Agriculture
GA 327
16 June, 1924, Koberwitz
Lecture VIII
My dear friends,
This is our last lecture, though we may still be able to supplement it a little in the discussions, according to your needs. As far as possible in the short time, I want to add a few more explanations to complete what I have said, and to give a few more practical hints. These practical matters are, however, extremely difficult to clothe in general formulae or the like. They, most of all, are subject to individualisation—to a kind of personal treatment. To-day especially, we shall therefore have to acquire the necessary spiritual-scientific insight to begin with, for this alone will enable you to act with individual intelligence in the several measures you have to take.
Think how little insight there is nowadays in this most important question: the feeding of farm animals. Such a state of affairs cannot be much improved by however many detailed instructions for feeding. But I am convinced it will be much improved when our agricultural training tends more to the development of true insight on the fundamental question: What is the essence of the feeding process? To-day I would like to contribute a little to this end.
As I have already told you, the significance of nutrition for the animal, and for man too, is to this day thoroughly misunderstood. The coarse idea that the foodstuffs are received from outside and then deposited in the organism, is altogether wrong. That is what they imagine nowadays, more or less. True, they conceive all kinds of transformations in the process, and yet, fundamentally speaking, that is how they think. In a crude way they imagine, somewhere inside there are the foodstuffs. The animal absorbs the food—deposits inside it whatever it can use, and excretes what it has no use for. Accordingly, they argue, we provide for such and such essential constituents. We must see to it that the creature is not over-burdened with stuff. We must see to it that the food it gets is as nutritive as possible, so that it can use a relatively large proportion of what is contained therein.
True, they also distinguish between substances nutritive in the narrower sense of the term, and those which—as they say—assist the combustion-process in the Body. (The materialists are fond of making such distinctions also). On this distinction they found all manner of theories which they then apply in practice, though as you know, the upshot always is that some of it works and some of it decidedly does not—or it only seems to work for a limited time, and is then modified by this or that ...
And how should we expect it to be otherwise? They talk of combustion-processes inside the body. In reality there is not a single combustion-process in the body. The combination of any substance with oxygen inside the body has quite another significance than that of a combustion-process. Combustion is a process in mineral or lifeless Nature. Quite apart from the fact that a living organism is essentially different from a crystal of quartz, what is commonly called combustion in the body is not the dead combustion-process which takes place in the outer world, but is something altogether living, nay, sentient.
Precisely by expressing themselves in this way, and thus leading people's thought in a fixed direction, scientists bring about widespread confusion in practical life. The man who first speaks of “combustion inside the body” is only speaking loosely—in a slipshod way, if you will. If he has the true facts in mind, his speaking loosely will do no harm, provided he still acts correctly, out of true instincts or tradition. After a time, however, the same loosely worded phrase gets taken hold of by the disease of “Psychopathia professoralis,” as I have often called it. They—the professors—transform, what at first was only a slight slipshod way of talking into a brilliant theory—I really mean it, brilliant. And when people begin to act according to these theories, they no longer hit off the reality in the very least. The things they then talk of are altogether different from what actually occurs when you have animals to look after. It is a characteristic phenomenon of to-day. They set to work and do something utterly different—something that does not fit in at all with what is actually taking place in Nature. In this domain especially, we should take pains to observe what the point is.
Let us remember the outcome of our last lecture. The plant, as we saw, has a physical body and an ether-body, while up above it is hovered-around, more or less, by a kind of astral cloud. The plant itself does not reach up to the astral, but the astral—so to speak—hovers around it. Wherever it enters into definite connection with the astral (as happens in the fruit-formation), something available as foodstuff is produced—that is to say, something which will support the astral in the animal and human body.
If you see into the process, you will readily observe in any plant or other entity, whether or no it is fit to support some process in the animal organism. But we should also understand the opposite pole. This is a most important point; I have already touched upon it, but now that we wish to create the foundations for an understanding of the feeding-process, we must bring it out once more with special emphasis. As we are now concerned with the feeding problem, let us begin with the animal.
In the animal there is no such sharply outlined three-folding of the organism as there is in man. True, in the animal also, the nerves-and-senses organism and the organism of metabolism, and the limbs are well marked—sharply divided one from the other; but the middle, rhythmic organism more or less melts away—at least, in many animals it does so. Something that still comes from the sense-organism passes into the rhythmic; likewise, something that comes from the metabolic organism.
We should describe the animal rather differently from man. For man, we speak quite exactly when we describe this threefold nature of the body; for the animal, however, we should rather speak as follows: There is the nerves-and-senses organisation, mainly localised in the head. There is the organisation of metabolism and the limbs—organised in the posterior parts and in the limbs generally, yet also permeating the whole Body. And in the middle of the creature the metabolism becomes rhythmic—more rhythmic than in man; while on the other hand the nerves-and-senses system also becomes more rhythmic, and the two melt into one another. In other words, the rhythmic pars of the animal does not come into being so independently as in man; it is a more indistinct sounding-into-one-another of the two outermost poles (Diagram 18). Hence, for the animal we should really speak of a two-foldness of the organism—such, however, that the two members meet and mingle in the middle. That is how the animal organisation arises.
Now all that is present as substances in the head-organisation, is composed of earthly matter. (So it is in man, too, but let us confine ourselves to the animal for the moment). Whatever matter there is in the head is earthly matter. Already in the embryo-life, earthly matter is guided into the head-organisation. The whole embryonic organisation is so arranged that the head receives its materials from the Earth. There, then, we have earthly substance.
On the other hand, all that we have as substantiality in the organisation of metabolism and the limbs—permeating our intestines, limbs, muscles, bones, etc.—comes not from the Earth at all. It is cosmic substantiality. It comes from that which is absorbed out of the air and warmth above the Earth. This is important. You must not regard a claw or a hoof as though it were formed by the physical matter which the animal eats somehow finding its way into the hoof and being there deposited. That is not true at all. In actual fact, cosmic matter is absorbed through the senses and the breathing. What the animal eats is merely for the purpose of developing its inner forces of movement, so that the cosmic principles may be driven right down into the metabolic and limb system—into the claw or hoof, for instance. Throughout these parts, it is cosmic substantiality.
Precisely the opposite is true of the forces. In the head—inasmuch as the senses are chiefly stationed there, and the senses perceive out of the Cosmos—in the head we have cosmic forces; while in the system of metabolism and limbs we have to do with earthly forces—cosmic substances and earthly forces. (As to the latter, you need only remember how we walk; we are constantly placing ourselves into the field of earthly gravity, and in like manner, all that we do with our limbs is bound up with the earthly).
This is by no means a matter of indifference, in practice. Suppose you are using the cow as a beast of labour. It needs its limbs for the work. Or if you use an ox as a labouring beast—it is important to feed the animal so that it gets as much as possible of cosmic substantiality. Moreover, the food which will pass through the stomach must be suitably chosen and arranged, so as to develop copious forces—forces sufficient to guide the cosmic substantiality into the limbs and bones and muscles, everywhere.
Likewise we need to be aware: whatever substances are required for the head itself—these must be got from the actual fodder. The foodstuffs—assimilated, passed through the stomach—must be guided into the head. It is the head, not the big toe, which depends on the stomach in this respect! Moreover, the head can only assimilate this nourishment which it received from the body, if it is able at the same time to get the necessary forces from the Cosmos. Therefore we should not merely shut our animals in dark stables, where the cosmic forces cannot flow towards them. We should lead them out over the pastures. Altogether, we should give them the opportunity to come into relation with the surrounding world by sense-perception too.
Think of an animal standing in the dark, dull stable, and receiving—measured out into its manger—what the wisdom of man provides. Such an animal, getting no change in this respect, and it can only get the proper change in the open air—how different it will be from one that is able to make use of its senses, its organ of smell, for instance, seeking its food for itself in the open air; following its sense of smell, following the cosmic forces through its sense of smell, going after the food, choosing for itself, unfolding all its activity in this finding and taking of the food.
Such things are inherited. The animal you merely place at the manger will not reveal at once that it has no cosmic forces; for it still inherits them. But it will presently beget descendants which have the cosmic forces in them no longer. In such a case, it is from the head that the animal first becomes weak. It can no longer feed the body because it is unable to absorb the cosmic substances, which, once again, are needed in the body as a whole.
These things will show you how futile it is merely to give general instructions: “Feed thus and thus, in this case and in that” We must first gain an idea: what is the value of such and such methods of feeding for the whole essence of the anima's organisation?
Now we can go further. What is contained in the head? Earthly substantiality. Cut out this noblest organ of the animal—the brain—there you have so much earthly substance. In man, too, in the brain you have earthly substance. Only the forces are cosmic; the substance is earthly. What then is the function of the brain? It serves as an underlying basis for the Ego. The animal has not yet the Ego. Let us hold fast to this idea: The brain serves as an underlying basis for the Ego, but the animal has not yet an Ego. Therefore the animal's brain is only on the way to Ego-formation. In man it goes on and on—to the full forming of the Ego.
How then has the brain of the animal come into being? Take the whole organic process—all that is going on in there. That which eventually emerges as earthly matter in the brain has actually been excreted; it is excretion—excretion from the organic process. Earthly matter is here excreted to nerve as a basis for the Ego. Now on the basis of this process in the metabolic and limbs system—beginning with the consumption of the food and going on through the whole distributive activity of the digestion—a certain quantity of earthly matter is capable of being led into the head and brain. A certain quantity of earthly substance goes through the whole path, and is at last literally deposited—excreted, separated out—in the brain. But it is not only in the brain that the substance of the foodstuffs is deposited. Whatever is no longer capable of assimilation is deposited already on the way, in the intestines.
Here you encounter a relationship which you will think most paradoxical, even absurd at first sight, and yet you cannot overlook it if you wish to understand the animal organisation—and the human too, for that matter. What is this brainy mass? It is simply an intestinal mass, carried to the very end. The premature brain deposit passes out through the intestines. As to its processes, the content of the intestines is decidedly akin to the brain-content. To speak grotesquely, I would say: That which spreads out through the brain is a highly advanced heap of manure! Grotesque as it may be, objectively speaking this is the truth. It is none other than the dung, which is transmuted—through its peculiar organic process into the noble matter of the brain, there to become the basis for Ego-development.
In man, as much as possible of the belly-manure is transformed into brain-manure, for man as you know carries his Ego down on to the Earth; in the animal, less. Therefore, in the animal, more remains behind in the belly-manure—and this is what we use for manuring. In animal manure, more Ego potentially remains. Just because the animal itself does not reach up to the Ego, more Ego remains there potentially. Hence, animal and human manure are altogether different things. Animal manure still contains the Ego-potentiality.
Picture to yourselves how we manure the plant. We bring the manure from outside to the plant root. That is to say, we bring Ego to the root of the plant. Let us draw the plant in its entirety (Diagram 19). Down here you have the root; up there, the unfolding leaves and blossoms. There, through the intercourse with air, astrality unfolds—the astral principle is added—whereas down here, through intercourse with the manure, the Ego-potentiality of the plant develops.
Truly, the farm is a living organism. Above, in the air, it evolves its astrality. Fruit-tree and forest by their very presence develop this astrality. And now when the animals feed on what is there above the Earth, they in their turn develop the real Ego-forces. These they give off in the dung, and the Same Ego-forces will cause the plant in its turn to grow forth from the root in the direction of the force of gravity. Truly a wonderful interplay, but we must understand it stage by stage, progressively, increasingly.
Inasmuch as these things are so, your farm is in truth a kind of individuality, and you will gain the insight that you ought to keep your animals as much as possible within this mutual interplay and your plants too. Thus, in a Sense, you mar the working of Nature when you take your manure not from your own farm animals, but get rid of the animals and order the manure-content from Chile. Then you are playing fast and loose with things—neglecting the fact that this is a perfect and self-contained cycle, which ought to be maintained, complete in itself. Needless to say, we must arrange things so; we must have enough and the right kind of animals, so as to get enough manure and the right kind for our farm. Or again, we must take care to plant what the animals which we desire to have will like to eat instinctively—what they will seek out for themselves. Naturally, here our experiments grow complicated—they become individual, in fact.
Hence, as I said, we must first indicate general guiding lines for individual treatment. Much will remain to be tried out. Then useful rules of conduct will emerge; but all of these will proceed from the one guiding live: to make the farm, as far as possible, so self-contained that it is able to sustain itself. As far as possible—not quite! Why not? The concrete study of Spiritual Science will never make you a fanatic. In outer life, within our present economic order, it cannot be fully attained. Nevertheless, you should try to attain it as far as possible.
We can now find the concrete, specific relations of the animal organism to the plant—that is, to the organism of the fodder. Let us first see it as a whole. Observe the root, which develops as a rule inside the earth. There the manure permeates it, as we have Seen, with a nascent Ego-force—an Ego-force in process of becoming. Through the whole way it lives in the Earth, the root absorbs this nascent Ego-force. The root is assisted in absorbing this Ego-force if it can find the proper quantity of salt in the Earth. Here then we have the root. Simply on the basis of the thoughts we have already placed before us, we can now recognise it as that foodstuff which, if it comes into the human organism, will most easily find its way, in the digestive process, to the head.
We shall therefore provide root-nourishment if we must assume that substance—material substance—is needed for the head, so that the cosmic forces working plastically through the head may find the proper stuff to work upon. What will it remind you of when this is said: “I must give roots as fodder to an animal which needs to carry material substance into its head, so that it may have a live and mobile sense-relationship, i.e. a cosmic relationship, to its cosmic environment.” Will you not immediately think of the calf and the carrot? When the calf eats the carrot, this process is fulfilled.
You see, the moment you express such a piece of knowledge—if you are actually aware what a farm looks like, what it is like in practice, your thoughts will turn at once to what is actually done. You need only know that this is the real mutual process.
Let us proceed. Now that the material substance has been conveyed into the head—now that we have served the calf with the carrot—the reverse process must be able to take place. The head must be able to work with will-activity, creating forces in the organism, so that these forces in their turn can work right down into the body. The carrot-dung must not be merely deposited in the head. From what is there deposited—from what is there in process of disintegration—Force-radiations must pass into the body. Therefore you need a second foodstuff. Having now served this member of the body, you need a second foodstuff which in its turn will enable the head to fulfil its proper function by the remainder of the body.
Suppose, then, I have given carrot-fodder. Now I want the body to be properly permeated by the forces that are able to evolve out of the head. Now I need something in Nature that has a ray-like, radiating form, or that gathers up the ray-like nature in a concentrated “tabloid” form, so to speak. What shall I use, then, as a second foodstuff? Once more, I shall add to the carrot something that tends to ray out in the plant, and afterwards gathers-in its ray-like force in concentration. So my attention is directed to linseed or the like. Such is the fodder you should give young cattle. Carrots and linseed, or something that will go together on the same principle say, for instance, carrots and fresh hay. These will work through and through the animal—mastering its inner processes—setting it well on the way of its development.
Thus, for young cattle, we shall always try to provide fodder such as will stimulate the Ego-forces on the one hand, and on the other hand assist what passes downward from above—the astral radiations which are needed to fill the body through. Assistance of the latter kind is rendered especially by long and thin-stalked plants, left simply to their own development—that is to say, long grass, etc., that has grown into hay—whatever is long and thin-stalked and goes to hay (Diagram 20). In agriculture we must always learn to look at the things themselves, and of each thing we must learn what happens to it when it passes, either from the animal into the soil, or from the plant into the animal.
Let us pursue the matter further. Suppose you wish the animal to become strong precisely in the middle region, where the head organisation—that of nerves-and-senses—develops more towards the breathing, and on the other hand the metabolic organisation also tends towards the rhythmic life, and the two poles interpenetrate. What animals do you wish to become strong in this region? The milk-giving creatures—they must grow strong in this middle part. For in the production of milk precisely this requirement is fulfilled.
What must you care for in this case? You must see that the right co-operation is there between the stream that passes backwards from the head—which is mainly a streaming of forces—and the stream that passes forward from behind, which is mainly a streaming of substance. If this co-operation is taking place, so that the streaming from behind is thoroughly worked through by the forces that flow from the fore-parts backward, good and copious milk will be the outcome. For the good milk contains what has been specially developed in the metabolic process. It is a metabolic preparation, which, though it has not yet passed through the sexual System, has become as nearly as possible akin—in the digestive process itself—to the sexual digestive process. Milk is a transformed sexual gland secretion. A substance which is on the way to become sexual secretion is met by the head-forces working into it and so transforming it. You can see right into this process.
If now we wish the processes to form themselves in this way, we must look around for foodstuffs working less towards the head than the roots, which latter have absorbed the Ego-force. At the Same time, since it has to remain akin to the sexual force, we must not have too much of the astral in it—not too much of what tends towards blossom and fruit. For a good milk-production we must therefore look to what is there between the flower and the root that is, to the green foliage: all that unfolds in leaf and vegetable foliage (Diagram 21).
If we want to stimulate the development of milk, in an animal whose milk-production we have reason to believe could be increased, we shall certainly attain the desired end if we proceed as follows. Assume I am feeding a milk cow—according to the prevailing conditions—with vegetable leaves or foliage or the like. Now I want to increase the milk production. I say to myself, it surely can be increased. What shall I do? I shall use plants which draw the fruiting process—the process that takes place in flower and fertilisation—down into the foliage, into the leafing process. This applies for instance to the pod-bearing or leguminous plants notably the various kinds of clover. In the clover-substance, manifold elements of a fruit-like quality develop just life leaf and foliage.
Treat the cow in this way and you will not see much result in the cow herself, but when she calves (for the fodder-reforms you introduce along these lines generally take a generation to work themselves out), when the cow calves, the calf will become a good milk-cow.
One thing especially you must observe in all these matters. As a rule, when the traditions of old instinctive wisdom vanished from this sphere, a few things were maintained just as our doctors have maintained a few of the old remedies. Though they no longer know why, they have kept them on, simply because they always find them helpful. Likewise in farming, certain things are known out of old tradition. People do not know why, but they continue to use them, and for the rest, they make experiments and tests. Thus they try to indicate the quantities that should be given for fattening cattle, milk cattle and the like. But the whole thing turns out as it usually does when men begin to experiment at random—especially when their experimenting is left to mere chance.
Think what happens, for example, if ever you have a sore throat at a place where you are among many people. Everyone who is fond of you will offer you some remedy. Within half an hour you have a whole chemist's shop! If you really took all these remedies the one would cancel the other out, and the only sure thing is that you would suffer indigestion, while your sore throat would be no better. The simple measures that ought to be taken are thus transformed into great complication.
So it is when you begin experimenting with all kinds of fodder. You begin to use something. In a certain direction it goes well, in another it does not. Now you add a second fodder to it, and so you go on, and the result is a whole number of standard fodders, each of which has its significance for young cattle or fattening cattle as the case may be, but it all he comes very complicated, and to-day no one can see the wood for the trees. They have no longer any comprehensive vision of the relationships of forces which are involved. Or again, the effect of the one thing is such as to cancel the other out.
This is happening very widely, especially among those who have acquired a little learning by their academic studies, and thereupon go out and try to farm. Then they look up their text-books, or they remember what they learned: “Young cattle should be fed so and so, cattle you wish to fatten should be fed in that way,” and so on. So they will look it all up. But the results will not be very great, for it may easily happen that what you look up in the text-book will clash with what you are already giving of your own accord.
You can only proceed rationally by taking your start from a way of thought such as I have now indicated, for this will very largely simplify the animal's food, and you will gain a comprehensive view of what you are doing. For instance, you can see quite clearly and straightforwardly that carrots and linseed together will work in this way. You do not make a general confusion. You have a clear and comprehensive view of the effects of what you give. Think how you will stand in your farming work if you do things in this way quite consciously and deliberately. Thus you will gain a knowledge, not for the complication but for the simplification of the fodder problem.
Much—indeed, very much—of what has gradually been discovered by experiment is quite correct. It is only unsystematic, lacking in precision. Precisely this kind of “exact science” is not exact at all in reality, for many things get muddled up together and no one can see through them clearly; whereas the things I have here exemplified can be traced right down into the animal organism in their comparative simplicity, in their comparatively simple mutual effects.
Now take another case. Let us look more towards the flowering nature and the fruiting process that arises in the flower. But we must not stop short at this. We must also observe the fruiting process in the remainder of the plant. Plants have a property which endeared them especially to Goethe. The plant always has throughout its body the inherent potentiality of its specialised parts. For most plants, we put into the earth that which appears as potential fruit in the flower. We plant it in the earth so as to get new plants. With the potato, however, we do not do so. We use the “eyes” of the potato. And so it is in many plants: the fruiting tendency is not only there in the flower. Nature does not carry all her processes to the final stage.
The fruiting process, where Nature has not yet carried it to the final stage, can always be enhanced in its effect by processes which are outwardly similar, in one way or another, to the external process of combustion. For instance, if you chop up and dry the plant for fodder, the stuff you get will be more effective if you let it steam a little—spread it out in the sunlight. The process that is there as an inner tendency is thus led a little farther towards fructification.
There is a wonderful instinct in these matters. Look at the world with intelligence and you will ask: Why,did it ever occur to human beings to cook their food? It is a very real question, only as a rule we are not prone to question the everyday things with which we are so familiar. Why did men come to cook their food at all? Because they by and by discovered that a considerable part is played, in all that tends towards the fruiting process, by all such processes as cooking, burning, heating, drying, steaming.
