Building Stones for an Understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha
GA 175
19 April 1917, Berlin
Lecture VII
One of the outstanding figures in world history is Julian the Apostate (a successor of Constantine) who fell by the hand of an assassin in the campaign against the Persians in the year A.D. 363.1Julian had received a strict Christian education; during his internment in Cappadocia he began to doubt the validity of Christianity and when sent to Athens in 354, the intellectual centre of Greece, he secretly abandoned Christian beliefs. His treatise “Against the Galileans” (referred to here) summarizes his polemical arguments against Christianity. Briefly they are as follows: Knowledge of God is natural to man and does not come by teaching. The story of Eden in the Old Testament is a fable and the account of Creation is inferior to that of Plato. The idea of a jealous God and a chosen people is unacceptable. The Mosaic law is barbarous; the Decalogue common to all nations. No man is better for reading the Jewish scriptures. The New Testament is full of inconsistencies. Matthew and Luke disagree on the genealogy of Jesus. Peter and Paul were hypocrites. Matt. IV, 5, is illogical and in Luke XXII, 42-47, since the disciples were asleep, who could have told him the story of the angel? The Christians were fanatics and cheerfully massacred heretics. By contrast the Greeks were mild and forbearing, they were superior in wisdom and intelligence. Christianity has achieved little or nothing in the fields of science, astronomy, arithmetic and music. The achievements of Plato, Socrates, Aristides, Thales, Lycurgus, Agesilaus and Archedemus, the Sibyls, the Delphic Oracle and the pagan Mysteries surpassed anything that Christianity had to offer.
The formal refutation of Julian's treatise was “Pro Christiana Religione” composed between A.D. 429 and 441 by Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria. Julian occupies a special place in the history of the West. His life and career show how the course of world history is determined by the clash of contending forces. I pointed out in my previous lecture that in Constantine we have a personality who had to abandon the former coercive measures practised by the majority of the earlier emperors when they sought initiation into the Mysteries. To compensate for this he therefore did everything in his power to advance the cause of exoteric Christianity in the Empire.
Now from earliest childhood Julian was held in low esteem by the Imperial family and their adherents. In the age with which we are dealing it was the custom to anticipate the future of an individual such as Julian by resorting to prenatal prophecies. The Imperial family had been obliged to conclude from the predictions of the Sibylline oracles that Julian would actively oppose the policy pursued by the Emperor Constantine. From the first, therefore, they tried to prevent Julian from being raised to the purple. It was decided that he should be murdered while still a child and preparations were made to have him butchered along with his brother. There was a strange aura attaching to Julian which inspired terror in those around him and countless stories relating to his personality testify to the fact that there was something uncanny about him. On one occasion during his campaign in Gaul a somnambulist cried out as the army passed by: “There is the man who will restore the old Gods and their images.”
The appearance of Julian at this moment in history must be seen as something predestined, something deeply significant. As often happens in such cases his life was spared lest his murder should bring greater disaster in its train. People persuaded themselves that whatever steps he might take against the policies of Constantine could be quickly nullified. And precautionary measures were taken to neutralize the dangerous tendencies of Julian's make-up and his leanings towards Paganism. In the first place it was decided to give him a sound Christian education which accorded with the ideas of Constantine. It was wasted effort and met with no response. Anything which had survived from the ancient Hellenic traditions fascinated him. Where powerful forces are at work in such a personality they ultimately prevail. And so, because his mentors sought to protect him from dangerous associations he was driven into the arms of Hellenic tutors and was introduced to Hellenic culture and civilization. When he grew older Julian learned how the neo-Platonic philosophers were imbued with the spirit of Hellenism and in consequence he was finally initiated into the Mysteries of Eleusis. Thus at a time when the Roman Emperors had already dispensed with the principle of initiation, an initiate in the person of Julian once again sat on the throne of the Caesars.
Everything that Julian undertook must be judged in the light of his initiation into the Eleusinian Mysteries (and history has been at great pains to misrepresent his actions in every possible way). In order to form a true estimate of such a personality as Julian we must give due weight to the effects of this initiation. What spiritual benefit had Julian derived from his initiation into the Eleusinian Mysteries? Through direct spiritual perception he learned the secrets of cosmic and world evolution, the spiritual origin of the world and how spiritual forces operate in the planetary and solar systems. He learned to understand certain things which were quite incomprehensible to his contemporaries (with the exception of a few Greek initiates), namely, the relation of solar influences and the Being of the Sun to the old Hermes-Logos. He understood the meaning of the Pythagorean maxim: “Thou shalt not speak against the Sun!” This does not refer, of course, to the physical sun but to the Spirit which is concealed behind the Sun. He knew that the ancient sacred traditions ascribed the origin of the world to the spiritual Being of the Sun and above all that man must recover his relation to the spiritual Sun if he is to penetrate to the source of his existence.
Julian therefore was aware of the ancient Sun-Mystery. He realized that the physical sun is but the external form of a spiritual Sun which can be awakened in the soul of man through initiation, and when awakened can reveal to him the intimate connection between the universe and the historical life of man on Earth. It was clear to Julian that the world can never be ordered on a basis of rationalism, that only those who are able to be in touch with the Sun Logos are in any way fitted to have a voice in the ordering of the world. He had to recognize that the movements of the celestial bodies and the great historical movements of mankind are governed by a common law.
Even a Church Father such as St. Chrysostom was aware of the existence of an ancient Sun-Mystery, since he went so far as to declare that men are so dazzled by the physical sun that they cannot penetrate to the spiritual Sun. The soul of St. Chrysostom was still illumined by a ray of wisdom from olden times, but in those around him hardly a trace of it remained. It is clear that scarcely a vestige of understanding remained for that method of awakening the soul to the secrets of the universe which had been communicated through the ancient Mysteries and which were certainly communicated to Julian who was one of the last to be instructed in that method. He was therefore surrounded entirely by adherents of Constantine, by those who echoed the thoughts of Constantine. It is true that in the West, up to the end of the ninth century we find outstanding personalities even amongst the Popes, who were still inspired by the ancient Mystery wisdom; but the real opposition came from Rome which set out to nullify the efforts of these individuals and to pursue in its place a definite policy of its own towards the traditions of the ancient Mysteries. I shall say a few words about this later. In effect, Julian only came in contact with a very exoteric form of Christianity.
Through complicated psychological processes which are difficult to describe in detail he lighted upon the idea of utilizing the last surviving remnants of initiation in order to ensure continuity in evolution. In reality he was not an opponent of Christianity; he simply favoured the continuity of Hellenism. He was more interested in promoting Hellenism than in opposing Christianity. With passionate enthusiasm he strove to arrest the decline of Hellenism and to transmit its traditions to posterity. He was opposed to any sudden break in continuity, any radical change. As an initiate of Eleusis he knew that the policies he proposed to embark upon could not be realized unless one was in close touch with the spiritual forces operating in the sensible world, and that if we seek to introduce new impulses into world evolution by appealing to physical and psychic forces alone, then we are “speaking against the Sun” in the Pythagorean sense. Julian had no such intention; indeed his purpose was quite the reverse. In effect he accepted one of the greatest challenges that it is possible to imagine.
Now we must not forget that in Rome at that time and throughout the whole of Southern Europe there was active opposition to this challenge. Remember that up to the time of Constantine, in large sections of the population the last remnants of ancient cults had been preserved. Today the question of miracles is a real thorn in the side of Biblical exegesis, because people refuse to read the Gospels from the standpoint of the age to which they, the Gospels, belong. The question of miracles raised no problems for the contemporaries of the Evangelists, for they were aware of the existence of rites and ceremonies from which men derived spiritual forces which they were able to control.
Whilst, on the one hand, Christianity was introduced as a political measure which culminated in Constantine's edict of toleration, so attempts were made on the other hand, to suppress the ancient pagan rites. Endless laws were promulgated by Rome which forbade the celebration of rites which derived their power from the spiritual world. These laws, it is true, declared that the old superstitions must cease, that no one may practise ritual magic in order to injure others and no one may communicate with the dead, and so on, but these were only pretexts. The real purpose of these laws was to eradicate root and branch any traces of pagan cults which had survived from ancient times. Wherever possible, history has endeavoured to hush up or to conceal the real facts of the situation. But our earliest historical records were the work of priests and monks in the monasteries (a fact which modern science, which claims to be “objective and to accept nothing on authority”, studiously ignores). The avowed object of the monasteries (i.e. priests and monks) was to suppress all knowledge of the true character of antiquity and to prevent the essential teachings of the pagan Mysteries from being transmitted to posterity.
And so Julian saw the vanishing world of antiquity in a totally different light from the forerunners of Constantine. Through his initiation he knew that the human soul was related to the spiritual world. He could only hope to succeed in the task he had undertaken—to use the forces of the old principle of initiation in order to further the continuity of human evolution—by resisting the current attitude to man's evolution. Because of his initiation Julian was in reality a man with a profound and sincere love of truth, a sense for truth that was totally foreign to Constantine. Indeed Julian's profound respect for truth has not its like in the history of the West. With his deep instinct for truth that had been fortified by his initiation he turned his attention to teachings of the universities and schools of his day. He found that the Christian dogma had been introduced into the schools in the form that had existed since the time of Constantine. Armed with this dogma the teachers gave their personal interpretations of the Hellenistic writers whose works were centred round the figures of Zeus, Apollo, Pallas Athene, Aphrodite, Hermes-Mercury and so on. And Julian said to himself: “These teachers are the most outrageous sophists. How can they presume to expound ancient writings whose authors were convinced that the old gods were still living forces in the world? On what grounds do these teachers presume to interpret these writings when, by the very nature of their dogmas, they must deny the existence of these gods?” Julian's instinct for truth was outraged. He therefore forbade those who, by virtue of their Christian dogma were unable to believe in the old gods, to expound the ancient writings in the schools. If today we had the same honesty of purpose as Julian you can well imagine how much would be excluded from the curricula of our schools!
Julian wished to meet the challenge of the current trends which none the less were a necessity from another point of view. In the first place he had to come to terms with the Gospels, which had arisen in a totally different way from the knowledge imparted to him in the Eleusinian Mysteries. He could not reconcile himself to the way in which the Gospels had arisen. He said to himself: If that which is manifested in the Christ is a genuine inspiration that stems from the Mysteries then it must be possible to find it in the Mysteries, for it must have been incorporated in the Mystery-teachings. He wanted to ascertain if it were possible to continue the ancient Mystery-teachings. In the first place he was only familiar with the Christianity of his time in its exoteric aspect. He decided to make an experiment—not the kind of experiment that relies purely on human expedients (that would have seemed childish to him)—but to undertake an experiment that had a spiritual significance. He reasoned as follows: It has been prophesied that the temple in Jerusalem would be destroyed, not a single stone would remain standing. This has indeed come to pass. But if this prophecy could be discredited, if its fulfilment could be prevented then the mission of Christianity could not be accomplished. At the cost of great capital outlay Julian decided therefore to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. A large number of workmen was assembled to begin the reconstruction. Now the whole affair must be regarded from a spiritual standpoint; it was not men alone, but gods, whom Julian set out to challenge. And it is an undoubted fact that can be demonstrated historically—in so far as historical facts can be demonstrated, even externally, although internal evidence leaves no doubt of their truth—that each of the workmen engaged on the work of reconstruction had a vision; he saw tongues of flame licking over the place where he was working and was obliged to withdraw. The undertaking was abandoned; but we recognize the high purpose that inspired Julian to undertake this venture.
Julian's experiment miscarried. After he had failed to discredit the prophecy of the destruction of the temple, he decided to approach the problem from another angle. His new plan was no less boldly conceived. The time had not yet come when the evolution of Europe had been influenced by that spiritual current which owed its origin to the fact that one of the greatest Church Fathers, Augustine (note 2), could not rise to a certain idea because at that time he lacked the necessary spiritual development. You know perhaps from your study of history—and I have referred to this on frequent occasions when discussing the Faust legend—that Augustine had originally been a Manichaean. Manichaeism originated in Persia and claimed to understand Christ Jesus better than Rome and Constantinople. This doctrine (unfortunately it is not yet permissible today to unveil the ultimate secrets of this doctrine, even in our present circle) filtered through into Europe in later times in various guises and still survived, though in a corrupt form, in its ramifications in the sixteenth century when the Faust legend was first recorded. By a happy intuition the revival of the Faust legend by Goethe preserved something of the spirit of Manichaeism. Julian thought on the grand scale; his thought embraced all mankind. In the presence of a man such as Julian we realize only too clearly how limited are the thoughts of ordinary mortals. The doctrine of the “Son of Man” will of necessity assume different forms according to our capacity to form conceptions of the real nature of man himself. Our conceptions of the “Son of Man” must therefore depend upon our conceptions of man; the one involves the other. In this respect men differ widely. At the present time people have only the most superficial understanding of such matters.
In Sanscrit the word for man is Manushya. This word expresses the basic feeling which a large number of people associate with the idea of humanity. When we use this vocable to describe man we are referring to the spiritual aspect of man, we are appraising man primarily as a spiritual being. If we wish to express the idea that man is spirit and his physical aspect is only the manifestation of spirit, then we use the word “Manushya”.
