die fürchterlichste Entsagung, sich hinzusetzen und «Sechsundsechzig» zu spielen. Sie sind in jeder Lebensfaser lebensfreudig, darum leben sie so.
Es handelt sich nicht darum, auch bei der Gesundheit zu sagen: Das und das sollst du tun! — Es handelt sich darum, für Freude und Befriedigung zu sorgen. Hierin gerade ist der Geisteswissenschafter ein vollständiger Feinschmecker des Lebens. Wie ist das auf die Gesundheit zu übertragen? Wir müssen uns klar sein darüber, daß, wenn wir jemandem irgendeine Vorschrift geben in bezug auf die Gesundheit, wir gerade das treffen müssen, was seinem Astralleib Freude, Wonne, Lust gibt. Denn vom Astralleib wird gewirkt auf die andern Glieder. Das ist aber leichter gesagt als getan. Deshalb ein Beispiel.
Es gibt sogar unter den Theosophen solche, die sich so «kasteien», daß sie kein Fleisch mehr essen. Wenn das Leute wären, die durchaus noch Gier nach Fleisch haben, dann wäre dies höchstens eine Vorbereitung für einen späteren Zustand. Es kommt aber eine Stufe, wo der Mensch eine solche Beziehung zur Umgebung hat, daß es ihm unmöglich wird, Fleisch zu essen. Ein Arzt, der auch kein Fleisch aß, aber nicht aus dem Grunde, weil er Theosoph war, sondern weil er diese Lebensweise für gesund hielt, wurde von einem Freunde gefragt, warum er kein Fleisch äße. Er antwortete mit der Gegenfrage: Warum essen Sie denn kein Pferde- oder Katzenfleisch’ — Und da mußte freilich der Freund sagen, das sei ihm ekelhaft, obwohl er Schweinefleisch, Rindfleisch und so weiter aß. - So war dem Arzte eben alles Fleisch ekelhaft.
Dann erst, wenn der innere subjektive Zustand der objektiven Tatsache entspricht, dann ist der Zeitpunkt gekommen, daß die äußere Tatsache gesundend wirkt. Wir müssen den äußeren Tatsachen gewachsen sein. Das drückt sich aber aus durch das Wort «Behagen», das wir nicht trivial gebrauchen dürfen, sondern in seiner ehrwürdigen Bedeutung als harmonisches Zusammenstimmen unserer inneren Kräfte. Glück und Freude und Lust und Befriedigung, die die Grundlagen für ein gesundes Leben sind, entspringen immer demselben Grunde, dem Gefühle eines inneren Lebens, das die Begleiterscheinung von Produktivität, von innerer Tätigkeit ist. Glücklich ist der Mensch, wenn er tätig sein kann. Diese Tätigkeit ist nicht grob zu verstehen.
Warum macht die Liebe den Menschen glücklich? Sie ist eine Tätigkeit, der wir die Tätigkeit manchmal gar nicht ansehen. Weil sie eine Tätigkeit von innen nach außen ist, die das andere mitumfaßt. Wir strömen dabei unser Inneres aus. Darum das Gesundende, das Glücklichmachende der Liebe. Produktivität kann das Intimste sein und muß nicht tumultuarisch sichtbar werden. Wenn irgend jemand über einem Buche sitzt und die Eindrücke ihn niederschlagen, ihn bestürmen, dann wird er allmählich in gedrückte Stimmung kommen. Wenn aber beim Lesen des Buches Bilder geweckt werden, dann liegt eine Produktivität vor, die glücklich macht. Es ist etwas ganz Ähnliches, wie wenn man vor einem Ereignis Angst hat und bleich wird. Dann drängt das Blut nach innen, um uns stark zu machen, damit das, was uns außen entgegentritt, ein Gegengewicht finde im Innern. Im Angstgefühl wird die innere Produktion wachgerufen zur Tätigkeit nach außen. Das Gewahrwerden einer inneren Tätigkeit ist das Gesundende. Wenn der Mensch die Tätigkeit des inneren Bildens beim Entstehen des Auges aus dem gleichgültigen Organ hätte fühlen können, so würde der Mensch sie als ein Wohlgefühl empfunden haben; er war jedoch dabei noch nicht bewußt.