These processes will all of them incline the flower and the seed (yet not only these; indirectly the other parts of the plant also, notably those that lie towards the upper region) to develop more strongly the forces that have to be developed in the metabolic and limb-system of the animal. Even if you take the simple flower or seed—the flower and seed of the plant work on the metabolic or digestive system of the animal. And they work there chiefly by virtue of the forces they unfold, not by their substance. For the metabolic and limb-system requires earthly forces, and in the measure in which it needs them it must receive them.
Think of the animals that pasture on the alpine meadows, for example. They are not like the animals of the plains, for they must walk about under difficult conditions. The conditions are different, simply through the fact that the earth's surface is not level. It is a different thing for animals to walk about on level ground or on a slope. Such animals, therefore, must receive what will develop the forces in the region of their limbs, i.e. the forces that have to be exerted by the will. Otherwise they will not become good labouring animals, nor milk-, nor fattening animals.
We must see to it that they get sufficient nourishment from the aromatic alpine herbs, where through the cooking process of the Sun, working towards the flowers, Nature herself has enhanced the fruiting, flowering activity by further treatment. But the necessary force can also be brought into the limbs by artificial treatment, notably if it is anything like cooking, boiling, simmering or the like. Here it is best to take what comes from the fruiting, flowering parts of the plant, and in this way it is especially good to treat such plants as tend from the outset to the fruiting and the flowering—plants, that is to say, which develop little leaf and foliage but tend at once to develop flower and fruit. All that in the plant-world, which does not care to become leaf and foliage, but rather grows rampant in the flowering and fruit-bearing process—that is what we ought to cook.
For themselves, too, men would do well to observe these things. If they did so, we should have less of those movements which take their start from people who find themselves—all unawares—upon the downward slope, the inclined plane of laziness. They say to themselves, no doubt, “If I spend the whole day with petty manipulations, I can never become a true mystic. I can only become a true mystic if I am restful and quiet. I must not always be compelled—by my own needs or by the needs of those around me—to be up and doing. I must be able to say to my surrounding world: I have not the energy to spare for all this outer work. Then I shall be able to become a true mystic. Therefore I will endeavour to arrange my food so that I may become a thorough-going mystic.” Well, if you say that to yourself, you will become a raw-food crank. You will have no more cooking. You go in for raw food only.
These things are easily masked; they do not always emerge in this way. If someone who is well on the inclined plane to mysticism of this kind becomes an uncooked-food crank—and if from the outset he has a weak physical constitution—he will make good progress, he will become more and more indolent, i.e. mystical.
What happens to man in this respect, we can also apply to the animal. Thus we shall know how to make our animals quick and active. For the human being, however, other things too can occur. He may be physically strong and only afterwards become so “cranky” as to want to be a mystic. He may have strong physical forces in him. Then the processes he has within him—and, moreover, the forces which the raw food itself calls forth in him—will develop strongly, and it cannot do him much harm. For as he eats the raw food he will summon the forces which would otherwise remain latent and create rheumatism and gout. He will summon them to activity, he will develop them and work them and thus grow all the stronger.
Thus there are two sides to every question, and we must realise how all these things are individualised. We cannot give hard and fast principles. This is the real advantage of the vegetarian mode of life. It makes us stronger because we draw forth from the organism forces which would otherwise be lying fallow there. These are, in fact, the very forces that create gout and rheumatism, diabetes and the like.
If we only eat plant food, these forces are called into activity to lift the plant up to human nature. If, on the other hand, we eat animal food from the outset, these forces are left latent in the organism. They remain unused and as a result they will begin to use themselves, depositing metabolic products in various parts of the organism, or driving out of the organs and claiming for themselves things that the human being himself should possess, as in the case of diabetes, etc. We only understand these matters when we look more deeply.
Now let us come to the question, how should we fatten animals? Here we must say to ourselves: As much as possible of cosmic substance must be carried, as it were, into a sack. Oh, the pigs, the fat pigs and sows—what heavenly creatures they are! In their fat body—insofar as it is not nerves-and-senses system—they have nothing but cosmic substance. It is not earthly, it is cosmic substance. The pigs only need the material food they eat, to distribute throughout their body this infinite fulness of cosmic substance which they must absorb from all quarters. The pig must feed, so as to be able to distribute the substance which it draws in from the Cosmos. It must have the necessary forces for the distribution of this cosmic substance.
And so it is with other fattened animals. So you will see: Your fatstock will thrive if you give them fruiting substance (further treated, if possible, by cooking, steaming or the like) and if you give them food which already has the fruiting process in it in a rather enhanced and intensive degree—for instance, turnips or beet, enlarged already in Nature by a process going beyond what they had in them originally—turnips or beet, that is to say, which by enhanced cultivation have grown bigger than they were in the wild.
Once more, then, we can ask ourselves: What must we give to the animal we wish to fatten? Something which will help, at least, to distribute the cosmic substance. It must therefore be something that tends already of its own accord towards the fruiting nature, and that has received the proper treatment in addition. This condition is on the whole fulfilled in certain oil-cakes and the like. But we must not leave the head of such an animal quite unprovided for. Some earthly substance must still be able to pass upward through this “fattening cure” into the head. We therefore need something else in addition—albeit in smaller quantities, for the head in this instance will not need so much. But in small quantities we do need it. For our fattening animals we should therefore add something of a rooty-nature to the food, however small a dose.
Now there is a kind of substance—indeed, it is pure substance which has no special function. Generally speaking, we can say, the root-nature has its special functions in relation to the head; the flower in relation to the metabolic and limb-system, and leaf or foliage in relation to the rhythmic system with the substantial nature that belongs to it in the human organism. But there is one more thing whose help we need because it is related to all the members of the animal organisation, and that is the salt-nature. Very little of the food—whether of man or beast—consists of salt!. From this salt-condiment you can tell that it is not always quantity that matters, but quality. This is important. Even the smallest quantities fulfil their purpose if the quality is right.
Now there is one thing of importance I should like to paint out, and I beg you to make exact experiments on this—experiments which could well be extended to an observation of human beings, at any rate of those who incline towards the food question. You know that in modern time (relatively speaking, it is only a short time since) the tomato has been introduced as a kind of staple food. Many people are fond of it. Now the tomato is one of the most interesting subjects of study. Much can be learned from the production and consumption of tomatoes. Those who concern themselves a little with these things—and there are such men to-day—rightly consider that the consumption of the tomato by man is of great significance. (And it can well be extended to the animal; it would be quite possible to accustom animals to tomatoes). It is, in fact, of great significance for all that in the body, which—while within the organism—tends to fall out of the organism, i.e. for that which assumes—once more, within the organism—an organisation of its own.
Two things follow from this. First, it confirms the statement of an American to the effect that a diet of tomatoes will, under given conditions, have a most beneficial effect on a morbid inclination of the liver. In effect, the liver of all Organs works with the greatest relative independence in the human body. Therefore, quite generally speaking, liver diseases—those that are rather diseases of the animal liver—can be combated by means of the tomato.
At this point we can begin to look right into the connection between plant and animal. I may say, in parenthesis, suppose a person is suffering from carcinoma. Carcinoma, from the very outset, makes a certain region independent within the human or animal organism. Hence a carcinoma patient should at once be forbidden to eat tomatoes. Now let us ask ourselves: What is it due to? Why does the tomato work especially on that which is independent within the organism—that which specialises itself out of the organic totality? This is connected with what the tomato needs for its own origin and growth.
The tomato feels happiest if it receives manure as far as possible in the original form in which it was excreted or otherwise separated out of the animal or other organism—manure which has not had much time to get assimilated in Nature—wild manure, so to speak. Take any kind of refuse and throw it together as a disorderly manure- or compost-heap, containing as much as possible in the form in which it just arose—nohow prepared or worked upon. Plant them there, and you will soon see that you get the finest tomatoes. Nay, more, if you use a heap of compost made of the tomato-plant itself—stem, foliage and all—if you let the tomato grow on its own dung, so to speak, it will develop splendidly.
The tomato does not want to go out of itself; it does not want to depart from the realm of strong vitality. It wants to remain therein. It is the most uncompanionable creature in the whole plant-kingdom. It does not want to get anything from outside. Above all, it rejects any manure that has already undergone an inner process. It will not have it. The tomato's power to influence any independent organisation within the human or animal organism is connected with this, its property.
To some extent, in this respect, the potato is akin to the tomato. The potato, too, works in a highly independent way, and in this sense: it passes easily right through the digestive process, penetrates into the brain, and makes the brain independent—independent even of the influence of the remaining Organs of the body. Indeed, the exaggerated use of potatoes is one of the factors that have made men and animals materialistic since the introduction of potato cultivation into Europe. We should only eat just enough potatoes to stimulate our brain and head-nature. The eating of potatoes, above all, should not be overdone.
The knowledge of such things will relate agriculture in a most intimate way—and in a thoroughly objective way—to the social life as a whole. It is infinitely important that agriculture should be so related to the social life.
I could go on, giving many individual guiding lines. These guiding lines are only the foundation for manifold experiments, which will extend, no doubt, over a long period of time. Splendid results will emerge if you work out in thorough-going tests and experiments what I have given here. I say this also as a guiding line for your treatment of what has been given in this lecture course.
I am in entire agreement with the strict resolve which has been made by our farmer friends here present, namely, that what has been given here to all those partaking in the Course shall remain for the present within the farmers' circle. They will enhance it and develop it by actual experiments and tests. The farmers' society—the “Experimental Circle” that has been formed—will fix the point of time when in its judgment the tests and experiments are far enough advanced to allow these things to be published.
Full recognition is due to the tolerance which has been shown, which has allowed a number of interested persons, not actually farmers, to share in this Course. They must now recall the well-known opera and fix a padlock on their mouths. Do not fall into the prevalent anthroposophical mistake and straightway proclaim it all from the housetops. We have often been harmed in this way. Person who have nothing to say out of a real or well-founded impulse, but only repeat what they have heard, go passing things an from mouth to mouth. It has done us much harm. It makes a great difference, for example, whether a farmer speaks of these things, or one who stands remote from farming life. It makes a difference, which you will quickly recognise.
What would result if our non-farmer friends now began to pass these things on, as a fresh and interesting chapter of anthroposophical teaching? The result would be what has occurred with many of our lecture-cycles. Others—including farmers—would begin to hear of these things from this and that quarter. As to the farmers—well, if they hear of these things from a fellow-farmer, they will say, “What a pity he has suddenly gone crazy!” Yes, they may say it the first time and the second time. But eventually—when the farmer sees a really good result, he will not feel a very easy conscience in rejecting it outright.
If, on the other hand, the farmers hear of these things from unauthorised persons—from persons who are merely interested—then indeed “the game is up.” If that were to happen, the whole thing would be discredited, its influence would be undermined. Therefore it is most necessary: those of our friends who have only been allowed to take part owing to their general interest and who are not in the Agricultural Circle, must exercise the necessary self-restraint. They must keep it to themselves and not go carrying it in all directions as people are so fond of doing with anthroposophical things.
This principle, as our honoured friend, Count Keyserlingk, to-day announced, has been resolved upon by the Agricultural Circle, and I can only say that I approve it in the very fullest sense. For the rest—except for our final discussion hour—we are now at the end of these lectures. Therefore perhaps I may first express my own satisfaction that you were ready to come here, to take your share in what has been able to be said and in what is now to become of it by further work. On the other hand, I am sure you will all agree with me in this:
What has here taken place is intended as real, useful work, and as such it has the deepest inner value. But you will bear in mind two things. Let us now think of all the energy and work that was needed on the part of Count and Countess Keyserlingk and all the members of their House to bring to pass all that has come about in this Course. Energy, clear, conscious purpose, anthroposophical good sense, purity and singleness of heart in the cause of Spiritual Science, self-sacrifice and many another thing was necessary to this end. And so it has also come about—I imagine it is so for you all: what we have here been doing as a piece of real hard work, work which is tending to great and fruitful results for all humanity, has been given a truly festive setting by our presence here. We owe it to the way our host and hostess have arranged it all. In five minutes' time you will have another example of their festive hospitality.
All that has been done in this way—last but not least, the cordial kindness of all the people, working in the house—has placed our work in the warm and welcome setting of a truly beautiful festival. Thus, with our Agriculture Conference we have also enjoyed a real farm festival. Therefore we offer Countess and Count Keyserlingk and all their House our heartiest and inmost thanks for all that they have done for us in these ten days—for all that they have done in the service of our cause, and for their kind and loving welcome to us all, which has made our sojourn here so pleasant.

Discussion
Question: Has liquid manure the same Ego-organising force as manure itself?
Answer: The essential point is to have the manure and the liquid manure properly combined. Use them in such a way that they work together, each contributing to the organising forces of the soil. The connection with the Ego applies in the fullest sense to the manure, though this does not hold good, generally speaking, for the liquid manure. Every Ego—even the potentiality of an Ego, as it is in the manure—must work in some kind of connection with an astral factor. The manure would have no astrality if “manure juice” did not accompany it. Thus liquid manure helps—it has the stronger astral force, the dung itself the stronger Ego-force. The dung is like the brain; the liquid manure is like the brain-secretion—the astral force, the fluid portion of the brain, i.e. the cerebral fluid.
Question: Might we have the indications as to the proper constellations?
Answer (by Dr. Vreede): The exact indications cannot be given now. The necessary calculations cannot be done in a moment. Broadly speaking, the period from the beginning of February until August will hold good for the insect preparations. For field-mice, the periods will vary from year to year. For this year (1924) the time from the second half of November to the first half of December would be right.
Dr. Steiner: The principles of an anthroposophical calendar, such as was planned at the time, should be carried out more fully. Then you could follow such a calendar precisely.
Question: Speaking of full Moon and new Moon, do you mean the actual day of the full or new Moon, or do you include the time shortly before and after?
Answer: You call it new Moon from the moment when this picture appears, approximately speaking (Diagram 22). This picture is there; then it vanishes. And you reckon it full Moon from the time when the following picture occurs. New Moon, therefore, from the time when the Moon appears as a quite narrow crescent, and then disappears. Twelve to fourteen days in each case.
Question: Can insects, unobtainable at the season of the given constellation, be kept until the proper time arrives?
Answer: We shall give more exact indications of the time when the preparations should be made. The several forms of insects can no doubt be kept.
Question: Must the weed-seeds be burnt in summer, or can it be done at any time?
Answer: Not too long after collecting the seed.
Question: What of the sprinkling of insect-pepper taken from insects that have never come into actual contact with the earth?
Answer: Sprinkle it on the earth just the same. For the insect, the process does not depend on physical contact, but on the quality communicated by these homoeopathic doses. The insect has quite another kind of sensitiveness; it flees from what ensues when the preparation is sprinkled in the earth. That the insect does not come into direct contact with the earth makes no difference at all.
Question: What of the harmfulness of frost in farming, especially for the tomato? In what cosmic relationship is frost to be understood?
Answer: If the tomato is to grow nice and big, it must be kept warm; it suffers greatly from frost.
As to frost in general, you must realise what it is that comes to expression in the effects of frost. These effects always represent a great enhancement of the cosmic influences at work in the earth. This cosmic influence has its normal mean when certain degrees of temperature are prevalent; then it is just as the plant requires it. If, on occasion, we get frost of long duration or too intense and deeply penetrating, the influence of the heavens on the earth is too strong, and the plants will tend to ramify in various directions, to form thread-like growths, to spread out thinly. And the resulting growths, being thin, will under certain conditions naturally be received by the prevailing frost, and destroyed. Frost, therefore, when it goes too far, is undoubtedly harmful to plant-growth, simply because too much of the heavens comes into the soil of the earth.
Question: Should one treat the bodies of animals with the burnt relics of horse-flies and the like, or should these relics be scattered over the meadows and pastures?
Answer: Wherever the animal feeds. Sprinkle the relics over the fields; they are all to be thought of as additions to the manure.
Question: What is the best way of combating couch-grass? It is very difficult, is it not, to get the seeds?
Answer: The mode of propagation of the couch-grass you have in mind—where it never goes so far as to form seed—will in the end eliminate itself. If you get no seed, you have not really got the weed. If, on the other hand, it establishes itself so strongly that it plants itself and continues to grow rampantly, you then have the means to combat it, for you will soon find as much seed as you require, because, in fact, you need so very little. After all, you can also find four-leaved clover.
Question: Is it permissible to conserve masses of fodder with the electric current?
Answer: What would you attain by so doing? You must consider the whole part played by electricity in Nature. It is at least comforting that voices are now being heard in America—where, on the whole, a better gift of observation is appearing than in Europe—voices, I mean, to the effect that human beings cannot go on developing in the same way in an atmosphere permeated on all sides by electric currents and radiations. It has an influence on the whole development of man.
This is quite true; man's inner life will become different if these things are carried as far as is now intended. It makes a difference whether you simply supply a certain district with steam-engines or electrify the railway lines. Steam works more consciously, whereas electricity has an appallingly unconscious influence; people simply do not know where certain things are coming from. Without a doubt, there is a trend of evolution in the following direction. Consider how electricity is now being used above the earth as radiant and as conducted electricity, to carry the news as quickly as possible from one place to another. This life of men in the midst of electricity, notably radiant electricity, will presently affect them in such a way that they will no longer be able to understand the news which they receive so rapidly. The effect is to damp down their intelligence. Such effects are already to be seen to-day. Even to-day you can notice how people understand the things that come to them with far greater difficulty than they did a few decades ago. It is comforting that from America, at least, a certain perception of these facts is at last beginning to arise.
It is a remarkable fact that whenever something new appears, as a rule in the early stages it is heralded as a remedy—a means of healing. Then the prophets get hold of it. It is strange, where a new thing appears, clairvoyant perception is often reduced to a very human level! Here is a man who makes all sorts of prophecies about the healing powers of electricity, where no such thing would previously have occurred to him. Things become fashionable! No one was able to imagine healing people by electricity so long as electricity was not there. Now—not because it is there, but because it has become the fashion—now it is suddenly proclaimed as a means of healing. Electricity—applied as radiant electricity—is often no more a means of healing than it would be to take tiny little needles and prick the patient all over with them. It is not the electricity—it is the shock that has the healing effect.
Now you must not forget that electricity always works on the higher organisation, the head-organisation both of man and animal; and correspondingly, on the root-organisation in the plant. It works very strongly there. If, therefore, you use electricity in this way—if you pour electricity through the foodstuffs—you create foodstuffs which will gradually cause the animal that feeds on them to grow sclerotic. It is a slow process; it will not be observed at once. The first thing will be, that in one way or another the animals will die sooner than they should. Electricity will not at first be recognised as the cause; it will be ascribed to all manner of other things.
Electricity, once for all, is not intended to work into the realm of the living—it is not meant to help living things especially; it cannot do so. You must know that electricity is at a lower level than that of living things. Whatever is alive—the higher it is, the more it will tend to ward off electricity. It is a definite repulsion. If now you train a living thing to use its means of defence where there is nothing for it to ward off, the living creature will thereby become nervous or fidgety, and eventually sclerotic.
Question: What does Spiritual Science say to the preservation of foodstuffs by acidification, as in the Silage-process?
Answer: If you are using salt-like materials at all in the process—taken in the wider Sense—it makes comparatively little difference whether you add the salt at the moment of consumption or add it to the fodder. If you have fodder with insufficient salt-content to drive the foodstuffs to the parts of the organism where they should be working, the souring of such fodder will certainly be beneficial.
For instance, suppose you have turnips, swedes, etc., in a certain district. We have seen that they are especially fitted to influence the head-organisation. They are excellent fodder for certain animals—young cattle, for example. If, on the other hand, in some district you notice that as a result of such fodder the animal tends to lose hair too early or too much, then you will salt the fodder. For you will know that it is not being sufficiently deposited at those parts of the organism which it should reach; it is not getting far enough. Salt, as a rule, has an exceedingly strong influence in this direction, causing a foodstuff to reach the place in the organism where it ought to work.
Question: What is the attitude of Spiritual Science to the ensiling of the leaves of sugar-beet, etc., and other green plants?
Answer: You should See that you get the optimum effect; you must not go beyond the optimum in the method used. Generally speaking, the souring will not have a harmful effect unless carried to excess by the addition of excessive quantities of admixtures. For the salt-like constituents are precisely those that tend most strongly to remain as they are in the living organism.
Usually the organism (the animal organism also, and the human to a still greater extent) is so constituted that it changes whatever it absorbs in the most manifold ways. It is mere prejudice to think, for example, that any part of the protein you introduce through the stomach is still available after this point in the same form in which you introduce it. The protein must be completely transformed into dead substance, and must then be changed back again by the etheric body of man himself (or of the animal) into a protein which is then specifically human or animal protein.
Thus, everything that penetrates into the organism must undergo a complete change. What I am saying applies even to the ordinary warmth. I will draw it diagrammatically (Diagram 23). Assume that you have here a living organism; here you have warmth in its environment. Suppose on the other hand that you here have a piece of wood, which, though it comes from a living organism, is already dead, and you have warmth in its environment. Into the living organism the warmth cannot simply penetrate; it does not merely penetrate it. The moment the warmth begins to come inside, it is already worked upon by the living organism; it changes into warmth that has been assimilated and transmuted by the living organism itself. Indeed, it cannot rightly be otherwise. Into the dead wood, on the other hand, the warmth will simply penetrate; the warmth inside is the Same as in the surrounding mineral kingdom of the earth.
