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Building Stones for an Understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha
GA 175

24 April 1917, Berlin

Lecture VIII

It is most important for the present age and for the future of mankind to realize that our understanding of Christ Jesus and the Mystery of Golgotha is not dependent upon the findings of the external history that is accepted as scientific today. In order to acquire a knowledge of Christ and the Mystery of Golgotha that carries conviction and is susceptible of proof we must rather look to other sources than those of contemporary historical investigation, even when these sources are the Gospels themselves. I have often stated, and anyone who refers to the relevant literature can verify this for himself, that the most diligent, assiduous and painstaking research has been devoted to Gospel criticism or Gospel exegesis during the nineteenth century. This Gospel criticism has yielded only negative results; in fact it has served rather to destroy and undermine our faith in the Mystery of Golgotha rather than to confirm and substantiate it. We know that many people today, not from a spirit of contradiction but because, on the evidence of historical investigation they cannot do otherwise, have come to the conclusion that there is no justification on purely historical grounds for assigning the existence of Christ Jesus to the beginning of our era. This of course cannot be disproved, but that is of no consequence.

I now propose to discuss whether it is possible to discover other sources than the historical sources which may contribute to an understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha. Before answering the question let us first examine a few facts of occult history.

In tracing the development of Christianity during the early centuries of our era we must bear in mind that it is difficult to comprehend this development unless we reinforce a purely historical enquiry with the findings of Spiritual Science. If we accept, purely hypothetically for the moment, the facts of spiritual-scientific investigation into this period, then a very remarkable picture unfolds before us. As we review this development during the early centuries we realize in effect that the Mystery of Golgotha has been fulfilled not only once—as an isolated event on Golgotha—but, in a figurative sense, a second time on the mighty panorama of history. When we study this period truly remarkable things are disclosed.

The Church of Rome has a tradition of continuity that is reflected in its Church history. This history describes the founding of Christianity, the early Church Fathers, the post-Nicene Fathers and the later Christian philosophers, and the formulation of the particular dogmas by Councils and infallible Popes and so on. History is seen as an unbroken chain, a uniform pattern of unchanging character. It is true that the early Church Fathers have been much criticized from certain angles. But on the whole people are afraid to reject them completely, for in that case the continuity would be broken. History proper begins with the Council of Constantinople in 869 of which I have already spoken. As I have said, history is represented as an unbroken chain, a continuous process. But if a radical gap is anywhere to be found in an apparently continuous process, then it is here. One can hardly imagine a greater contrast than the contrast between the spirit of the early Church Fathers and that of the post-Nicene Fathers and Conciliar decrees. There is a radical difference which is equally radically concealed because it is in the interest of the Church to conceal it. For this reason it has been possible to keep the faithful (today) in ignorance of what took place in the first centuries of the Christian era. Today, for example, there is no clear and reliable evidence, even from leading scholars, of how the Gnosis came to be suppressed. We are equally in the dark about the aims and intentions of such men as Clement of Alexandria, his pupil Origen and others,1Clement of Alexandria (301–232 B.C.) was head of the Catechetical School of Alexandria, a training school for catechumens. In the conflict between pistis (faith) and gnosis (knowledge) he favoured the latter and was close to the Gnostics in that he supported Platonism and the allegorical interpretation of the Scriptures. He believed in the idea of the “Disciplina Arcani”, the withholding of higher knowledge from those unfitted to receive it, which was common to all ancient Mystery teaching. Origen (A.D. 186–253) became head of the Catechetical School. Nurtured in neo-Platonism through the influence of Ammonius Saccus. Adjudged to be a heretic by the fifth Ecumenical Council. He accepted the theory of pre-existence, free will and the necessity of grace. He also used symbol and allegory in his exegesis. He wrote commentaries on nearly every work in scripture. His crowning work was Contra Celsum who attacked Christianity on moral and intellectual grounds. Book VI of Eusebius Ecclestical History is devoted to him. See also Appendix I in the perceptive commentary of A. P. Shepherd and Mildred Robertson Nicoll, in The Redemption of Thinking (Hodder & Stoughton). including Tertullian, because such fragmentary information as we possess is of doubtful provenance and is derived for the most part from writings of their opponents. For this reason, and because the most fantastic theories have been built on this fragmentary information, it is impossible to arrive at a reliable picture of the early Church Fathers.