From our earlier discussions you know that we can study man from another angle. We can consider him mainly from his psychic aspect. We shall then give more attention to man as soul than to man as spirit; his physical aspect and everything that is related to his external aspect will be of secondary importance. We shall then be able to characterize man from the information derived from his inner life which is reflected in the eye or in the fact that he holds his head erect. If you look into the derivation of the Greek word anthropos you will find that it gives a rough indication of this aspect. Those who characterize man with the word Manushya or some similar vocable see him primarily as spirit, as that which descends from the spiritual world. Those who characterize man with a word resembling the Greek word anthropos (and this applies especially to the Greeks themselves) are expressing his soul nature.
Now there is a third possibility; we can concentrate on the external, the corporeal or somatic aspect, which is the product of physical inheritance. We shall then characterize man with the word homo that signifies (approximately) the procreator or the procreated.
Here are three conceptions of man. Julian who was aware of this trichotomy felt the need to look for a spiritual interpretation of the “Son of Man”. The thought occurred to him: “I have already been initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries. Perhaps it is possible to have myself initiated into the Persian Mysteries and into the Mysteries which are in accordance with the doctrine of the Manichaeans. By this means perhaps I may be able to achieve my aim—the continuity of the pagan Mysteries.” This was a momentous thought. Just as Alexander's campaign had deeper motives than the mere conquest of Asia, so Julian's expedition had other motives than the conquest of Persia. He wished to find out whether he could further his objective with the help of the Persian Mysteries.
In order to understand the problem that faced Julian we must ask: What was it that Augustine could not understand in Manichaeism? I have already said that the time had not yet come to reveal the ultimate secrets of Manichaeism but it is possible to give a few indications. In his youth, Augustine was deeply attached to these teachings and they made a profound impression on him. He later exchanged the teachings of Manichaeism for Roman Catholicism. What did he not understand in Manichaeism? Why did he reject it, what was beyond his comprehension in Manichaeism?
The Manichaeans did not cultivate abstract ideas which divorced the world of thought from the world of reality. The Manichaeans and the initiates of the Eleusinian Mysteries were alike incapable of abstract thinking. In earlier lectures I attempted to show the difference between logical concepts and concepts in conformity with reality. The basic principle of Manichaeism was to cultivate only those ideas which are consistent with reality. Not that unreal ideas do not play a part in life; unfortunately they play a large part in life, especially at the present day, and the part they play is disastrous. And so, amongst other things, it was consistent with Manichaeism to form representations that were not purely abstract, but which were sufficiently powerful to intervene in the external world and to play an active part in that world. The conception of Christ Jesus that was commonly held by people at that time would have been quite impossible for the Manichaeans. And what was this conception? They had a somewhat nebulous idea of the Christ who had incarnated in Jesus through whom a change had been brought about in Earth evolution. Ideas about Christ have become incredibly vague, especially in the nineteenth century.
If we are really honest and sincere we cannot say that the notions afforded by Christian dogma about Christ and His mission will take us very far. If Christian ideas are not powerful enough to envisage an Earth which is not the graveyard of humanity, but the seed-bed of a transformed humanity, if we cannot envisage Earth evolution differently from the natural scientists of today who predict that life on the Earth will one day become extinct, then all our conceptions of Christ are vain. For even if we believe that Christ has brought new life to the Earth, it is difficult for us to imagine that matter can be so spiritualized that we can envisage it as capable of being transmuted from its present earthly condition to its future condition. We have need of far more powerful ideas in order to be able to conceive of the Earth's metamorphosis to the Jupiter condition.
I said recently in a public lecture that natural science thinks—or rather calculates—that if the forces of nature as they exist today were to persist for millions of years, then a condition would arise according to Dewar (I mentioned in Lecture Three his lecture before the Royal Institute) when, if the walls of a room were painted with albumen, it would be possible to read the newspaper in its phosphorescent light. And I spoke of the scientist who declared that in the distant future milk would be solid and emit a blue light and so on. These ideas are the inevitable consequence of nebulous thinking that is unable to come to terms with reality. Such calculations are equivalent to deducing from the modifications in the human stomach over a period of four or five years what its condition would be after two hundred and fifty years. I am able to arrive at this conclusion by extending my calculations over a large number of years. The scientist calculates what will be the condition of the Earth a million years hence; on the same principle I can calculate the condition of the human stomach after two hundred and fifty years—only by that time the man will be dead! Just as the geologists calculate the condition of the Earth millions of years ago, so too on the same principle one could calculate, by showing the modifications in a child's stomach over a period of a week or a fortnight, the condition of the same stomach two hundred and fifty years ago—but of course the child would not have been alive at that time. Concepts cannot provide a total picture of reality. Scientific concepts are valid for the period of time between 6000–7000 B.C. and A.D. 6000–7000, but not beyond that time.
We must think of the evolution of man in terms of a totally different time scale. And the Christ Being must occupy a central place in this future evolution. I said therefore on a previous occasion that we must distinguish between what the Middle Ages called “mystical marriage” and what Christian Rosenkreutz called “chymical marriage”. Mystical marriage is simply an inner experience. As many theosophists used to say (and perhaps still say): if one looks within, if one withdraws into oneself one becomes united with the divine Being! This was depicted in such roseate hues that, after an hour's lecture, the members emerged with the firm conviction that if they took firm control of their inner life, if they practised self-discipline, they would experience the first intimations of the divine within. The chymical marriage of Christian Rosenkreutz imagines forces to be active in man which embrace the whole man, which so transform his being that when he is purified from the dross of the physical body he is translated to the Jupiter, Venus, and Vulcan conditions.
The aim of Manichaeism was the conquest of evil and of matter by thought. Julian was brought face to face with the deeper implications of the problem of evil and the relation of Christ Jesus to this problem. He hoped to find an answer through initiation into the Persian Mysteries and to return to Europe with the solution. But unfortunately he fell by an assassin's hand during the Persian campaign. It can be proved historically that this was the work of an adherent of Constantine. Thus we see that in the course of history the attempt to establish the “principle of continuity” was fraught with tragedy and that in the case of Julian it led into a blind alley.
In the following years the Augustinian principle triumphed—ideas that in any way echoed Manichaeism were forbidden, i.e. the inclusion of material ideas in spiritual thinking. The West therefore was driven to an abstract mode of thinking and in the course of time this mode of thinking permeated the whole of Western Europe. Only a few of the foremost minds rebelled against this tendency and one of the most celebrated of these was Goethe. His whole cast of mind was opposed to abstract theorizing. And one of those who succumbed to it most was Kant. Take, for example, Kant's Critique of Pure Reason—I know that what I am about to say is heretical—and let us look at the main propositions. If you reverse each of these propositions you will arrive at the truth. And the same applies particularly to his theory of space and time. You can equally well reverse every proposition and you will then arrive at conclusions that are valid for the spiritual world. You can gather from this why some people have a professional interest in misrepresenting Goethe (the great opponent of Kant) as I showed in the case of Haller, who wrote: “no created spirit can penetrate into the inner recesses of nature”—a complete distortion of Goethe's conception of nature.
If we bear this point of view in mind, we can appreciate at its true worth Julian's essay which was directed against Pauline Christianity.2Manichaeism and Augustine. Augustine (A.D. 345–410), an African by birth, was a Manichaean for ten years. He became dissatisfied with Manichaeism and when Faustus, a leader of the sect, failed to resolve his doubts he abandoned Manichaean teachings. (See Confessions, Books IV and V.) Augustine repaired to Rome where he was converted by St. Ambrose in A.D. 386. His chief works were directed against the Manichaeans, e.g. Books against the Manichaeans and On the Utility of Believing. The Scriptures were a means to faith and hope and the Canon was the testimony of Christianity in the Church. His dictum, “Better a man's body be destroyed than his soul” leads to the Inquisition. When Christianity became the State religion he distinguished between “Civitas Dei”, which was perfect and in which all men were equal in the sight of God, and “Civitas terrena”, which of necessity was imperfect. It was the devil's domain where sinful men had to submit to the authorities. Augustine was the founder of Western monasticism and monastic spirituality and exercised considerable influence on Pascal, Fenelon and Port Royal. On Manichaeism in general, see F. C. Burkitt, Religion of the Manichees 1925) and H. C. Puesch, Le Manicheisme, son fondateur, sa doctrine (1949). It is a remarkable document, not so much for its contents, but for its similarity to certain writings of the nineteenth century. This may seem paradoxical, but the facts are as follows: Julian's polemic against Christianity musters every kind of argument against Christianity, against the historical Jesus and certain Christian dogmas, with passionate sincerity. And when we compare these arguments with the objections raised by the liberal theology of the nineteenth century 3Liberal theology. The chief representatives of Liberal Protestant theology in the nineteenth century were Bauer, founder of the Tübingen school of New Testament research, and Ritschl (1822–89) who rejected metaphysics and mysticism and developed an objective and scientific method of research. The great exponent of the Ritschl school was A. von Harnack (1851–1930) whose History of Dogma and What is Christianity? are regarded as monuments of liberal historiography. Harnack eschewed metaphysical speculation, perfected the scientific-historical method and emphasized the need for source study and the faithful representation of facts. “The Gospel about Jesus does not belong to the Gospel preached by Jesus”, said Harnack. Radical historical research led to Bultmann's “demythologization”, the attempt to liberate the Church's teaching from the mythological language in which it is expressed. Myths, he said, need reinterpretation in terms of modern consciousness. The other burning question of the nineteenth century was: is the Gospel true and how can we know that it is true? Drews, Jensen and Kalthoff in Germany, J. M. Robertson, W. B. Smith and T. A. Jackson in England claimed that the Christ figure was a copy of the cult-god of pagan beliefs under another name. and the later theology of the adherents of Drews against the historicity of Christ, when we consider the whole field of literature of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which reveals most careful, painstaking and thorough philological investigation, there are endless repetitions, so that one has to consult whole libraries—we find that we can piece together certain guiding principles. The leading critics began to undertake a comparative study of the Gospels and found many discrepancies in the texts. But all these critical methods were already anticipated by Julian. The nineteenth-century criticism offered nothing new that was not already known to Julian. Julian spoke out of a natural creative gift whilst the nineteenth-century criticism displayed enormous industry, great erudition and downright theological sophistry.
Julian therefore was engaged in a titanic struggle. He finally attempted, by reviving Manichaeism, to bring about continuity in the evolution of the pagan Mysteries. Bear in mind how the most enlightened minds such as Goethe felt an instinctive urge to recapture the spirit of ancient Greece! Imagine what would have happened if Julian's policy had been crowned with success! That he was doomed to fail was a necessity of the time. And we shall not understand the reason for his failure if we belittle his great achievements, if we fail to see him as a titanic figure, fighting for a realistic understanding of the relations between man and the universe. And it is of paramount importance today to recall these great moments in the historical evolution of the West. For we are living in an age from which we shall not emerge with a healthy outlook unless we make a fresh assessment of the aims of Julian the Apostate. It was not possible in his time—herein lies his great tragedy—to reconcile the old principle of initiation with the real essence of Christianity. Today this has become possible and we must not fail to translate the possibility into reality if the world and mankind are not to suffer evolutionary decline. People must realize the need for regeneration in all spheres of life and above all the crying need to restore communication with the spiritual world.
First of all we must understand the factors that militate against this necessary regeneration. Today we are afraid of definite, clear-cut ideas which could lead to such an understanding. There is no lack of physical courage today—but we are certainly lacking in intellectual courage! Mankind today is unwilling to face realities and this is the greatest need of our time. For if our age is not to end in futility it must learn to understand the principle of the creative spirit and what it means when it is said that the spirit, when creative, is as powerful a force as the instincts, save that our instincts work in the dark, whilst the creative spirit works in the light of the Sun, i.e. the spiritual Sun. This is what our age must learn to understand. And especially in our own time many forces are still arrayed against any understanding of the creative spirit and are actively engaged in suppressing that knowledge.
Cato's policy was to establish a highly centralized political system. In order to achieve this he felt it was necessary to exile the adherents of Hellenistic philosophy. “They only prate”, he said, “and that has a disturbing effect upon the decrees of the authorities.” And the celebrated Florentine Machiavelli was also of this opinion and gave high praise to Cato because he proposed to banish those who used the weapon of spiritual knowledge in order to raise objections to State decrees. Machiavelli fully appreciated the fact that in the Roman Empire any interference with the structure of the social order was on certain occasions punishable by death. Intercourse with the spiritual world was anathema especially to the Roman Empire and the successor States in Europe. Every effort was therefore made to ensure that the greatest uncertainty should prevail in these matters and they were hushed up as much as possible. If a conception of the Mystery of Golgotha that is both radical and uncompromising gains a firm foothold in the world, then we shall have to modify considerably our mental attitude. This is not to our liking, but it will have to come. And a way must be found to arrive at a real understanding of the nature of Christ. In our next lecture I propose to discuss how we can directly experience the being and nature of Christ today.