Not so with living bodies. The moment any warmth begins to penetrate unchanged into our organism, for example—as it would penetrate into a piece of wood—that moment, we catch cold. Whatever enters from outside into the living organism must not remain as it is; it must at once be changed. This process takes place least of all in salt. Hence, with the salts, used in the way you indicate for ensiling the foodstuffs—provided you are just a little sensible and do not give too much (for then in any case the animal would reject the food because of its taste)—you will do no great harm. If it is necessary for preservation, that in itself is a sign that the process is right.
Question: Is it advisable to ensile the fodder without salt?
Answer: That is a process much too far advanced. It is, I would say, a super-organic process. When it has gone too far, it can under certain circumstances be extremely harmful.
Question: Is the Spanish whiting (sometimes used to mitigate the souring effects) harmful to animals?
Answer: Certain animals cannot stand it at all; they become ill at once. Some animals can stand it; I cannot say which at the moment. Generally speaking, it will not do the animals much good; they will tend to become ill.
Question: I imagine the gastric juice will be dulled by using it?
Answer: Yes, it will be made ineffective.
Question: I should like to ask if it is not of great importance in what frame of mind one approaches these matters? It makes a great difference whether you are sowing corn or scattering a preparation for destructive ends. Surely the attitude of mind must come into question. If you work against the insects by such means as are here indicated, will it not have a greater karmic effect than if in single instances you get rid of the animals by some mechanical means?
Answer: As to the attitude of mind—surely the chief point is whether it be good or bad! What do you mean by the “destruction”? You need but consider the whole way in which you have to think about these things in any case. Take to-day's lecture, for instance, and the way it has been held; when, for example, I pointed out how one must know about the things of Nature: how one must see from the outer appearance, say, of the linseed or the carrot, what kind of process it will undergo inside the animal.
You will go through such an objective education if this knowledge becomes a reality in you at all, that it is surely quite unthinkable without your being permeated with a certain piety and reverence. Then you will also have the impulse to do these things in the service of mankind and of the Universe.
If harm were to result from the spirit in which you do them, it could only be a question of your bringing in deliberately evil intentions. Yes—you would have to have downright bad intentions. If, therefore, common morality is at the same time fostered, I cannot imagine how it should have bad effects in any way. Do you conceive that to run after an animal and kill it would be less bad?
Question: I was referring to the manner of destruction—whether it be by mechanical means, or by these cosmic workings—whether that makes a difference.
Answer: This question raises very complicated issues, the understanding of which depends upon your seeing them in large connections. Let us assume, for instance, that you draw a fish out of the sea and kill it. Then you have killed a living thing. You have carried out a process which takes place upon a certain level. Now let us assume that for some purpose you scoop up a vessel of sea-water in which much fish-spawn is contained. You will thus be destroying a whole host of life. Thereby you will have done something very different than in destroying the single fish. You will have carried out a process on an entirely different level.
When such an entity in Nature passes on into the finished fish, it has followed a certain path. If you reverse this path, you are bringing something into disorder. But if I hold up, at an earlier stage, a process which is not yet completed (or which has not yet come to an end in the blind-alley of the finished organism), then I have not by any means done the same thing as when I kill the finished organism.
I must therefore reduce your question to this: What is the wrong I do when I make the pepper? What I destroy by the pepper scarcely comes into question. The only thing that could come into question would be the creatures I need to make the pepper. And to do this, I shall obviously in most cases destroy far fewer animals than if I had to catch them all with much trouble, and kill them. I fancy, if you think it over in a practical way and not so abstractly, it will no longer seem to you so monstrous.
Question: Can human faeces be used, and to what treatment must it be submitted before use?
Answer: Human faeces should be used as little as possible. It has very little effect as manure, and it is far more harmful than any kind of manure could possibly be. If you will use human faeces, so much as will find its way into the manure of its own accord on a normal farm is quite sufficient. Take that as your maximum measure of what is not yet harmful. You know there are so and so many people on a normal farm, and if with all the manure you get from the animals and in other ways there is also mixed what comes from the human beings—that is the maximum amount which may be used.
It is the greatest abuse when human manure is used in the neighbourhood of Large cities; for in large cities there is enough for an agricultural district of immense proportions. Surely you cannot fall a prey to the demented idea of using up the human dung on a Small territory in the neighbourhood of a large city—say, Berlin. You need only eat the plants that grow there; they will soon show you what it means. If you do it with asparagus, or anything that remains more or less sincere and upright, you will soon see what happens.
Moreover, you must bear in mind that if you eat this kind of dung for growing plants which animals will eat, the eventual result is even more harmful, for in the animals much of it will remain at this level. In passing through the organism, many things remain at the level which the asparagus preserves when it goes through the human body. In this respect crass ignorance is responsible for the most awful abuses.
Question: How can red murrain (Erysipelas) in swine be combated?
Answer: That is a veterinary question. I have not considered it, because no one has yet asked my advice about it. But I think you will be able to treat it by external applications of grey antimony ore in the proper doses. It is a veterinary, a medical question, for this is a specific disease.
Question: Can the Wild Radish,1Raphanus raphinastnrm which is a bastard, also be combated with these peppers?
Answer: The powders of which I have spoken are specifically effective only for the plants from which they are derived. Thus, if a plant is really the outcome of crossing with other species, one would expect it to be immune. Symbioses will not be affected.
Question: What about green manuring?
Answer: It also has its good side, especially if you use it for fruit-culture, in orchardry. Such questions cannot be answered in an absolutely general way. For certain things, green manuring is useful. You must apply it to those plants where you wish to induce a strong effect on the growth of the green leaves. If this is your intention, you may well supplement other manures with a little green manuring.
Achter Vortrag
Meine lieben Freunde!
[ 1 ] In dieser letzten Vortragsstunde, die ja noch durch einiges vielleicht nach Ihren Bedürfnissen in der darauffolgenden Diskussion wird ergänzt werden können, möchte ich, so viel es möglich ist in der kurzen Zeit, manches Ergänzende vorbringen und noch einige praktische Winke. Es wird sich heute aber gerade um solches Praktische handeln, das in einer außerordentlich schwierigen Weise allgemein in Formeln und dergleichen gegeben werden kann, das vielmehr in einem ganz ausgiebigen Maße der Individualisierung und der persönlichen Behandlung unterliegt. Und gerade aus diesem Grunde wird es notwendig sein, dass man auf diesem Gebiete besonders die geisteswissenschaftlichen Einsichten schafft, Einsichten, die dann in verständiger Weise eben zur Individualisierung in den Maßnahmen führen können.
[ 2 ] Bedenken Sie nur, dass ja heute wenig Einsicht gerade auf einem der allerwichtigsten Gebiete vorhanden ist: Das ist auf dem Gebiete der Fütterung unserer landwirtschaftlichen Tiere. Das lässt sich eigentlich auch nicht viel verbessern, wenn man auch noch so viele gerade nach dieser Richtung hin orientierte Angaben macht: Wie soll man füttern? - Es lässt sich aber meiner Überzeugung nach ganz wesentlich verbessern, wenn der landwirtschaftliche Unterricht immer mehr und mehr darauf hinauslaufen wird, Einsichten zu entwickeln, worin eigentlich das Wesen der Fütterung besteht. Dazu möchte ich heute einiges zunächst tun.
[ 3 ] Sehen Sie - ich habe es ja schon angedeutet -, dasjenige, was die Nahrung für das Tier und auch für den Menschen bedeutet, wird ja immer durchaus falsch angesehen. Es handelt sich nicht darum, dass das Grobe geschieht, dass Nahrungsstoffe von außen aufgenommen werden und dann - wie man sich doch immer mehr oder weniger vorstellt, wenn man dabei auch an allerlei Umwandlungen denkt abgelagert werden im Organismus. Man stellt sich im Rohen, Groben doch vor, nun ja, da draußen sind die Nahrungsmittel; das Tier nimmt sie auf, lagert dasjenige, was es brauchen kann, in sich ab, scheidet dasjenige, was es nicht brauchen kann, aus. Und man muss dann auf Verschiedenes sehen, darauf sehen zum Beispiel, dass das Tier nicht überladen wird, dass es möglichst Nahrhaftes bekommt, sodass es vieles brauchen kann von demjenigen, was in den Nahrungsstoffen enthalten ist. Und man unterscheidet ja, wenn man die Dinge sehr gerne auf diesem Gebiete auch materialistisch unterscheidet, auch wohl zwischen eigentlichen Nahrungsmitteln und solchen Stoffen, die die Verbrennungsvorgänge, wie man sagt, im Organismus befördern, und gründet darauf allerlei Theorien, die man dann auch praktisch anwendet, wobei man immer natürlich konstatieren muss, dass einiges stimmt und manches gerade nicht stimmt, oder nach einiger Zeit nicht stimmt, oder sich durch das oder jenes modifiziert. Und wie sollte man denn auch erwarten, dass das anders ist!
[ 4 ] Denn sehen Sie: Man redet von Verbrennungsvorgängen im Organismus. Im Organismus ist natürlich kein einziger Verbrennungsvorgang, und die Verbindung irgendeines Stoffes mit Sauerstoff bedeutet im Organismus etwas ganz anderes als einen Verbrennungsvorgang. Eine Verbrennung ist ein Vorgang in der mineralisch unbelebten Natur. Aber außerdem, so wie ein Organismus etwas anderes ist als ein Quarzkristall, so ist auch dasjenige, was man als Verbrennung bezeichnet im Organismus, nicht der tote Verbrennungsprozess, der im äußeren abläuft, sondern er ist etwas Lebendiges, er ist sogar ewwas Empfindendes.
[ 5 ] Gerade dadurch, dass man in obiger Weise sich ausdrückt und die Gedanken dabei in eine gewisse Richtung bringt, gerade dadurch wird weitgehendster Unfug angerichtet. Denn der eine, der redet nur schlampig, wenn er von Verbrennung im Organismus spricht. Wenn er dann das Richtige im Auge hat, so schadet es nichts, wenn er schlampig redet und doch die Dinge halbwegs richtig nach Instinkt oder Tradition tut. Aber wenn dann nach und nach über diese schlampigen Reden die Psychopathia professoralis - ich habe diesen Ausdruck schon vielfach angewendet - über diese Dinge kommt, dann macht sie aus demjenigen, was bloß schlampig gesprochen ist, geistreiche — ich meine es in Wirklichkeit —, geistreiche Theorien. Und dann handelt man so, dass man nach diesen Theorien handelt, aber überhaupt die Sache gar nicht mehr trifft. Es ist dasjenige, über das man redet, etwas ganz anderes als dasjenige, was in den Pflanzen und Tieren vorkommt. Das ist die charakteristische Erscheinung von heute, man tut etwas ganz anderes, als zu demjenigen passt, was da in der Natur geschieht. Daher muss man schon ein wenig gerade auf diesem Gebiete hinschauen auf dasjenige, um was es sich handelt.
[ 6 ] Betrachten wir nun die Dinge, in die unsere Betrachtungen gestern ausgelaufen sind, dass die Pflanze physischen und Ätherleib hat und oben mehr oder weniger wie umschwebt ist von dem Astralischen. Die Pflanze bringt es nicht zu dem Astralischen, aber sie ist wie umschwebt von dem Astralischen. Tritt sie in eine ganz bestimmte Verbindung mit dem Astralischen, wie das bei der Obstbildung der Fall ist, so wird eben etwas zur Nahrung erzeugt, was dann das Astralische im tierischen und menschlichen Organismus unterstützt. Sieht man in den Vorgang hinein, dann wird man es einfach irgendeiner Pflanze oder irgendetwas anderem ansehen, ob es irgendetwas im tierischen Organismus unterstützen soll oder nicht. Aber ich meine, auch den entgegengesetzten Pol müsste man ansehen. Da liegt nämlich etwas vor, was außerordentlich wichtig ist. Ich habe es schon berührt, aber hier, wo Grundlagen geschaffen werden sollen für die Fütterungsvorgänge, muss es noch einmal besonders herausgestellt werden.
[ 7 ] Gehen wir, weil es sich um die Fütterung handelt, vom Tier aus. Beim Tier haben wir nicht eine so scharfe Dreigliederung des Organismus wie beim Menschen. Wir haben beim Tiere auch ausgesprochen den Nerven-Sinnes-Organismus und den Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßen-Organismus. Die sind scharf voneinander getrennt, aber der mittlere, der rhythmische Organismus ist bei verschiedenen Tieren verschwommen. Es geht etwas hinein in den rhythmischen Organismus, was noch aus dem Sinnesorganismus stammt, und noch etwas, was aus dem Stoffwechselorganismus stammt, sodass man eigentlich beim Tier anders reden sollte als beim Menschen. Beim Menschen redet man ganz exakt von dieser Dreigliederung des Organismus. Aber beim Tier sollte man sprechen von der im Kopfe vorzugsweise lokalisierten Nerven-Sinnes-Organisation und von der im Hinterleib und in den Gliedmaßen organisierten, aber wiederum den ganzen Organismus durchdringenden Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßen-Organisation. Und in der Mitte, da wird beim Tier der Stoffwechsel rhythmischer als beim Menschen, und auch die Nerven-Sinnes-Organisation wird rhythmischer und die beiden schwimmen ineinander, sodass das Rhythmische nicht als so stark Selbstständiges entsteht beim Tier. Es ist ein mehr undeutliches Ineinanderklingen von den beiden äußersven Polen. Beim Tiere sollte man also eigentlich von einer Zweigliederung des Organismus sprechen, sodass aber die beiden Glieder in der Mitte sich miteinander vermischen und dadurch die [gesamte] tierische Organisation entsteht.
[ 8 ] Nun, alles dasjenige, was an Substanzen in der Kopforganisation ist — das ist ja beim Menschen auch so, aber bleiben wir beim Tiere -, was in der Kopforganisation ist, das ist von irdischer Materie. Was da an Materie drinnen ist im Kopf, ist von irdischer Materie. Schon im Embryonalen wird irdische Materie hineingeleitet in die Kopforganisation. Die Organisation des Embryos muss so eingerichtet sein, dass der Kopf seine Stoffe bekommt von der Erde aus. Also da drinnen haben wir Irdisch-Stoffliches. Dagegen alles, was wir an Stofflichkeit haben in der Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßen-Organisation, was da unsere Därme, unsere Gliedmaßen, unsere Muskeln, unsere Knochen und so weiter durchsetzt, das stammt nicht von der Erde, sondern das stammt von demjenigen, was aus der Luft und aus der Wärme über der Erde aufgenommen wird. Das ist kosmische Stofflichkeit. Es ist wichtig, dass Sie nicht eine Klaue so ansehen, als ob sie sich bildete dadurch, dass die physische Materie, die das Tier frisst, bis zur Klaue käme und sich dort ablagerte. Das ist eben nicht wahr, sondern durch Sinne und Atmung wird aufgenommen die kosmische Materie.
[ 9 ] Und dasjenige, was das Tier frisst, ist bloß dazu da, die Bewegungskräfte im Tier zu entwickeln, dass das Kosmische in die Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßen-Organisation, also zur Klaue hineingetrieben werden kann, sodass hier überall kosmische Stofflichkeit ist. Dagegen mit den Kräften ist es umgekehrt. Da haben wir es im Kopfe, gerade weil da die Sinne vorzugsweise stationiert sind und die Sinne aus dem Kosmos wahrnehmen, mit kosmischen Kräften zu tun. In der Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßen-Organisation, da haben wir es - denken Sie nur daran, wenn man geht, schaltet man sich fortwährend in die Erdenschwere ein, und so ist alles, was man mit den Gliedmaßen tut, an das Irdische gebunden -, da hat man es mit erdigen, irdischen Kräften zu tun, also mit kosmischen Stoffen und mit irdischen Kräften.
[ 10 ] Es ist wirklich nicht gleichgültig, [ob man weiß,] dass die Kuh mit ihren Gliedmaßen, die sie braucht zur Arbeit, wenn sie ein Arbeitstier werden soll, oder ein Ochse, wenn er ein Arbeitstier werden soll, dass sie so gefüttert werden, dass sie möglichst viel von der kosmischen Stofflichkeit in sich hineinkriegen und dass die Nahrung, die durch den Magen geht, so eingerichtet werden muss, dass sie viele Kräfte entwickelt, um diese kosmische Stofflichkeit überall in die Glieder, Muskeln, in die Knochen hineinzuleiten. Ebenso muss man wissen, dass man dasjenige, was man brauchen kann an Substanzen im Kopfe, gerade durch die Nahrung beziehen muss und dass in den Kopf geleitet werden müssen die verarbeiteten, durch den Magen geleiteten Nahrungsmittel. Der Kopf ist gerade auf den Magen angewiesen, nicht die große Zehe in dieser Beziehung; und man muss sich klar sein, dass der Kopf diese Nahrung, die er aus dem Leibe bekommt, nur verarbeiten kann, wenn er in entsprechender Weise die Kräfte aus dem Kosmos beziehen kann, [wenn] man also die Tiere nicht einfach in dumpfen Ställen abschließt, wo keine kosmischen Kräfte zu ihnen fließen können, sondern, [wenn] man sie über die Weide führt und überhaupt ihnen Gelegenheit gibt, auch sinnlichwahrnehmungsmäßig in Beziehung zu treten zur Umwelt. Sehen Sie, da muss man Folgendes zum Beispiel beachten:
[ 11 ] Stellen Sie sich einmal ein Tier vor, das im dumpfen Stall an dem Futtertrog steht und dasjenige zubemessen erhält, was die Weisheit der Menschen in diesen Futtertrog tut. Ja, dieses Tier weist einen groRen Unterschied auf, wenn es nicht Abwechslung drin hat - es kann sie ja nur im Freien haben -, von dem andern Tier, das sich seiner Sinne, zum Beispiel seines Geruchsorgans bedient, sich in Freiheit draußen seine Nahrung selber sucht, dem Geruchsorgan nachgeht, nach Maßgabe des Geruchsorgans den kosmischen Kräften nachgeht, sich die Nahrung aufsucht, sie sich da selber nimmt, seine ganze Aktivität in diesem Nehmen der Nahrung drinnen entwickelt.
[ 12 ] Ein Tier, das man an den Futtertrog stellt, wird - die Dinge vererben sich ja - nicht gleich zeigen, dass es keine kosmischen Kräfte in sich hat; es vererbt sie noch, aber es erzeugt allmählich Nachkommen, welchen die kosmischen Kräfte nicht mehr in dieser Weise angeboren sind, die sie nicht mehr haben. Und das Tier wird vom Kopf aus schwach, das heißt, es kann nicht mehr den Körper ernähren, weil es nicht aufnehmen kann die kosmischen Stoffe, die gerade wieder in den Körper hineinkommen sollen. Diese Dinge zeigen Ihnen schon an, dass man eben einfach nicht im Allgemeinen sagen sollte: «Füttert in diesem Falle das, füttert in jenem Falle jenes», sondern dass man eine Vorstellung davon hervorrufen sollte, was bestimmte Fütterungsmethoden für einen Wert haben für das ganze Wesen der tierischen Organisation.
[ 13 ] Nun gehen wir aber weiter. Was ist denn nun eigentlich im Kopfe enthalten? Irdische Stofflichkeit. Wenn man also das edelste Organ herausschneidet aus dem Tier, das Gehirn, man hat drinnen irdische Stofflichkeit. Beim Menschen hat man im Gehirn irdische Stofflichkeit, nur die Kräfte sind kosmisch, die Stofflichkeit ist eine irdische. Wozu dient dieses Gehirn? Es dient als Unterlage für das Ich. Das Tier hat noch nicht das Ich. Halten wir das ganz richtig fest: Das Gehirn dient als Unterlage für das Ich, das Tier hat noch nicht das Ich, [es] ist erst auf dem Wege zur Ich-Bildung. Beim Menschen geht das immer weiter zu der Ich-Bildung hin. Das Tier hat also ein Gehirn; auf welche Weise ist es entstanden?
[ 14 ] Nehmen Sie den ganzen organischen Prozess. Alles dasjenige, was da vorgeht, dasjenige, was im Gehirn zum Vorschein kommt als Irdisch-Materielles, wird einfach ausgeschieden, ist Ausscheidung aus dem organischen Prozesse. Da wird irdische Materie ausgeschieden, um als Grundlage für das Ich zu dienen. Nun ist eine bestimmte Menge irdischer Materie auf der Grundlage des Prozesses, der von der Nahrungsaufnahme durch die Verdauungsverteilung im Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßen-System sich bildet, fähig, um von da die irdischen Nahrungsmittel hineinzuleiten in den Kopf und das Gehirn, da ist eine bestimmte Menge irdischer Stofflichkeit, welche diesen Weg durchmacht, und die dann im Gehirn richtig abgeschieden wird. Aber es wird diese Nahrungsstofflichkeit nicht nur abgeschieden im Gehirn, sondern schon auf dem Wege im Darm. Dasjenige, was nicht weiterverarbeitet werden kann, wird im Darm abgeschieden, und hier tritt Ihnen eine Verwandtschaft entgegen, die Sie außerordentlich paradox finden werden, die aber nicht übersehen werden darf, wenn man verstehen will die tierische und auch die menschliche Organisation. Was ist die Hirnmasse? Die Hirnmasse ist einfach zu Ende geführte Darmmasse. Verfrühte Gehirnabscheidung geht durch den Darm. Der Darminhalt ist seinen Prozessen nach durchaus verwandt dem Hirninhalt.