In order to have a clear understanding of this problem we must turn our attention for a moment to the causes of this indefiniteness, to all that has happened so that the Mystery of Golgotha could take place a second time in history.

At the time of the Mystery of Golgotha the ancient pagan cults and Mysteries were widespread. And they were of such importance that a figure such as Julian the Apostate was initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries and a long succession of Roman emperors also received initiation, though of a peculiar kind. Furthermore, everything connected with the ancient pagan cults still survived. But these facts are usually dismissed today in a few words by contemporary historians. The events of that early period are portrayed in a very superficial manner; but this superficial portrayal may provide a sufficient justification in the eyes of many for speaking of a second Mystery of Golgotha. But people have not the slightest understanding of the inner meaning of those events.

From an external point of view one can say that in the early Christian centuries pagan temples, with their statues of a splendour and magnificence which are inconceivable today, were scattered over wide areas. These images (of the gods), even into their formalistic details, were a symbolic representation of all that had lived in the ancient Mysteries. Not only was there not a town or locality without abundant representations of symbolic art forms, but in the fields where peasants cultivated their crops were to be found isolated shrines, each with its statue of a God. And they never undertook agricultural work without first putting themselves in touch with those forces which, they believed, streamed down from the universe through the agency of the magic powers which resided in these images. The Roman emperors, with the support of bishops and priests, were concerned to destroy utterly these temples and shrines together with their images. We can follow this work of iconoclasm up to the time of the emperor Justinian in the sixth century. Countless edicts were promulgated ordering the ruthless destruction of these temples and shrines. During these centuries a wave of iconoclasm swept over the world that was unprecedented in the history of mankind; unprecedented because of the extent of the systematic destruction.2The systematic destruction of pagan temples began under Constantine. Out of expediency the emperors remained neutral in the conflict between Christian and pagan cults. But the Christian monks not only incited the populace to pillage, but were themselves the first to burn and pillage the temples and to ransack trophies, statues and anything of value. It was during the outburst of iconoclasm that the famous library in the temple of Serapis was destroyed in A.D. 391. Up to the time when St. Benedict with his own hands and the support of his workmen levelled the temple of Apollo on Monte Cassino in order to found a monastery dedicated to the service of the Benedictine Order on this site, and up to the time of the emperor Justinian, it was one of the foremost duties of the Roman emperors (who since Constantine had been converted to Christianity) to eradicate all traces of paganism. Edicts were promulgated whose apparent purpose was to arrest this work of destruction, but in reading them one receives a strange impression. One emperor, for example, issued an edict declaring that all the pagan temples should not be destroyed immediately for fear of inflaming the populace; the work of destruction should rather be carried out gradually, for the people would then accept it without demur.

All the terrible measures associated with this work of destruction are very often glossed over like so many other things. But this is a mistake. Whenever truth is in any way obscured, the path leading to Christ Jesus is also obscured and cannot be found. Since I have already spoken of this earnest love of truth, allow me to refer to a small incident which occurred in my early childhood and which I shall never forget. Such things are most revealing. Unless we wilfully blind ourselves we learn from the history of the Roman emperors that Constantine was not precisely a model of virtue, otherwise he would not have accused his own stepson, without any justification, of illicit relations with his own mother. The accusation was a pure fabrication in order to find a pretext for murder. Constantine first had his stepson murdered on this trumped-up charge and then the stepmother. These were simply routine acts with Constantine. Since however the Church was deeply indebted to him, official Church history is ashamed to portray him in his true colours. With your permission I should like to read a passage from my school text-book on the history of religion which refers to Constantine: “Constantine showed himself to be a true son of the Church even in his private life”—and I have already given you an example of this! “Though often reproached for his irascibility and ambition one must remember that faith is not a guarantee against every moral lapse and that Christianity could not manifest its redemptive power in him because, to the end of his life, he never partook of the Sacrament.” Now examples of this kind of whitewash are a commonplace. They demonstrate how seldom history displays a love of truth. And much the same applies to recent history. Here we find other distortions but we fail to detect them because other interests occupy our attention.