We shall see this whole question in wider perspective through a study of two contrasting figures—Constantine who inaugurated the exoteric side of Western culture and Julian the Apostate who, when the times were out of joint (for him), attempted to take up the struggle against the exoteric side of Western evolution. It is a curious phenomenon that if anyone with a slight knowledge—I do not mean of occult facts, but with a real knowledge of those occult facts that can still be found in ancient writings—makes a study of Christian dogma, if, for example, we inquire into the origin of the Mass, or if ritual and dogma are studied in the light of this occult knowledge derived from ancient writings, we discover the most extraordinary things. What lies behind these dogmas and cult acts? Not I alone, but countless authors who have studied these questions from this standpoint have come to the conclusion that in ritual and dogma a large residuum of paganism has been preserved or has survived, so that an attempt was made for example by the French writer Drach,4Drach (1791–1865) studied at various Talmudic Schools and was converted to Christianity, 1823. He went to Rome and was appointed librarian of propaganda. who was an authority on Hebraism, to demonstrate that the dogma and ritual of the Catholic Church were simply a revival of paganism. And others attempted to show that certain people were at pains to conceal from the faithful the fact that the dogmas and ritual of the Church were imbued with paganism.
Now it would have been a strange phenomenon if paganism in particular had survived quite unconsciously. In that event, we might ask, in what way would the survival of paganism have contributed to the survival of the Roman Empire? And what would have been the position of Julian the Apostate? If many recent writers are right in saying that the Catholic sacrifice of the Mass, for example, is in essence a pagan sacrifice and that Julian had been at great pains to preserve and perpetuate the ancient pagan rites, then to some extent Julian has achieved his aim after all. A study of these two contrasting figures, Constantine and Julian, raises countless problems of the highest importance, “thorny” problems as Nietzsche calls them, problems which are fraught with fateful consequences for us today and which without question will become the central problems of our time.
I propose to return to these problems in my next lecture.
Vierzehnter Vortrag
Eine der ganz großen Gestalten der Weltgeschichte ist einer der Nachfolger des vorgestern besprochenen Konstantinus, ist Julian der Abtrünnige, der der Apostat genannt wird, der 363 auf einem Zug gegen die Perser durch Mörderhand getötet worden ist. In Julian dem Apostaten haben wir eine Gestalt vor uns, die sich in der allermerkwürdigsten Weise in die Entwickelungsgeschichte des Abendlandes hineinstellte; eine Gestalt, welche zeigt, wie in der Weltentwickelung allerdings die einander entgegengesetzten Kräfte am Werke sein müssen, damit diese Weltentwickelung überhaupt in entsprechender Weise zustande kommen könne. In Konstantin haben wir ja diejenige Persönlichkeit gesehen, die gewissermaßen brechen mußte mit dem alten Gewaltprinzip der römischen Cäsaren, das ein großer Teil dieser Cäsaren für sich in Anspruch genommen hat, mit dem Gewaltprinzip, sich in die Mysterien einweihen zu lassen. Dafür hat dann Konstantin alles unternommen, um gewissermaßen dem Christentum eine exoterische Herrschaft zu geben; er hat alles dasjenige unternommen, was wir vorgestern zu charakterisieren versuchten.
Nun war Julian von Anfang an, man kann sagen, von seinem Eintritt in die Welt an, bei der kaiserlichen Familie und bei ihrem ganzen Anhang in der schlimmsten Weise angesehen. Das hängt in der Zeit, von der wir sprechen, immer damit zusammen, daß einer solchen Individualität schon vor der Geburt allerlei Prophezeiungen, Weissagungen vorangingen. Die Familie war eben zu dem Glauben gedrängt worden durch allerlei Sibyllische Weissagungen, daß dem Impulse, der sich in dem Kaiser Konstantin verkörpert hat, ein Gegenpol erwachsen werde in Julianus. Daher trachtete die Familie von Anfang an danach, diesen Julianus überhaupt nicht zur Cäsarenwürde kommen zu lassen. Er sollte getötet werden. Es waren auch schon alle Vorbereitungen getroffen, daß er als Kind schon mit seinem Bruder getötet werden sollte. Es war wirklich etwas um diesen Julianus wie eine Aura, die in seiner Umgebung mit Schrecken empfunden worden ist. Aus solchen Erzählungen, wie sie sich recht zahlreich anknüpften an die Persönlichkeit des Julianus, zeigt sich, wie in ihm etwas Unheimliches von dem gekennzeichneten Gesichtspunkte aus war. Als er einmal bei einem Heereszug in Gallien anwesend war, noch in seiner Jugend, fing eine Somnambule, an der der Zug vorbeiging, zu schreien an: Das ist derjenige, der die alten Götter und Götterbilder wieder herstellen wird!
Also, man muß schon etwas Tieferes, etwas geistig Bedingtes sehen in dem Auftreten des Julianus. Er wurde dann leben gelassen, wie es ja in solchen Fällen sehr häufig geschieht, aus der Furcht heraus, daß doch aus dieser Tötung noch größeres Unheil kommen könne als aus seinem Am-Leben-Lassen. Und dann redete man sich ein: Dasjenige, was er gegen die Unternehmungen des Konstantin ins Werk setzen werde, das werde man früh paralysieren, werde man früh hintanhalten können. Und man machte auch wirklich alle Vorkehrungen, um dasjenige unwirksam zu machen, was gewissermaßen in den Anlagen des Julianus lag, wozu er hintendierte. Vor allen Dingen war man bedacht, ihm eine im Sinne der Konstantinischen Ideen-Richtung gelegene, recht christliche Erziehung zu geben. Das wollte aber nicht verfangen bei ihm, das konnte nicht herankommen an seine Seele, und überall, wo er nur irgend etwas wahrnehmen konnte von alten hellenischen Überlieferungen, da fing seine Seele Feuer. Und weil, wo starke Kräfte wirken, diese starken Kräfte zuletzt doch siegen, so kam es denn, daß er, gerade weil man ihn entfernt halten wollte von gefährlichen Stellen, in die Hände allerlei hellenischer Erzieher getrieben wurde, bekannt wurde mit dem Hellenismus, kennenlernte die Überlieferungen dieses Hellenismus, dann, als er herangewachsen war, kennenlernte die Art, wie sich das Hellenentum, das Griechentum auslebte in den nachplatonischen, in den neuplatonischen Philosophen, und daß es endlich dahin kam, daß er in die eleusinischen Mysterien eingeweiht wurde. So war also, nachdem gewissermaßen aus dem römischen Cäsarentum das Initiationsprinzip schon getilgt war, Julianus wieder der Initiierte auf dem Throne der Cäsaren, als er eben auf den Thron der Cäsaren dennoch zuletzt kam.
Nun muß man alles dasjenige, was Julianus getan hat, und was sich, man darf schon sagen, die Geschichte gar sehr bemüht hat, in jeder Richtung zu entstellen, durchaus von dem Gesichtspunkte aus betrachten, der sich ergibt dadurch, daß er in die eleusinischen Mysterien eingeweiht worden ist. Und man kann eine solche Persönlichkeit wie Julianus nur richtig beurteilen, wenn man vermag, die Wirkung dieser Initiation in die eleusinischen Mysterien vollständig ernst zu nehmen. Denn was hatte denn eigentlich Julianus für seine Seele dadurch gewonnen, daß er die eleusinische Einweihung durchgemacht hatte? Er hatte aus unmittelbar seelischer Anschauung kennen gelernt die Tatsachen des kosmischen Werdens, die Tatsachen des Weltwerdens. Er hatte kennen gelernt den geistigen Ursprung der Welt, kennen gelernt, wie sich auslebt der geistige Ursprung der Welt im planetarischen, im Sonnensystem; hatte gelernt gewisse Dinge zu verstehen, die eigentlich der ganzen Welt dazumal, mit Ausnahme einiger weniger griechischer Eingeweihter, ganz unverständlich geworden waren: den Zusammenhang des Sonnenwirkens und Sonnenwesens mit dem alten HermesLogos. Das war etwas, was vor seine Seele getreten ist. Verstehen gelernt hatte er gewissermaßen so etwas wie das pythagoräische Wort: «Du sollst niemals gegen die Sonne reden!'», womit natürlich nicht gemeint sein kann die äußere physische Sonne, sondern jener Geist, der sich hinter der Sonne verbirgt. Er hatte also gewußt, daß es alten heiligen Traditionen entspricht, in dem Geistig-Seelischen, das der Sonne zugrunde liegt, den eigentlichen Grund der Welt zu sehen, aber vor allen Dingen dasjenige zu sehen, womit der Mensch eine Beziehung herstellen muß, wenn er zu den Quellen des Daseins dringen will.
Also denken Sie, vor des Julianus Seele stand dieses ganze alte Sonnengeheimnis, stand die Wahrheit, daß diese physische Sonne, die dem physischen Auge erscheint, nur der äußere Körper ist für ein geistigseelisch Sonnenhaftes, welches in der menschlichen Seele durch die Initiation lebendig werden kann, und wenn es lebendig wird, dieser Seele sagen kann, was das Gemeinsame ist des Kosmos, der großen Welt und des menschlichen geschichtlichen Lebens hier. Klar war dem Julianus geworden, daß es niemals Einrichtungen geben könne hier in der Welt, die bloß hervorgehen aus jener menschlichen Vernunft, die an das menschliche Gehirn gebunden ist, daß nur derjenige berufen ist, irgendwie über die Einrichtungen der Welt mitzureden, der Zwiesprache halten kann mit dem Sonnenlogos; denn ein gemeinsames Gesetz mußte er sehen in der Bewegung der Gestirne und in demjenigen, was hier auf der Erde unter den Menschen, in den großen Bewegungen der Menschen im geschichtlichen Werden vorgeht.
Nun muß man sagen, selbst noch solch einem Kirchenvater wie dem heiligen Chrysostomos ist ja klar gewesen, daß es ein altes Sonnengeheimnis gibt, ein geistiges Sonnengeheimnis, da dieser Chrysostomos noch zu dem Ausspruch sich verstiegen hat: Die äußere physische Sonne blendet die Menschen auf der Erde so, daß sie sich nicht durchringen können zu der geistigen Sonne. — Aber wenn man wiederum sieht alles dasjenige, was in der Umgebung eines solchen Mannes wie des Chrysostomos, dem solch ein Strahl der Weisheit alter Zeiten in die Seele hineingeleuchtet hat, gelebt hat, so muß man sagen, es war eben wirklich kaum mehr ein letzter Rest von Verständnis da für jene Art, das Weltengeheimnis in der Seele aufzufassen, wie es durch die alten Mysterien mitgeteilt worden war, und wie es mitgeteilt wurde, allerdings als einem der Letzten, dem Julian, dem Apostaten. Im Grunde genommen war also Julian der Apostat umgeben von lauter Konstantinern, von lauter Leuten, die im Sinne des Konstantin dachten. Gewiß, es ragten immer wieder und wiederum bis zum Ende des neunten Jahrhunderts im Abendlande einzelne große Gestalten empor auch unter den Päpsten, die noch berührt waren von den alten Geheimnissen; aber die eigentliche Arbeit, welche verrichtet wurde von Rom aus, ging dahin, die Bestrebungen solcher Einzelnen unwirksam zu machen, und dafür gegenüber den Überlieferungen der alten Mysterien eine ganz bestimmte eigenartige Politik zu entfalten, von der wir gleich nachher noch in einigen Worten sprechen werden. Julian hatte im Grunde genommen nichts um sich, als eine recht sehr exoterische Gestalt des Christentums.
Durch komplizierte Vorgänge, die in ihren psychologischen Einzelheiten schwierig zu beschreiben sind, kam er dazu, sich den Gedanken auszubilden, wie es denn wäre, wenn man das, was noch als letzter, als allerletzter Rest der alten Initiation überkommen war, selbst benutzen würde, um einen kontinuierlichen Fortgang in der Menschheitsentwikkelung herbeizuführen. Ich möchte sagen: Julian war im Grunde genommen eigentlich kein Gegner des Christentums, er war nur ein Anhänger der Fortpflanzung des Hellenismus. Und man trifft vielleicht seine Individualität eher, wenn man sie betrachtet so, daß man sagt: er war mehr eine Art Fortpflanzer des Hellenismus als eigentlich ein Gegner des Christentums. Denn all der Feuereifer, den er entwickelte und all die Kraft, die er entwickelte, die ging eigentlich darauf hinaus, den Hellenismus nicht aussterben zu lassen, nicht ausrotten zu lassen, sondern eine kontinuierliche Entwickelungsströmung zu erzeugen, so daß der Hellenismus wirklich auf die spätere Nachwelt hätte kommen können. Gegen den scharfen Einschnitt, gegen die radikale Wendung wollte sich Julian der Apostat wenden. Und er war eine große Persönlichkeit. Seit er in die eleusinischen Mysterien eingeweiht war, wußte er: solche Dinge, wie er sie unternehmen will, unternimmt man nicht, wenn man sich nicht verbündet mit den geistigen Mächten, welche in allem Sinnlichen drinnen leben. Er wußte, daß, wenn man bloß mit demjenigen, was im Physisch-Sinnlichen lebt und auch in der gewöhnlichen Geschichte lebt, Impulse in der Weltentwickelung ausführen will, man im pythagoräischen Sinne gegen die Sonne spricht. Das wollte er nicht. Er wollte eben das Gegenteil. Er nahm eigentlich einen der größten Kämpfe auf, die sich denken lassen innerhalb der Menschheitsentwickelung.
