Christianity as Mystical Fact
GA 8
Author's Preface to the Second Edition
[ 1 ] Christianity as a Mystical Fact was the title given to this book by its author when eight years ago he included in it the contents of lectures held in the year 1902. This title was intended to indicate the particular character of the book. It represents an attempt to describe not merely the mystical content of Christianity in its historical form, but how Christianity arose out of mystical conception. Underlying this was the idea that involved in this process was a spiritual reality which can be seen only through such conception. Only the content of the book can prove that the author has not used the word “mystical” to denote a conception which relies more on indefinite knowledge gained through feelings, than on “strictly scientific exposition.” In many circles today the word “mysticism” carries such a connotation, hence the tendency is to explain this as a region of the life of the human soul which can have nothing to do with “real science.” In this book the word “mysticism” is used for the exposition of a spiritual fact whose nature can be recognized only when the powers of cognition are taken from the source of spiritual life itself. Whoever declines a method of cognition founded on such a source will be unable to take any position with regard to this book. Only one who admits that in “mysticism” the same clarity can exist as in the truthful exposition of natural phenomena will accept this method of describing the mystical content of Christianity. For even more important than the content of the text is the means of cognition which has led to its existence.
[ 2 ] In our present day many people violently abhor such a means of cognition. They see it as contradictory to true scientific method. This is the case not only among those who will not allow the validity of any interpretation of the world which is not founded upon “genuine natural scientific fact,” but also among those who wish to consider Christianity in the capacity of believers. The author of this text takes as his basis an interpretation which acknowledges that the natural scientific achievements of our day demand elevation to true mysticism. This interpretation can show that any other attitude toward cognition absolutely contradicts everything offered by natural scientific achievements. The means of cognition which so many people who assume that they stand on firm natural scientific ground, would like to use, simply do not embrace the facts of this natural science.
[ 3 ] Only that reader will accept this book who is able to admit that full understanding of our present marvelous knowledge of nature can be combined with genuine mysticism.
[ 4 ] By means of what is here called “mystical cognition” this book sets out to show how the source of Christianity created its preliminary conditions in the ancient Mysteries. In this “pre-Christian mysticism” is demonstrated the soil in which Christianity germinates as an independent seed. This point of view enables one to understand Christianity in its independent essence, although at the same time one can follow its development out of pre-Christian mysticism. If one ignores this point of view it is only too easy to miss recognition of its independence through the belief that Christianity is merely a further development of what existed in pre-Christian mysticism. Many opinions of today lapse into this error, comparing Christianity with pre-Christian viewpoints, believing that the Christian viewpoint is merely a further development of the pre-Christian. This book sets out to show that Christianity presupposes the previous mysticism as the plant seed does its soil. It seeks to emphasize the unique essence of Christianity through cognition of its origin, not to extinguish it.
[ 5 ] It gives the author profound satisfaction to mention that this exposition of the “essence of Christianity” has met with the assent of a personality whose notable writings on the spiritual life of mankind have enriched the thoughts of our time in the deepest sense. Édouard Schuré, author of Les Grands Initiés, The Great Initiates*The Great Initiates, A Study of the Secret History of Religions, by Édouard Schuré, published Fall 1961 by St. George Books, 65 South Greenbush Road, West Nyack, New York. In a new one-volume translation by Gloria Rasberry, the book contains an introduction on Édouard Schuré and Rudolf Steiner by Paul Allen., agreed so thoroughly with the standpoint of this book that he himself undertook its translation into French under the title: Le mystère chrétien et les mystères antiques. The fact that the first edition was translated into French and other European languages is mentioned here as a symptom of the great longing of the present day to understand the essence of Christianity in the sense of this book.
[ 6 ] The author has not found occasion to make any essential changes in this second edition. There are, however, extensions of the exposition made eight years ago. The effort has also been made to state many things more fully and accurately than was possible then. Unfortunately, through volume of work the author has been forced to allow a long interval to elapse between the time when the first edition went out of print and the appearance of the second.