Viel besser ist es, Sie bringen einen abgearbeiteten Menschen nicht in ein Sanatorium, sondern in ein Milieu, wo er Freude hat, zuerst seelische Freude, aber auch physische Freude. Den Menschen in ein Milieu der Freude zu bringen, wo bei jedem Schritt das innere Gefühl der Freude wach wird, das ist es, was ihn gesund macht, wenn er etwa die Sonnenstrahlen durch die Bäume fallen sieht, die Farben und den Duft der Blumen wahrnimmt. Das muß aber der Mensch selber fühlen können, so daß er seine Gesundheit selbst in die Hand nehmen kann. Jeder Schritt soll ihn anregen zu innerer Tätigkeit. Paracelsus tat den schönen Ausspruch: Es soll jeder am besten er selbst, seiner selbst und keines andern sein. — Es ist schon eine Beschränkung dessen, was uns gesund macht, wenn wir erst zu einem andern gehen müssen. Da stehen wir schon den äußeren Eindrücken gegenüber, die wohl für kurze Zeit Erfolg zu haben scheinen, aber schließlich gerade zur Hysterie führen.
Wenn man die Sache so betrachtet, so kommt man auf andere gesunde Gedanken. Es gibt heute Menschen und auch Ärzte, besonders Laienärzte, die einen Kampf führen gegen die Schulmedizin. Es ist ja eine Reform der Medizin nötig, aber das kann nicht durch diese Kämpfe geschehen, sondern geisteswissenschaftliche Tatsachen müssen in die Wissenschaft selbst gelangen. Die Geisteswissenschaft ist aber nicht dazu da, den Dilettantismus zu fördern. Es gibt heute Menschen, die das Kurierfieber haben. Es ist ja sehr leicht, bei einem Menschen die und die Krankheit zu finden. Da findet einer, daß dieses oder jenes Organ nicht so ausschaut, wie bei einem andern. Da atmet einer nicht so, wie der vom Kurierfieber Ergriffene meint, daß alle atmen müssen. Und dann muß kuriert werden! Schauderhaft, höchst schauderhaft! Denn darum handelt es sich gar nicht, daß man auf einen schablonenhaften Begriff der Gesundheit hinarbeitet. Es ist sehr leicht zu sagen, das und das entspricht der Gesundheit nicht. Da ist jemandem ein Bein abgefahren; der ist krank, sicher kränker als einer, der unregelmäßig atmet, der an der Lunge krank ist. Es handelt sich aber nicht darum, diesen Menschen zu kurieren. Es . wäre töricht zu sagen: Man muß sehen, daß dieser Mensch wieder zu seinem Bein kommt! — So machen Sie ihm doch sein Bein wachsen! Es handelt sich vielmehr darum, ihm das Leben so erträglich wie möglich zu machen.