When we read the account of these Imperial edicts (relating to the destruction of the pagan temples) we are also informed that the Roman emperors expressly rejected animal sacrifice and similar practices which are alleged to have taken place in the temples. Now I do not intend to criticize or to gloss over anything, but simply to state the facts. But we must remember that “opposition to animal sacrifice” (from the entrails of which future events are said to have been predicted) was, in fact, a decadent form of sacrifice. It was not the trifling matter that history often suggests, but a profound science, different in character from that of today. The object of animal sacrifice—and it is difficult to speak of these practices today because we find them so revolting that we can only refer to them in general terms—was to stimulate powers which, at the time, could not be attained directly because the epoch of the old clairvoyance was past. Attempts were made within certain circles of the pagan priesthood to revive the old clairvoyant powers. This was one of the methods employed. A more satisfactory method of awakening this ancient atavistic clairvoyance in order to recapture the spirit of primeval times was to revive the particular form of sacrifice practised in the Mithras Mysteries and in the most spiritual form known to the Mysteries at that time. In the priestly Mysteries of Egypt and in Egyptian temples far more brutal and bloodthirsty practices were carried out. When we study the Mithras Mysteries by occult means we realize that they were a means to gain insight into the secrets of the forces operating in the universe through sacrificial rites that were totally different in character from what we understand by sacrificial rites today; in fact they yielded a far deeper insight into the secrets of nature than the modern practice of autopsy which only leads to a superficial knowledge. Those who performed these sacrificial rites in the correct way were able to perceive clairvoyantly certain forces which are present in the hidden depths of nature. And for this reason the real motives for these ritual sacrifices were kept secret and only those who were adequately prepared were permitted to have knowledge of them.

Now when we look into the origin of the Mithras Mysteries we find that they date back to the Third post-Atlantean epoch and so they were already decadent at the time of which we are speaking. In their purer form they were suited to the Third post-Atlantean epoch only. They had reached their high point in this epoch. Through the performance of particular rites they had the power, albeit in a mysterious and somewhat dangerous way, to penetrate deeply into the secrets of nature. The priest performed certain rites in the presence of the neophyte by which he was enabled to “decompound” natural substances (i.e. to resolve them into their constituent parts) in order thereby to arrive at an understanding of the processes of nature. Through the manner in which the fire and water in the organisms interacted on each other and through the manner in which they reacted upon the neophyte who took part in the sacrifice, a special path was opened up which enabled him to attain to a self-knowledge that reached down into the very fibres of his being and thereby arrive at an understanding of the universe.

By participating in these sacrificial rites man learned to see himself in a new light. But this knowledge made considerable allowance for man's weakness. Self-knowledge is extremely difficult to acquire, and these sacrificial rites were intended to facilitate such knowledge and enabled him to feel and experience his inner life more intensely than through intellectual or conceptual processes. He therefore strove for a self-knowledge that penetrated into his physical organism, a self-knowledge that can be seen in the souls of the great artists of antiquity, who, to a certain extent, owed their sense of form to an instinctive feeling for the forms and movements of nature which they experienced in their own organism. As we look back into the history of art, we find there was a time when the artist never dreamt of working from models; any suggestion of working from the model would have been unthinkable. We become increasingly aware that the artist portrayed his visual imaginations in concrete form. Visual imagination is virtually a thing of the past; we hardly dare mention it because words are inadequate to give any real indication of what we mean by it. It is incredible how much times have changed.