RUDOLF STEINER
May 1910
Vorwort zur Zweiten Auflage
[ 1 ] «Das Christentum als mystische Tatsache» nannte der Verfasser diese Schrift, als er in ihr vor acht Jahren den Inhalt von Vorträgen zusammenfaßte, die er im Jahre 1902 gehalten hatte. Mit diesem Titel sollte auf den besonderen Charakter des Buches gedeutet werden. Es ist in ihm nicht bloß der mystische Gehalt des Christentums geschichtlich darzustellen versucht worden, sondern es sollte die Entstehung des Christentums aus der mystischen Anschauung heraus geschildert werden. Es lag dabei der Gedanke zugrunde, daß in dieser Entstehung geistige Tatsachen wirkten, die nur durch eine solche Anschauung gesehen werden können. Der Inhalt des Buches allein kann rechtfertigen, daß sein Verfasser «mystisch» nicht eine Anschauung nennt, welche sich mehr an unbestimmte Gefühlserkenntnisse als an «streng wissenschaftliche Darlegung» hält. In weiten Kreisen wird ja gegenwärtig «Mystik» in einer solchen Art verstanden und dadurch wohl auch von vielen für ein Gebiet des menschlichen Seelenlebens erklärt, das mit «echter Wissenschaft» nichts zu tun haben kann. Im Sinne dieses Buches wird das Wort «Mystik » gebraucht für die Darstellung einer geistigen Tatsache, die in ihrem Wesen nur erkannt werden kann, wenn die Erkenntnis aus den Quellen des geistigen Lebens selbst hergenommen ist. Wer eine Erkenntnisart, die aus solchen Quellen schöpft, ablehnt, der wird zu dem Inhalt dieses Buches keine Stellung gewinnen können. Nur wer «Mystik» in dem Sinne gelten läßt, daß in ihr eben solche Klarheit herrschen kann wie in wahrer Darstellung naturwissenschaftlicher Zusammenhänge, der wird darauf sich einlassen, wie hier der Inhalt des Christentums als Mystik auch mystisch geschildert wird. Denn nicht nur auf den Inhalt der Schrift kommt es an, sondern—und vor allem darauf—aus welchen Erkenntnismitteln heraus in ihr dargestellt wird.
[ 2 ] In unserer gegenwärtigen Zeit haben viele noch die heftigsten Abneigungen gegen solche Erkenntnismittel. Sie sehen sie als wahrer Wissenschaftlichkeit widersprechend an. Und dies ist der Fall nicht nur bei denjenigen, welche bloß eine in ihrem Sinne gehaltene Weltauffassung auf dem Boden «echter naturwissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse» gelten lassen wollen, sondern auch bei solchen, welche als Bekenner des Christentums dessen Wesen betrachten wollen. Der Verfasser dieser Schrift steht auf dem Boden einer Auffassung, welche einsieht, daß die naturwissenschaftlichen Errungenschaften unserer Gegenwart die Erhebung zu wahrer Mystik fordern. Diese Auffassung kann zeigen, daß eine andere Stellung zur Erkenntnis gerade im Widerspruch steht zu allem, was diese naturwissenschaftlichen Errungenschaften darbieten. Mit denjenigen Erkenntnismitteln, welche so manche allein anwenden möchten, die da meinen, auf dem festen Boden der Naturwissenschaften zu stehen, können die Tatsachen dieser Naturwissenschaft eben nicht umfaßt werden.
[ 3 ] Nur wer zugeben kann, daß volles Gerechtwerden gegenüber unserer gegenwärtigen, so bewundernswerten Naturerkenntnis mit echter Mystik vereinbar ist, der wird dieses Buch nicht ablehnen.
[ 4 ] Durch dasjenige, was hier «mystische Erkenntnis» genannt wird, soll in diesem Buche gezeigt werden, wie der Quell des Christentums sich seine Voraussetzungen geschaffen hat in den Mysterien der vorchristlichen Zeit. In dieser «vorchristlichen Mystik» wird der Boden aufgezeigt, in dem als ein Keim von selbständiger Art das Christentum gedeiht. Dieser Gesichtspunkt macht möglich, das Christentum in seiner selbständigen Wesenheit zu verstehen, trotzdem man seine Entwicklung aus der vorchristlichen Mystik verfolgt. Bei Außerachtlassung dieses Gesichtspunktes ist es nur zu leicht möglich, daß diese Selbständigkeit verkannt wird, indem man glaubt, in dem Christentum habe sich nur weiterentwickelt, was in der vorchristlichen Mystik schon da war. In diesen Fehler verfallen viele Meinungen der Gegenwart, welche den Inhalt des Christentums vergleichen mit vorchristlichen Anschauungen, und dann glauben, die christlichen seien nur eine Fortbildung dieser vorchristlichen. Das vorliegende Buch soll zeigen, daß Christentum die vorherige Mystik voraussetzt wie der Pflanzenkeim seinen Boden. Es will die Wesenheit des Christentums gerade in ihrer Eigenart betonen durch die Erkenntnis seiner Entstehung, sie aber nicht auslöschen.
[ 5 ] Mit tiefer Befriedigung darf der Verfasser erwähnen, daß er mit solcher Darstellung des «Wesens des Christentums » die Zustimmung einer Persönlichkeit gefunden hat, welche durch ihre bedeutungsvollen Schriften über das Geistesleben der Menschheit die Bildung unserer Zeit im tiefsten Sinne bereichert hat. Edouard Schuré, der Verfasser der «Grands Initiés», 1Dieses Buch liegt in deutscher Übersetzung von Marie Steiner vor: «Die großen Eingeweihten» von Edouard Schuré [12., ungekürzte Auflage München 1956] stimmte den Gesichtspunkten dieses Buches bis zu dem Grade zu, daß er selbst dessen Übersetzung ins Französische besorgte (unter dem Titel «Les mystéres antiques et les mystéres chrétiennes»). Nur nebenher und als Symptom dafür, daß in der Gegenwart eine Sehnsucht besteht, das Wesen des Christentums im Sinne dieses Buches zu verstehen, soll erwähnt werden, daß die erste Auflage außer ins Französische auch in andere europäische Sprachen übersetzt ist.