Nun muß man nicht vergessen, was im damaligen Rom schon gegen einen solchen Kampf sprach, was überhaupt im ganzen Süden von Europa gegen einen solchen Kampf sprach. Vergessen Sie nicht, daß es allen Ernstes wahr ist, daß man reichlich bis in das Jahrhundert des Konstantin herein in breiten Schichten wenn auch letzte Reste, so doch letzte Reste alter geistiger Verrichtungen bewahrt hat. Heute bleibt ja eine besondere Crux, ein besonderes Kreuz für die Evangelienerklärung die Wunder-Frage, weil man niemals die Evangelien lesen will aus ihrer Zeit heraus. Für die Zeitgenossen der Evangelisten bedeutete die Wunder-Frage überhaupt gar nichts, denn denen war bekannt, daß es auch Verrichtungen gibt, in denen der Mensch aus der geistigen Welt Kräfte herausnimmt, die er beherrscht.
Nun, in demselben Maße, in dem äußerlich staatlich das Christentum eingeführt wurde, was dann in der Tat des Konstantin gipfelte, in demselben Maße gingen die Bestrebungen, die alten geistigen Verrichtungen zurückzudrängen; Gesetze über Gesetze wurden in Rom gegeben, die alle dahin gingen, daß keiner irgendwelche Verrichtungen machen durfte, die aus der geistigen Welt heraus Kräfte nehmen. Gewiß, man kleidete das da hinein, daß man sagte, der alte Aberglaube müsse aufhören! Man kleidete es so, daß man sagte, es dürfe niemand irgendwelche mit geistigen Kräften hantierende Verrichtungen machen, um anderen Menschen zu schaden; es dürfe niemand in einen Verkehr treten mit den verstorbenen Menschen und dergleichen. Solche Gesetze wurden gegeben. Aber hinter diesen Gesetzen lag das Bestreben, mit Stumpf und Stiel auszurotten, was an geistigen Verrichtungen aus der alten Zeit erhalten war. Gewiß, die Geschichte sucht womöglich dasjenige, was da gewaltet hat, zu vertuschen, zu verbergen. Aber die ersten Anfänge unserer Geschichtsschreibung, worauf eben nur die jetzige mit ihrer «voraussetzungslosen, autoritätslosen Wissenschaft» nicht achtet, die ersten Anfänge unserer Geschichtsschreibung sind in den Klöstern gemacht worden, sind von Priestern und Mönchen gemacht worden. Und es war das ernsteste Bestreben, die wahre Gestalt des Altertums auszulöschen, ja nicht das Wesentliche auf die Nachwelt kommen zu lassen.
Und so sah Julianus noch in einer ganz anderen Form die untergehende alte Welt als diejenigen, die dem Konstantin vorangegangen sind. Und er wußte doch aus seiner Initiation, daß es einen Zusammenhang der menschlichen Seele mit der geistigen Welt gibt. Das wußte er doch. Er konnte sich nur etwas versprechen von dem Unternehmen, das er sich vorsetzte — die Kräfte des alten Initiationsprinzips zu benutzen, um einen kontinuierlichen Fortgang herbeizuführen in der Menschheitsentwickelung -, indem er sich gewissermaßen entgegenstemmte derjenigen Gestalt der Entwickelung, die ringsherum um ihn angenommen wurde. Und eigentlich war dieser Julianus gerade durch seine Initiation ein Mensch von der aller allertiefsten Wahrheitsliebe, von jener Wahrheitsliebe, von der natürlich solche Menschen wie der Kaiser Konstantin nicht die geringste Ahnung hatte. Ein Mensch von der tiefsten Wahrheitsliebe war er. Und man möchte sagen: Die Wahrheit, ernst genommen, tritt einem bei Julianus in einer solch starken Weise entgegen, daß man kaum dieses Aufleben des Wahrheitsernstes später noch öfter in der abendländischen Menschheitsentwickelung findet. Er sah hin mit seinem durch die Initiation angeregten, tief bedeutsamen Wahrheitsinstinkte auf dasjenige, was zum Beispiel aus den Schulen, aus den niederen und höheren Schulen geworden war in seiner Umgebung. Seit Konstantin war die christliche Dogmatik in der Gestalt, bis zu welcher sie sich bis dahin ausgebreitet hatte, in die Schulen eingeführt worden. Die Lehrer besaßen diese christliche Dogmatik und lehrten von ihrem Standpunkte aus über die alten hellenischen Schriftsteller, über jene Schriftsteller, welche in ihren Werken als ein integrierendes Element die alten Göttergestalten haben: Zeus, Apollo, Pallas Athene, Aphrodite, Hermes-Mercurius und so weiter. In des Julianus Seele entstand nun der Gedanke: Was treiben denn diese Lehrer eigentlich alle? Sind sie nicht die lügenhaftesten Sophisten, die man sich denken kann? Darf denn jemand sich vermessen, auszulegen alte Schriftwerke, die ganz darauf fußen, daß der, der sie geschrieben hat, die alten Götter in seiner Seele fühlte als wahre Impulse in der Welt, darf ein solcher solche Schriftwerke auslegen, der gerade wegen seiner Dogmatik bekämpfen muß, in radikalster Weise bekämpfen muß Dasein, Vorhandensein dieser alten Götter? - Das erschien dem Wahrheitsinstinkt des Julianus als etwas Ungehöriges. Daher verbot er allen denjenigen, welche nicht imstande sind vermöge ihrer christlichen Dogmatik, an die alten Götter zu glauben, in den Schulen die Auslegung der alten Schriftsteller. Wenn man heute nach demselben Wahrheitsprinzip vorgehen würde, wie der Julianus vorgegangen ist, denken Sie, was dann alles nicht in unseren Schulen gelehrt werden dürfte! Aber entnehmen Sie daraus, welch tiefer Wahrheitsinstinkt in diesem Julianus gelebt hat!
Er wollte es eben durchaus aufnehmen mit der Zeitströmung, die von einem anderen Gesichtspunkte dennoch eine notwendige war. Vor sich hatte er zunächst die Evangelien, die auf eine ganz andere Weise entstanden waren als dasjenige, was ihm durch die eleusinische Initiation zuteil geworden war. In die Art und Weise, wie die Evangelien entstanden waren, konnte er sich nicht hineinfinden. Er sagte sich: Kann dasjenige, was von Christus ausgegangen ist, ein Initiationsprinzip sein, dann müßte es sich doch in den Mysterien finden lassen, dann müßte es gerade in den Tiefen der Mysterien leben können. — Und er wollte eine große Probe machen, ob es denn möglich wäre, das Alte fortzusetzen. Er sah ja zunächst nur dasjenige, was aus dem Christentum in seiner Zeit geworden war. Er wollte eine große Probe machen, wollte an einem bestimmten Punkte eine Probe machen, aber nicht eine solche Probe — das wäre für ihn kindlich gewesen -, die sozusagen mit bloß menschlichen Mitteln rechnet; er wollte eine Handlung machen, die eine Bedeutung hätte für das Geschehen in der geistigen Welt selbst. Da sagte er sich: Nun, es ist geweissagt den Christen, daß der Tempel von Jerusalem so zerstört werden wird, daß kein Stein auf dem anderen bleiben wird. Das ist auch geschehen, sagte er. Aber das Christentum kann nicht erfüllt werden, wenn diese Weissagung, solch eine Weissagung, zuschanden wird, wenn man ihr entgegenarbeitet! - Da beschloß er denn, mit großen Kapitalien, nach den Verhältnissen der damaligen Zeit, den Tempel zu Jerusalem wieder aufzurichten. Und es kam wirklich zustande, daß sich viele Arbeiter zusammenfanden, um den Tempel zu Jerusalem wieder aufzuführen. Nun müssen Sie die ganze Angelegenheit betrachten im geistigen Sinne: Nicht Menschen bloß, Götter wollte Julianus herausfordern! Es ist eine gar nicht zu bezweifelnde Tatsache, die sich selbst historisch erweisen läßt — so gut nur historische Tatsachen bewiesen werden können, selbst äußerlich, innerlich ist sie gewiß —, daß jeder der Arbeiter, der angefangen hat im Tempel zu Jerusalem zu bauen, eine Vision gehabt hat, daß ihm an seiner Arbeitsstätte Feuerflammen entgegengeschlagen sind, und er abgezogen ist. Das Unternehmen kam nicht zustande. Aber Sie sehen, in welch großen Gedanken Julianus das tat.
Da wollte denn Julianus, nachdem dies mißlungen war, nachdem gleichsam die Demonstration vor der Welt mißlungen war, die Weissagung von der Zerstörung des Tempels zuschanden zu machen, da wollte er die Sache auf andere Weise versuchen. Und das, was er jetzt versuchen wollte, war etwas nicht minder Großartiges. Es war noch nicht jene Zeit, wo über die europäische Entwickelung bereits jene Entwickelungswelle gewirkt hatte, die daher ihren Ursprung genommen hat, daß einer der größten Kirchenlehrer, Augustinus, sich bis zu einer gewissen Idee nicht hat aufschwingen können, weil er zu wenig geistig war, um sich zu einer gewissen Idee aufzuschwingen. Sie wissen aus der Geschichte vielleicht, daß Augustinus - ich habe ja das auch bei verschiedenen Gelegenheiten besprochen, unter anderem da, wo ich die Faust-Idee besprach — ausgegangen ist von dem sogenannten Manichäertum, von jener Lehre, welche in Persien drüben entstand, welche sich zuschrieb, den Christus Jesus besser zu verstehen, als Rom und Konstantinopel ihn verstehen konnten. Diese manichäische Lehre, deren letztes Wort auszusprechen leider heute noch nicht möglich ist, auch in unserem Kreise noch nicht möglich ist heute, diese manichäische Lehre, sie ist ja in mannigfaltiger Weise durchgesickert, auch bis in das Abendland herein in späteren Zeiten, und wurde sozusagen in ihren — aber korrumpierten — Ausläufern begraben, als aufzuzeichnen begonnen wurde im sechzehnten Jahrhundert die Faust-Sage. Aus einer genialen Intuition heraus liegt aber in der Wiedererweckung des Faust durch Goethe auch etwas von der Wiedererweckung des Manichäismus. Julianus dachte in großen Zusammenhängen; er hatte Gedanken, die durchaus die Menschheit umspannten. Bei einem solchen Menschen wie Julianus wird es ganz besonders klar, wie klein die menschlichen gewöhnlichen Gedanken eigentlich sind. Sehen Sie, die Lehre vom «Menschensohn» mußte ja natürlich ihre verschiedenen Gestaltungen annehmen, je nachdem man fähig war, sich Vorstellungen über den Menschen, über das Wesen des Menschen selbst zu bilden. Natürlich mußte man über den Menschensohn solche Vorstellungen sich bilden, wie man fähig war, sie über den Menschen sich zu bilden; ich meine: das eine bedingt das andere. Darin waren aber die Menschen sehr verschieden. Sehr, sehr verschieden. Und für solche Dinge hat man in der heutigen Zeit am allerwenigsten ein einigermaßen nur tief durchdringendes Verständnis.
Mensch — Manushya: im Sanskrit das Wort für Mensch. Damit ist aber auch angeschlagen, mit diesem Wort Manushya, die Grundempfindung, die man mit dem Menschentum bei einem großen Teil der Menschen verband. Worauf bezieht man sich nun, wenn man dem Menschen den Namen Manushya gibt, wenn man also diesen Wortstamm verwendet, um den Menschen zu bezeichnen, worauf bezieht man sich? Man bezieht sich auf das Geistige im Menschen, man beurteilt vor allen Dingen den Menschen als ein geistiges Wesen. Wenn man ausdrücken will: der Mensch ist Geist, und das andere ist nur der Ausdruck, die Offenbarung des Geistes, — wenn man also in erster Linie Wert legt auf den Menschen als Geist, so sagt man «Manushya».
Nach dem, was wir vorbereitend besprochen haben, kann es nun eine andere Anschauung geben. Man kann vor allen Dingen sein Hauptaugenmerk darauf lenken, wenn man vom Menschen redet, von der Seele zu sprechen. Und dann wird man, ich möchte sagen, weniger Rücksicht darauf nehmen, daß der Mensch Geist ist. Man wird darauf Rücksicht nehmen, daß der Mensch Seele ist, und das Äußere, Physische, dasjenige, was auch mit dem Physischen zusammenhängt, mehr in den Hintergrund treten lassen bei der Menschheitsbezeichnung. Man wird dann die Bezeichnung des Menschen vor allen Dingen hernehmen von dem, was ausdrückt, daß im Menschen etwas Seelenhaftes lebt, das sich im Auge ausdrückt, das sich ausdrückt darin, daß sich des Menschen Haupt nach der Höhe hebt. Prüft man das griechische Wort Anthropos auf seinen Ursprung, so drückt es ungefähr das aus. Konnte man sagen: diejenigen, die mit Manushya oder einem ähnlich klingenden Tongefüge den Menschen bezeichnen, sie sahen vor allen Dingen auf den Geist, auf das aus der geistigen Welt Heruntersteigende, — so muß man sagen: diejenigen, die den Menschen bezeichnen mit einem Worte, das an das griechische Wort Anthropos anklingt, vor allen Dingen die Griechen selber, sie drücken das Seelenhafte aus im Menschen.