[ 15 ] Wenn ich grotesk rede, würde ich sagen, ein fortgeschrittener Dunghaufen ist das im Gehirn sich Ausbreitende; aber es ist sachlich durchaus richtig. Der Dung ist es, der durch den eigenen organischen Prozess in die Edelmasse des Gehirns umgesetzt wird und da zur Grundlage für die Ich-Entwicklung wird. Beim Menschen wird möglichst viel umgesetzt von Bauchdünger in Gehirndünger, weil der Mensch ja sein Ich auf der Erde trägt; beim Tier weniger, daher bleibt mehr drinnen in dem Bauchdünger, der dann zum wirklichen Dünger verwendet wird. Da bleibt mehr Ich in der Anlage drinnen. Weil es das Tier nicht zum Ich bringt, bleibt da mehr Ich in der Anlage drinnen. Daher sind tierischer Mist und menschlicher Mist zwei ganz verschiedene Dinge. Tierischer Mist enthält noch die Ich-Anlage. Und wir finden, wenn wir misten, wenn wir Dünger von außen her an die Wurzel, das Ich an die Wurzel, an die Pflanzen herangebracht haben, dass wir, wenn wir vollständig die Pflanze zeichnen hier unten die Wurzel haben, oben die sich entwickelnden Blätter und Blüten haben, dass sich hier das Astralische hinzuentwickelt durch den Verkehr mit der Luft, hier sich entwickelt durch den Verkehr mit dem Dünger die Ich-Anlage der Pflanze.
[ 16 ] Es ist wirklich solch eine Landwirtschaft ein Organismus. Da entwickelt er sein Astralisches oben, und das Vorhandensein von Obst und Wald entwickelt das Astralische. Wenn von dem, was dann über der Erde ist, die Tiere richtig fressen, dann entwickeln sie in demjenigen, was von ihnen als Dünger kommt, die richtigen Ich-Kräfte, die wiederum aus der Wurzel heraus die Pflanzen in der richtigen Weise in der Richtung der Schwerkraft wachsen lassen. Es ist eine wunderbare Wechselwirkung. Aber diese Wechselwirkung muss man vorschreitend verstehen.
[ 17 ] Nun sehen Sie, dadurch, dass das so ist, ist eine Landwirtschaft eine Art Individualität.
[ 18 ] Und man wird schon daraus die Einsicht bekommen, dass die Tiere mehr oder weniger in dieser Wechselwirkung drinnen erhalten sein sollen, und auch die Pflanzen mehr oder weniger in dieser Wechselwirkung erhalten werden sollen. Daher ist es in einem gewissen Sinne schon eine Beeinträchtigung der Natur, wenn man den Dünger nicht bezieht von den Tieren, die zur Landwirtschaft gehören, sondern diese Tiere abschafft und von Chile den Dunginhalt bezieht. Denn da geht man über das hinweg, dass das ein in sich selbst geschlossener Kreislauf ist, etwas ist, was in sich selbst sich erhalten soll. Natürlich muss man dann die Sache so einrichten, dass es in sich selbst sich erhalten kann. Man muss einfach so viele Tiere und solche Tiere in der Landwirtschaft haben, dass man in der Landwirtschaft genügend und richtigen Mist erhält. Und man muss wiederum darauf sehen, dass man solches anpflanzt, was die Tiere, die man haben will, durch ihren Instinkt fressen wollen, was sie sich suchen.
[ 19 ] Da werden natürlich die Versuche kompliziert, weil sie individuell werden. Aber da gerade handelt es sich darum, Richtungen anzugeben, wie die Versuche angestellt werden müssen. Und da wird vieles versucht werden. Dann werden sich Gebrauchsregeln ergeben, aber alle diese Gebrauchsregeln sollten aus der Richtschnur hervorgehen, dass man die Landwirtschaft möglichst so in sich abschließt, dass sich selber tragen kann. Allerdings nicht ganz. Warum? Durch eine sachliche Betrachtung in geisteswissenschaftlichem Sinne wird man niemals Fanatiker. Ganz lässt sich das innerhalb unserer heutigen Wirtschaftsordnung außen nicht erreichen. Aber so viel es möglich ist, sollte man es zu erreichen suchen. Nun sehen Sie, wenn man das nun hat, dann kann man im Konkreteren die Beziehungen des tierischen Organismus zum pflanzlichen Organismus, das heißt zum Futterorganismus, finden. Wollen wir es zunächst im großen Ganzen, im Allgemeinen anschauen.
[ 20 ] Sehen wir uns die Wurzel an: Die Wurzel, die in der Regel in der Erde sich drinnen entwickelt, die durch den Dünger von einer werdenden Ich-Kraft durchzogen ist, sie absorbiert die werdende Ich-Kraft durch die ganze Art, wie sie in der Erde drinnen ist, und wird unterstützt im Absorbieren dieser Ich-Kraft, wenn die richtige Salzmenge von ihr gefunden werden kann in der Erde.
[ 21 ] Nehmen wir an, wir haben diese Wurzel einfach aus den Betrachtungen, die wir angestellt haben. Wir müssen nun die Wurzeln erklären als diejenigen Nahrungsmittel, die am leichtesten, wenn sie in den menschlichen Organismus hineinkommen, den Weg zum Kopfe finden durch die Verdauung. Die Wurzelnahrung werden wir daher da anwenden, wo wir die Voraussetzung machen müssen, dass wir Substanz, materielle Stoffe dem Kopfe geben wollen, damit die kosmischen Kräfte, die durch den Kopf wirken, eben den richtigen Stoff zu ihrer plastischen Tätigkeit finden. Denken Sie, es spricht einer den Satz aus: Ich muss Wurzelnahrung geben einem Tier, das nötig hat, nach dem Kopfe hin Substanz zu leiten, um in möglichst regsamer Sinnesbeziehung, das heißt kosmischer Beziehung zu der kosmischen Umgebung zu treten. - Ja, denken Sie denn da nicht gleich an das Kalb und an die Möhre? Wenn das Kalb die Möhre frisst, so haben Sie ja den ganzen Prozess erfüllt. In dem Augenblick, wo Sie so etwas aussprechen und nun wissen, wie die Dinge ausschauen und wie sie leben, lenken Sie ja Ihren Blick auf dasjenige, was geschehen soll. Sie brauchen nur zu wissen, wie dieser Wechselprozess da ist.
[ 22 ] Und gehen wir weiter. Jetzt muss, wenn nun wirklich die Substanz in den Kopf hineingeleitet ist, wenn wir dem Kalb mit der Möhre gedient haben, der umgekehrte Prozess beginnen können, das heißt, es muss der Kopf nun arbeiten können, willenshaft, und dadurch auch Kräfte erzeugen können im Organismus, sodass wiederum in den Organismus solche Kräfte hineinverarbeitet werden können. Es darf nicht bloß der Möhrenmist im Kopfe abgelagert werden, sondern es müssen von demjenigen, was da abgelagert, das heißt im Abbau begriffen ist, Kräfteausstrahlungen in den Organismus hineinkommen, das heißt, Sie müssen ein zweites Nahrungsmittel haben, was, nachdem einem Gliede des Körpers, also hier dem Kopfe, gedient ist, dieses Glied wiederum in der richtigen Weise an dem übrigen Organismus arbeiten lässt.
[ 23 ] Nun sehen Sie einmal an: Ich habe die Möhre gegeben. Ich will, dass jetzt richtig der Körper von den Kräften, die sich vom Kopfe aus entwickeln können, durchsetzt wird. Da brauche ich dasjenige, was strahlige Form hat in der Natur, oder diese strahlige Form richtig zusammensammelt in, sagen wir, konzentrierter Bildung zusammensammelt. Was braucht man da? Da braucht man als zweites Futter zu der Möhre so etwas, was in der Pflanze ins Strahlige übergeht und diese strahlende Kraft wieder zusammenfasst. Der Blick wird dann gelenkt auf Leinsamen und dergleichen. Und wenn Sie das zusammenfüttern bei Jungvieh, Möhre und Leinsamen oder etwas, was in anderer Weise so zusammenpasst, wie, sagen wir, frisches Heu mit Möhren auch, dann kriegen Sie heraus dasjenige, was wirklich in das ganze Tier beherrschend hereinwirkt, was das Tier einfach auf den Weg bringt, zu dem es veranlagt ist. Sodass wir eben werden versuchen müssen, bei Jungvieh solche Nahrung zu geben, welche auf der einen Seite die Ich-Kraft fördert und auf der anderen Seite dasjenige, was von oben nach unten geht, die astralischen Ausfüllungen fördert. Das ist insbesondere der Fall bei alle demjenigen, was langstängelig ist und in dieser Langstängeligkeit einfach überlassen wird der eigenen Entwicklung, also langstängelig ist und Heu wird. So schaut man hier auf die Sache, und so sollte man die ganze Landwirtschaft anschauen, von jedem Dinge wissen, was denn mit ihm geschieht, wenn es nun den Weg nimmt entweder vom Tier in den Boden oder von der Pflanze in das Tier hinein.
[ 24 ] Gehen wir weiter in dieser Sache. Nehmen wir ein Tier, das gerade in diesem Mittelgebiete stark werden soll, wo da die Kopforganisation, die Nerven-Sinnes-Organisation, sich mehr nach der Atmung hin entwickelt und wiederum, wo die Stoffwechsel-[Gliedmaßen-]Organisation sich mehr nach dem Rhythmischen hin entwickelt, wo das dann durcheinander geht. Was sind das für Tiere, die da stark werden sollen? Das sind gerade die Milchtiere. Die sollen da stark werden. In der Milchproduktion wird einfach die Forderung erfüllt, dass die Tiere in diesem Gebiet stark werden. Ja, worauf müssen wir denn da sehen? Da müssen wir darauf sehen, dass in der Strömung, die vom Kopfe nach hinten geht, die vorzugsweise eine Kräfteströmung ist, und in der Strömung, die von hinten nach vorn geht, die vorzugsweise eine Stoffströmung ist, dass da das richtige Zusammenwirken geschieht. Geschieht dieses richtige Zusammenwirken so, dass dasjenige, was von hinten nach vorn strömt, möglichst gut durchgearbeitet wird durch die Kräfte, die von vorn nach hinten strömen, dann entsteht die gute Milch und die reichliche Milch. Denn in der guten Milch ist enthalten dasjenige, was im Stoffwechsel besonders ausgebildet ist, ist enthalten eine solche stoffliche Präparierung, die noch nicht durch das Sexualsystem durchgegangen ist, aber möglichst ähnlich geworden ist im Verdauungsprozess, dem [Sexualprozess]. Die Milch ist einfach umgewandeltes Sexualdrüsensekret, umgewandelt durch dasjenige, was einem auf dem Wege zum Sexualsekret befindlichen Stoffe entgegengebracht wird von den Kopfkräften, die da hineinwirken. Man kann da ganz hineinschauen in den Prozess, der da eigentlich vor sich geht, durchaus hineinschauen kann man.
[ 25 ] Nun, für alle solche Prozesse, die sich bilden sollen in der Weise, müssen wir suchen diejenigen Nahrungsmittel, welche weniger nach dem Kopfe hinwirken als die Wurzeln, die die Ich-Kraft aufgenommen haben. Aber wir dürfen auch nicht, weil es ja der Sexualkraft verwandt bleiben soll, nicht zu viel Astralisches haben soll, nicht zu viel von dem nehmen, was gegen die Blüte und Frucht hin liegt. Das heißt, wir müssen, wenn es sich um die Milchproduktion handelt, auf dasjenige sehen, was zwischen Blüte und Wurzeln drinnen liegt, auf das Grüne und Blattartige, und auf alles dasjenige, was sich in Blatt und Kraut entfaltet.
[ 26 ] Wir werden insbesondere in einem Fall, wo wir die Milch fördern wollen, von der wir glauben bei einem Tier, dass sie noch vermehrt werden könnte, diese Vermehrung sicher erreichen, wenn wir das Folgende tun.
[ 27 ] Nehmen Sie an, ich füttere zunächst, weil es die Verhältnisse so geben, irgendeine Milchkuh mit Kraut-, Laubartigem. Ich will die Milchproduktion vermehren. Ich stelle mir vor, dass ich die Milchproduktion vermehren kann. Was tue ich dann? Ich verwende jetzt Pflanzen, welche den Fruchtprozess, das, was in Blüten und in der Befruchtung sich abspielt, hereinholen in den Laub- und in den Krautprozess. Das tun zum Beispiel die Hülsenfrüchte oder namentlich die Kleearten. Im Stofflichen des Klees entwickelt sich verschiedenes, das fruchtartig ist, gerade wie ein Kraut. Man wird, wenn man die Kuh so behandelt, an ihr selbst noch nicht viel sehen; aber wenn die Kuh dann kalbt - das Ganze geht gewöhnlich durch eine Generation durch, was man so durch Fütterung reformiert —, dann wird das Kalb eine gut milchende Kuh.
[ 28 ] Nun wird man da auf eins bei diesen Dingen ganz besonders sehen müssen. Man hat ja zumeist, als die alten Traditionen aus der instinkthaften Weisheit auf diesem Gebiete geschwunden sind, einiges festgehalten, wie die Ärzte einige Heilmittel festgehalten haben, obwohl sie nicht mehr wissen warum; aber sie haben sie festgehalten, weil sie immer geholfen haben. So weiß man einiges von alten "Traditionen, man weiß zwar nicht, warum man es anwendet, und im Übrigen probiert man, gibt nun die Menge an, die man ausprobiert, die man also dem Mastvieh, dem Milchvieh und so weiter gibt. Und nun geht es ja wirklich bei dieser Sache oftmals so, wie es halt beim menschlichen Herumprobieren überhaupt geht, besonders wenn dieses Herumprobieren ganz dem Zufall überlassen ist. Denken Sie, was einem passiert, wenn man irgendwo, wenn man unter vielen Menschen ist, Halsweh hat, man kriegt von jedem Menschen, wenn der einen lieb hat, irgendetwas. Man hat dann in einer halben Stunde eine ganze Apotheke zusammen. Würde man das nehmen, so würde eins das andere aufheben, und man würde sich gewiss den Magen recht gründlich verderben, aber die Halsschmerzen würden nicht besser. Da wird einfach durch die Verhältnisse das Einfache, was geschehen soll, in ein ganz Kompliziertes verwandelt.
[ 29 ] Aber etwas ganz Ähnliches geht vor, wenn man mit Futtermitteln herumprobiert. Denn, nicht wahr, man wendet etwas an, das stimmt in einer gewissen Richtung, in einer anderen nicht. Jetzt wendet man ein zweites an, tut das wieder dazu, und so bekommt man hieraus eine Anzahl von Futtermitteln, von denen jedes eine gewisse Bedeutung hat für Jungvieh oder Mastvieh; aber es wird alles so kompliziert, dass man es ja jetzt überhaupt nicht mehr überschauen kann, weil man die Kräfteverhältnisse nicht mehr überschauen kann. Oder aber es wird sich gegenseitig aufheben in seiner Wirkungsweise. Das ist dasjenige, was in der Tat vielfach eintritt und was insbesondere bei denjenigen eintritt, die die Landwirtschaft so mit einer halben Studiertheit betreiben. Die schauen in den Büchern nach, oder sie erinnern sich an dasjenige, was sie gelernt haben: «Jungvieh muss man so füttern, Mastvieh so.» Da schauen sie nach. Aber dabei kann nicht sehr viel herauskommen, weil ja unter Umständen dasjenige, was man da aus den Büchern herausliest, in unrichtiger Weise widersprechen kann demjenigen, was man ohnedies auch schon gibt. Rationell wird man nur vorgehen, wenn man von solcher Denkweise ausgeht, wie ich sie angedeutet habe, und wenn man ausgeht von solcher Denkweise, die die Ernährung des Tieres mannigfach vereinfacht, sodass man sie überschauen kann.
[ 30 ] Sagen wir, man kann überschauen: Gelbe Rüben oder Möhren und Leinsamen, die wirken in dieser Weise. Man überschaut das. Man puddelt jetzt nicht alles durcheinander. Man überschaut dasjenige, was man gibt, in seiner Wirkung. Denken Sie, wie man da in der Landwirtschaft darinnen steht, wenn man das so macht, ganz bewusst, ganz besonnen. Und so wird man Erkenntnisse nicht für die Komplizierung, sondern für [die] Vereinfachung der Fütterungsweise gewinnen. Manches, sogar sehr vieles, ist richtig von demjenigen, was allmählich durch Probieren herausgefunden worden ist, aber es ist unsystematisch und unexakt. Gerade diese Art von Exaktheit, die man heute anwendet, ist in Wirklichkeit unexakt, weil die Dinge durcheinandergepuddelt werden und man sie nicht durchschaut, während man so etwas, wie ich es vorgebracht habe, in seiner Einfachheit und einfachen Wirkungsweise aufeinander bis in den tierischen Organismus hinein gut verfolgen kann. Nehmen wir ein anderes.
[ 31 ] Nehmen wir einmal die Sache so, dass wir nach dem mehr Blütenhaften sehen, nach dem, was fruchtend wirkt in der Blüte. Aber da müssen wir noch weitergehen, da müssen wir auch auf das Fruchtende sehen im übrigen Teil der Pflanze. Die Pflanze hat ja etwas, wodurch sie insbesondere Goethe so gefallen hat. Sie hat in ihrem ganzen Leibe wiederum Anlage von dem, was sonst spezialisiert ist. Nicht wahr, bei anderen Pflanzen geben wir dasjenige, was als die Fruchtanlage in der Blüte erscheint, in die Erde, um neue Pflanzen zu erhalten, bei der Kartoffel machen wir es nicht so. Da verwenden wir die Augen der Knollen. Bei vielen Pflanzen machen wir es nicht so, da ist das Fruchtende da. Nun kann man dieses Fruchtende, was noch nicht bis zu seinem Letzten getrieben ist in der Natur - es wird nicht alles bis zum Letzten getrieben in der Natur -, in seiner Wirkungsweise immer steigern durch diejenigen Prozesse, die der äußeren Verbrennung äußerlich irgendwie ähnlich sind.
[ 32 ] Dasjenige also, was etwa von der Pflanze in Trockenschnitzeln hereinkommt, wird erhöht in seiner Wirksamkeit, wenn man es etwas dämpfen lässt im Sonnenlicht ausgebreitet, da wird der Prozess, der veranlagt ist, etwas weiter geführt nach der Frukuifizierung hin. Da liegt eigentlich ein wunderbarer Instinkt zugrunde. Wenn man die Welt verständig betrachtet, dann fragt man sich wirklich eigentlich: Warum sind denn die Menschen auf das Kochen der Nahrungsmittel gekommen? Es ist schon eine Frage. Man frägt nur das gewöhnlich nicht, was alltäglich um einen ist. Warum sind die Menschen aufs Kochen der Nahrungsmittel gekommen? Sie sind aufs Kochen der Nahrungsmittel gekommen, weil sie eben nach und nach gefunden haben, dass in alledem, was nach dem Fruchtenden hinwirkt, eine Rolle spielen die Prozesse, die im Kochen liegen, die in dem Verbrennungsprozess, Erwärmungsprozess, Trocknungsprozess, Dämpfungsprozess liegen, weil alle diese Prozesse vor allen Dingen das Blütenhafte und Samenhafte, aber dann indirekt auch die übrigen Teile der Pflanze, namentlich die nach oben gelegenen, geeignet machen, in besonders starker Weise die Kräfte zu entwickeln, die entwickelt werden sollen im Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßen-System des Tieres. Schon wenn wir die Blüte, den Samen nehmen, so wirken Blüte und Samenteile der Pflanze so auf das Stoffwechselsystem, auf das Verdauungssystem des Tieres, dass sie dort vorzugsweise durch ihre Kraftentwicklung wirken, nicht durch ihre Stofflichkeit. Denn irdische Kräfte braucht das Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßen-System. Und in demselben Maße, wie es sie braucht, muss es sie bekommen.
[ 33 ] Nehmen wir auf Alpen weidende Tiere überhaupt. Die sind ja nicht so, wie die in der Ebene befindlichen, sondern die müssen herumgehen unter schwierigen Verhältnissen. Die Verhältnisse sind noch dadurch schwierig, dass der Erdboden nicht eben ist. Es ist etwas anderes, ob sie auf einem ebenen oder geneigten Erdboden herumgehen. So müssen solche Tiere in sich bekommen dasjenige, was die durch den Willen anzuspannenden Kräfte in der GliedmaRengegend entwickelt. Sonst würden sie weder gute Arbeits-, noch Milch-, noch Masttiere. Man muss daher sorgen, dass sie genügend Nahrung bekommen, die aus den aromatischen Alpenkräutern stammt, wo durch den Sonnenkochprozess gegen die Blüten hin das Fruchtende, Blühende, weiter behandelt worden ist, sogar durch die Natur selber. Aber auch durch das künstliche Weiterbehandeln wird Kraft in die Glieder hineingebracht, namentlich wenn dieses künstliche Behandeln auf Kochen, Sieden und so weiter sich bezieht. Am besten ist, was aus Fruchtendem, Blühendem der Pflanze stammt, und namentlich dann, wenn so behandelt werden Pflanzen, die von vornherein sich stark auf das Blühen und Fruchten einstellen, die wenig Krautartiges und Blattartiges entwickeln, sondern dazu übergehen, um gleich zu blühen und Frucht zu tragen. Alles das, was wenig Wert legt auf das Krautartigwerden, was wuchert im Blühen, im Fruchttragen, das sollen wir kochen.