Das ist so im Groben; im Feineren ist es aber dasselbe. Denn bei jedem Menschen könnte man irgendwo einen kleinen Fehler finden. Auch hier handelt es sich manchmal gar nicht darum, den Fehler zu beheben, sondern darum, dem Menschen trotz des Fehlers das Leben so erträglich als möglich zu machen. Denken Sie sich eine Wunde am Stamm einer Pflanze. Da wachsen die Gewebe und die Rinde um die Wunde herum. Ähnlich ist es auch beim Menschen. Die Kräfte der Natur erhalten das Leben, indem sie herumwachsen um den Fehler. In diesen Fehler, alles kurieren zu . wollen, verfallen hauptsächlich die Laienärzte. Sie wollen allen Menschen die eine Gesundheit anzüchten. Aber die eine Gesundheit gibt es so wenig wie den einen normalen Menschen. Nicht nur die Krankheiten sind individuell, sondern auch die Gesundheiten. Das Beste, was wir dem Menschen geben können, sei es als Arzt, sei es als Ratgeber, ist, ihm die feste Empfindung zu geben, daß er sich selbst behaglich fühlt, wenn er gesund, unbehaglich, wenn er krank ist. Das ist heute gar nicht so leicht bei unseren Verhältnissen. Am meisten wird einer, der die Sache versteht, sich vor solchen Krankheiten fürchten, die nicht durch Müdigkeit und Schmerzen zum Ausdruck kommen. Deshalb ist es so schlimm, sich mit Morphium zu beruhigen. Gesund ist es, wenn Gesundheit Lust, Krankheit Unlust bringt. Diese gesunde Lebensweise können wir erst erwerben, wenn wir uns innerlich stark machen. Das tun wir, wenn wir den komplizierten Verhältnissen auch ein starkes Inneres entgegensetzen. Das Gesundheitsfieber wird erst aufhören, wenn die Menschen nicht mehr nach der Gesundheit als solcher streben. Der Mensch muß fühlen und empfinden lernen, ob er gesund ist, und daß man fehlendes Wohlbefinden leicht ertragen kann. Das ist nur möglich durch eine starke Weltanschauung, die bis in den physischen Körper wirkt. Sie stellt die Harmonie her. Eine solche Weltanschauung hängt aber nicht von äußeren Eindrücken ab. Die geisteswissenschaftliche Weltanschauung führt den Menschen in Gebiete, die er nur erreichen kann, wenn er innerlich tätig ist. Man kann nicht ein geisteswissenschaftliches Buch lesen, wie man andere Bücher liest. Es muß so geschrieben sein, daß es die Eigentätigkeit hervorruft. Je mehr man sich selbst abplagen muß, je mehr zwischen den Zeilen steht, desto gesünder ist es. Das betrifft nur das theoretische Gebiet. Die Geisteswissenschaft wirkt aber auf allen Gebieten.
Das, was wir Geisteswissenschaft nennen, ist dazu da, um als starke Geistesbewegung zu wirken, die Begriffe hervorruft, die mit den stärksten Spannkräften ausgestattet sind, damit die Menschen Stellung nehmen können zu dem, was ihren Augen entgegentritt. Ein inneres Leben, das bis in die Glieder, bis in die Blutzirkulation sich erstreckt, will die Geisteswissenschaft geben. Dann wird jeder Mensch seine Gesundheit empfinden in seinem Gefühl der Freude, in seinem Gefühl der Lust und Befriedigung. Wertlos ist auch meistens jede Diätvorschrift. Daß mir der andere sagt, das und das ist gut für mich, das macht es nicht aus. Daß ich im Aufnehmen der Nahrung Befriedigung empfinde, darauf kommt es an. Der Mensch muß Verständnis haben für sein Verhältnis zu diesen oder jenen Nahrungsmitteln. Wir sollen wissen, was für ein geistiger Prozeß da vor sich geht zwischen der Natur und uns. Alles zu vergeistigen, das ist das Gesundende.
Man denkt heute vielleicht gerade von dem Geisteswissenschafter, daß ihm das Essen etwas Gleichgültiges ist, was er verständnislos hineinstopft. Sich bewußt zu werden, was es heißt, einen Teil des Kosmos zu sich zu nehmen, der vom Sonnenlicht durchglüht ist, von dem geistigen Zusammenhang zu wissen, in dem unsere Umwelt steht, sie nicht nur physisch, sondern auch geistig zu genießen, das befreit uns von allem krankmachenden Ekel, von aller krankmachenden Überlastung. So sehen wir, daß es große Anforderungen an die Menschheit stellt, das Gesundheitsstreben in die richtigen Bahnen zu lenken. Aber die Geisteswissenschaft wird die Menschen stark machen. Sie wird immer mehr jeden Menschen, der sich ihr widmet, zur Norm seiner selbst machen. Das ist zugleich das edle Freiheitsstreben, das aus der Geisteswissenschaft kommt und das den Menschen zum Herrscher seiner selbst macht. Jeder Mensch ist eine individuelle Wesenheit hinsichtlich seiner Eigenschaften sowohl wie seiner Gesundheiten und Krankheiten. Wir sind in den gesetzmäßigen Zusammenhang der Welt gestellt und müssen unser Verhältnis zur Welt kennenlernen. Keine äußere Macht kann uns helfen. Wenn wir diesen starken inneren Halt finden, so sind wir erst ganze Menschen, denen nichts genommen werden kann. Aber es kann uns auch niemand etwas geben. Wir werden uns jedoch in Gesundheit und Krankheit zurechtfinden, weil wir den starken inneren Halt in uns selbst haben. Dieses Geheimnis allen gesunden Strebens hat wieder ein Geist ausgedrückt, ein eminent gesund denkender und fühlender Geist. Er sagt uns, wie das harmonisierte menschliche Wesen seinen Weg unbeirrt geht. Goethe ist es, der uns in seinem Gedicht «Urworte orphisch» sagt:
Wie an dem Tag, der dich der Welt verliehen,
Die Sonne stand zum Gruße der Planeten,
Bist alsobald und fort und fort gediehen
Nach dem Gesetz, wonach du angetreten.