Ein Drittes ist aber möglich. Es ist möglich, daß man vor allen Dingen darauf sieht, daß im Menschen das Äußerliche, Erdgeborene da ist, das Leibliche, dasjenige, was auf physischem Wege erzeugt wird. Dann wird man den Menschen bezeichnen mit einem Worte, das gewissermaßen heißt: der Erzeugende oder Erzeugte. Das wird drinnenliegen in dem Worte. Prüft man das Wort homo auf seinen Ursprung, dann liegt das eben Geschilderte darinnen.
Da haben Sie verteilt, ich möchte sagen, eine dreifache Anschauung vom Menschen in einer ganz merkwürdigen Weise. Aber Sie werden gerade aus dieser Verteilung ersehen können, daß ein solcher Mensch, der etwas von diesen Dingen wußte wie Julianus, mit einem gewissen Rechte den Instinkt bekommen konnte, zu suchen nach einer geistigen Auslegung des Menschensohnes. Es entstand vor seiner Seele der Gedanke: In die Eleusinien bist du eingeweiht. Ist es vielleicht möglich, dir zu erzwingen, dich in die persischen Mysterien und in die Mysterien, die in der Manichäer-Lehre anklingen, einweihen zu lassen? Vielleicht gewinnst du daher die Möglichkeit, die kontinuierliche Entwickelung, die du anstrebst, zu fördern! — Das ist ein gigantischer Gedanke. Aber so, wie dem Zug Alexanders des Großen noch etwas anderes zugrunde liegt als die "Trivialität, Eroberungen in Asien zu machen, so lag dem Zuge des Julian des Apostaten nach Persien auch etwas anderes zugrunde. Das eben Angedeutete lag zugrunde. Etwas anderes lag zugrunde, als nur in Persien Eroberungen zu machen: er wollte sehen, ob er mit Hilfe der persischen Mysterien tiefer in seine Aufgabe eindringen könne.
Um was es sich handelt, man wird es am besten einsehen, wenn man sich frägt: Was hat denn eigentlich Augastinus am Manichäertum nicht verstanden? Was war denn eigentlich am Manichäertum unverständlich? — Nun, wie gesagt, über die letzten Ziele des Manichäertums zu sprechen, geht ja heute noch nicht an; aber man kann immerhin einiges andeuten. Augustinus war ja sogar in seiner Jugend sehr eingenommen für die Manichäerlehre, er wurde tief von ihr ergriffen. Dann vertauschte er die Manichäerlehre mit dem römischen Katholizismus. Was konnte er an der Manichäerlehre nicht verstehen? Wem war er nicht gewachsen?
Die Manichäerlehre bildete nicht abstrakte Begriffe, bildete nicht Begriffe, welche gewissermaßen das Gedachte abtrennen von dem übrigen Wirklichen. Solche Begriffe zu bilden, war in der Manichäerlehre, wie übrigens auch schon bei den Eingeweihten der eleusinischen Mysterien, unmöglich. Ich habe versucht, auf den Unterschied zwischen bloß logischen und wirklichkeitsgemäßen Begriffen hinzudeuten. In der Manichäerlehre liegt vor allen Dingen das Prinzip, ja keine bloß logischen, sondern immer wirklichkeitsgemäße Begriffe zu bilden, wirklichkeitsgemäße Vorstellungen zu bilden. Nicht als ob unwirkliche Vorstellungen nicht auch im Leben eine Rolle spielen würden. Sie spielen leider eine große Rolle, besonders in unserer Zeit; aber die Rolle, die sie spielen, ist auch danach! Und so ist es — unter vielem anderen — im Sinne der Manichäerlehre, Vorstellungen zu bilden, welche nicht bloß gedacht sind, sondern welche mächtig genug sind, um in die wirkliche äußere Natur einzugreifen, um in der äußeren Natur auch eine Rolle zu spielen. Eine solche Vorstellung, wie sie vielfach über den Christus Jesus ausgebildet wurde, wäre der Manichäerlehre ganz unmöglich gewesen. Wozu ist denn der Christus Jesus in vieler Beziehung geworden? Ja, zu einem ziemlich unbestimmten Begriff vom Christus, der in Jesus verkörpert war, und durch den etwas in der Erdenentwickelung geschehen ist. Die Begriffe sind ja alle furchtbar abgeschattet worden, namentlich im neunzehnten Jahrhundert.
Aber wenn man sich frägt, ob dasjenige, was in der christlichen Dogmatik dem Christus und seiner Wirksamkeit zugeschrieben wird, auch wirklich zu etwas führen kann, - wenn man eindringlich, ernst und aufrichtig und wahrheitsliebend ist, so kann man die Frage nicht bejahen. Denn wenn die menschlichen Begriffe nicht stark genug sind, um eine solche Erde zu denken, die nicht ein Grab der Menschheit ist, sondern die die Menschheit zu einer neuen Gestaltung hinüberträgt, wenn man nicht stark genug ist, die Entwickelung der Erde anders zu denken als so, wie sie heute die Naturforscher beschreiben: daß die Erde einmal aufhören wird, nicht wahr, etwas hervorzubringen, daß das Menschengeschlecht erlöschen wird -— dann hilft alle Vorstellung von dem Christus Jesus doch eigentlich nichts. Denn wenn er auch für die Erde eine gewisse Wirksamkeit entfaltet hat — die Vorstellung, die man sich davon macht, ist nicht so stark, um gewissermaßen die Materie so weit zu heben, daß diese Materie so in Wirksamkeit gedacht werden kann, daß sie herüberkommt aus dem Zustand der Erde in einen zukünftigen Zustand. Es bedarf aber viel stärkerer Begriffe, als da gebildet werden können, um mit diesen Begriffen die Erde aufzufangen, so daß sie hinüberlebt zu einem neuen Dasein.
Ich habe neulich in einem öffentlichen Vortrag gesagt: Heute denkt die Naturwissenschaft in der Art, — nun, daß sie etwa berechnet: wenn man die Naturkräfte so wie sie heute sind, ausdehnt auf Millionen von Jahren, so kommt einmal ein Zustand - ich habe es Ihnen beschrieben nach einem Vortrag in der Royal Institution -, wo man die Wände mit Eiweiß wird anstreichen können, weil das leuchtet und man dabei Zeitung lesen kann. Ich habe beschrieben, wie da ein Naturforscher sagt, dann wird die Milch fest sein, wird im blauen Lichte strahlen und so weiter. Aus den schattenhaften Begriffen über die Wirklichkeit gehen natürlich diese Vorstellungen hervor, aus den Begriffen, die nicht stark genug sind, um die Wirklichkeit zu erfassen. Denn diese ganze Ausrechnerei der Naturwissenschaft gleicht eben dem Unternehmen, als ob ich den menschlichen Magen untersuche, wie er sich verändert in vier bis fünf Jahren, und dann ausrechne, wie der Mensch sein wird nach zweihundertfünfzig Jahren. Indem ich das ausdehne über eine große Anzahl von Jahren, kann ich das ausrechnen. Geradeso wie der Naturforscher ausrechnet, wie die Erde in einer Million Jahre aussehen wird, kann ich ausrechnen, wie der menschliche Magen aussehen wird: bei einem sechs-, siebenjährigen Menschen kann ich ausrechnen, wie dieser Magen nach zweihundertfünfzig Jahren aussehen wird; nur wird dann der Mensch gestorben sein! Ebensogut könnte man, so wie die Geologen berechnen, daß vor so und so viel Millionen Jahren die Erde ausgesehen hat, ebenso könnte man heute ein Kind nehmen und berechnen, wie sich in acht Tagen, vierzehn Tagen die inneren Organe ändern, könnte zurückrechnen, nicht wahr, und würde dann einen Zustand bekommen, wie das Kind vor zweihundertfünfzig Jahren ausgesehen hat - nur hat es damals noch nicht gelebt, selbstverständlich. Die Begriffe sind eben nicht fähig, die ganze Wirklichkeit zu ergreifen. Für die Teilwirklichkeit, die den Menschen unmittelbar in den Jahrtausenden umgibt, die etwa sechs bis sieben Jahrtausende vor unserer Zeitrechnung und sechs bis sieben Jahrtausende nach unserer Zeitrechnung liegen, gelten diese naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffe, weiter aber nicht. Das Menschenwesen muß aber für ganz andere Zeitalter gelten. Und im Sinne dieses Menschenwesens muß das Christus-Wesen da sein. Daher sagte ich einmal hier: Es ist ein Unterschied zwischen dem, was man im Mittelalter «mystische Hochzeit» genannt hat, und dem, was man die «chymische Hochzeit» genannt hat im Sinne des Christian Rosenkreutz. Die mystische Hochzeit, das ist nur ein innerer Prozeß. So wie es früher viele Theosophen gesagt haben, jetzt vielleicht auch noch: Wenn man sich so recht sehr in sein Inneres vertieft, so findet man die Identität mit dem göttlichen Wesen! Das wurde so schön den Menschen vorgemalt, daß diejenigen, die, nachdem sie einen solchen einstündigen Vortrag gehört hatten, hinausgingen mit dem Bewußtsein: Wenn du dich recht sehr in deinem Inneren erfassest, dann kannst du dich so recht schon als eine Art Gott fühlen! — Die chymische Hochzeit des Christian Rosenkreutz, die allerdings denkt sich solche Kräfte im Menschen wirksam, welche den ganzen Menschen ergreifen, welche wirklich umgestalten das Menschenwesen so, daß es, wenn die Materie als Schlacke einmal abfällt, hinübergetragen wird in die Jupiter-, Venus-, Vulkanzeit.
Bezwingung des Bösen, Bezwingung der Materie mit dem Begriff, das lag im Manichäismus. Daß im tieferen Sinne erfaßt werden muß die Frage des Sündenfalles, die Frage des Bösen und damit im Zusammenhang die Frage nach dem Christus Jesus, das stand vor des Julianus Seele, das wollte er sich holen aus einer persischen Einweihung, die er dann nach Europa tragen wollte. Und siehe da, auf diesem Zuge nach Persien fiel er durch Mörderhand. Es ist auch historisch zu erweisen, daß er durch Mörderhand, durch die Hand eines Anhängers der Konstantiner, der Konstantinischen Christen gefallen ist. Sie sehen also, wie, ich möchte sagen, das Prinzip, die Kontinuität herzustellen, tragisch wurde bei Julian dem Apostaten, gleichsam in eine Sackgasse führte.
Und dann wurde das Augustinische Prinzip zur Geltung gebracht, daß man nur ja nicht Begriffe bilden solle, welche irgendwie an den Manichäismus, das heißt an das Mitdenken der materiellen Vorstellungen mit dem geistigen Denken, anklingen. In den Abstraktionsprozeß wurde das Abendland hineingetrieben. Und dieser Abstraktionsprozeß ging weiter, ging mit einer gewissen Notwendigkeit weiter und durchdrang wirklich dieses Abendland. Nur einzelne bedeutsame Geister lehnten sich auf, waren die großen Rebellen gegen den Abstraktizismus. Einer der bedeutsamsten dieser Rebellen war Goethe seiner ganzen Geisteskonstitution nach. Und einer derjenigen, die am meisten verfallen sind dem Abstraktizismus, das ist Kart. Denn nehmen Sie sich —ich weiß sehr wohl, wie ketzerisch ich damit spreche, aber wahr ist es doch — die «Kritik der reinen Vernunft» von Kant und lesen Sie ihre Hauptsätze, und verwandeln Sie einen jeden dieser Hauptsätze ins Gegenteil, so kriegen Sie die Wahrheit. Gerade über die wichtigsten Sätze, über die Raumlehre und Zeitlehre bei Kant, muß so gedacht werden. Man kann ruhig die Sätze ins Gegenteil verwandeln, man kann Nein sagen, wo er Ja sagt, und Ja sagen, wo er Nein sagt, dann kriegt man ungefähr dasjenige, was vor den geistigen Welten haltbar ist. Sie können daraus aber entnehmen, wie großes Interesse herrscht, Goethe, den großen Antipoden Kants, so zu verfälschen, wie ihn der Mann verfälscht hat, von dem ich Ihnen neulich erzählt habe, daß er ihn ins Gegenteil verfälscht hat: «Ins Innere der Natur dringt kein erschaffner Geist!»