[ 34 ] Und die Menschen werden sehr guttun, auch für sich manchmal solche Dinge zu beachten, sonst würden nicht die Dinge herauskommen, die von Menschen ausgehen, die auf der schiefen Ebene sind des Trägewerdens, also Faulwerdens. Denn auf dieser schiefen Ebene kann man sein, daher kann man ganz gut sich sagen, wenn ich da den ganzen Tag herumhantiere, da kann ich doch kein richtiger Mystiker werden. Richtiger Mystiker kann ich nur werden, wenn ich ganz ruhig werde, wenn ich nicht immer Veranlassung habe, nicht durch mich selbst, nicht durch meine Umgebung, mich rege zu machen, wenn ich so werde, dass ich meiner Umgebung sagen kann: Ich habe nicht die Kräfte zum Herumarbeiten, dann werde ich schon ein richtiger Mystiker werden. Also ich versuche auch meine Nahrung so einzurichten, dass ich ein richtiger Mystiker werde. Nun, da wird man Rohkostler, da kocht man sich nichts mehr, wird man richtiger Rohkostler. Aber nun sehen Sie: Die Dinge kaschieren sich ja alle, sie kommen nicht in der ordentlichen Weise heraus. Denn natürlich ist es wieder so, dass, wenn einer Rohkostler wird, der stark auf der schiefen Ebene zur Mystik ist auf diese Art, und ist er von vornherein eine physisch schwache Natur, dann kommt er schon weiter, dann wird er große Fortschritte machen, er wird immer träger und träger, das heißt immer mystischer. Was beim Menschen eintritt, können wir durchaus auf das Tier anwenden, werden also wissen, wie wir das Tier regsam machen müssen.
[ 35 ] Es kann auch der andere Fall beim Menschen da sein. Er kann eine starke physische Natur sein und erst später die Verschrobenheit bekommen haben, ein Mystiker zu werden. Er kann starke physische Kräfte in sich haben. Dann werden einfach in ihm jene Prozesse, die er hat, und dazu die Kräfte, die die Rohkost, die er gegessen hat, da drinnen weiterbearbeiten, entwickelt. Dann kann es ihm wenig schaden. Und wenn er dann die Kräfte aufruft, die sonst unten bleiben und die den Rheumatismus und die Gicht erzeugen, wenn er die Kräfte aufruft und weiterverarbeitet, der Rohkostler, dann wird er umso stärker wiederum.
[ 36 ] Alle die Dinge haben zwei Seiten, so wie die Waage zwei Waagschalen hat. Deshalb muss man es verstehen, wie sie sich individualisieren. Man kann nicht allgemeine Prinzipien geben. Und das ist der Vorteil der vegetarischen Lebensweise, dass sie einen aus dem Grunde stärker macht, weil man Kräfte, die man sonst brachliegen lässt im Organismus und die wirklich dieselben Kräfte sind wie diejenigen, die Gicht, Rheumatismus, Diabetes und so weiter erzeugen, herausholt aus dem Organismus. Und wenn man die Pflanzenkost nur hat, so müssen diese Kräfte die Pflanzen für den Menschen reif machen. Wenn man aber gleich die Tiere isst, so werden diese Kräfte in den Organismus hinein abgelagert, bleiben ohne Verwendung und verwenden sich dann selber, indem sie die Stoffwechselprodukte ablagern an den verschiedensten Stellen, oder aus den Organen notwendige Dinge heraustreiben, für sich in Anspruch nehmen, die der Mensch haben sollte, wie bei Diabetes und so weiter. Man versteht diese Dinge nur, wenn man in die Sache hineinsieht.
[ 37 ] Und dann wird es sich darum handeln, die Frage, wie man Tiere mästet, so zu behandeln, dass man sich sagt: Da muss das geschehen, dass wie in einen Sack möglichst viel von kosmischer Substanz hineingetragen wird. Ach, die Schweine, die fetten, sind ja so himmlische Tiere! Denn in ihrem fetten Leibe, da haben sie ja, insofern es nicht Nerven-Sinnes-System ist, ganz kosmische Substanz, nicht irdische. Sie brauchen ja dasjenige, was sie genießen, nur dazu, um diese ganze Fülle von kosmischer Substanz, die von allen Seiten aufgenommen werden muss von den Schweinen, wiederum in dem Körper zu verteilen. Das Schwein muss das fressen, damit es diese Substanz, die aus dem Kosmos gezogen werden muss, verteilen kann. Die Kräfte muss es in sich haben, dass es sie verteilen kann, ebenso andere Masttiere. Daher werden Sie sehen, dass diese Masttiere fett werden, wenn Sie ihnen Fruchtendes, möglichst in weiterbehandeltem, durch Kochen oder Dämpfen weiterbehandeltem Zustande geben, und wenn Sie ihnen solches geben, was schon das Fruchtende in sich hat, aber etwas gesteigert in sich hat, möglichst also, sagen wir, Rüben, die schon vergrößert sind durch eine Art von weitergehendem Prozess, als der ist, den sie ursprünglich hatten, Rüben, die schon durch die weitere Kultivierung größer geworden sind, als sie früher waren im wilden Zustand.
[ 38 ] Und auf diese Weise kann man wiederum sich fragen, was muss man also zum Beispiel einem Masttier geben? Etwas, was möglichst zur Verteilung der kosmischen Substanz beiträgt, also dasjenige, was erstens gegen das Fruchtende zu liegt und dann außerdem noch behandelt worden ist in der richtigen Weise. Solch eine Bedingung ist im Wesentlichen erfüllt bei gewissen Ölkuchen und dergleichen. Aber wir müssen auch das wiederum haben, dass bei einem solchen Tier der Kopf nicht ganz unversorgt bleibt, dass durch eine solche Mastkur doch noch etwas durchgeht in den Kopf hinauf an Substanzen des Irdischen. Wir müssen also dem Vorigen etwas entgegenstellen, was wir nun in kleiner Menge geben müssen, weil ja der Kopf dann nicht so viel braucht. Also wir müssen es in kleinen Mengen geben. Daher sollte man Masttieren dennoch, wenn auch in kleiner Dosierung, dem Futter beimischen Wurzelhaftes.
[ 39 ] Sehen Sie, nun gibt es eine Stoffart - der reine Stoff -, die keine spezielle Aufgabe hat. Im Allgemeinen kann man sagen, das Wurzelhafte hat die Aufgabe gegenüber dem Kopf, das Blütenhafte hat die Aufgabe gegenüber dem Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßen-System, das Laubartige, Krautartige gegenüber dem rhythmischen System mit seiner Substanzialität im menschlichen Organismus. Dasjenige, durch das man nachhelfen muss, weil es auf alle Glieder der tierischen Organisation Bezug hat, das ist das Salzartige. Und da die Nahrung zum wenigsten aus Salz besteht, sowohl beim Menschen wie beim Tier, so sehen Sie daraus, gerade aus dem Zusatz von Salz, dass nicht immer die Menge es ausmacht, sondern die richtige [Qualität], dass es sich darum handelt, dass auch die kleinen Mengen in der richtigen [Quantität] durchaus ihren Zweck erfüllen.
[ 40 ] Nun ist noch auf ein besonders Wichtiges hinzuweisen, bei dem ich bitten würde, richtig exakt Versuche zu machen, die auch ausgedehnt werden können auf die Beobachtung des Menschen, wenn er zu dem betreffenden Nahrungsmittel hinneigt. Sie wissen ja, dass in neuerer Zeit, verhältnismäßig erst seit kurzer Zeit, die Tomate als eine Art Nahrungsmittel eingeführt ist. Sie ist bei vielen sehr beliebt. Sie ist aber auch ein außerordentlich wichtiges Studienobjekt. Man kann an der 'Tomatenproduktion und der Tomatenverzehrung außerordentlich viel lernen. Diejenigen Menschen - und es gibt heute durchaus solche -, die über diese Dinge ein wenig nachdenken, die finden ja, und zwar ganz mit Recht, dass der Tomatengenuss eine große Bedeutung hat beim Menschen - und man kann das durchaus auf das Tier ausdehnen, könnte Tiere an Tomaten gewöhnen -, eine große Bedeutung hat für alles dasjenige im Organismus, was im Organismus am meisten aus dem Organismus herausfällt und eine eigene Organisation im Organismus annimmt, Sehen Sie, daraus folgt zweierlei. Die Bestätigung der von einem Amerikaner gemachten Angabe, dass unter Umständen der Tomatengenuss als diätetisches Mittel günstig wirkt auf die krankhafte Neigung der menschlichen Leber, weil die Leber dasjenige Organ ist, das am meisten in Selbstständigkeit wirkt im menschlichen Organismus, sodass man Leberkrankheiten, die mehr Erkrankungen sind der tierischen Leber, auch im allgemeinen eben durch die Tomate bekämpfen könnte.
[ 41 ] Sie sehen, da schaut man hinein zunächst in den Zusammenhang zwischen der Pflanze und dem Tier. Man sollte daher - das will ich in Parenthese sagen - demjenigen, der an einem Karzinom leidet, das also von vornherein ein gewisses Gebiet selbstständig macht im menschlichen Organismus, im tierischen Organismus, man sollte einem Menschen, der an einem Karzinom leidet, sofort den Tomatengenuss verbieten. Aber nun fragen wir uns: Wie kommt denn das, womit hängt denn das zusammen, dass die Tomate ganz. besonders auf dasjenige wirkt, was selbstständig ist im Organismus, was sich so herausspezialisiert im Organismus?
[ 42 ] Das hängt damit zusammen, was die Tomate zu ihrer eigentlichen Entstehung will und braucht. Die Tomate fühlt sich am wohlsten in ihrer Entstehung, wenn sie möglichst solchen Dünger hat, der noch seine ursprüngliche Gestalt hat, wie er sich vom Tier abgesondert hat, und wie er sich von etwas anderem abgesondert hat. Wenn der Dünger nicht lange sich durcharbeiten kann in der Natur, wenn er so ganz wilder Dünger ist, wenn Sie irgendwo Abfälle zusammenwerfen und Sie würden einen ganz ungeordneten Düngerhaufen, Komposthaufen bekommen, wo möglichst viel drinnen liegt, wie es eben entstanden ist, noch gar nicht weiter verarbeitet und präpariert, wenn Sie da Tomaten ansetzen, dann werden Sie sehen, die schönsten Tomaten bilden sich. Und wenn Sie gar verwenden würden Komposthaufen, die aus dem Tomatenkraut selber entstanden sind, wenn Sie also die Tomate auf ihrem eigenen Mist wachsen lassen, so entwickelt sie sich ganz glänzend. Die Tomate will gar nicht aus sich herausgehen, gar nicht aus dem starken Lebendigen herausgehen. Sie will darinnen stehen bleiben. Die Tomate ist das ungeselligste Wesen im Pflanzenreich. Sie will nichts von Fremden irgendwie hernehmen. Sie weist vor allen Dingen dasjenige, was einmal einen Prozess durchgemacht hat als Dünger, von sich zurück, sie will das nicht. Und damit hängt dies zusammen, dass sie wieder auf die selbsiständige Organisation im menschlichen und tierischen Organismus wirken kann.
[ 43 ] Und verwandt mit der Tomate ist in gewisser Beziehung nach der angedeuteten Richtung die Kartoffel. Die wirkt auch stark selbstständig, allerdings so selbstständig, dass sie vorzugsweise leicht durchgeht den ganzen Verdauungsprozess und ins Gehirn eindringt und das Gehirn dann selbstständig macht, selbstständig sogar von der Wirkung der übrigen menschlichen Organe. Und unter demjenigen, was die Menschen und Tiere seit der Erfindung des Kartoffelbaus in Europa materialistisch gemacht hat, ist gerade der übertriebene Kartoffelgenuss. Der Kartoffelgenuss darf nur so weit gehen, dass er in uns anregt das Gehirnmäßige, das Kopfmäßige. Aber man darf gerade den Kartoffelgenuss nicht übertreiben.
[ 44 ] Das sind alles Dinge, durch deren Erkenntnis die Landwirtschaft im Innersten zusammenhängt dann mit dem sozialen Leben eben in sachlicher Weise. Und das ist so unendlich wichtig, dass die Landwirtschaft mit dem ganzen sozialen Leben zusammenhängt.
[ 45 ] Ich konnte natürlich über diese Dinge nur einzelne Richtlinien geben, die aber eine lange Zeit hindurch gerade auf diesem Gebiete Grundlagen für die mannigfaltigsten Versuche sein können. Da werden glänzende Dinge herauskommen, wenn man sie jetzt sehr versuchsmäßig hineinverarbeitet. Das soll ja auch die Richtschnur dafür abgeben, wie wir behandeln dasjenige, was in diesem Kursus hier gegeben worden ist. Ich bin vollständig einverstanden mit demjenigen, was die in diesem Kursus anwesenden Landwirte beschlossen haben, streng beschlossen haben: dass dasjenige, was an diese Kursusteilnehmer herangetreten ist, zunächst in dem Kreise der Landwirte verbleibt, dass es gesteigert wird zu Versuchen, und dass dann die Gemeinschaft der Landwirte, dieser Ring, den Zeitpunkt feststellt, wenn er glaubt, dass er mit seinen Versuchen so weit ist, dass die Sachen veröffentlicht werden können.
[ 46 ] Aus der so anerkennenswerten Toleranz, die entwickelt worden ist, haben ja eine Anzahl von Interessenten, die nicht direkt Landwirte sind, teilnehmen können an diesem Kurse. Die werden also sich an die bekannte Oper erinnern, ein Schloss anlegen am Munde und nicht in den allgemeinen anthroposophischen Fehler verfallen, nun alle diese Dinge so weithin zu verkünden, als man nur irgend kann. Denn gerade durch das ist uns oft so vielfach geschadet worden, dass von Persönlichkeiten, die nicht eigentlich aus einem Impetus heraus eine Sache zu sagen haben, der sachlich ist, sondern die einfach nachreden, dass aus diesem Impetus heraus die Dinge weitergetragen werden.
[ 47 ] Es ist ein großer Unterschied, ob über diese Dinge ein Landwirt redet oder einer, der ganz ferne steht der Landwirtschaft. Es macht eben einen Unterschied, man kann das auch gleich erkennen. Aber was würde herauskommen, wenn einfach durch die Nichtlandwirte alles das weitergetragen würde als ein interessantes anthroposophisches Lehrkapitel? Es würde herauskommen, was gegenüber verschiedenen Zyklen vorgekommen ist, dass einfach die Leute, auch Landwirte, das von anderen Seiten hören würden. Landwirte, nun ja, wenn sie es hören von den Landwirten, sagen sic halt, es ist ja schade, dass der so verrückt geworden ist. Aber das sagen sie vielleicht das erste und das zweite Mal. Aber wenn dann ein Landwirt etwas sieht, da ist es ihm doch nicht so ganz geheuer, das abzuweisen. Aber wenn sie es von einer Seite hören, die nicht dazu berufen ist, sondern sich nur dafür interessiert, dann natürlich, dann ist die Sache überhaupt aufgeschmissen. Dann kann die Sache nicht weiterwirken, weil sie ja diskreditiert ist. Es ist notwendig, dass diejenigen Freunde, die nur aus Interesse teilnehmen durften, die nicht im landwirtschaftlichen Ringe sind, dass sie eben Zurückhaltung bewahren, die Sache für sich bewahren und sie nicht überall hintragen, wie man es sonst mit Anthroposophie so gerne macht. Das ist von dem landwirtschaftlichen Ring beschlossen worden, heute von unserem sehr verehrten Herrn Grafen Keyserlingk mitgeteilt worden, und ich kann mich damit im vollsten Sinne des Wortes für einverstanden erklären.
[ 48 ] Im übrigen darf ich wohl, da wir jetzt mit Ausnahme der Diskussionsstunde, die dann folgen wird, am Ende dieser Vorträge stehen, Ihnen zuerst meine Befriedigung ausdrücken, dass Sie hierher haben kommen wollen und teilnehmen wollen an demjenigen, was hier gesagt werden konnte, und an demjenigen, was dann daraus werden soll, was sich weiterentwickeln soll. Und auf der anderen Seite darf ich wohl zum Ausdruck bringen, dass ich mit Ihnen allen übereinstimme, wenn ich sage, dasjenige, was sich hier abgespielt hat, soll nützliche Arbeit sein und hat als solche einen intensiv inneren Wert. Aber denken Sie nur einmal an zwei Dinge: Was alles war notwendig an Energie des Grafen Keyserlingk, der Gräfin Keyserlingk, der Mitglieder des Hauses Keyserlingk, um das alles hier so zustande zu bringen, wie dieser Kursus geworden ist. Dazu gehören Energie, Zielbewusstheit, anthroposophischer Wirklichkeitssinn, reines Drinnenstehen in der Sache der Anthroposophie, Opferwilligkeit und alles Mögliche. Und dadurch ist ja auch noch das geworden, dass für Sie alle wahrscheinlich dasjenige, was viele Arbeit war, eine Arbeit, die sogar nach großen, fruchtbaren Zielen für die ganze Menschheit hinstreben soll, dass sich das hingestellt hat, während wir hier waren, in den Rahmen eines, ja, eines wirklichen Festes, so wie die Dinge hier getrieben worden sind. Gleich nach fünf Minuten werden Sie wieder ein kleines Beispiel haben können. Und alles andere, was sich daran angereiht hat, nicht zuletzt die außerordentliche herzliche Liebenswürdigkeit aller Hausleute, all das hat ja ganz eingeschlossen diese Arbeit in den Rahmen eines ganz wunderbaren Festes, und wir haben mit einer landwirtschaftlichen Tagung ein ganz richtiges landwirtschaftliches Fest hier gefeiert und werden dann auch in der richtigen Weise herzinniglich der Gräfin und dem Grafen Keyserlingk und dem ganzen Keyserlingk’schen Hause unseren tiefgefühlten Dank darbringen für alles dasjenige, was sie in diesen zehn Tagen im Dienste der Sache und für die freundschaftliche, liebenswürdige Art des Aufenthalts hier an uns allen getan haben.

Vierte Fragenbeantwortung
Hat Jauche die gleiche Ich-Organisationskraft wie der Dung?
Rudolf Steiner: Es kommt natürlich bei der Frage im Wesentlichen darauf an, dass man Jauche und Dung in entsprechender Vereinigung verwendet, also sie verwendet so, dass beide zu der Organisationskraft des Bodens zusammenwirken. Dieser Zusammenhang mit dem Ich gilt ganz für den Dung. [Aber nicht im Allgemeinen gilt das für den Dünger.] Denn ein jedes Ich, auch in der Anlage, wie es im Dung ist, muss wiederum im Zusammenhange wirken mit etwas Astralischem, und der Dung würde keine Astralität haben, wenn nicht die Jauche dabei wäre. Die Jauche unterstützt das. Sie hat stärkere astralische Kraft. Der Dung hat stärkere Ich-Kraft. Der Dung ist mehr Gehirn und die Jauche ist mehr Gehirnsekret, astralische Kraft, mehr das, was flüssig ist am Gehirn, mehr Gehirnwasser.
Könnten hier die Angaben gemacht werden für die Gestirnkonstellationen zur Herstellung der Verbrennungspräparate?
Dr. [Elisabeth] Vreede: Die genauen Angaben können hier nicht gemacht werden. Hierzu sind noch Berechnungen notwendig, die im Augenblicke nicht gemacht werden können. Im Allgemeinen gilt für die Insektenverbrennung die Zeit von Anfang Februar bis in den August hinein. Für die Feldmausvertilgung würde in diesem Jahre die Perioden verschieben sich von Jahr zu Jahr - die Zeit von zweite Hälfte November bis erste Hälfte Dezember infrage kommen.
Rudolf Steiner: Die Prinzipien des anthroposophischen Kalenders, wie er dazumal veranlagt war, müssten genauer ausgeführt werden, dann könnte man sich nach solchem Kalender ganz genau richten. Wenn von Vollmond und Neumond die Rede ist, ist nur der Tag des Voll- oder des Neumondes gemeint, oder ist da auch die Zeit kurz vor oder kurz nachher gemeint?
Da rechnet man den Neumond vom Momente ab, wo ungefähr dieses Bild auftritt. Dieses Bild ist da, es verschwindet da. [Wo der Mond nur als schmale Sichel da ist und dann verschwindet. Vollmond rechnet man von der Zeit ab, wo dieses Bild auftritt.] Ungefähr zwölf bis vierzehn Tage immer.
Kann man die Insekten, die in der Zeit der betreffenden Konstellationen nicht zu haben sind, aufbewahren bis zur Verbrennung?
Wann die Präparate hergestellt werden sollen, werden wir noch genauer feststellen. Man kann die einzelnen Insektenformen aufbewahren.
Muss die Verbrennung des Unkrautsamens im Sommer oder kann sie zu jeder beliebigen Zeit erfolgen? Nicht allzu lange danach, wenn man sie erhalten hat.
Wie ist es mit dem Ausstrenen von diesem Insektenpfeffer, der von Insekten stammt, die eigentlich gar nicht mit der Erde in Berührung kommen?
Doch, auch in die Erde. Es handelt sich dabei darum, dass es auf die physische Berührung beim Insekt durchaus nicht ankommt, sondern auf die Eigenschaft, die in dieser homöopathischen Dosis gegeben wird. Das Insekt hat eine ganz andere Art von Sensitivität, und es flieht gerade dasjenige, was da entsteht, wenn man das Betreffende zum Ausstreuen in die Erde verwendet. Das hindert gar nicht, dass das Insekt nicht mit der Erde in Berührung kommt.