So mußt du sein, dir kannst du nicht entfliehen
So sagten schon Sibyllen, so Propheten;
Und keine Zeit und keine Macht zerstückelt
Geprägte Form, die lebend sich entwickelt.
The Health Craze in the Light of Spiritual Science
Health is something that every human being naturally desires. And we can say: This human desire for health does not arise solely from selfish feelings and desires, but from a justified longing for work. We owe our ability to work, our ability to make an impact in the world, to our health. That is why we value health as a very special asset. But there is something highly significant in this way of thinking, in striving for health for the sake of our ability to work. In a way, it holds the secret to the circumstances under which health is desirable in the first place. It may seem strange that health should only be desirable under certain circumstances. But today's reflection should show us that health is one of those goods that we are most likely to attain when we strive for it not for its own sake, but for the sake of something else. A glance at the environment that currently surrounds us shows that this is not always the case today.
As strange as it may seem to speak of a health craze, of a feverish urge for health, many people today can perceive it. By what means, in how many countless ways do most people today strive for health? Today, we find a hasty pursuit of health everywhere. We wander through areas where old castles and ruins tell us of those who once, as monks and knights, possessed strength of mind and body. These castles are now in ruins. In the same areas, we now find sanatoriums. And when in the history of the world have there ever been so many special efforts to achieve health through natural lifestyles, water or air therapy methods? People are driven to take air and sun baths. An acquaintance of mine came to see me once in the first half of the summer; he was on his way to a sanatorium. With great difficulty, he had managed to wrangle four weeks of vacation, which he wanted to spend there. In his opinion, it was obviously the best thing that could happen to a person to spend this time living a reasonably satisfying existence in the sanatorium. Therefore, I did not want to point out to him the futility of his plan and thus take away all his hope. On his way back, he came to see me again. He brought a little book with him in which he had written down everything his body had had to endure during those four weeks. Once again, it was impossible to take away his joy, but the question was on the tip of my tongue: Tell me, when did you work harder, during the whole year or during these four weeks, when you were driven from the warm to the cold, from the dry to the wet, and when you were swept away with many a broom? — And the worst thing was that after a few weeks he said to me: This cure has helped me as little as every other one for thirty years — because he had tried something different every summer. Anyone who loved this man could only look at his health fever with a certain regret. How many people today run to magnetizers and “spiritual healers”! How many writings are there on “harmony with the infinite” and the like. In short, health fever is something that is alive in our time.
Now one could raise another question: Are these people really sick? — Certainly, they must be lacking something; but is there any prospect at all of achieving health through all these things?
An ancient saying has survived to this day, especially among primitive peoples. It is often said that what simple people have in such sayings very often contains something good. — Yes, but just as often it is also something wrong! And so it is with this saying: There are many diseases, but only one health. — That is very foolish. There are as many types of health as there are people: each person has their own individual health. This already makes it clear that all general, stereotypical rules about what is healthy for people are nonsense. It is precisely the part of humanity that is afflicted with health fever that suffers most from general rules for health and from the belief that there is such a thing as general health, and that one must do this or that because it is healthy. It is incredible that people do not realize that sunbathing may be healthy for one person, but that this cannot be generalized; it can be very harmful for another. In general, people admit this, but in particular they do not act accordingly. We must realize that health is a very relative concept, something that is subject to constant change, especially for humans, who are the most complex beings on the planet.