Man muß diese Gesichtspunkte ins Auge fassen, dann kann man auch des Julianus Schrift, die namentlich gegen das paulinische Christentum gerichtet ist, vom richtigen Gesichtspunkte aus würdigen. Eine merkwürdige Schrift ist das. Und merkwürdig ist diese Schrift nicht so sehr durch dasjenige, was sie enthält, als durch dasjenige, was verschiedene Schriften des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts enthalten. Das ist ein Paradoxon, nicht wahr? Aber die Sache verhält sich so: Wenn man die Schriften Julians des Apostaten gegen das Christentum nimmt, dann werden alle möglichen Gründe gegen das Christentum, gegen den historischen Jesus, gegen gewisse christliche Dogmatik vorgebracht, alles mit einem sehr starken, wahren Pathos; nicht mit einem falschen Pathos, mit einem wahren Pathos, mit starker Innerlichkeit. Und wenn man diese Gründe nimmt und dann beginnt zu prüfen, was die liberale Theologie des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts und dann der Übergang dieser liberalen Theologie zu den Drews-Leuten und zu den Leuten, die auf Grundlage dieser liberalen theologischen Forschung die Historizität, die Existenz des Christus Jesus abgeleugnet haben, wenn man das nimmt, was da in der Literatur des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts aufgebracht worden ist und zusammenstellt diese ganze Literatur, die im achtzehnten Jahrhundert beginnt und dann durch das ganze neunzehnte Jahrhundert geht, die also zu dem fleifigsten, sorgfältigsten, dem gründlichsten Philologischen gehört, was man sich denken kann - ich habe das immer gesagt; es hat aber sehr viele Wiederholungen, so daß man ganze Bibliotheken durchnehmen muß -, dann stellt sich allerdings heraus, daß man gewisse Hauptlinien zusammenstellen kann. Begonnen, nicht wahr, hat ja die hauptsächlichste Kritik damit, daß man die Evangelien verglichen hat, Abweichungen des einen von dem anderen gefunden hat und so weiter. Nun, über diese Dinge habe ich öfter gesprochen, das braucht nicht wiederholt zu werden. Aber wenn man die Hauptlinien, die Hauptsätze zusammenstellt, finden sie sich alle schon bei Julianus Apostata. Man hat eigentlich nichts Neues im neunzehnten Jahrhundert vorgebracht. Er hat schon alles vorgebracht, Julianus Apostata. Er hat es nur aus einer gewissen Genialität heraus gesagt, während es im neunzehnten Jahrhundert gesagt worden ist mit einem riesenhaften Fleiß, mit einer gründlichen theologischen Gelehrsamkeit und mit einer gründlichen theologischen Sophistik.
So kann man sagen: Julianus der Apostat hat einen titanischen Kampf aufgenommen. Er hat zuletzt noch versucht, indem er den Manichäismus lebendig hat machen wollen, eine kontinuierliche Entwickelung herbeizuführen. Denken Sie sich, daß solche besten Geister wie Goethe, wie aus einem instinktiven Drang heraus, in sich selber das alte Hellenentum wieder lebendig machen wollten! Denken Sie sich, wie das alles gerade mit diesen Leuten geworden wäre, wenn Julianus dem Apostaten sein Werk geglückt wäre! Man darf sagen, jene Notwendigkeit, die zugrunde liegt der Tatsache, daß Julian dem Apostaten sein Werk nicht glücken konnte, diese Notwendigkeit muß von einer ganz anderen Seite her beleuchtet werden. Aber man wird auch diese Notwendigkeit nicht verstehen, wenn man etwa in philiströser Weise auf den großen Julianus hinsehen will, wenn man in diesem nicht einen titanenhaften Kämpfer sehen will für ein in die Wirklichkeit eindringendes menschliches Verständnis der Weltenzusammenhänge. Und in unserer Zeit, da ist die Sache so, daß es insbesondere nützlich ist, sich an solche großen Momente des geschichtlichen Werdens des Abendlandes zu erinnern. Denn wir leben in einer Zeit, über die man nicht hinauskommen wird in gesunder Weise, wenn man nicht in einer neuen Weise verstehen wird, was solch ein Geist wie Julianus der Apostat wollte. Zu seiner Zeit war eben noch nicht die Möglichkeit gekommen — und das ist seine große Tragik -, das alte Initiationsprinzip zu versöhnen mit dem tiefsten Wesen des Christentums. In unserer Zeit ist die Möglichkeit gekommen, und es darf nicht versäumt werden, sie in Wirklichkeit umzusetzen, wenn die Erde nicht in eine Niedergangsentwickelung, wenn die Menschheit nicht in eine Niedergangsentwickelung kommen soll. Eingesehen werden muß eine notwendige Erneuerung auf allen Gebieten. Eingesehen werden muß vor allen Dingen, daß aufzunehmen ist das Prinzip des Verkehrens mit der geistigen Welt.
Man wird allerdings sich Vorstellungen zunächst verschaffen müssen für alles, was diesen Notwendigkeiten entgegenarbeitet. Und man fürchtet heute solche Vorstellungen, man fürchtet eindringliche Vorstellungen. Wenn auch in unserer heutigen Zeit viel Tapferkeit lebt Tapferkeit des Erkennens ist das nicht, was in unserer Zeit lebt! Tapferkeit des Erkennens fehlt vor allen Dingen! Ein wirkliches Sich-vornehmen, der Wirklichkeit gegenüberzustehen, das liegt noch nicht im Sinne der heutigen Menschheit. Das aber vor allen Dingen ist eine Notwendigkeit, eine tiefe Notwendigkeit in unserer Zeit. Denn unsere Zeit muß, wenn sie sich nicht in die Nichtigkeiten hineinbringen will, etwas verstehen lernen: sie muß verstehen lernen das Prinzip von dem schöpferischen Geiste; sie muß verstehen lernen, was es heißt, daß der Geist, indem er schöpferisch wird, mit derselben Kraft wirkt, wie die Instinkte wirken, nur daß die Instinkte wirken in der Finsternis, der schöpferisch gewordene Geist im Lichte der Sonne, das heißt der geistigen Sonne. Das muß unsere Zeit verstehen lernen. Und dem arbeitet vieles gerade in unserer Zeit noch entgegen, direkt entgegen.
Cato, der römische Cato, dem es vor allen Dingen zu tun war darum, ein festes Gefüge der römischen Staatsordnung zustande zu bringen, hat es für eine Notwendigkeit gehalten, um dieses feste Gefüge der römischen Staatsordnung so recht zustande zu bringen, die Anhänger der griechischen, der hellenischen Philosophie zu verbannen; denn: «die schwätzen nur!» hat er gesagt, «und das stört die Verordnungen unserer Behörden». Machiavelli, der große Florentiner der Renaissance-Zeit, stimmte ihm noch zu, indem er Cato besonders lobte, daß er diejenigen, die vom Standpunkte einer geistigen Erkenntnis aus in die menschlichen Staatssatzungen hineinreden, aus dem Staate verbannt haben will. Machiavelli hatte auch ein gründliches Verständnis dafür, daß zu gewissen Zeiten im Imperium Romanum die Todesstrafe darauf stand, sich für das Gefüge der sozialen Ordnung zu interessieren.
Der Umgang mit der geistigen Welt ist etwas, dem insbesondere das Imperium Romanum und seine ganze Nachfolgerschaft in Europa spinnefeind ist. Daher man auf so vielen Gebieten bemüht ist, über diese Dinge möglichste Unklarheit walten zu lassen, diese Dinge möglichst zu vertuschen. Allerdings, wenn eine Vorstellung des Mysteriums von Golgatha mit all der radikalen Rücksichtslosigkeit, mit der das Mysterium von Golgatha gedacht werden muß, in die Welt sich einlebt, dann wird vieles schmelzen müssen geistig, wie sonst Schnee im Sonnenlichte. Das ist unangenehm. Das ist recht unangenehm. Aber dies muß geschehen. Und es muß vor allen Dingen das geschehen, daß man den Weg findet, das Wesen des Christus wirklich zu erfassen. - Und davon wollen wir dann das nächste Mal sprechen, wie die menschliche Seele heute nahekommen kann diesem Wesen des Christus unmittelbar in unserer Zeit.
Aber ganz fruchtbare Vorstellungen darüber sind ja doch nur zu gewinnen, wenn man den Blick auf der einen Seite hinwerfen kann auf eine Gestalt, welche, ich möchte sagen, die exoterische Seite der abendländischen Kulturentwickelung inauguriert hat, wie Konstantinus, und dann auf der anderen Seite auf die Gestalt Julians des Abtrünnigen, der versucht hat, in einer damals unmöglichen Weise den Kampf gegen diese exoterische Seite der abendländischen Entwickelung aufzunehmen. Das Eigentümliche ist nur dieses: Wenn heute jemand nur mit ein wenig Kenntnis, ich will gar nicht einmal sagen mit ein wenig Kenntnis okkulter Tatsachen, sondern sogar mit ein wenig wirklicher Kenntnis desjenigen Okkulten, das in gewissen älteren Schriften noch enthalten ist, — wenn jemand mit diesen Kenntnissen an die christliche Dogmatik herantritt, dann kommen ganz merkwürdige Dinge heraus. Und wenn jemand gar solche Dinge wie die Messe ins Auge faßt - also wie gesagt, ich will nicht einmal sagen mit okkulten Erkenntnissen, sondern mit Dingen, die von okkulten Erkenntnissen in alten Schriften herstammen -, wenn er mit solchen Dingen herantritt an die Beurteilung des Kultus und der Dogmatik, so kommen sonderbare Dinge heraus. Es kommen Dinge heraus etwa von der Art, daß man sich sagen kann: Ja, was ist in dieser Dogmatik oftmals? Was ist in diesen Kultushandlungen? Nicht ich hier, sondern zahlreiche Schriftsteller, die sich von dem eben genannten Gesichtspunkte aus mit der Sache beschäftigt haben, kamen zu dem Schluß: Ja, in der Dogmatik und in dem Kultus steckt eigentlich so ungeheuer viel altes Heidentum, ist so ungeheuer viel Wiederauffrischung alten Heidentums vorhanden, daß man den Versuch machen kann, wie zum Beispiel der französische Schriftsteller Drach, der ein gründlicher Kenner des alten Hebräismus war, zu zeigen, wie alles in der Dogmatik und in dem Kultus der katholischen Kirche nur heraufgebrachtes altes Heidentum ist. - Und dann haben Schriftsteller versucht zu zeigen, daß es gewissen Leuten gerade darauf angekommen ist, diese Tatsache zu verbergen, die Welt nicht wissen zu lassen, daß da altes Heidentum sich hineinverpflanzt hat in die Dogmatik, in das Kultuswesen.
Es wäre nun eine merkwürdige Tatsache, wenn etwa gerade das Heidentum fortleben würde auf eine sehr unterbewußte Art, und die Frage könnte entstehen: Welche Dienste hätte denn dann das Fortleben des Heidentums dem Fortleben des Imperium Romanum geleistet? Welche Dienste? Und wie wäre es denn dann mit Julian dem Apostaten? - Ja, wenn manche neueren Schriftsteller recht hätten damit, daß zum Beispiel das katholische Meßopfer im wesentlichen ein altes heidnisches Opfer ist, und Julian der Apostat alle seine Mühe darauf verwendet hat, die alten heidnischen Gebräuche nicht untergehen zu lassen, sondern sie fortzupflanzen, so hätte er in einer gewissen Weise doch etwas erreicht. Unzählige höchst merkwürdige Probleme, wie Nietzsche sagt «Probleme mit Hörnern», gehen aus der Betrachtung des großen Gegensatzes von Julian dem Apostaten und Konstantin hervor. Lauter Probleme mit Hörnern, welche den gegenwärtigen Menschen höchst, höchst fatal sind, die aber unbedingt Probleme der Zeit werden müssen.
An diese Betrachtung wollen wir dann das nächste Mal anknüpfen.
Fourteenth Lecture
One of the greatest figures in world history is one of the successors of Constantine, whom we discussed the day before yesterday: Julian the Apostate, who was killed by assassins in 363 during a campaign against the Persians. In Julian the Apostate, we have before us a figure who played a most remarkable role in the history of Western civilization; a figure who shows how, in the evolution of the world, opposing forces must indeed be at work in order for this evolution to take place in the way it has. In Constantine, we saw the personality who had to break, so to speak, with the old principle of power of the Roman Caesars, which a large number of these Caesars claimed for themselves, with the principle of power of being initiated into the mysteries. Constantine then did everything in his power to give Christianity, so to speak, an exoteric dominion; he did everything that we tried to characterize the day before yesterday.
Now Julian, from the beginning, one might say from the moment he entered the world, was regarded in the worst possible way by the imperial family and all their followers. In the time we are talking about, this always had to do with the fact that such an individuality was preceded by all kinds of prophecies and predictions even before birth. The family had been compelled by all kinds of Sibylline prophecies to believe that the impulse embodied in Emperor Constantine would give rise to a counterforce in Julian. Therefore, from the very beginning, the family sought to prevent Julian from ever attaining the dignity of Caesar. He was to be killed. All preparations had already been made for him to be killed as a child along with his brother. There was really something about Julianus, like an aura that was perceived with terror by those around him. Such stories, of which there are many connected with Julianus' personality, show how there was something sinister about him from the points of view mentioned above. Once, when he was still young and present at a military campaign in Gaul, a somnambulist whom the procession passed began to cry out: “That is the one who will restore the old gods and images of the gods!”