Wie verhält es sich mit der Schädlichkeit des Frostes für die Landwirtschaft, insbesondere für die Tomate? Und in welchem kosmischen Zusammenhang ist der Frost zu verstehen?
Wenn die Tomate schön und groß werden soll, ist sie im Warmen zu halten. Sie leidet sehr unter Frost. Was den Frost im Allgemeinen anbelangt, so müssen Sie sich nur klarmachen, was in den Frostwirkungen zum Ausdrucke kommt. Frostwirkungen sind immer eine wesentliche Verstärkung des kosmischen Einflusses, der in der Erde tätig ist. Nun hat dieser kosmische Einfluss ein normales Mittel, wenn wir bestimmte Temperaturgrade haben. Bei bestimmten Temperaturgraden ist dieser Einfluss gerade derjenige, den die Pflanze braucht. Wenn wir nun einmal dauernden und auch zu intensiven, zu tief gehenden Frost haben, so ist die Einwirkung des Himmels auf die Erde zu stark, und wir bekommen in den Pflanzen die Tendenz, heraus nach den verschiedenen Richtungen hin zu verstängeln, Faden zu bilden, also sich in Dünnheit auszubreiten, und das wird auch natürlich unter Umständen, weil es wiederum dünn ist, durch den außen bestehenden Frost sogleich in Empfang genommen und wird vernichtet, sodass wir in dem Frost, der zu weit geht, haben würden eine Erscheinung, die schon dem Pflanzenwachstum außerordentlich schädlich sein muss, weil eben zu viel Himmel da in den Erdboden hineinkommt.
Soll man mit den Verbrennungsrückständen der Bremsen etwa den Tierkörper behandeln oder diese Rückstände nur auf Wiesen und Weiden ausstreuen?
Wo das Tier frisst. Man streut diese tierischen Überreste auf den Feldern aus. Sie sind alle als Zusatz zu dem Dünger gedacht.
Wie kann man wohl am besten die Quecke bekämpfen? Es ist sehr schwer, den Queckensamen zu bekommen.
Diese Art und Weise der Vermehrung der Quecke, die Sie gemeint haben, wo man nicht zum Samen kommt, die hebt sich zum Schlusse selber auf. Wenn man keinen Samen kriegt, so hat man sie in Wirklichkeit auch nicht. Wenn sie sich so einrichtet, dass sie sich versenkt und dann weiter wuchert, dann kann man sie auch bekämpfen. So viel Samen, wie man braucht, findet man schon, da man nur sehr wenig nötig hat. Man findet ja auch vierblätterige Kleeblätter.
Ist es überhaupt erlaubt, Futtermassen durch den elektrischen Strom zu konservieren?
Was möchten Sie dadurch erreichen? Da muss man natürlich hinblicken auf die ganze Rolle der Elektrizität überhaupt in der Natur. Es ist doch, ich möchte sagen, trostvoll, dass jetzt schon von Amerika herüber, wo überhaupt eine bessere Beobachtungsgabe auftritt wie in Europa, dass von Amerika herüber Stimmen kommen, welche dahin gehen, dass gesagt wird, die Menschen können nicht in derselben Weise sich weiterentwickeln, in einer Atmosphäre, die nach allen Seiten von elektrischen Strömen und Strahlungen durchzogen ist, sondern das hat einen Einfluss auf die ganze Entwicklung des Menschen. Das Seelenleben wird ein anderes werden, wenn diese Dinge so weit getrieben werden, wie man es eigentlich vorhat. Es ist schon ein Unterschied, ob Sie irgendein Gebiet mit Dampfmaschinen, Dampflokomotiven für die Eisenbahn versehen, oder ob Sie es elektrifizieren. Der Dampf wirkt hier mehr bewusst, die Elektrizität wirkt furchtbar unbewusst ein, und die Menschen wissen gar nicht, woher gewisse Dinge kommen. Ganz zweifellos geht da eine Entwicklung in der folgenden Richtung, wenn ich jetzt berücksichtige, dass die Elektrizität ja oberirdisch verwendet wird als strahlende Elektrizität, aber auch als leitende Elektrizität, um möglichst rasch Nachrichten zu bringen von einem Ort zum anderen; dieses Leben des Menschen, namentlich in der strahlenden Elektrizität, wird bewirken, dass die Menschen nicht mehr kapieren können diese Nachrichten, die sie so schnell kriegen. Es wirkt auslöschend auf das Kapieren. Es sind heute schon Wirkungen bemerkbar. Sie können heute schon die Bemerkung machen, dass die Menschen Sachen viel schwerer kapieren, die ihnen zukommen, als das noch vor Jahrzehnten der Fall war. Es ist trostvoll, dass man schon immerhin von Amerika her Einsichten verbreitet findet über diese Sachen. Nun ist es ja schon einmal so, wenn irgendwas aufkommt, dann gewöhnlich ist es zuerst auch ein Heilmittel. Nachher aber bedienen sich die Propheten auch der Sache. Es ist merkwürdig, dass, wenn irgendwas auftritt, dann werden die hellsichtigen Dinge auch auf die menschlichen Dinge reduziert. Da ist ein solcher, der prophezeit den Menschen wild von der Heilkraft der Elektrizität, während es ihm früher gar nicht eingefallen wäre. Und so kommen die Dinge in die Mode. Ebenso wenig hat man an Heilungen durch Elektrizität denken können, solange sie nicht da war. Jetzt auf einmal, nicht allein aus dem Grunde, weil sie eben da ist, sondern weil die Dinge in die Mode gekommen sind, deshalb ist sie plötzlich ein Heilmittel. Die Elektrizität ist manchmal nicht viel mehr Heilmittel, wenn man sie als strahlende anwendet, als es ein Heilmittel sein kann, wenn man kleine dünne Nadeln nimmt und sticht, Es ist nicht die Elektrizität, die heilt, sondern die Schockwirkung ist es, die da heilend wirkt. Nun aber darf man nicht vergessen, dass die Elektrizität immer besonders einwirkt auf die höhere Organisation, die Kopforganisation des Menschen und des Tieres, dementsprechend bei den Pflanzen auf die Organisation der Wurzel in außerordentlich starker Weise einwirkt. Wenn man also Elektrizität verwendet in der Weise, dass man da die Nahrungsmittel durchelektrisiert, dann erzeugt man Nahrungsmittel, die allmählich dazu führen müssen, das Tier, das sie genießt, zu sklerotisieren. Das ist ein langsamer Prozess - man wird es zunächst nicht gleich bemerken -, man wird zunächst bemerken, dass in irgendeiner Weise diese Tiere früher verenden, als sie es sollten. Man wird nicht auf die Elektrizität als Ursache kommen, man wird es allem Möglichen zuschreiben.
Elektrizität ist aber doch einmal nichts, was in das Lebendige hereinwirken sollte und das Lebendige besonders fördern sollte; denn es kann es nicht. Wenn man eben weiß, dass Elektrizität ein Niveau tiefer liegt als das Lebendige, und das Lebendige bestrebt ist, je höher es ist, desto mehr, die Elektrizität abzustoßen - es ist ein Abstoßen —, wenn man das Lebendige nun dazu anleitet, Abwehrmittel dann anzuwenden, wenn gar nichts abzuwehren ist, dann wird das Lebendige nervös und zapplig und sklerotisch nach und nach.
Was sagt die Geisteswissenschaft zu der Konservierung der Futtermittel durch Säuerung, zum Säuerungsverfahren im Allgemeinen?
Wenn man Salzartiges überhaupt anwendet in diesem Prozess in seinem weiteren Sinne, ob man nun schließlich Salzzusätze macht beim unmittelbaren Genießen, ob man den Salzzusatz macht beim Futtermittel, das macht keinen so großen Unterschied. Wenn man Futtermittel hat, die zu wenig Salzgehalt haben, um gewissermaßen an die Stellen des Organismus getrieben zu werden, wo sie wirken sollen, dann ist die Säuerung dieses Futtermittels dasjenige, was auch das ganz Richtige ist. Sagen wir, wir haben in irgendeiner Gegend Rüben. Wir haben gesehen, die sind besonders geeignet, auf die Kopforganisation in der richtigen Weise zu wirken. Sie sind also für gewisse Tiere, zum Beispiel das Jungvieh, ein vorzügliches Mittel. Wenn man dagegen in irgendeiner Gegend merkt, dass sie das Tier dazu bringen, dass es zu früh und zu stark haart, Haare lässt, nun, dann wird man die Futtermittel salzen, weil man weiß, sie werden nicht genügend an der Stelle abgelagert, wo sie hinkommen sollen. Sie kommen nicht so weit. Das Salz ist dasjenige, was im Allgemeinen ungeheuer stark wirkt darauf, dass im Organismus ein Nahrungsmittel an die Stelle hinkommt, wo es wirken soll.
Wie stellt sich die Geisteswissenschaft zum Einsänerungsverfahren von Rübenblättern und anderen grünen Futtermitteln?
Man sollte in diesem Falle darauf sehen, dieses Optimum herauszukriegen, das nicht überschritten werden soll in Bezug auf das Säuerungsmittel. Die Säuerung im Allgemeinen wird nicht schädlich wirken können, wenn sie nicht im Übermaße durch zu vielen Zusatz bewirkt wird, weil gerade die salzartigen Bestandteile ja diejenigen sind, die am meisten im Organismus so bleiben, wie sie eigentlich sind. Im Allgemeinen ist der Organismus so veranlagt, der tierische Organismus auch, der menschliche noch mehr, dass er alles, was er aufnimmt, in der mannigfaltigsten Weise verändert. Es ist ein Vorurteil, wenn man glaubt, dass zum Beispiel irgendetwas von dem Eiweiß, das man durch den Magen sich einführt, in derselben Gestalt, wie man es sich da einführt, noch weiter verwendbar ist. Dieses Eiweiß muss zuerst vollständig in tote Substanz umgewandelt werden und muss dann wiederum vom eigenen Ätherleib des Menschen in Eiweiß zurückverwandelt werden, das jetzt spezifisch menschliches, tierisches Eiweiß ist. Es muss sich schon alles, was überhaupt in den Organismus eindringt, verändern. Das gilt, was ich jetz sage, sogar schon von der gewöhnlichen Wärme. Wenn ich das schematisch zeichnen soll, nehmen Sie an: Hier hätten Sie einen Organismus, und hier hätten Sie Wärme in der Umgebung. Nehmen Sie an, hier hätten Sie totes Holz, das zwar auch von Organischem herkommt, aber schon tot ist; wiederum Wärme von der Umgebung. Wenn das ein Organismus ist, so dringt diese Wärme nicht einfach ein Stückchen in den Organismus ein, und sie durchdringt ihn nicht, sondern sofort, wenn die Wärme in den Bereich des Organismus kommt, wird sie vom Organismus bearbeitet, wandelt sich um in vom Organismus selbst verarbeitete Wärme - anders darf es gar nicht sein -, während in das Holz die Wärme einfach eindringt und als Wärme darinnen dasselbe ist wie draußen im mineralischen Erdreich. In dem Augenblick, wo Wärme in uns selbst unverändert eindringt, wie sie in ein Stück Holz eindringt, in dem Augenblick erkälten wir uns. Es darf nicht das, was von außen in den Organismus eindringt, so bleiben, wie es selber ist, sondern muss sofort verwandelt werden. Dieser Vorgang findet am wenigsten in dem Salz statt. Daher kann man mit den Salzen, die man natürlich so verwendet, wie Sie es angegeben haben, zur Einsäuerung der Futterstoffe, wenn man ein wenig nur vernünftig ist und nicht zu viel gibt - denn es wird schon vom Geschmack zurückgewiesen -, kann man ein großes Unheil ja nicht anrichten. Wenn es notwendig ist zur Konservierung, dann ist das ein Zeichen dafür, dass es ein bis zu einem gewissen Grade richtiger Prozess ist.
Ist die Einsäuerung der Futtermittel ohne Salz ratsam?
Das ist ein Prozess, der zu weit vorgeschritten ist. Er ist, ich möchte sagen, ein überorganischer Prozess, es ist unter Umständen, wenn der Prozess zu weit vorgeschritten ist, ungeheuer schädlich.
Ist die zur Dämpfung der Säuerungswirkungen verwendete Schlämmkreide den Tieren schädlich?
Schlämmkreide werden gewisse Tiere überhaupt nicht vertragen. [Sie werden nicht verdauen.] Sie werden krank. Einzelne Tiere vertragen sie, aber in diesem Augenblicke kann ich nicht gerade sagen, welche Tiere sie vertragen. Aber im Allgemeinen wird sie nicht viel den Tieren zu ihrem Nutzen gereichen, sondern sie werden krank.
Ich meine, dass der Magensaft noch abgestumpft wird durch die Schlämmkreide?
Der Magensaft wird unbrauchbar gemacht.
Ich möchte fragen, ob es nicht von großer Bedeutung ist, in welcher Gesinnung man an die einzelnen Sachen herangeht. Ein großer Unterschied ist, ob man Getreide aussät oder ob man ausstreut, was zur Vernichtung dient. Es muss die Einstellung in Betracht kommen. Wenn man mit solchen Mitteln, die hier angegeben werden, gegen Insekten wirkt, hat das nicht eine ungeheuer größere Wirkung für das Karma, als wenn man etwa in einzelnen Fällen Tiere mit einem mechanischen Werkzeug beseitigt?
Je nun, nicht wahr, bei der Gesinnung kommt es doch darauf an im Wesentlichen, ob sie eine gute oder eine böse Gesinnung ist. Und wie meinen Sie «wenn man zerstört»? Nehmen Sie die ganze Art, wie man über die Dinge ja schon denken muss. Sehen Sie, wenn Sie den heutigen Vortrag in der Art, wie er gehalten ist, bedenken, zum Beispiel, wo ich darauf aufmerksam machte: Man weiß etwas über eine Sache und sieht es ihr auch äußerlich an, sieht es dem Leinsamen und der Möhre an, was sie im Tier für einen Prozess durchmachen, so ist das eine solche Objektivierung, die man da durchmacht, wenn sie Wirklichkeit wird, dass das tatsächlich eigentlich gar nicht denkbar ist, ohne sich mit einer gewissen Frömmigkeit zu durchdringen. Und Sie werden das gewinnen, das im Dienste der Menschheit, im Dienste des Universums zu tun. Es würde sich nur darum handeln, dass man die Schädlichkeiten, die dabei durch die Gesinnung entstehen könnten, in einer direkt bösen Absicht einführte. Da müsste man schon böse Absichten haben. Sodass ich mir nicht gut vorstellen kann, wenn die Moralität zugleich im Allgemeinen gefördert wird, dass es in irgendeiner Weise schlimm wirken soll. Und Sie meinen also einfach, dem Tiere nachlaufen und es töten, das würde weniger Schlimmes bedeuten? Ich meinte, ob die Art, wie man zerstört, ob die Zerstörung mit mechanischen Mitteln, oder wenn wir kosmisch wirken, ob das ein Unterschied ist?
Ja, sehen Sie, da kommen sehr komplizierte Dinge in Betracht, deren Verständnis wiederum davon abhängt, ob man sie aus größeren Zusammenhängen heraus sieht. Nehmen Sie an, Sie ziehen einen Fisch aus dem Meere heraus und töten ihn. Da haben Sie etwas getötet, Sie haben einen Prozess vollzogen, der auf einem gewissen Niveau geschieht. Nehmen wir aber jetzt an, Sie fischen sich zu irgendeinem Zweck ein Gefäß voll Meerwasser, in dem sehr viele Samen von Fischen darinnen sind, damit ist also gleich ein ganzes Heer von Leben vernichtet. Dann haben Sie doch etwas ganz anderes getan, als diesen Fisch vernichtet. Sie haben doch etwas ganz anderes getan, Sie haben nämlich einen Vorgang auf einem ganz anderen Niveau vollzogen. Und wenn etwas nun, was in der Natur vorhanden ist, übergeht bis zum fertigen Fisch, dann hat es einen Weg genommen. Wenn Sie den jetzt rückgängig machen, dann bringen Sie etwas in Unordnung. Wenn ich aber den Prozess, wenn er nicht beendet ist, oder wenn er nicht landet in der Sackgasse des fertigen Organismus, vorher aufhalte, so habe ich nicht dasselbe getan, nicht wahr, was ich tue, wenn ich es eben am fertigen Organismus vollziehe. So muss ich die Frage, die Sie stellen, reduzieren darauf: Welches ist das Unrecht, das ich begehe, wenn ich mir den Pfeffer verschaffe? Denn dasjenige, was ich durch den Pfeffer vernichte, das kommt nicht mehr in Betracht, das bewegt sich auf einer anderen Zone. Es würde sich nur darum handeln, was ich nötig habe, um mir den Pfeffer zu verschaffen. Da wird es sich in den meisten Fällen herausstellen, dass ich viel weniger Tiere vernichte, als wenn ich diese Tierarten zusammenlesen muss und sie alle irgendwie töten muss. Ich glaube, wenn Sie die Frage praktisch durchdenken, nicht so abstrakt, dann wird sie Ihnen nicht mehr so ungeheuerlich erscheinen.
[Friedrich Schyre:] Können menschliche Fäkalien verwendet werden, und welcher Behandlung müssen sie vor der Verwendung unterworfen werden?
Natürlich so wenig als möglich. Denn sie bewirken äußerst wenig im Sinne des Düngens, und sie sind viel mehr schädlich, als irgendein anderer Dünger schädlich sein kann. Nun, wenn man sie verwenden will, so ist dasjenige durchaus ausreichend, was in einer normalen Landwirtschaft unter den Dünger sich von selber hereindrängt. Also nicht wahr, man wird ein Maß dann gerade haben, was nicht schädlich ist, wenn man weiß, so und so viele Menschen sind auf einer Landwirtschaft, und auch zu alledem, was kommt von den Tieren und auf sonstige Weise an Dünger, wenn sich zu dem das noch hinzumischt, was eben von den Menschen kommt, dann ist das Maximum dessen erreicht, was verwendet werden kann. Es ist der größte Unfug, wenn man in der Nähe von Großstädten Menschendünger verwendet, weil in den Großstädten so viel dieses Menschendüngers sich findet, dass er für eine Landwirtschaft ausreichen müsste, die ungeheuer ist. Aber denken Sie einmal, man kann doch nicht der ganz verrückten Idee verfallen, dass man auch in der Nähe der Großstädte, auf einem kleinen Territorium den Menschendung zum Beispiel von ganz Berlin verwendet. Sie brauchen nur diejenigen Pflanzen zu genießen, die dort wachsen, die können Ihnen das zeigen. Machen Sie es mit Spargel, mit irgendetwas, was ziemlich ehrlich und aufrichtig bleibt, dann werden Sie schon sehen, was da der Fall ist. Und nun müssen Sie bedenken, wenn Sie diesen Dung verwenden wiederum zu Dingen, die die Tiere fressen, dann ist das, was aus solchen Dingen hervorkommt, ganz besonders schädlich. Denn bei denen bleibt eben vieles auf dieser Stufe stehen. Nicht wahr, es bleibt beim Durchgang durch den Organismus vieles auf der Stufe stehen, die einhält der Spargel, wenn er durch den menschlichen Organismus geht. In dieser Beziehung ist es die krasseste Unwissenheit, die den furchtbaren Unfug auf diesem Gebiete getrieben hat.
Wie kann man die Rotlaufseuche bei den Schweinen bekämpfen?
Ja nun, das ist ja eine tierärztliche Frage, und da wird es sich darum handeln - ich habe den Fall mir nicht vorlegen müssen, weil mich noch niemand um Rat gefragt hat -, aber ich glaube, dass man das wohl wird behandeln können, wenn man eben in einer gewissen Dosis eine Einreibung mit grauer Spießglanzblende, Antimonblende, vornimmt. Das gehört ins Gebiet der Heilkunde, das ist ja eine wirkliche Krankheit.
Kann man Hederich, der ein Bastard ist, auch mit diesem Pulver bekämpfen?
Diese Pulver, von denen ich gesprochen habe, sind nur wirksam spezifisch für diejenigen Pflanzenarten, von denen sie hergenommen sind. So müssten also Pflanzen, falls da wirklich eine Kreuzung und so weiter stattfindet mit anderen Arten, eigentlich nicht betroffen werden können. Symbiosen werden dadurch nicht beeinflusst.
Was wäre über die Gründüngung zu sagen?
Die hat nun auch ihre guten Seiten, wenn man sie namentlich mehr für obstartige Kulturen verwendet. Man kann die Dinge nicht generaliter durchführen. Für gewisse Dinge hat die Gründüngung ihren Nutzen. Man muss sie anwenden bei denjenigen Pflanzen, bei denen man eine starke Wirkung hervorrufen will wiederum auf die Krautbildung. Wenn man diese beabsichtigen würde, so würde man ein wenig Gründüngerzusatz machen können.
Eighth Lecture
My dear friends!
[ 1 ] In this last lecture, which may be supplemented in the ensuing discussion according to your needs, I would like to add some additional information and a few practical tips, as far as possible in the short time available. Today, however, we will be dealing with practical matters that are extremely difficult to express in general terms and formulas, but which are subject to a high degree of individualization and personal treatment. For this very reason, it will be necessary to develop insights in this field, insights that can then be applied in a meaningful way to individualize the measures taken.
