Christianity as Mystical Fact
GA 8
9. Jesus and his Historical Background
[ 1 ] The soil out of which the spirit of Christianity grew is to be sought in the wisdom of the Mysteries. It was only necessary for the fundamental conviction to become widespread that this spirit must be introduced into life in a greater measure than had come to pass through the Mysteries themselves. But such a conviction was present in many circles. We need only look at the rule of life of the Essenes and Therapeutae who had been established long before the beginning of Christianity. The Essenes were a closed Palestinian sect, whose numbers at the time of Christ were estimated at four thousand. They formed a community which required that its members should lead a life which developed a higher self within the soul, and through this bringing about a rebirth. The novice was subjected to a strict test to ascertain whether he was sufficiently mature to prepare himself for a higher life. If he was admitted he had to undergo a period of probation. He was required to take a solemn oath that he would not betray to strangers the secrets of the discipline. The latter was designed to quell the lower nature in man so that the spirit slumbering within him might be awakened more and more. Whoever had experienced the spirit in himself up to a certain stage rose to a higher degree in the order and enjoyed a corresponding authority conditioned by fundamental convictions and not by external compulsion. Similar to the Essenes were the Therapeutae, who lived in Egypt. All the relevant details of their discipline are contained in a treatise by the philosopher Philo, About the Contemplative Life.70Philo, De vita contemplativa, About the Contemplative Life, or the Fourth Book of the Treatise Concerning the Virtues, critically edited with a defense of its genuineness by F. C. Conybeare, M.A., Oxford, 1895. This work is of great interest because it “contains the sole account of an ascetic community known as the Therapeutae having their home on the shores of Lake Mareotis.” (The dispute concerning the authenticity of this work must now be regarded as settled and it may be rightly assumed that Philo truly described the life of a community existing long before Christianity and well known to him. On this subject see G. R. S. Mead's Fragments of a Faith Forgotten.) We need look at only a few passages from Philo's treatise in order to see what their objective was. “The dwellings of the community are very simple, merely providing shelter against the two great dangers,—the fiery heat of the sun and the icy cold of the air. The dwellings are not close together as are those in towns, for proximity is irksome and unpleasing to those who are seeking solitude; nor are they far apart, because of the fellowship which is so dear to them, and also for mutual help in case of an attack by brigands. In each dwelling is a consecrated room, called a sanctuary or monasterion (closet or cell) in which in solitude they are initiated into the mysteries of the sanctified life ... They also have works of ancient authors, the founders of their way of thinking, and who left behind them many details concerning the method used in allegorical interpretation ... The interpretation of the sacred scriptures is based upon the underlying meaning in the allegorical narratives.”71Philo, De vita contemplative, 24, 25, 29, 28. Thus we see that what had been striven for in the narrower circle of the Mysteries had become the concern of a community. But naturally its strict character has been weakened by being shared.—The communities of the Essenes and Therapeutae form a natural transition from the Mysteries to Christianity. Christianity, however, wished to extend to humanity as a whole what these communities had made the concern of a sect. This of course prepared the way for a still further weakening of its strict character.
[ 2 ] From the existence of such sects it becomes evident how far the time was ripe for the comprehension of the Mystery of Christ. In the Mysteries the neophyte was artificially prepared so that at the suitable stage the higher spiritual world would arise in his soul. Within the community of the Essenes or Therapeutae, by means of a suitable way of life, the soul sought to prepare itself for the awakening of the “higher man.” It is then a further step to struggle through to the intimation that a human individuality might have developed to higher and higher stages of perfection in repeated lives on earth. Anyone who had arrived at such a presentiment of this truth would also be able to feel that in Jesus a being of high spirituality had appeared. The higher the spirituality the greater the possibility of accomplishing something of importance. Thus Jesus' individuality could become capable of accomplishing the deed which is so mysteriously signified in the Gospels by the event of his Baptism by John, and which, by the manner of its presentation, is so clearly marked out as something of the utmost importance. The personality of Jesus became able to receive into its own soul Christ, the Logos, so that He became flesh in it. Since this Incarnation the “Ego” of Jesus of Nazareth is the Christ, and the outer personality is the bearer of the Logos. This event of the “Ego” of Jesus becoming the Christ is represented by the Baptism by John. During the time of the Mysteries, “union with the Spirit” was the concern of a few neophytes only. Among the Essenes a whole community cultivated a life by which its members were able to attain this “union;” through the Christ event something,—that is, the deeds of Christ,—was placed before the whole of humanity so that the “union” became a matter of cognition for all mankind.