We must take a look at Spiritual Science, then we will penetrate deeply into human nature and recognize how changeable is what we call health. In practice, we usually forget completely what is so highly valued in material things today: we forget that human beings are also in a state of development.
What does it mean to say that human beings are in a state of development? Once again, we must refer to the essence of the human being. The physical body is only part of the human essence. He shares this with all inanimate nature. But he also has a second member, the etheric or life body, which he shares with everything that lives. This is a constant fighter against everything that wants to destroy the physical body. The moment the etheric body leaves the physical body, the physical body becomes a corpse. The third member is the astral body, which he shares with animals, the bearer of pleasure and pain, of every sensation and mental image, of joy and sorrow, the so-called consciousness body. The fourth part is his I, the center of his being, which makes him the crown of creation. The I changes the three bodies through development from the center. Let us consider an uneducated savage, an average person, and a highly educated idealist. The savage is still a slave to his passions. The average person purifies his instincts. He denies himself certain instincts and replaces them with law or high religious ideals. This means that he transforms his astral body from his ego. As a result, it now has two members. One still has the form it has in the savage, but the other part has been transformed into the spirit self or manas. Through the impressions of art or the great impressions of the founders of religions, the human being works on his etheric body and creates buddhi. But the physical body can also be transformed into atma if the human being devotes himself to certain exercises in spiritual science. In this way, human beings work on their three bodies in an unconscious or conscious manner. If we could look far, far back in the development of humanity, we would find primitive cultural conditions and simple ways of life everywhere. Everything that people have in terms of tools to satisfy their spiritual and physical needs, their entire way of life, is simple. Everything develops, and with it, human beings themselves develop. That is the most important thing.
Form a vivid mental image of a primitive human being grinding grain into flour between two stones, and consider what else surrounds this person. Compare this person with a person from a late culture. What is around him, what does he see from morning to night? He absorbs the terrible impressions of the noisy city, the trams, and so on. We must now understand how development proceeds. We must apply what we understand about simple things to the process of culture. Goethe said: The eye is formed by light for light. If we had no eyes, we would see no colors and no light. Where do we get our eyes? Goethe also said: Light has drawn the eyes out of indifferent organs. — Thus, the ear has been formed by sound, and the sense of warmth by heat. Man is formed by what spreads around him throughout the world. Just as the eyes owe their existence to light, other finer structures in the organism also owe their existence to what surrounds humans. The simple, primitive world is the darkroom that still holds back many organs. What light is to the indifferent organs from which the eye developed, the environment is to primitive humans. It has a completely different effect on humans as they live today. They cannot return to the primitive state of culture, but an ever more intense, stronger spiritual light has been at work around them, constantly bringing forth something new.
Now we can get an idea of the significance of this transformative cultural process when we consider what happens to beings who are also subject to this influence and cannot participate in the transformation. These are the animals. They are built differently from humans. When we look at animals as they appear in the physical world, they have their physical body, their etheric body, and their astral body in the physical world, but they have no ego in the physical world. Therefore, animals are incapable of transforming their three bodies on the physical plane and can no longer adapt to a new environment. The day before yesterday, we looked at wild animals in captivity. Animals out in the wild never have tuberculosis, tooth decay, and so on, but they do in captivity. Thus, they show a whole series of signs of decadence in captivity or in similar conditions. During the process of civilization, human beings are constantly brought into different circumstances. That is what civilization consists of. Otherwise, there would be no development, no human history. What we have observed as a natural experiment in animals in its effect on the physical body appears to us in humans as the opposite. Because humans have an ego, they are able to process the cultural impressions that bombard them internally. They are active internally, first adapting their astral body to the changed circumstances and restructuring it. As humans develop, they enter higher cultures and receive ever new impressions. These are initially expressed in feelings and sensations. If human beings were to remain passive and inactive, if there were no activity or productivity, they would also wither away and become ill, like animals. But what distinguishes human beings is that they can adapt and gradually transform their etheric and physical bodies from their astral bodies. However, humans must be internally capable of this transformation, otherwise there will be no balance between what comes to them externally and what counteracts it internally. We would be overwhelmed by external impressions, just as animals are overwhelmed by them in cages because they do not develop internal productivity. But humans have this internal activity. Human beings must always be able to counteract the spiritual lights around them, to meet them with their eyes, so to speak.