[ 2 ] Just consider that today there is little insight into one of the most important areas: the feeding of our farm animals. This cannot really be improved, even if we provide a great deal of information on this subject: How should animals be fed? However, I am convinced that significant improvements can be made if agricultural education increasingly focuses on developing an understanding of what feeding actually entails. I would like to start by saying a few things about this today.
[ 3 ] You see, as I have already indicated, what food means for animals and also for humans is always viewed completely wrongly. It is not a matter of the rough happening, of nutrients being taken in from outside and then – as one always imagines, more or less, when one thinks of all kinds of transformations – being deposited in the organism. In a crude, simplistic way, we imagine that the food is out there, the animal takes it in, stores what it needs and excretes what it does not need. And then you have to look at various things, for example, that the animal is not overloaded, that it gets as much nutrition as possible so that it can use much of what is contained in the nutrients. And if you like to make materialistic distinctions in this area, you also distinguish between actual nutrients and substances that, as they say, promote the combustion processes in the organism, and bases all kinds of theories on this, which are then applied in practice, whereby one must always note that some things are correct and some are not, or are not correct after a while, or are modified by this or that. And how could one expect it to be any different!
[ 4 ] For you see, we talk about combustion processes in the organism. Of course, there is not a single combustion process in the organism, and the combination of any substance with oxygen means something completely different in the organism than a combustion process. Combustion is a process in mineral, inanimate nature. But besides, just as an organism is something different from a quartz crystal, so too is what we call combustion in the organism not the dead combustion process that takes place externally, but something living, something that even feels.
[ 5 ] It is precisely by expressing oneself in the above manner and directing one's thoughts in a certain direction that the most widespread nonsense is caused. For someone who speaks carelessly when talking about combustion in the organism, if he has the right idea in mind, it does no harm if he speaks carelessly and yet does things reasonably correctly according to instinct or tradition. But when, little by little, through this careless talk, psychopathia professoralis—I have used this expression many times before—comes to dominate these matters, then it turns what is merely careless talk into clever—I mean this in reality—clever theories. And then one acts according to these theories, but no longer hits the mark at all. What one talks about is something completely different from what occurs in plants and animals. That is the characteristic phenomenon of today: one does something completely different from what is appropriate to what happens in nature. Therefore, in this area in particular, we need to take a closer look at what is actually involved.
[ 6 ] Let us now consider the things we arrived at yesterday, namely that plants have a physical and etheric body and are more or less surrounded by the astral. The plant does not bring it to the astral, but it is surrounded by the astral. If it enters into a very specific connection with the astral, as is the case with fruit formation, then something is produced that serves as nourishment, which then supports the astral in the animal and human organism. If you look into the process, you will simply see in any plant or anything else whether it is intended to support something in the animal organism or not. But I think you also have to look at the opposite pole. There is something there that is extremely important. I have already touched on this, but here, where the foundations for feeding processes are to be laid, it must be emphasized once again.
[ 7 ] Since we are dealing with feeding, let us start with animals. In animals, we do not have such a sharp threefold division of the organism as in humans. In animals, we also have a distinct nervous-sensory organism and a metabolic-limb organism. These are sharply separated from each other, but the middle, rhythmic organism is blurred in different animals. Something enters the rhythmic organism that still originates from the sensory organism, and something else that originates from the metabolic organism, so that one should actually speak differently about animals than about humans. In humans, we speak very precisely of this threefold division of the organism. But in animals, we should speak of the nerve-sense organization, which is primarily located in the head, and the metabolism-limb organization, which is organized in the hindquarters and limbs but also permeates the entire organism. And in the middle, the metabolism becomes more rhythmic in animals than in humans, and the nerve-sense organization also becomes more rhythmic, and the two intermingle so that the rhythmic does not emerge as something so strongly independent in animals. It is a more indistinct intermingling of the two outer poles. In animals, one should therefore actually speak of a two-part division of the organism, but the two parts in the middle mix with each other, thereby creating the [entire] animal organization.
[ 8 ] Now, everything that is in the head organization in terms of substances — this is also the case in humans, but let us stick with animals — everything that is in the head organization is of earthly matter. The matter that is inside the head is of earthly matter. Earthly matter is already introduced into the head organization during the embryonic stage. The organization of the embryo must be such that the head receives its substances from the earth. So there we have earthly substance. In contrast, everything we have in terms of substance in the metabolic-limb organization, which permeates our intestines, our limbs, our muscles, our bones, and so on, does not come from the earth, but from what is taken in from the air and from the warmth above the earth. This is cosmic substance. It is important that you do not look at a claw as if it were formed by the physical matter that the animal eats reaching the claw and depositing itself there. That is not true. Rather, cosmic matter is absorbed through the senses and respiration.
[ 9 ] And what the animal eats is merely there to develop the forces of movement in the animal so that the cosmic can be driven into the metabolism-limb organization, i.e., into the claw, so that cosmic substance is everywhere here. With the forces, on the other hand, it is the opposite. We have this in our heads, precisely because that is where the senses are primarily located and because the senses perceive the cosmos, dealing with cosmic forces. In the metabolism-limb organization, we have it—just think about it: when you walk, you are constantly connecting with the earth's gravity, and so everything you do with your limbs is bound to the earth — there you are dealing with earthly, earthy forces, that is, with cosmic substances and with earthly forces.
[ 10 ] It really is not irrelevant [whether one knows] that cows, with the limbs they need for work if they are to become work animals, or oxen, if they are to become work animals, are fed in such a way that they take in as much of the cosmic substance as possible and that the food that passes through the stomach must be arranged in such a way that it develops many forces to conduct this cosmic substance everywhere into the limbs, muscles, and bones. Likewise, one must know that what one needs in terms of substances in the head must be obtained precisely through food and that the processed food that has passed through the stomach must be conducted to the head. The head is dependent on the stomach in this respect, not the big toe; and it must be clear that the head can only process the food it receives from the body if it can draw the necessary forces from the cosmos in the appropriate way, [if] one does not simply lock animals up in stuffy stables where no cosmic forces can flow to them, but [if] one leads them to pasture and gives them every opportunity to interact with their environment through their senses. You see, one must consider the following, for example:
[ 11 ] Imagine an animal standing in a dull stable at the feeding trough and receiving the amount of food that human wisdom puts in that trough. Yes, this animal shows a great difference when it has no variety—it can only have variety outdoors—from another animal that uses its senses, for example, its sense of smell, to seek its own food in freedom outdoors, following its sense of smell, following the cosmic forces according to its sense of smell, seeking out its food, takes it for itself, and develops all its activity indoors in this taking of food.
[ 12 ] An animal that is placed at the feeding trough will not immediately show that it has no cosmic forces within it, for these things are inherited; it still inherits them, but it gradually produces offspring that no longer have these cosmic forces innate in them, that no longer have them. And the animal becomes weak in the head, that is, it can no longer nourish the body because it cannot absorb the cosmic substances that are supposed to enter the body again. These things already show you that one should not simply say in general: “Feed this in this case, feed that in that case,” but that one should form a mental image of the value of certain feeding methods for the whole organism of the animal.
[ 13 ] But let us continue. What is actually contained in the head? Earthly matter. So if you cut out the most noble organ from an animal, the brain, what you have inside is earthly matter. In humans, the brain contains earthly matter, only the forces are cosmic, the matter is earthly. What is the purpose of this brain? It serves as a foundation for the ego. Animals do not yet have an ego. Let us be very clear about this: the brain serves as a foundation for the ego; animals do not yet have an ego, [it] is only on the way to forming an ego. In humans, this process continues toward the formation of the ego. So animals have a brain; how did it come into being?
[ 14 ] Take the entire organic process. Everything that goes on there, everything that appears in the brain as earthly matter, is simply excreted; it is excretion from the organic process. Earthly matter is excreted in order to serve as the basis for the ego. Now, a certain amount of earthly matter, based on the process that forms from the intake of food through digestion and distribution in the metabolism-limb system, is capable of conducting the earthly nutrients into the head and brain. There is a certain amount of earthly matter that goes through this process and is then properly excreted in the brain. But this food substance is not only separated in the brain, but already on its way through the intestines. That which cannot be further processed is separated in the intestines, and here you encounter a relationship that you will find extremely paradoxical, but which cannot be overlooked if one wants to understand the animal and also the human organization. What is brain matter? Brain matter is simply intestinal matter that has been processed to completion. Premature brain separation passes through the intestines. The contents of the intestines are, in terms of their processes, quite similar to the contents of the brain.
[ 15 ] If I were to speak grotesquely, I would say that what is spreading in the brain is an advanced dung heap; but this is factually quite correct. It is the dung that is converted into the precious mass of the brain through its own organic process and becomes the basis for the development of the ego. In humans, as much as possible is converted from belly dung into brain dung, because humans carry their ego on earth; in animals, less is converted, so more remains in the belly dung, which is then used as actual fertilizer. More of the ego remains in the plant. Because the animal does not develop an ego, more of the ego remains in the plant. Animal manure and human manure are therefore two completely different things. Animal manure still contains the ego. And we find that when we manure, when we bring fertilizer from outside to the root, the ego to the root, to the plants, that when we draw the plant completely, with the root at the bottom and the developing leaves and flowers at the top, the astral develops here through contact with the air, and here, through contact with the fertilizer, the ego element of the plant develops.
[ 16 ] Agriculture is truly such an organism. It develops its astral element above, and the presence of fruit and forest develops the astral element. When the animals eat what is above the earth in the right way, they develop the right ego forces in what comes from them as fertilizer, which in turn allow the plants to grow in the right way from the roots in the direction of gravity. It is a wonderful interaction. But this interaction must be understood progressively.
[ 17 ] Now you see that because this is so, agriculture is a kind of individuality.
[ 18 ] And from this you will already gain the insight that animals should be more or less preserved in this interaction, and that plants should also be more or less preserved in this interaction. Therefore, in a certain sense, it is already an impairment of nature if one does not obtain fertilizer from the animals that belong to agriculture, but instead abolishes these animals and obtains the manure content from Chile. For then one goes beyond the fact that this is a self-contained cycle, something that should be preserved in itself. Of course, you then have to arrange things so that it can sustain itself. You simply have to have enough animals and the right kind of animals in agriculture to obtain sufficient and suitable manure. And you have to make sure that you plant what the animals you want to have instinctively want to eat, what they seek out for themselves.
[ 19 ] Of course, this complicates the experiments because they become individual. But this is precisely where it is important to indicate the directions in which the experiments must be carried out. And a lot will be tried out. Rules of use will then emerge, but all these rules of use should be based on the guiding principle that agriculture should be as self-sufficient as possible. Not completely, though. Why? A factual consideration in the spiritual sense will never make you a fanatic. This cannot be achieved entirely within our current economic system. But we should strive to achieve it as much as possible. Now you see, once we have that, we can find the concrete relationships between the animal organism and the plant organism, that is, the feed organism. Let's first look at it in general terms, in broad strokes.
[ 20 ] Let us look at the root: The root, which usually develops inside the earth, is permeated by the fertilizer with a developing ego force. It absorbs the developing ego force through the whole way it is in the earth and is supported in absorbing this ego force when the right amount of salt can be found for it in the earth.
[ 21 ] Let us assume that we have this root simply from the observations we have made. We must now explain the roots as those nutrients that, when they enter the human organism, find their way to the head most easily through digestion. We will therefore use root food where we need to give substance, material substances to the head so that the cosmic forces working through the head can find the right substance for their plastic activity. Imagine someone saying: I must give root food to an animal that needs to direct substance to the head in order to enter into the most active sensory relationship, that is, cosmic relationship, with the cosmic environment. Yes, don't you immediately think of the calf and the carrot? When the calf eats the carrot, you have fulfilled the entire process. The moment you say something like that and now know how things look and how they live, you direct your gaze to what is to happen. You only need to know how this process of change takes place.
[ 22 ] Let us continue. Now, when the substance has really been introduced into the head, when we have served the calf with the carrot, the reverse process must begin, that is, the head must now be able to work willingly and thereby generate forces in the organism so that these forces can in turn be processed into the organism. It must not merely be deposited in the head, but forces must radiate into the organism from what is deposited there, that is, from what is in the process of being broken down. In other words, you must have a second food source which, after serving one part of the body, in this case the head, allows this part to work in the right way on the rest of the organism.
[ 23 ] Now look: I have given you the carrot. I want the body to be properly permeated by the forces that can develop from the head. For this I need something that has a radiant form in nature, or something that properly collects this radiant form in, let's say, a concentrated formation. What is needed for this? As a second food to the carrot, something is needed that transitions into radiance in the plant and brings this radiant power together again. The focus then turns to flaxseed and the like. And if you feed this to young cattle, carrots and flaxseed or something else that goes well together, such as fresh hay with carrots, then you get what really has a dominant effect on the whole animal, what simply sets the animal on the path it is predisposed to follow. So we will have to try to give young cattle food that, on the one hand, promotes the ego force and, on the other hand, promotes what goes from top to bottom, the astral fillings. This is especially the case with everything that is long-stemmed and is simply left to its own development in this long-stemmed state, i.e., long-stemmed and becomes hay. This is how we look at things here, and this is how we should look at agriculture as a whole, knowing what happens to everything, whether it goes from the animal to the soil or from the plant to the animal.
[ 24 ] Let us take an animal that is supposed to grow strong in this middle zone, where the head organization, the nerve-sense organization, develops more toward respiration and, in turn, where the metabolic [limb] organization develops more toward rhythm, where the two then become confused. What kind of animals are supposed to grow strong there? These are precisely the dairy animals. They are supposed to become strong there. In milk production, the requirement that the animals become strong in this area is simply fulfilled. Yes, but what do we need to look at here? We need to look at the flow that goes from the head to the rear, which is primarily a flow of force, and in the flow from the rear to the front, which is preferably a flow of substances, that the right interaction takes place. If this interaction is correct, so that what flows from the rear to the front is processed as well as possible by the forces flowing from the front to the rear, then good milk and abundant milk are produced. This is because good milk contains what is particularly developed in the metabolism, it contains a material preparation that has not yet passed through the sexual system but has become as similar as possible to the digestive process, the [sexual process]. Milk is simply transformed sexual gland secretion, transformed by what is encountered on the way to becoming sexual secretion by the head forces that act upon it. One can look right into the process that is actually taking place there; one can definitely look into it.
[ 25 ] Now, for all such processes that are to form in this way, we must seek those foods that have less effect on the head than the roots that have absorbed the ego force. But we must also not have too much astral, because it should remain related to the sexual force, and we must not take too much of what is opposed to blossoming and fruiting. This means that when it comes to milk production, we must look at what lies between the blossom and the roots, at the green and leafy parts, and at everything that unfolds in the leaves and herbs.
[ 26 ] In particular, in a case where we want to promote milk production in an animal that we believe could produce more, we will certainly achieve this increase if we do the following.
[ 27 ] Suppose, because circumstances dictate, that I am feeding a dairy cow with grass and foliage. I want to increase milk production. I imagine that I can increase milk production. What do I do then? I now use plants that bring the fruiting process, what happens in flowers and during fertilization, into the leaf and herbaceous process. Legumes, or clover species in particular, do this. Various fruit-like structures develop in the substance of clover, just like in herbs. If you treat the cow in this way, you will not see much difference in her yet, but when she calves — this usually takes a generation to reform through feeding — the calf will be a good milk producer.
[ 28 ] Now, one thing in particular must be noted here. When the old traditions based on instinctive wisdom in this area disappeared, some things were retained, just as doctors have retained certain remedies even though they no longer know why; but they have retained them because they have always helped. So one knows a few things from old “traditions,” one does not know why one uses them, and one tries them out, giving the amount that one has tried, that one gives to fattening cattle, dairy cattle, and so on. And now, in this matter, it is often the case, as it is always the case with human trial and error, especially when this trial and error is left entirely to chance. Think about what happens when you're somewhere with a lot of people and you have a sore throat. Everyone who cares about you gives you something. Within half an hour, you have a whole pharmacy. If you took all of that, one thing would cancel out the other, and you would certainly upset your stomach, but your sore throat wouldn't get any better. The circumstances simply transform what should be a simple matter into something very complicated.
[ 29 ] But something very similar happens when you experiment with feed. Because, you see, you use something that works in one way but not in another. Now you use a second one, add that to it, and so you end up with a number of feedstuffs, each of which has a certain significance for young cattle or fattening cattle; but it all becomes so complicated that you can no longer keep track of it at all because you can no longer keep track of the balance of forces. Or they cancel each other out in their effects. This is what often happens, especially to those who practice agriculture with only a smattering of knowledge. They look things up in books or remember what they have learned: “Young cattle must be fed this way, fattening cattle that way.” That's what they look up. But that can't lead to much, because what you read in books may contradict what you already know. You can only proceed rationally if you start from the way of thinking I have outlined, and if you start from a way of thinking that simplifies the animal's diet in many ways so that you can keep track of it.
[ 30 ] Let's say you can see that yellow beets or carrots and flaxseed have this effect. You can see that. You don't just mix everything together. You consider the effect of what you are giving. Think about how you would feel in agriculture if you did this consciously and deliberately. In this way, you would gain insights not for the sake of complication, but for the sake of simplifying the feeding method. Some things, even many things, that have been gradually discovered through trial and error are correct, but they are unsystematic and imprecise. It is precisely this kind of precision that is used today that is actually imprecise, because things are muddled up and you cannot see through them, whereas something like what I have proposed can be easily traced in its simplicity and simple mode of action right down to the animal organism. Let us take another example.
[ 31 ] Let us take the case where we look for what is more flower-like, for what has a fruitful effect in the flower. But we must go further, we must also look at the fruitful aspect in the rest of the plant. The plant has something that Goethe particularly liked about it. Its entire body has the potential for what is otherwise specialized. With other plants, we put what appears as the fruit in the flower into the ground to obtain new plants, but we don't do that with potatoes. There we use the eyes of the tubers. We do not do this with many plants, because the fruit is already there. Now, this fruit, which has not yet reached its final stage in nature – not everything in nature reaches its final stage – can always be enhanced in its effectiveness through processes that are somehow similar to external combustion.
[ 32 ] So what comes in from the plant in dry cuttings, for example, is increased in its effectiveness if you let it steam a little in the sunlight, spread out, because then the process that is predisposed is carried a little further towards fruiting. There is actually a wonderful instinct behind this. If you look at the world intelligently, you really ask yourself: Why did humans come up with cooking food? It is indeed a question. We just don't usually ask ourselves about the things that are part of our everyday lives. Why did humans start cooking food? They started cooking food because they gradually discovered that the processes involved in cooking, in the combustion process, the heating process, the drying process, the steaming process, because all these processes primarily affect the flowers and seeds, but then indirectly also the other parts of the plant, especially those located at the top, making them particularly suitable for developing the forces that are to be developed in the metabolism-limb system of the animal. Even when we take the flower or the seed, the flower and seed parts of the plant have such an effect on the metabolic system, on the digestive system of the animal, that they work there primarily through their power development, not through their materiality. For the metabolic-limb system needs earthly forces. And it must receive them to the same extent that it needs them.
[ 33 ] Let us take animals grazing in the Alps. They are not like those in the plains, but have to move around in difficult conditions. The conditions are made even more difficult by the fact that the ground is not level. It is one thing to walk on level ground and quite another to walk on sloping ground. Such animals must therefore develop within themselves the strength that is required to exert their will in their limbs. Otherwise, they would not be good working, milking, or fattening animals. It is therefore necessary to ensure that they receive sufficient food from aromatic Alpine herbs, where the fruiting and flowering parts have been further processed by the sun's cooking process towards the flowers, even by nature itself. But artificial further processing also brings strength into the limbs, especially when this artificial treatment refers to cooking, boiling, and so on. boiling, and so on. The best is what comes from the fruiting and flowering parts of the plant, especially when plants are treated in this way that are naturally inclined to flower and fruit, that develop few herbaceous and leafy parts, but instead go straight to flowering and fruiting. Everything that places little value on becoming herbaceous, that proliferates in flowering and fruiting, should be cooked.
[ 34 ] And people would do themselves a great deal of good by paying attention to such things sometimes, otherwise things would not come out that come from people who are on the slippery slope of becoming sluggish, that is, lazy. Because you can be on this slippery slope, you can easily tell yourself that if you potter around all day, you can't become a true mystic. I can only become a true mystic if I become completely calm, if I am not constantly prompted, either by myself or by my surroundings, to get busy, if I become such that I can say to my surroundings: I don't have the strength to work around things, then I will become a true mystic. So I also try to arrange my diet in such a way that I become a true mystic. Well, then you become a raw foodist, you don't cook anything anymore, you become a true raw foodist. But now you see: things are all concealed, they don't come out in the proper way. Because, of course, it is again the case that if someone becomes a raw foodist who is strongly inclined toward mysticism in this way, and if they are physically weak by nature from the outset, then they will get further, they will make great progress, they will become more and more sluggish, that is, more and more mystical. What happens in humans can certainly be applied to animals, so we will know how to make the animal lively.
[ 35 ] The opposite case can also occur in humans. They may have a strong physical constitution and only later develop the eccentricity to become mystics. They may have strong physical powers within them. Then the processes within them, together with the forces that the raw food they have eaten continue to process inside them, simply develop. Then it can do them little harm. And when they then call upon the forces that otherwise remain dormant and cause rheumatism and gout, when they call upon these forces and process them further, the raw foodists become all the stronger.