So, one must see something deeper, something spiritual in Julianus' behavior. He was then left alive, as is very often the case in such situations, out of fear that his killing could cause even greater harm than letting him live. And then people convinced themselves that whatever he might do to oppose Constantine's undertakings would be quickly paralyzed and prevented. And they really did take all precautions to render ineffective what lay, so to speak, in Julian's nature, what he was inclined to do. Above all, they were careful to give him a thoroughly Christian education in accordance with Constantine's ideas. But this did not take hold of him; it could not touch his soul, and wherever he could perceive anything of the ancient Hellenic traditions, his soul caught fire. And because, where strong forces are at work, these strong forces ultimately prevail, it came to pass that, precisely because they wanted to keep him away from dangerous places, he was driven into the hands of all kinds of Hellenic educators, became acquainted with Hellenism, learned about the traditions of this Hellenism, and then, when he had grown up, learned about the way in which Hellenism, Greek culture, lived on in the post-Platonic, in the Neoplatonic philosophers, and that it finally came to the point where he was initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries. So, after the principle of initiation had been eradicated from Roman Caesarism, Julian was once again the initiate on the throne of the Caesars when he finally ascended to the throne of the Caesars.
Now, everything that Julian did, and everything that history has tried very hard to distort in every way, must be viewed from the perspective that arises from his initiation into the Eleusinian mysteries. And one can only judge a personality such as Julian correctly if one is able to take the effect of this initiation into the Eleusinian mysteries completely seriously. For what had Julian actually gained for his soul by undergoing the Eleusinian initiation? He had learned from direct spiritual perception the facts of cosmic becoming, the facts of the world's becoming. He had learned about the spiritual origin of the world, learned how the spiritual origin of the world lives out in the planetary system, in the solar system; he had learned to understand certain things that had actually become completely incomprehensible to the whole world at that time, with the exception of a few Greek initiates: the connection between the activity of the sun and the nature of the sun with the ancient Hermes Logos. This was something that had entered his soul. He had learned to understand, in a sense, something like the Pythagorean saying: “You must never speak against the sun!” This, of course, cannot mean the external physical sun, but rather the spirit that is hidden behind the sun. He had therefore known that it was in accordance with ancient sacred traditions to see in the spiritual-soul element underlying the sun the actual foundation of the world, but above all to see that which man must relate to if he wants to penetrate to the sources of existence.
So you see, before Julianus' soul stood this whole ancient mystery of the sun, stood the truth that this physical sun that appears to the physical eye is only the outer body of a spiritual-soul sun that can be brought to life in the human soul through initiation, and when it comes to life, can tell this soul what is common to the cosmos, the great world and human historical life here. It had become clear to Julianus that there could never be institutions here in the world that arose solely from human reason, which is bound to the human brain, that only he who is somehow called upon to have a say in the institutions of the world who can converse with the Sun Logos; for he had to see a common law in the movement of the stars and in what happens here on earth among human beings, in the great movements of human beings in historical becoming.
Now it must be said that even a Church Father such as St. Chrysostom was aware that there is an ancient solar mystery, a spiritual solar mystery, since Chrysostom went so far as to say: The outer physical sun blinds people on earth so that they cannot bring themselves to see the spiritual sun. But when one sees everything that lived in the environment of a man like Chrysostom, into whose soul such a ray of ancient wisdom had shone, one must say that there was really hardly any remnant of understanding left for that way of comprehending the world mystery in the soul, as it had been communicated through the ancient mysteries, and as it was communicated, albeit to one of the last, Julian, the Apostate. So basically, Julian the Apostate was surrounded by Constantinians, by people who thought in the spirit of Constantine. Certainly, individual great figures continued to emerge in the West until the end of the ninth century, even among the popes, who were still touched by the ancient mysteries; but the real work that was done from Rome was to render the efforts of such individuals ineffective and to develop a very specific and peculiar policy toward the traditions of the ancient mysteries, which we will discuss in a few words in a moment. Julian had basically nothing around him but a very exoteric form of Christianity.
Through complicated processes that are difficult to describe in their psychological details, he came to form the idea of what it would be like if one were to use what had been handed down as the last, the very last remnant of the ancient initiation, to bring about a continuous progression in human development. I would say that Julian was not really an opponent of Christianity; he was merely a supporter of the propagation of Hellenism. And one perhaps encounters his individuality more clearly when one considers him as more of a propagator of Hellenism than as an opponent of Christianity. For all the zeal he developed and all the strength he developed was actually aimed at not allowing Hellenism to die out, not allowing it to be eradicated, but at creating a continuous stream of development so that Hellenism could really have come to later posterity. Julian the Apostate wanted to oppose the sharp break, the radical turn. And he was a great personality. Since he had been initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries, he knew that things such as those he wanted to undertake could not be undertaken unless one allied oneself with the spiritual powers that live in everything sensual. He knew that if one wanted to carry out impulses in world evolution solely with what lives in the physical-sensory realm and also in ordinary history, one would be speaking against the sun in the Pythagorean sense. He did not want that. He wanted precisely the opposite. He actually took up one of the greatest struggles imaginable within human evolution.
Now we must not forget what spoke against such a struggle in Rome at that time, what spoke against such a struggle throughout the whole of southern Europe. Do not forget that it is absolutely true that, even into the century of Constantine, broad sections of society preserved, albeit in their last remnants, the old spiritual activities. Today, a particular crux, a particular cross for the explanation of the Gospels, remains the question of miracles, because people never want to read the Gospels from the perspective of their time. For the contemporaries of the evangelists, the question of miracles meant nothing at all, because they knew that there are also activities in which human beings draw forces from the spiritual world that they control.
Now, to the same extent that Christianity was introduced externally by the state, which then culminated in the actions of Constantine, to the same extent did the efforts to suppress the old spiritual activities increase; laws upon laws were enacted in Rome, all of which were aimed at preventing anyone from performing any activities that drew power from the spiritual world. Of course, this was dressed up by saying that the old superstitions had to stop! They dressed it up by saying that no one was allowed to perform any acts involving spiritual powers in order to harm other people; no one was allowed to communicate with deceased people and the like. Such laws were enacted. But behind these laws lay the desire to eradicate completely what had been preserved from ancient times in the way of spiritual activities. Certainly, history seeks to cover up and conceal what has happened. But the very beginnings of our historiography, which the present historiography with its “unconditional, authority-free science” does not take into account, the very beginnings of our historiography were made in the monasteries, by priests and monks. And it was their most serious endeavor to erase the true form of antiquity, indeed not to allow the essential to come down to posterity.
And so Julianus saw the declining old world in a completely different light than those who preceded Constantine. And yet he knew from his initiation that there is a connection between the human soul and the spiritual world. He knew that. He could only hope for something from the undertaking he had set himself—to use the forces of the ancient principle of initiation to bring about a continuous progression in human development—by opposing, as it were, the form of development that had been accepted all around him. And actually, precisely because of his initiation, Julianus was a man of the deepest love of truth, of that love of truth of which people like Emperor Constantine naturally had not the slightest idea. He was a man of the deepest love of truth. And one might say: Truth, taken seriously, confronts one in Julianus in such a powerful way that one hardly finds this revival of seriousness about truth more often later in Western human development. With his deeply meaningful instinct for truth, stimulated by his initiation, he looked at what had become, for example, of the schools, of the lower and higher schools in his environment. Since Constantine, Christian dogma had been introduced into the schools in the form in which it had developed up to that point. The teachers possessed this Christian dogma and taught from their standpoint about the ancient Hellenic writers, about those writers who had the ancient gods as an integral element in their works: Zeus, Apollo, Pallas Athena, Aphrodite, Hermes-Mercurius, and so on. The thought now arose in Julian's soul: What are all these teachers actually doing? Are they not the most mendacious sophists imaginable? Can anyone presume to interpret ancient writings that are based entirely on the fact that the person who wrote them felt the ancient gods in his soul as true impulses in the world? Can someone who, precisely because of his dogmatism, must fight, must fight in the most radical way, against the existence of these ancient gods, interpret such writings? This seemed to Julianus' instinct for truth to be something inappropriate. Therefore, he forbade all those who were unable to believe in the old gods because of their Christian dogmatism from interpreting the ancient writers in schools. If we were to proceed today according to the same principle of truth as Julianus did, think of all the things that would not be allowed to be taught in our schools! But consider what a deep instinct for truth lived in Julian!
He wanted to keep up with the spirit of the times, which, from another point of view, was nevertheless necessary. Before him he had the Gospels, which had come into being in a completely different way from what he had experienced through the Eleusinian initiation. He could not find his way into the way in which the Gospels had come into being. He said to himself: If what came from Christ is an initiatory principle, then it must be found in the mysteries; it must be able to live in the depths of the mysteries. And he wanted to make a great test to see whether it would be possible to continue the old way. At first, he saw only what Christianity had become in his time. He wanted to conduct a great experiment, to conduct an experiment at a certain point, but not an experiment that would have been childish for him, one that relied solely on human means. He wanted to take action that would have meaning for events in the spiritual world itself. So he said to himself: Well, it has been prophesied to Christians that the temple in Jerusalem will be destroyed so that no stone will be left upon another. That has also happened, he said. But Christianity cannot be fulfilled if this prophecy, such a prophecy, is brought to shame, if people work against it! So he decided, with large sums of money, according to the circumstances of the time, to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. And it really came about that many workers gathered to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. Now you must consider the whole matter in a spiritual sense: Julianus wanted to challenge not only men, but gods! It is an indisputable fact, which can be proven historically—as well as historical facts can be proven, and it is certain both outwardly and inwardly—that every one of the workers who began to build the temple in Jerusalem had a vision that flames of fire were coming toward him at his workplace, and he withdrew. The undertaking did not come to fruition. But you can see the greatness of Julian's intention.
After this had failed, after the demonstration before the world had failed, so to speak, Julian wanted to discredit the prophecy of the destruction of the temple, and he wanted to try something else. And what he now wanted to try was something no less magnificent. It was not yet the time when European development had been affected by that wave of development which had its origin in the fact that one of the greatest teachers of the Church, Augustine, had been unable to rise to a certain idea because he was not sufficiently spiritual to rise to a certain idea. You may know from history that Augustine – I have discussed this on various occasions, including when I discussed the Faust idea – started out from so-called Manichaeism, the doctrine that arose in Persia, which claimed to understand Christ Jesus better than Rome and Constantinople could. This Manichaean doctrine, whose final word unfortunately cannot yet be spoken today, not even in our circles, this Manichaean doctrine, has seeped through in many ways, even into the West in later times, and was, so to speak, buried in its — but corrupted — offshoots, when the Faust legend began to be recorded in the sixteenth century. Out of a brilliant intuition, however, there is also something of the revival of Manichaeism in Goethe's revival of Faust. Julianus thought in broad terms; he had ideas that truly encompassed humanity. With a man like Julianus, it becomes particularly clear how small ordinary human thoughts actually are. You see, the teaching of the “Son of Man” naturally had to take on different forms, depending on one's ability to form ideas about human beings, about the nature of human beings themselves. Of course, one had to form ideas about the Son of Man in the same way that one was able to form ideas about human beings; I mean, one thing determines the other. But people were very different in this respect. Very, very different. And in our time, we have very little deep understanding of such things.
Human being — Manushya: in Sanskrit, the word for human being. But this word Manushya also expresses the basic feeling that a large part of humanity associated with humanity. What are we referring to when we give human beings the name Manushya, when we use this root word to describe human beings? We are referring to the spiritual in human beings; above all, we judge human beings as spiritual beings. If one wants to express that human beings are spirit, and that everything else is merely the expression, the revelation of the spirit — if one therefore attaches primary importance to human beings as spirit, then one says “Manushya.”
Based on what we have discussed in preparation, there may now be another point of view. When speaking of human beings, one can focus primarily on the soul. And then, I would say, one will pay less attention to the fact that human beings are spirit. One will pay attention to the fact that human beings are soul, and allow the external, physical, and everything connected with the physical to recede more into the background when describing humanity. One will then take the designation of the human being primarily from what expresses that something soul-like lives in the human being, which is expressed in the eye, which is expressed in the fact that the human head rises upward. If one examines the Greek word Anthropos for its origin, it expresses approximately this. If one could say that those who describe human beings with Manushya or a similar-sounding word were looking primarily at the spirit, at that which descends from the spiritual world, then one must say that those who describe human beings with a word that echoes the Greek word Anthropos, primarily the Greeks themselves, express the soul aspect of human beings.
But a third possibility is also open. It is possible to look first of all at what is external in human beings, what is born of the earth, the physical, that which is produced by physical means. Then one would describe human beings with a word that means, in a sense, the producer or the produced. That would be inherent in the word. If one examines the word homo for its origin, then what has just been described is contained therein.