Jesus und Sein Geschichtlicher Hintergrund
[ 1 ] In der Mysterienweisheit ist der Boden zu suchen, aus dem der Geist des Christentums hervorgewachsen ist. Es bedurfte nur des Überhandnehmens der Grundüberzeugung, daß dieser Geist in höherem Maße ins Leben eingeführt werden müsse, als dies durch das Mysterienwesen selbst geschehen war. Aber auch eine solche Grundüberzeugung fand sich in weiten Kreisen vor. Man braucht bloß auf die Lebenshaltung der Essäer und Therapeuten zu sehen, die vor der Entstehung des Christentums lange vorhanden waren. Die Essäer waren eine in sich abgeschlossene palästinensische Sekte, deren Zahl zur Zeit Christi auf viertausend geschätzt wird. Sie bildeten eine Gemeinde, die es als Anforderung an ihre Mitglieder stellte, ein Leben zu führen, das innerhalb der Seele ein höheres Selbst entwickelt und damit eine Wiedergeburt bewirkt. Der Aufzunehmende wurde einer strengen Prüfung unterworfen, ob er auch reif sei, sich für ein höheres Leben vorzubereiten. Wer aufgenommen war, mußte eine Probezeit durchmachen. Ein feierliches Gelübde mußte abgelegt werden, an die Fremden die Geheimnisse der Lebensführung nicht zu verraten. Das Leben selbst war geeignet, die niedere Natur im Menschen zu erdrücken, damit der in ihm schlummernde Geist immer mehr geweckt werde. Wer den Geist bis zu einer bestimmten Stufe in sich erlebt hatte, der stieg zu einem höheren Ordensgrad auf; und er genoß eine dementsprechende, nicht äußerlich auferzwungene, sondern in den Grundüberzeugungen naturgemäß bedingte Autorität. Verwandt mit den Essäern waren die in Ägypten wohnenden Therapeuten. Über ihre Lebensführung erlangt man allen wünschenswerten Aufschluß durch eine Schrift des Philosophen Philo «Über das beschauliche Leben». (Der Streit darüber, ob diese Schrift echt oder unecht sei, muß heute als geschlichtet betrachtet und die Annahme als berechtigt angesehen werden, daß Philo wirklich das Leben einer lange vor dem Christentum bestehenden, ihm wohl bekannten Gemeinschaft beschrieben hat. Vergleiche darüber G. R. Mead, Fragmente eines verschollenen Glaubens, Leipzig 1902.) Man braucht sich nur einzelne Stellen aus dieser Schrift vorzuhalten, um zu sehen, auf was es ankam. «Die Wohnungen der Gemeindemitglieder sind äußerst einfach, sie gewähren nur den notwendigen Schutz gegen äußerste Sonnenhitze und äußerste Kälte. Die Wohnungen liegen nicht dicht beieinander wie in den Städten, denn Nachbarschaft ist weniger anziehend für jemand, der die Einsamkeit sucht; noch sind sie weit voneinander entfernt, um die geselligen Beziehungen, die ihnen so lieb sind, nicht zu erschweren und um sich bei einem Räuberanfall leicht Hilfe gewähren zu können. In jeder Behausung ist ein geheiligter Raum, Tempel oder Monasterium genannt, ein kleines Zimmer, oder Kammer, oder Zelle, in welchen sie den Geheimnissen des höheren Lebens nachgehen ... Sie besitzen auch Werke alter Schriftsteller, die einst ihre Schule leiteten und viele Erklärungen über die in den allegorischen Schriften übliche Methode hinterließen ... Die Auslegung der heiligen Schriften ist bei ihnen auf den tieferen Sinn der allegorischen Erzählungen gerichtet.» — Man sieht: es handelte sich um eine Verallgemeinerung dessen, was im engeren Kreise der Mysterien auch angestrebt worden ist. Nur wird natürlich durch eine solche Verallgemeinerung der strenge Charakter abgeschwächt worden sein. — Die Essäer- und Therapeutengemeinden bilden einen natürlichen Übergang von den Mysterien zu dem Christentum. Das Christentum wollte aber zu einer Menschheitsangelegenheit machen, was sie zu einer Sektenangelegenheit gemacht hatten. Dadurch war natürlich die Grundlage für eine weitere Abschwächung des strengen Charakters gegeben.
[ 2 ] Aus dem Vorhandensein solcher Sekten wird verständlich, inwiefern die damalige Zeit reif war für eine Erfassung des Christus-Geheimnisses. In den Mysterien war der Mensch künstlich vorbereitet worden, damit auf entsprechender Stufe in seiner Seele die höhere geistige Welt aufging. Innerhalb der Essäer- oder Therapeutengemeinde suchte sich die Seele durch einen entsprechenden Lebenswandel für die Erweckung des «höheren Menschen » reif zu machen. Ein weiterer Schritt ist dann der, daß man sich zu einer Ahnung davon durchringt: eine Menschen-Individualität könne in wiederholten Erdenleben sich zu immer höheren und höheren Stufen der Vollkommenheit entwickelt haben. Wer solches ahnen konnte, vermochte auch eine Empfindung dafür haben, daß in Jesus eine Individualität von hoher Geistigkeit erschienen sei. Je höher die Geistigkeit, desto größer die Möglichkeit, Bedeutsames zu vollbringen. Und so konnte die Jesus-Individualität fähig werden, jene Tat zu vollbringen, welche die Evangelien in dem Vorgang der Johannes-Taufe so geheimnisvoll andeuten, und durch die Art, wie sie darauf hinweisen, doch so klar als etwas Wichtigstes bezeichnen. — Die Persönlichkeit des Jesus wurde fähig, in die eigene Seele aufzunehmen Christus, den Logos, so daß dieser in ihr Fleisch wurde. Seit dieser Aufnahme ist das «Ich» des Jesus von Nazareth der Christus, und die äußere Persönlichkeit ist der Träger des Logos. Dieses Ereignis, daß das «Ich» des Jesus der Christus wird, das ist durch die Johannes-Taufe dargestellt. Während der Mysterien-Epoche war die «Vereinigung mit dem Geiste» für wenige Menschen die Angelegenheit der Einzuweihenden. Bei den Essäern sollte sich eine ganze Gemeinde eines Lebens befleißigen, durch das deren Angehörige zu der «Vereinigung» kommen konnten; durch das Christus-Ereignis sollte vor die ganze Menschheit etwas — eben die Taten des Christus — hingestellt werden, so daß die «Vereinigung» eine Erkenntnis-Angelegenheit der ganzen Menschheit sein konnte.