[ 6 ] Irgend etwas Wesentliches an der ersten Auflage zu ändern, hat sich der Verfasser bei Veranstaltung dieser zweiten Auflage nicht veranlaßt gesehen. Dagegen finden sich in derselben Erweiterungen des vor acht Jahren Dargestellten. Auch ist versucht worden, manches genauer und ausführlicher zu fassen, als es damals hat geschehen können. Leider ist der Verfasser durch viele Arbeit gezwungen gewesen, lange Zeit verstreichen zu lassen zwischen dem Augenblicke, da die erste Auflage vergriffen.
Geschrieben im Mai 1910.
Rudolf Steiner
Foreword to the second edition
[ 1 ] "Christianity as a mystical fact" was the title the author gave this work eight years ago when he summarized the content of lectures he had given in 1902. This title was intended to indicate the special character of the book. It was not merely an attempt to present the mystical content of Christianity from a historical point of view, but to describe the emergence of Christianity from a mystical perspective. This was based on the idea that spiritual facts were at work in this emergence, which can only be seen through such a view. The content of the book alone can justify the fact that its author does not call "mystical" a view that adheres more to vague emotional knowledge than to "strictly scientific explanation". In wide circles, "mysticism" is currently understood in this way, and is thus probably also declared by many to be an area of human spiritual life that can have nothing to do with "real science". In the sense of this book, the word "mysticism" is used to describe a spiritual fact that can only be recognized in its essence if the knowledge is taken from the sources of spiritual life itself. Anyone who rejects a form of knowledge that draws from such sources will not be able to take a position on the content of this book. Only those who accept "mysticism" in the sense that such clarity can prevail in it as in the true presentation of scientific contexts will be able to accept the way in which the content of Christianity as mysticism is also mystically described here. For it is not only the content of Scripture that matters, but also - and above all - the means of knowledge used to present it.
[ 2 ] In our present age, many still have the strongest aversion to such means of knowledge. They see them as contradictory to true science. And this is the case not only with those who merely want to accept a view of the world that they hold on the basis of "genuine scientific knowledge", but also with those who, as professors of Christianity, want to consider its essence. The author of this writing stands on the ground of a view which recognizes that the scientific achievements of our present time demand the elevation to true mysticism. This view can show that a different attitude to knowledge is precisely in contradiction to everything that these scientific achievements offer. With those means of knowledge that some would like to use alone, who think they are standing on the solid ground of natural science, the facts of this natural science cannot be grasped.[ 3 ] Only those who can admit that full justice to our present, so admirable knowledge of nature is compatible with genuine mysticism will not reject this book.
[ 4 ] Through what is here called "mystical knowledge", this book aims to show how the source of Christianity created its preconditions in the mysteries of pre-Christian times. In this "pre-Christian mysticism" the soil is shown in which Christianity flourishes as an independent seed. This point of view makes it possible to understand Christianity in its independent essence, even if one traces its development from pre-Christian mysticism. If this point of view is disregarded, it is all too easy to misjudge this independence by believing that Christianity has only developed what was already there in pre-Christian mysticism. Many contemporary opinions fall into this error when they compare the content of Christianity with pre-Christian views and then believe that Christianity is merely a further development of these pre-Christian views. This book is intended to show that Christianity presupposes the previous mysticism like a plant seed presupposes its soil. It aims to emphasize the essence of Christianity precisely in its peculiarity by recognizing its origin, but not to erase it.
[ 5 ] It is with deep satisfaction that the author can mention that with this presentation of the "essence of Christianity" he has found the approval of a personality who has enriched the education of our time in the deepest sense through his significant writings on the spiritual life of mankind. Edouard Schuré, the author of the "Grands Initiés", 1This book is available in German translation by Marie Steiner: "Die großen Eingeweihten" by Edouard Schuré [12. The great initiates" by Edouard Schuré [12th, unabridged edition Munich 1956] agreed with the viewpoints of this book to the extent that he himself provided its translation into French (under the title "Les mystéres antiques et les mystéres chrétiennes"). As an aside and as a symptom of the fact that there is a longing in the present day to understand the essence of Christianity in the sense of this book, it should be mentioned that the first edition has been translated into other European languages as well as French.
[ 6 ] The author did not feel compelled to change anything essential in the first edition when publishing this second edition. On the other hand, it contains additions to what was presented eight years ago. Attempts have also been made to make some things more precise and detailed than was possible at the time. Unfortunately, the author has been forced by much work to let a long time pass between the moment when the first edition went out of print.
Written in May 1910.
Rudolf Steiner