Anything that creates disharmony between external impressions and inner life is unhealthy. In the big city in particular, we can see what happens when external impressions become ever more powerful. If we have to rush around more and more, if we have to let loud noises and hurried people pass us by without taking a stand against them, without counteracting them, then that is unhealthy. Taking a stand against them does not mean, at the very least, taking an intellectual stand, but rather it is important that our feelings, our soul, indeed our physical life, can take a stand. We can understand this properly by considering a certain illness that occurs particularly in our time and that never existed before: a person who is not used to taking in much, who is poor in soul, is confronted with all kinds of impressions, so that he faces a completely incomprehensible exterior. This is particularly the case with many female natures: the inner self is too weak, too poorly structured to process everything. But we also find this in many male individuals. The result is hysterical illnesses. All these illnesses can be traced back to this.
Another form of illness occurs when our life leads us to want to understand too much of what we encounter in the outside world. This is most evident in men who suffer from the illness of causality. They become accustomed to always asking: Why? Why? — People even speak of humans as the never-resting animals of causality. Today, we can no longer give the useless questioners the answer that a religious founder gave, because we are too polite. When asked what God did before creating the world, he said: He cut rods for those who ask useless questions. This is the exact opposite of the hysterical state. Here there is too great a restless longing for the solution to the riddle. It is only an expression of an inner mood. Those who never tire of always asking “Why?” have a different constitution from other people, showing that they have a different inner process of mental and physical functions than people who only ask “Why?” when prompted by an external cause. This leads to all kinds of hypochondriacal states, from the mildest to the most severe delusions of illness. This is how the cultural process affects people. Above all, people must have an open mind in order to be able to process everything that comes their way. Now we can also explain why so many people feel the urge to escape from this culture, to escape from this life! They are no longer able to cope with what is coming at them; they strive to escape. These are always weak-minded people who do not know how to counter external impressions with a powerful inner life.
We cannot therefore speak today of a general template for health, because our lives are so diverse. One person stands here, another there. And because what has developed in human beings has, in a sense, been developed by the outside world, every human being has their own health. That is why we must enable people to be able to endure their environment, even in terms of their bodily processes. For a person born into circumstances where light muscles and light nerves are required, it would be foolish to build up thick muscles. Where is the standard for the prosperous development of human beings? It lies within the human being itself. Health is like money. If we strive for money in order to use it for charitable purposes, it is something beneficial, something good. The pursuit of money should not be rejected, because it is something that enables us to promote the cultural process. If we strive for money for money's sake, it is absurd and ridiculous. The same applies to health. If we strive for health for health's sake, it has no meaning. If we strive for recovery for the sake of what we can achieve with health, then the pursuit of health is justified. Those who want to earn money should first ask themselves: How much do you need? Then they should strive for it. Those who long for health must consider what can be said in reality with the easily misunderstood words: comfort, zest for life, and joie de vivre. Primitive people have a zest for life, satisfaction with life, and joy in life. In people whose outer and inner lives are in harmony, in harmoniously developed people, it must be the case that if there is any displeasure, if anything hurts, physically or emotionally, this feeling of displeasure is a sign of some illness, of disharmony. Therefore, in all education, in all public work, one should not work in a formulaic manner, but rather from the breadth of a cultural perspective, so that people can experience joy and satisfaction in life.