[ 36 ] All things have two sides, just as a scale has two pans. That is why it is important to understand how they individualize. One cannot give general principles. And that is the advantage of a vegetarian lifestyle, that it makes you stronger from the ground up, because it draws out of the organism forces that would otherwise lie dormant and which are really the same forces that cause gout, rheumatism, diabetes, and so on. And if one eats only plant foods, these forces must ripen the plants for human consumption. But if you eat the animals right away, these forces are deposited in the body, remain unused, and then use themselves up by depositing metabolic products in various places or driving necessary substances out of the organs for themselves, substances that humans should have, as in diabetes and so on. You can only understand these things if you look into the matter.
[ 37 ] And then it will be a matter of treating the question of how to fatten animals in such a way that one says to oneself: What must happen is that as much cosmic substance as possible must be carried into them, as into a sack. Oh, pigs, the fat ones, are such heavenly animals! For in their fat bodies, insofar as it is not the nerve-sense system, they have entirely cosmic substance, not earthly. They need what they enjoy only to distribute throughout their bodies all the cosmic substance that must be absorbed from all sides. The pig must eat in order to distribute this substance that must be drawn from the cosmos. It must have the forces within itself to distribute it, just like other animals raised for fattening. Therefore, you will see that these fattening animals become fat when you give them fruit, preferably in a further processed state, further processed by cooking or steaming, and when you give them something that already has fruit in it, but has something enhanced in it, preferably, let's say, beets that have already been enlarged by a kind of further process than they originally had, beets that have already become larger through further cultivation than they were in their wild state.
[ 38 ] And in this way, one can again ask oneself, what should one give a fattening animal, for example? Something that contributes as much as possible to the distribution of the cosmic substance, that is, something that is first opposed to the fruit and has also been treated in the right way. This condition is essentially fulfilled by certain oil cakes and the like. But we must also ensure that the head of such an animal is not completely neglected, that some of the earthly substances still reach the head through such a fattening cure. We must therefore counteract the former with something that we now have to give in small quantities, because the head does not need so much. So we have to give it in small quantities. Therefore, even if in small doses, root vegetables should still be added to the feed of fattening animals.
[ 39 ] You see, there is a type of substance – pure substance – that has no specific task. In general, it can be said that the root-like has a function in relation to the head, the flower-like has a function in relation to the metabolism-limb system, and the leaf-like, herb-like has a function in relation to the rhythmic system with its substantiality in the human organism. That which must be supplemented because it relates to all parts of the animal organism is the salt-like. And since food consists at least partly of salt, both in humans and in animals, you can see from this, precisely from the addition of salt, that it is not always the quantity that matters, but the right [quality], that even small amounts in the right [quantity] fulfill their purpose perfectly.
[ 40 ] Now I would like to point out something particularly important, for which I would ask you to carry out precise experiments that can also be extended to the observation of humans when they tend toward the food in question. As you know, tomatoes have only recently been introduced as a foodstuff. They are very popular with many people. However, it is also an extremely important subject for study. We can learn a great deal from tomato production and consumption. People who think about these things a little — and there are certainly some today — find quite rightly, that eating tomatoes is very important for humans – and this can certainly be extended to animals, which could be accustomed to eating tomatoes – that it is very important for everything in the organism that is most excreted from the organism and takes on its own organization within the organism. You see, this leads to two conclusions. This confirms the statement made by an American that, under certain circumstances, eating tomatoes as a dietary measure has a beneficial effect on the pathological tendency of the human liver, because the liver is the organ that functions most independently in the human organism, so that liver diseases, which are more common in animals, could also be combated in general by eating tomatoes.
[ 41 ] You see, we first look at the connection between the plant and the animal. I would therefore like to add that anyone suffering from cancer, which from the outset renders a certain area of the human or animal organism independent, should immediately refrain from consuming tomatoes. But now we ask ourselves: How does this happen, what is the connection between the tomato and its particular effect on that which is independent in the organism, that which has become so specialized in the organism?
[ 42 ] This has to do with what the tomato wants and needs for its actual development. The tomato feels most comfortable in its development when it has fertilizer that is still in its original form, as it was secreted by animals and separated from something else. If the fertilizer cannot work its way through nature for a long time, if it is completely wild fertilizer, if you throw waste together somewhere and end up with a completely disordered pile of fertilizer, a compost heap, containing as much as possible in the state in which it was created, not yet processed or prepared, and if you plant tomatoes there, you will see the most beautiful tomatoes develop. And if you were to use compost heaps that have been created from the tomato plants themselves, if you let the tomatoes grow on their own manure, they will develop very well. The tomato does not want to leave itself, it does not want to leave the strong living environment. It wants to stay there. The tomato is the most unsociable creature in the plant kingdom. It doesn't want to take anything from strangers. Above all, it rejects anything that has already undergone a process, such as fertilizer; it doesn't want that. And this is related to the fact that it can influence the self-organizing processes in human and animal organisms.
[ 43 ] And related to the tomato in a certain sense, in the direction indicated, is the potato. It also acts strongly independently, but so independently that it prefers to pass easily through the entire digestive process and penetrate the brain, making the brain independent, even independent of the effect of the other human organs. And among the things that have made humans and animals materialistic since the invention of potato cultivation in Europe is precisely the excessive consumption of potatoes. The consumption of potatoes should only go so far as to stimulate the cerebral, the intellectual in us. But one should not exaggerate the consumption of potatoes.
[ 44 ] These are all things which, when understood, show that agriculture is intrinsically linked to social life in a practical way. And this is so infinitely important that agriculture is linked to the whole of social life.
[ 45 ] Of course, I could only give individual guidelines on these matters, but they can serve as a basis for a wide variety of experiments in this field for a long time to come. If they are incorporated into practice on an experimental basis, brilliant results will emerge. This should also serve as a guideline for how we deal with what has been presented in this course. I completely agree with what the farmers present at this course have decided, strictly decided: that what has been presented to the course participants will initially remain within the circle of farmers, that it will be developed into experiments, and that then the community of farmers, this circle, determines the time when it believes that its experiments have progressed far enough that the results can be published.
[ 46 ] Thanks to the commendable tolerance that has been developed, a number of interested parties who are not directly involved in farming have been able to participate in this course. They will therefore remember the well-known opera, keep their mouths shut, and not fall into the common anthroposophical mistake of proclaiming all these things as widely as possible. For it is precisely this that has often caused us so much harm, that personalities who do not actually have anything factual to say out of their own impetus, but simply parrot what they hear, carry things forward out of this impetus.
[ 47 ] There is a big difference between a farmer talking about these things and someone who is completely removed from agriculture. It makes a difference, you can see that right away. But what would happen if non-farmers simply passed on all this as an interesting chapter in anthroposophical teaching? What would happen is that people, including farmers, would simply hear about different cycles from other sources. Farmers, well, when they hear it from other farmers, they say, “It's a shame he's gone so crazy.” But they might say that the first or second time. But when a farmer sees something, he doesn't feel quite comfortable dismissing it. But when they hear it from someone who is not qualified to talk about it, but is only interested in it, then of course the whole thing is ruined. Then the thing cannot continue to have an effect because it has been discredited. It is necessary that those friends who were allowed to participate only out of interest, who are not members of the agricultural circle, exercise restraint, keep the matter to themselves, and do not spread it around, as is so often done with anthroposophy. This has been decided by the agricultural circle and communicated today by our highly esteemed Count Keyserlingk, and I can declare myself in complete agreement with this in the fullest sense of the word.
[ 48 ] Incidentally, since we have now come to the end of these lectures, with the exception of the discussion that will follow, I would like to express my satisfaction that you have come here and participated in what has been said and in what will come of it, what will develop further. On the other hand, I would like to express my agreement with all of you when I say that what has taken place here should be useful work and, as such, has an intense inner value. But just think about two things: All the energy that Count Keyserlingk, Countess Keyserlingk, and the members of the Keyserlingk family had to put in to make this course happen. That includes energy, determination, an anthroposophical sense of reality, pure commitment to the cause of anthroposophy, willingness to make sacrifices, and all sorts of other things. And this has also meant that what was probably a lot of work for all of you, work that is even intended to strive toward great, fruitful goals for all of humanity, has been placed, while we were here, in the context of a real celebration, just as things have been done here. In just five minutes, you will have another small example. And everything else that has come along with it, not least the extraordinary warmth and kindness of all the people in the house, has completely enveloped this work in the framework of a wonderful celebration, and we celebrated a real agricultural festival here with an agricultural conference, and we will then also express our heartfelt thanks to Count and Countess Keyserlingk and the entire Keyserlingk family in the appropriate manner for everything they have done for us over the past ten days in the service of the cause and for the friendly, gracious manner in which they have made our stay here so enjoyable.

Fourth question and answer
Does manure have the same ego-organizing power as dung?
Rudolf Steiner: The question essentially depends on whether manure and dung are used in the right combination, that is, used in such a way that both work together to organize the soil. This connection with the ego applies entirely to dung. [But this does not apply to fertilizer in general.] For every ego, even in its potential form, as it is in manure, must in turn work in connection with something astral, and manure would have no astrality if manure were not present. Manure supports this. It has a stronger astral force. Manure has a stronger ego force. Manure is more brain, and the slurry is more brain secretion, astral power, more of what is fluid in the brain, more brain water.
Could the information be provided here for the constellations of the stars for the preparation of the combustion preparations?
Dr. [Elisabeth] Vreede: The exact details cannot be given here. This requires calculations that cannot be made at the moment. In general, the period from the beginning of February to August is suitable for burning insects. For field mouse extermination, the period would shift from year to year – the time from the second half of November to the first half of December would be suitable.
Rudolf Steiner: The principles of the anthroposophical calendar, as it was originally conceived, would have to be explained in more detail, then one could follow such a calendar very precisely.
When you talk about the full moon and the new moon, do you mean only the day of the full moon or the new moon, or do you also mean the time shortly before or shortly after?
The new moon is calculated from the moment when this image appears. This image is there, then it disappears. [Where the moon is only visible as a narrow crescent and then disappears. The full moon is calculated from the time when this image appears.] Approximately twelve to fourteen days, always.
Can insects that are not available during the time of the relevant constellations be kept until burning?
We will determine more precisely when the preparations should be made. The individual insect forms can be kept.
Does the burning of the weed seeds have to take place in summer or can it be done at any time? Not too long after you have obtained them.
What about the insect pepper that comes from insects that do not actually come into contact with the soil?
Yes, it also goes into the soil. The point is that physical contact with the insect is not important, but rather the property that is present in this homeopathic dose. The insect has a completely different kind of sensitivity and flees from precisely what is created when the substance is sprinkled on the soil. This does not prevent the insect from coming into contact with the soil.
What about the harmful effects of frost on agriculture, especially on tomatoes? And in what cosmic context should frost be understood?
If tomatoes are to grow nice and large, they must be kept warm. They suffer greatly from frost. As far as frost in general is concerned, you only need to understand what is expressed in the effects of frost. The effects of frost are always a significant amplification of the cosmic influence at work in the earth. Now, this cosmic influence has a normal means of expression when we have certain temperatures. At certain temperatures, this influence is exactly what the plant needs. If we have prolonged and also too intense, too deep frost, the influence of the heavens on the earth is too strong, and we see a tendency in the plants to branch out in different directions, to form threads, that is, to spread out into thinness, and this is naturally, under certain circumstances, because it is thin, immediately taken up by the frost outside and destroyed, so that in frost that goes too far, we would have a phenomenon that must be extremely harmful to plant growth, because too much of the sky is entering the soil.
Should the combustion residues of the brakes be used to treat the animal carcasses or should these residues simply be spread on meadows and pastures?
Where the animals graze. These animal remains are scattered on the fields. They are all intended as an addition to the fertilizer.
What is the best way to combat couch grass? It is very difficult to obtain couch grass seeds.
The way you described couch grass spreading, where you can't get the seeds, will eventually stop on its own. If you can't get the seeds, you don't really have any. If it settles in, sinks into the ground, and then continues to spread, you can fight it.
You will find as many seeds as you need, as you only need very few. You can even find four-leaf clovers.
Is it even permitted to preserve feed with electricity?
What do you hope to achieve by doing this? Of course, you have to look at the whole role of electricity in nature.
I would say that it is comforting that voices are already coming from America, where people are more observant than in Europe, saying that humans cannot continue to develop in the same way in an atmosphere that is permeated on all sides by electric currents and radiation, but that this has an influence on the entire development of humans. The life of the soul will become different if these things are taken as far as is actually intended. There is a difference between equipping an area with steam engines and steam locomotives for the railroad and electrifying it. Steam has a more conscious effect here, while electricity has a terribly unconscious effect, and people do not even know where certain things come from. There is undoubtedly a development in this direction, considering that electricity is used above ground as radiant electricity, but also as conductive electricity to bring messages from one place to another as quickly as possible; this human life, especially in radiant electricity, will cause people to no longer be able to grasp the messages they receive so quickly. It has a nullifying effect on understanding. The effects are already noticeable today. You can already observe that people find it much more difficult to understand things that come their way than was the case decades ago. It is comforting that insights into these matters are already spreading from America. Now, it is always the case that when something new comes along, it is usually first seen as a remedy. But afterwards, the prophets also make use of it. It is strange that when something new appears, clairvoyant things are also reduced to human things. There is someone who wildly prophesies to people about the healing power of electricity, whereas it would never have occurred to him before. And so things come into fashion. Similarly, no one could have thought of healing through electricity as long as it did not exist. Now, all of a sudden, not only because it exists, but because things have come into fashion, it is suddenly a remedy. Electricity is sometimes no more a remedy when applied as radiation than it can be a remedy when small thin needles are used to prick the skin. It is not electricity that heals, but the shock effect that has a healing effect. Now, however, we must not forget that electricity always has a particular effect on the higher organization, the head organization of humans and animals, and accordingly has an extraordinarily strong effect on the organization of the roots in plants. So if you use electricity in such a way that you electrify food, you produce food that will gradually lead to the sclerotization of the animal that eats it. This is a slow process—you won't notice it right away—but you will notice that these animals die earlier than they should. You will not think of electricity as the cause; you will attribute it to all sorts of things.
But electricity is not something that should influence living beings or promote their development, because it cannot. If we know that electricity is on a lower level than living beings, and that living beings strive to repel electricity the higher they are, — it is a repulsion — if you now instruct living things to use defensive agents when there is nothing to defend against, then living things become nervous and fidgety and gradually sclerotic.
What does spiritual science say about the preservation of feed by acidification, about the acidification process in general?
If you use salt in this process in the broader sense, whether you add salt when the food is being consumed or to the feed, it doesn't make much difference. If you have feed that has too little salt content to be transported to the parts of the organism where it is supposed to work, then acidification of this feed is the right thing to do. Let's say we have beets in a certain area. We have seen that they are particularly suitable for working on the head organization in the right way. They are therefore an excellent remedy for certain animals, such as young cattle. If, on the other hand, you notice in a particular area that they cause the animals to shed their hair too early and too heavily, then you will salt the feed because you know that it is not being deposited in the place where it is supposed to go. It does not get that far. Salt is what generally has an incredibly strong effect on ensuring that a nutrient reaches the place in the organism where it is supposed to work.
What is the spiritual scientific view of the process of ensuing beet leaves and other green feed?
In this case, one should try to find the optimum amount of acidifier that should not be exceeded. Acidification in general will not have a harmful effect if it is not caused by excessive addition, because it is precisely the salt-like components that remain in the organism in their original form. In general, the organism, including the animal organism and even more so the human organism, is designed to transform everything it takes in in a variety of ways. It is a misconception to believe that, for example, any of the protein that is ingested through the stomach can be used in the same form in which it was ingested. This protein must first be completely converted into dead substance and then converted back into protein by the human etheric body, which is now specifically human or animal protein. Everything that enters the organism must change. What I am saying now even applies to ordinary heat. If I were to draw this schematically, suppose you had an organism here and heat in the environment. Suppose you had dead wood here, which also comes from organic matter but is already dead, and heat from the environment. If this is an organism, the heat does not simply penetrate a little bit into the organism and it does not penetrate it, but immediately, when the heat enters the area of the organism, it is processed by the organism, transformed into heat processed by the organism itself – it cannot be any other way – while in the wood the heat simply penetrates and is the same as the heat outside in the mineral soil. The moment heat penetrates us unchanged, as it penetrates a piece of wood, we catch a cold. What penetrates the organism from outside must not remain as it is, but must be transformed immediately. This process takes place least in salt. Therefore, if you use salts in the way you have indicated, for acidifying feed, and if you are reasonable and do not use too much – because the taste will cause it to be rejected – you cannot do any great harm. If it is necessary for preservation, then this is a sign that it is a correct process to a certain extent.
Is acidification of feed without salt advisable?
This is a process that has gone too far. I would say it is an overly organic process, and if the process has gone too far, it can be extremely harmful under certain circumstances.
Is the slaked lime used to mitigate the acidifying effects harmful to animals?
Certain animals cannot tolerate slaked lime at all. [They cannot digest it.] They become ill. Individual animals can tolerate it, but at this moment I cannot say which animals can tolerate it. In general, however, it is not particularly beneficial to animals; rather, it makes them ill.
I mean, does the slaked lime dull the gastric juice?
The gastric juice is rendered useless.
I would like to ask whether the attitude with which one approaches individual issues is not of great importance. There is a big difference between sowing grain and spreading something that is intended to destroy. The attitude must be taken into account. If one uses the methods described here to combat insects, does this not have a much greater effect on karma than if one kills animals with a mechanical tool in individual cases?
Well, it depends on the attitude, whether it is a good or a bad attitude. And what do you mean by “when you destroy”? Take the whole way of thinking about things. If you consider today's lecture in the way it was given, for example, where I pointed out: One knows something about a thing and also sees it externally, sees it in the flaxseed and the carrot, what process they undergo in the animal, and this is such an objectification that one undergoes when it becomes reality, that it is actually inconceivable without imbuing oneself with a certain piety. And you will gain the ability to do this in the service of humanity, in the service of the universe. It would only be a matter of introducing the harm that could arise from this attitude with a directly evil intention. You would have to have evil intentions. So I can't imagine that if morality is promoted in general, it should have a bad effect in any way. And so you simply believe that chasing an animal and killing it would be less harmful? I meant whether the manner in which one destroys, whether the destruction is by mechanical means or whether we act cosmically, whether that makes a difference?
Yes, you see, there are very complicated things to consider here, the understanding of which depends on whether one sees them in a larger context. Suppose you pull a fish out of the sea and kill it. You have killed something, you have carried out a process that happens on a certain level. But now suppose you fish a container full of sea water for some purpose, and there are a lot of fish seeds in it, so you destroy a whole army of life. Then you have done something completely different than destroying this fish. You have done something completely different, namely, you have carried out a process on a completely different level. And if something that exists in nature develops into a finished fish, then it has taken a path. If you now reverse this process, you are causing disorder. But if I stop the process before it is finished, or before it reaches the dead end of the finished organism, then I have not done the same thing as I would have done if I had carried it out on the finished organism. So I must reduce the question you are asking to this: What is the wrong I am doing when I obtain the pepper? For what I destroy by using pepper is no longer relevant; it moves into a different realm. It would only be a question of what I need to obtain the pepper. In most cases, it will turn out that I destroy far fewer animals than if I had to gather these species together and kill them all in some way.
I believe that if you think through the question in practical terms, rather than abstractly, it will no longer seem so outrageous to you.
[Friedrich Schyre:] Can human feces be used, and what treatment must they undergo before use?As little as possible, of course. Because they have very little effect as fertilizer, and they are much more harmful than any other fertilizer can be. Well, if you want to use them, what is normally used as fertilizer in normal agriculture is quite sufficient. So, you'll have just the right amount that isn't harmful if you know how many people are on a farm and also everything that comes from the animals and other sources of fertilizer, and if you add to that what comes from humans, then you've reached the maximum amount that can be used. It is utter nonsense to use human fertilizer near large cities, because there is so much of it in large cities that it would be enough for an enormous amount of agriculture. But just think about it, you can't fall for the crazy idea of using human manure from the whole of Berlin, for example, in a small area near a large city. You only need to enjoy the plants that grow there, they will show you. Try it with asparagus, with something that remains fairly honest and sincere, and you will see what happens. And now you must consider that if you use this manure again for things that animals eat, then what comes out of such things is particularly harmful. Because with them, a lot of things remain at this stage.
Isn't that right? When it passes through the organism, much of it remains at the stage that the asparagus reaches when it passes through the human organism. In this respect, it is the most blatant ignorance that has led to the terrible nonsense in this area.
How can erysipelas in pigs be combated?
Well, that's a question for a veterinarian, and that's what it will be about—I haven't had to deal with this case because no one has asked me for advice yet—but I think it can probably be treated by applying a certain dose of gray spiked lead, antimony lead, to the area. This is a medical matter, as it is a real illness.
an this powder also be used to combat wild mustard, which is a hybrid?
The powders I have mentioned are only effective for the plant species from which they are derived. Therefore, if there is really cross-breeding with other species, plants should not be affected. Symbioses are not affected by this.
What about green manure?
It does have its good sides, especially when used for fruit crops. You can't generalize. Green manure has its uses for certain things. It should be used on plants where you want to have a strong effect on weed growth. If that's what you want, you could add a little green manure.