[ 1 ] The soil from which the spirit of Christianity grew is to be sought in the wisdom of the Mysteries. All that was needed was for the basic conviction to gain the upper hand that this spirit had to be introduced into life to a greater extent than had happened through the mystery system itself. But such a basic conviction also existed in wide circles. One need only look at the attitude to life of the Essaeans and Therapeutae, which existed long before the emergence of Christianity. The Essaeans were a self-contained Palestinian sect, whose number at the time of Christ is estimated at four thousand. They formed a community that required its members to lead a life that developed a higher self within the soul and thus brought about rebirth. Those who were accepted were subjected to a strict test to determine whether they were ready to prepare themselves for a higher life. Those who were accepted had to undergo a probationary period. A solemn vow had to be made not to reveal the secrets of the way of life to strangers. Life itself was suited to crush the lower nature in man so that the spirit slumbering within him would be awakened more and more. Those who had experienced the spirit within themselves to a certain level rose to a higher degree of order; and they enjoyed a corresponding authority that was not externally imposed but naturally conditioned in their basic convictions. Related to the Essaeans were the therapists living in Egypt. All desirable information about their way of life can be obtained from a writing by the philosopher Philo "On the contemplative life". (The dispute as to whether this writing is genuine or spurious must today be regarded as settled and the assumption that Philo really described the life of a community that existed long before Christianity and was well known to him must be regarded as justified. Compare this with G. R. Mead, Fragmente eines verschollenen Glaubens, Leipzig 1902). One need only read individual passages from this work to see what was at stake. "The dwellings of the members of the community are extremely simple; they provide only the necessary protection against the extreme heat of the sun and the extreme cold. The dwellings are not close together as in the cities, for neighborhood is less attractive to one who seeks solitude; nor are they far apart, so as not to impede the sociable relations which are so dear to them, and so that they can easily give each other help in case of a robber attack. In every dwelling there is a sacred room, called a temple or monastery, a small room, or chamber, or cell, in which they pursue the mysteries of the higher life ... They also possess works of ancient writers, who once directed their school and left many explanations of the method used in the allegorical writings ... Their interpretation of the sacred writings is focused on the deeper meaning of the allegorical narratives." - As you can see, this is a generalization of what was also sought in the narrower circle of the Mysteries. Only, of course, the strict character will have been weakened by such a generalization. - The Essaean and Therapeutic communities form a natural transition from the Mysteries to Christianity. Christianity, however, wanted to make into a matter of humanity what they had made into a sectarian matter. This, of course, provided the basis for a further weakening of the strict character.
[ 2 ] The existence of such sects makes it clear to what extent the time was ripe for a grasp of the mystery of Christ. In the Mysteries, man was artificially prepared so that the higher spiritual world would open up in his soul at the appropriate level. Within the Essaean or Therapeutic community, the soul sought to make itself ripe for the awakening of the "higher man" through a corresponding way of life. A further step is then to come to the conclusion that a human individuality could have developed in repeated earthly lives to ever higher and higher levels of perfection. Those who could sense this could also have a feeling that an individuality of high spirituality had appeared in Jesus. The higher the spirituality, the greater the possibility of accomplishing something significant. And so the individuality of Jesus could become capable of accomplishing that deed which the Gospels so mysteriously hint at in the process of John's baptism and yet so clearly describe as something most important by the way they point to it. - The personality of Jesus became capable of receiving Christ, the Logos, into his own soul, so that he became flesh in it. Since this absorption, the "I" of Jesus of Nazareth is the Christ, and the outer personality is the bearer of the Logos. This event, that the "I" of Jesus becomes the Christ, is represented by the baptism of John. During the Mystery Era, "union with the spirit" was a matter for the initiates of a few people. In the case of the Essaeans, a whole community was to cultivate a life through which its members could come to the "union"; through the Christ-event something - precisely the deeds of the Christ - was to be placed before all mankind, so that the "union" could be a matter of knowledge for all mankind.