You have presented, I would say, a threefold view of the human being in a very remarkable way. But you will see from this division that a person like Julian, who knew something of these things, could with a certain right have developed the instinct to seek a spiritual interpretation of the Son of Man. The thought arose in his soul: You have been initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries. Is it perhaps possible to compel you to allow yourself to be initiated into the Persian mysteries and into the mysteries that are hinted at in the Manichaean teaching? Perhaps you will thus gain the opportunity to promote the continuous development you are striving for! — That is a gigantic thought. But just as there was something else underlying Alexander the Great's campaign than the “triviality of conquering Asia,” there was also something else underlying Julian the Apostate's campaign to Persia. What has just been hinted at was underlying it. There was something else behind it than just conquering Persia: he wanted to see if he could penetrate deeper into his task with the help of the Persian mysteries.
What this is all about can best be understood by asking oneself: What did Augustine actually not understand about Manichaeism? What was it about Manichaeism that was incomprehensible? — Well, as I said, it is not possible to speak about the ultimate goals of Manichaeism today, but we can at least hint at some things. Augustine was very taken with Manichaeism even in his youth; he was deeply moved by it. Then he exchanged Manichaeism for Roman Catholicism. What was it that he could not understand about Manichaeism? Who was he no match for?
The Manichaean doctrine did not form abstract concepts, did not form concepts that, in a sense, separate the thought from the rest of reality. To form such concepts was impossible in the Manichaean doctrine, as it was, incidentally, for the initiates of the Eleusinian mysteries. I have attempted to point out the difference between merely logical concepts and concepts that correspond to reality. The principle underlying Manichaeism is above all to form concepts that are not merely logical, but always correspond to reality, to form ideas that correspond to reality. This is not to say that unreal ideas do not also play a role in life. Unfortunately, they play a major role, especially in our time; but the role they play is also after the fact! And so it is—among many other things—in the sense of Manichaeism to form ideas that are not merely thought, but are powerful enough to intervene in real external nature, to play a role in external nature. Such an idea, as it was often formed about Jesus Christ, would have been completely impossible for the Manichaean doctrine. What then did Jesus Christ become in many respects? Yes, a rather vague concept of Christ, who was embodied in Jesus and through whom something happened in the development of the earth. The concepts have all been terribly obscured, especially in the nineteenth century.
But if one asks oneself whether what is attributed to Christ and his activity in Christian dogma can really lead to anything—if one is insistent, serious, sincere, and truth-loving—one cannot answer the question in the affirmative. For if human concepts are not strong enough to conceive of an earth that is not a tomb for humanity, but rather carries humanity over to a new form, if one is not strong enough to conceive of the development of the earth other than as natural scientists describe it today: that the earth will one day cease to produce anything, that the human race will become extinct — then all ideas about Christ Jesus are actually of no help. For even if he has unfolded a certain activity for the earth, the conception we have of this is not strong enough to lift matter so far that it can be thought of as active in such a way that it passes over from the state of the earth into a future state. But much stronger concepts than can be formed are needed to catch the earth with these concepts so that it lives on into a new existence.
I said recently in a public lecture: Today, natural science thinks in such a way that it calculates, for example, that if the forces of nature as they are today are extended over millions of years, a state will eventually arise — I described this to you after a lecture at the Royal Institution — where it will be possible to paint the walls with protein because it glows and you can read the newspaper by its light. I described how a natural scientist says that milk will then be solid, will shine in blue light, and so on. These ideas naturally arise from shadowy concepts of reality, from concepts that are not strong enough to grasp reality. For all this calculating in natural science is like examining the human stomach to see how it changes in four or five years and then calculating what humans will be like in two hundred and fifty years. By extending this over a large number of years, I can calculate it. Just as the natural scientist calculates what the earth will look like in a million years, I can calculate what the human stomach will look like: in a six- or seven-year-old human being, I can calculate what this stomach will look like after two hundred and fifty years; only then will the human being have died! Just as geologists can calculate what the earth looked like so many millions of years ago, so too could one take a child today and calculate how its internal organs will change in eight days, fourteen days, and work backwards, wouldn't one, and then arrive at a state what the child looked like two hundred and fifty years ago—only, of course, it did not exist then. The concepts are simply not capable of grasping the whole reality. These scientific concepts apply to the partial reality that immediately surrounds human beings in the millennia that lie approximately six to seven millennia before our calendar and six to seven millennia after our calendar, but they do not apply beyond that. However, the human being must apply to completely different ages. And in the sense of this human being, the Christ being must be there. That is why I once said here: There is a difference between what was called the “mystical marriage” in the Middle Ages and what was called the “chemical marriage” in the sense of Christian Rosenkreutz. The mystical marriage is only an inner process. As many theosophists have said in the past, and perhaps still say today: if you delve deep enough into your inner being, you will find your identity with the divine being! This was so beautifully presented to people that those who had listened to such an hour-long lecture went out with the conviction that if you really delved deep into your inner being, you could feel like a kind of god! — The Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz, which indeed conceives of such forces at work in human beings that they take hold of the whole human being and truly transform the human being so that, once matter has fallen away as dross, it is carried over into the Jupiter, Venus, and Vulcan ages.
The conquest of evil, the conquest of matter with the concept, that was in Manichaeism. That the question of the Fall, the question of evil, and in connection with this the question of Christ Jesus, must be understood in a deeper sense, that was before Julian's soul, that he wanted to obtain from a Persian initiation, which he then wanted to bring to Europe. And lo and behold, on this journey to Persia, he fell by the hand of murderers. It can also be proven historically that he fell by the hand of murderers, by the hand of a follower of Constantine, of the Constantinian Christians. So you see how, I would say, the principle of establishing continuity became tragic in Julian the Apostate, leading, as it were, to a dead end.
And then the Augustinian principle came into effect, that one should not form concepts that in any way resemble Manichaeism, that is, the combination of material ideas with spiritual thinking. The West was driven into the process of abstraction. And this process of abstraction continued, continued with a certain necessity, and really permeated the West. Only a few significant minds rebelled, were the great rebels against abstract thinking. One of the most significant of these rebels was Goethe, in his entire mental constitution. And one of those who fell most deeply into abstract thinking was Kant. For take Kant's Critique of Pure Reason—I know very well how heretical I am speaking, but it is true—and read its main propositions, and turn each of these main propositions into its opposite, and you will arrive at the truth. This is precisely how one must think about the most important propositions, about Kant's theory of space and time. One can calmly turn the propositions into their opposites, one can say no where he says yes, and yes where he says no, and then one gets approximately what is tenable in the intellectual world. But you can see from this how great the interest is in falsifying Goethe, Kant's great antipode, in the way that the man I told you about recently falsified him, falsifying him into the opposite: “No creative spirit penetrates into the interior of nature!”
One must take these points of view into account, then one can also appreciate Julian's writing, which is directed specifically against Pauline Christianity, from the right point of view. It is a remarkable piece of writing. And it is remarkable not so much for what it contains as for what various writings of the nineteenth century contain. It is a paradox, is it not? But the fact is this: if one takes the writings of Julian the Apostate against Christianity, then all kinds of reasons are put forward against Christianity, against the historical Jesus, against certain Christian dogma, all with a very strong, true pathos; not with a false pathos, but with a true pathos, with strong inwardness. And if you take these reasons and then begin to examine what liberal theology of the nineteenth century and then the transition of this liberal theology to the Drews people and to the people who, on the basis of this liberal theological research, denied the historicity, the existence of Christ Jesus, if you take what was brought up in the literature of the nineteenth century and compile all this literature, which begins in the eighteenth century and then continues throughout the nineteenth century, which is among the most diligent, careful, and thorough philological work imaginable—I have always said this, but it has been repeated so many times that one has to go through entire libraries—then it turns out that one can indeed compile certain main lines. The main criticism began, did it not, with the comparison of the Gospels, the discovery of discrepancies between them, and so on. Well, I have spoken about these things often, so there is no need to repeat them. But if one compiles the main lines, the main propositions, they can all be found already in Julianus Apostata. Nothing new was actually put forward in the nineteenth century. Julian the Apostate had already put everything forward. He only said it out of a certain genius, whereas in the nineteenth century it was said with enormous diligence, with thorough theological scholarship and with thorough theological sophistry.
So one can say that Julian the Apostate took up a titanic struggle. In the end, he tried to bring about a continuous development by reviving Manichaeism. Imagine that such great minds as Goethe, as if driven by an instinctive urge, wanted to revive the old Hellenism within themselves! Imagine what would have become of all these people if Julian the Apostate had succeeded in his work! It must be said that the necessity underlying the fact that Julian the Apostate could not succeed in his work must be viewed from a completely different angle. But one will not understand this necessity either if one looks at the great Julian in a philistine manner, if one does not see in him a titanic fighter for a human understanding of the world's connections that penetrates reality. And in our time, it is particularly useful to remember such great moments in the historical development of the West. For we live in a time that cannot be overcome in a healthy way unless we understand in a new way what a spirit like Julian the Apostate wanted. In his time, the opportunity had not yet arisen—and this is his great tragedy—to reconcile the old principle of initiation with the deepest essence of Christianity. In our time, the opportunity has come, and it must not be missed if the earth is not to decline, if humanity is not to decline. A necessary renewal in all areas must be recognized. Above all, it must be recognized that the principle of communication with the spiritual world must be accepted.
Of course, we must first form ideas about everything that works against these necessities. And today we fear such ideas; we fear urgent ideas. Even though there is much courage in our time, it is not the courage of knowledge that lives in our time! Above all, the courage of knowledge is lacking! A real determination to face reality is not yet within the grasp of humanity today. But this is above all a necessity, a profound necessity in our time. For if our time does not want to sink into nothingness, it must learn to understand something: it must learn to understand the principle of the creative spirit; it must learn to understand what it means that the spirit, in becoming creative, works with the same power as the instincts, only that the instincts work in darkness, while the spirit that has become creative works in the light of the sun, that is, the spiritual sun. Our time must learn to understand this. And much is still working against this, directly against it, especially in our time.
Cato, the Roman Cato, whose primary concern was to establish a firm structure for the Roman state, considered it necessary, in order to achieve this, to banish the followers of Greek, Hellenic philosophy, because, as he said, “they only talk, and that disturbs the regulations of our authorities.” Machiavelli, the great Florentine of the Renaissance, agreed with him, praising Cato in particular, saying, “They only talk, and that disturbs the regulations of our authorities.” “They only talk!” he said, ‘and that disturbs the decrees of our authorities.’ Machiavelli, the great Florentine of the Renaissance, agreed with him, praising Cato in particular for wanting to banish from the state those who, from the standpoint of intellectual knowledge, interfere in the constitution of the state. Machiavelli also had a thorough understanding that at certain times in the Roman Empire, the death penalty was imposed on those who took an interest in the structure of the social order.Dealing with the spiritual world is something that the Roman Empire and all its successors in Europe are particularly hostile to. That is why efforts are made in so many areas to keep these things as unclear as possible, to cover them up as much as possible. However, when an idea of the mystery of Golgotha, with all the radical ruthlessness with which the mystery of Golgotha must be conceived, takes root in the world, then much will have to melt spiritually, as snow melts in the sunlight. That is unpleasant. It is quite unpleasant. But it must happen. And above all, we must find a way to truly grasp the essence of Christ. And next time, we will talk about how the human soul can come close to this essence of Christ directly in our time.
But truly fruitful ideas about this can only be gained if one can cast one's gaze, on the one hand, on a figure who, I would say, inaugurated the exoteric side of Western cultural development, such as Constantine, and then, on the other hand, on the figure of Julian the Apostate, who attempted, in a way that was impossible at the time, to take up the fight against this exoteric side of Western development. The peculiar thing is this: if today someone approaches Christian dogma with just a little knowledge—I don't even want to say a little knowledge of occult facts, but even a little real knowledge of the occult that is still contained in certain older writings—if someone approaches Christian dogma with this knowledge, then very strange things come out. And if someone even considers things such as the Mass — as I said, I don't even want to say with occult knowledge, but with things that originate from occult knowledge in ancient writings — if he approaches the assessment of the cult and dogma with such things, strange things come out. Things emerge that make one say: Yes, what is often found in this dogma? What is in these cultic acts? Not I, but numerous writers who have dealt with the matter from the point of view just mentioned, have come to the conclusion: Yes, there is actually so much old paganism in dogma and cult, there is so much revival of old paganism that one can attempt, as for example the French writer Drach, who was a thorough expert on ancient Hebrew, to show how everything in the dogma and cult of the Catholic Church is merely old paganism that has been brought back to the surface. And then writers have attempted to show that it was precisely the intention of certain people to conceal this fact, not to let the world know that old paganism had been transplanted into dogma and worship.
It would be a strange fact if paganism were to continue to exist in a very subconscious way, and the question might arise: What services would the survival of paganism have rendered to the survival of the Roman Empire? What services? And what about Julian the Apostate? Yes, if some more recent writers were right in saying that, for example, the Catholic sacrifice of the Mass is essentially an ancient pagan sacrifice, and Julian the Apostate devoted all his efforts to preventing the old pagan customs from dying out, but rather to propagating them, then he would have achieved something in a certain sense. Countless highly curious problems, or, as Nietzsche puts it, “problems with horns,” arise from considering the great contrast between Julian the Apostate and Constantine. These are all problems with horns that are extremely, extremely fatal to contemporary man, but which must inevitably become problems of the times.
We will take up this consideration again next time.