Strange that this is said by a representative of Spiritual Science! This is said by Spiritual Science, which is accused of striving for asceticism! If someone who takes great pleasure in going to the music hall every evening or drinking his eight pints of beer finds people who take pleasure in something higher, he says: They are mortifying themselves. — No, these people would be mortifying themselves if they sat down with him. Those who enjoy the music hall and the like belong there, and it would be wrong to take away their pleasure. It would only be healthy to take away their taste for it.
One should work in order to purify one's pleasures and satisfactions. Theosophists do not sit together because it hurts them to talk about higher worlds, but because it is their highest pleasure. It would be the most terrible renunciation for them to sit down and play “sixty-six.” They are joyful in every fiber of their being, which is why they live this way.
It is not a matter of saying, even when it comes to health: You should do this and that! — It is a matter of providing joy and satisfaction. In this respect, the spiritual scientist is a complete connoisseur of life. How can this be applied to health? We must be clear that when we give someone any advice regarding health, we must strike a chord with what gives their astral body joy, delight, and pleasure. For the astral body influences the other members. But that is easier said than done. Therefore, here is an example.
There are even some among theosophists who “mortify” themselves to such an extent that they no longer eat meat. If these were people who still had a craving for meat, then this would at most be a preparation for a later state. But there comes a stage when a person has such a relationship with their environment that it becomes impossible for them to eat meat. A doctor who also did not eat meat, not because he was a theosophist, but because he considered this lifestyle to be healthy, was asked by a friend why he did not eat meat. He replied with a counter-question: “Why don't you eat horse or cat meat?” And then, of course, the friend had to say that he found that disgusting, even though he ate pork, beef, and so on. So, to the doctor, all meat was disgusting.
Only when the inner subjective state corresponds to the objective fact has the time come for the external fact to have a healing effect. We must be equal to the external facts. This is expressed by the word “comfort,” which we must not use trivially, but in its venerable meaning as the harmonious agreement of our inner forces. Happiness, joy, pleasure, and satisfaction, which are the foundations of a healthy life, always spring from the same source: the feeling of an inner life that accompanies productivity and inner activity. People are happy when they can be active. This activity should not be understood in a crude sense.
Why does love make people happy? It is an activity that we sometimes do not even recognize as such. Because it is an activity from the inside out that encompasses the other. In the process, we pour out our inner selves. That is why love is healing and makes us happy. Productivity can be the most intimate thing and does not have to be tumultuously visible. If someone sits over a book and the impressions weigh them down, overwhelm them, then they will gradually become depressed. But if reading the book evokes images, then there is a productivity that makes them happy. It is very similar to when we are afraid of an event and turn pale. Then the blood rushes inward to make us strong, so that what confronts us externally finds a counterbalance internally. In the feeling of fear, inner production is awakened to outward activity. Becoming aware of inner activity is what is healing. If humans could have felt the activity of inner formation during the development of the eye from an indifferent organ, they would have experienced it as a feeling of well-being; however, they were not yet conscious of this.It is much better not to send a worn-out person to a sanatorium, but to an environment where they can experience joy, first of all spiritual joy, but also physical joy. Bringing people into an environment of joy, where the inner feeling of joy awakens with every step, is what makes them healthy, when they see the sun's rays shining through the trees, for example, or perceive the colors and scent of flowers. But people must be able to feel this themselves, so that they can take their health into their own hands. Every step should stimulate them to inner activity. Paracelsus made the beautiful statement: Everyone should be themselves, themselves and no one else. — It is already a limitation of what makes us healthy if we first have to go to someone else. There we are already confronted with external impressions, which may seem to be successful for a short time, but ultimately lead to hysteria.
When you look at it this way, you come up with other healthy ideas. Today there are people, including doctors, especially lay doctors, who are fighting against conventional medicine. A reform of medicine is indeed necessary, but this cannot be achieved through these struggles; rather, spiritual scientific facts must find their way into science itself. However, Spiritual Science is not there to promote dilettantism. There are people today who have courier fever. It is very easy to find this or that illness in a person. Someone finds that this or that organ does not look the same as in another person. Someone does not breathe the way the person with courier fever thinks everyone should breathe. And then they have to be cured! Horrific, utterly horrific! Because it is not a matter of working toward a stereotypical concept of health. It is very easy to say that this or that is not healthy. Someone has lost a leg; they are sick, certainly sicker than someone who breathes irregularly, who has lung disease. But it is not a matter of curing these people. It would be foolish to say: We must see to it that this person gets his leg back! — So make his leg grow back! Rather, it is a matter of making his life as bearable as possible.
That is the general idea; in more detail, however, it is the same. For in every human being, one could find a small flaw somewhere. Here, too, it is sometimes not a matter of correcting the flaw, but of making life as bearable as possible for the person despite the flaw. Think of a wound on the trunk of a plant. The tissue and bark grow around the wound. It is similar with humans. The forces of nature preserve life by growing around the flaw. It is mainly amateur doctors who fall into the trap of wanting to cure everything. They want to cultivate one type of health for all people. But there is no such thing as one type of health, just as there is no such thing as one type of normal person. Not only are illnesses individual, but so is health. The best thing we can give people, whether as doctors or advisors, is to give them the firm conviction that they feel comfortable when they are healthy and uncomfortable when they are ill. That is not so easy today in our circumstances. Those who understand the matter will fear most those illnesses that are not expressed through fatigue and pain. That is why it is so bad to calm oneself with morphine. It is healthy when health brings pleasure and illness brings displeasure. We can only acquire this healthy way of life when we make ourselves strong inside. We do this when we counteract complicated circumstances with a strong inner self. The health craze will only end when people no longer strive for health as such. People must learn to feel and sense whether they are healthy and that a lack of well-being can be easily endured. This is only possible through a strong worldview that has an effect on the physical body. It creates harmony. However, such a worldview does not depend on external impressions. The spiritual-scientific worldview leads people into areas that they can only reach if they are active inwardly. One cannot read a spiritual science book in the same way as one reads other books. It must be written in such a way that it evokes inner activity. The more one has to struggle, the more there is between the lines, the healthier it is. This only applies to the theoretical realm. Spiritual Science, however, has an effect in all areas.
What we call Spiritual Science is there to act as a powerful spiritual movement that evokes concepts endowed with the strongest forces of tension, so that people can take a stand on what meets their eyes. Spiritual science aims to give an inner life that extends into the limbs, into the blood circulation. Then every person will feel their health in their sense of joy, in their sense of pleasure and satisfaction. Most dietary rules are also worthless. It doesn't matter if someone else tells me that this or that is good for me. What matters is that I feel satisfaction when I eat. People must understand their relationship to this or that food. We should know what kind of spiritual process is going on between nature and ourselves. Spiritualizing everything is what makes us healthy.
Today, one might think that spiritual scientists are indifferent to food, that they stuff themselves without understanding. Becoming aware of what it means to consume a part of the cosmos that is infused with sunlight, knowing about the spiritual connection in which our environment exists, enjoying it not only physically but also spiritually, frees us from all sickening disgust, from all sickening overload. We can see, then, that it places great demands on humanity to steer the pursuit of health in the right direction. But Spiritual Science will make people strong. It will increasingly make every person who devotes themselves to it the norm of their own being. This is also the noble pursuit of freedom that comes from Spiritual Science and makes people masters of themselves. Every human being is an individual entity in terms of their characteristics as well as their health and illnesses. We are placed in the lawful context of the world and must learn to know our relationship to the world. No external power can help us. When we find this strong inner support, we are whole human beings to whom nothing can be taken away. But no one can give us anything either. However, we will find our way in health and sickness because we have a strong inner foundation within ourselves. This secret of all healthy striving has been expressed again by a spirit, an eminently healthy-thinking and feeling spirit. He tells us how the harmonized human being goes his way unwaveringly. It is Goethe who tells us in his poem “Urworte orphisch” (Orphic Primordial Words):
As on the day that gave you to the world,
The sun stood in greeting to the planets,
You immediately and continuously flourished
According to the law by which you began.
You must be this way, you cannot escape it
So said the Sibyls, so said the prophets;
And no time and no power can fragment
The molded form that develops while alive.