Now the Eleusinian Mysteries were a direct continuation of the Mithras Mysteries which were widely diffused at the time of the Mystery of Golgotha, but at the same time they represented a totally different aspect. Whilst the Mithras Mysteries emphasized the attainment of self-knowledge through the physical organism, the Eleusinian Mysteries were quite different from those of the Mithras Mysteries. In the latter the neophyte was thrust deeply into himself; in the Eleusinian Mysteries his soul was liberated from the body so that he could experience outside the body the hidden impulses of the creative activity of nature and the spirit. Now if we ask what man learned from these Mysteries—from the Mithras Mysteries which were already decadent and from the Eleusinian Mysteries that had reached their high point towards the fourth century B.C.—if we ask what benefit man derived from these Mysteries, then the answer is found in the well-known injunction of the Delphic oracle: “Know thyself”. Initiation was directed to the attainment of self-knowledge along two different paths: first, self-knowledge through being thrust inwards so that the astral and etheric bodies were “condensed”, so to speak, and through the impact of the psychic on the physical, man realized: “Now you perceive yourself for what you are; you have attained self-awareness.” Such was the legacy of the Mithras Mysteries. In the Eleusinian Mysteries, on the other hand, he attained to self-knowledge through the liberation of the soul from the body by means of various rites which cannot be described in detail here. The soul thus came in contact with the secret power of the Sun, with solar impulses irradiating the Earth, with the forces of the Moon impulse streaming into the Earth, with the forces of stellar impulses and the impulses of the individual elemental forces—the warmth, air and fire forces and so on. The external elements streamed through man's soul (which had been withdrawn from the body) and in this encounter with the external forces he attained self-knowledge. Those who were aware of the real meaning of the Mystery teachings knew that man could attain to all kinds of psychic experiences outside the body, but he was unable to grasp concretely the idea of the ego. Outside the Mysteries the idea of the ego was a purely abstract concept at that time. Man could experience other aspects of the psychic and spiritual life, but the ego had to be nurtured through Mystery training and needed a powerful stimulus. This was the aim of the Mysteries and was known to the initiates.

Now as you know, there occurred at this time a kind of fusion between evolving Christianity and the Roman empire. I have already described how this arose and how, because of this fusion, the Church was anxious to suppress, as far as possible, those rites I have just described to you, to efface all traces of the past and to conceal from posterity all knowledge of the Mystery practices which over the centuries had sought to bring man, whether in the body or outside the body, in touch with those spiritual forces which help him to develop his ego consciousness. If we wish to make a more detailed study of the evolution of Christianity we must consider not only the development of dogma, but especially the development of ancient cults from certain points of view; this is of far greater importance than the evolution of dogma. For dogmas are a source of controversy and like the phoenix they rise again from their own ashes. However much we may imagine they have been eradicated, there is always some crank who comes along and revives the old prejudices. Cults are far easier to eradicate. And these ancient cults which, in a certain sense, were the external signs and symbols of Mystery practices were suppressed, so that it would be impossible to discover from the survival of ancient rites the methods by which man sought to come in touch with divine-spiritual forces.

In order to get to the bottom of the matter we must take a look at the chief sacrament of the Church of Rome, the sacrifice of the Mass. What is the inner significance of the Catholic Mass? In reality, the Mass and all that is related to it, is a continuation and development of the Mithras Mysteries, blended to some extent with the Eleusinian Mysteries. The sacrifice of the Mass and many of the related ceremonies is simply a further development of the ancient cults. The original ritual has been somewhat transformed; the sanguinary character which the Mithras Mysteries had assumed has been modified. But we cannot fail to note many similarities in the spirit of these two cults, especially if we appreciate certain details. For example, before receiving the Host the priest as well as the communicant must fast for a certain period. This detail is more important for the understanding of the Mystery in question than many of the issues that were so fiercely debated in the Middle Ages. And if the priest, as may well happen, neglects the order to fast before celebrating the Eucharist, then the Communion loses its meaning and the effect it should have. Indeed its efficacy is largely lost because the communicants have not been properly instructed. It can be effective only if suitable instruction has been given to the communicant on what he should experience immediately after receiving the “unbloody sacrifice (sic) of His Body and Blood”. But you are no doubt aware of how little attention is paid to these subtleties nowadays, how little people realize that communion must be followed by an inward experience, that one should experience an inner intimation, a kind of modern renewal of that stimulation which the neophyte experienced in the Mithras Mysteries. This is what really lies behind the Christian cult. And ordination was an attempt by the Church to establish a kind of continuation of the ancient principle of Initiation. But she forgot in many cases that Initiation consisted in giving instruction in the way to respond to certain experiences.

Now Julian's avowed object was to discover how the Eleusinian Mysteries into which he had been initiated were related to the Mysteries of the Third post-Atlantean epoch. What could he learn from these Mysteries? On this subject history tells us little. If we were to embark upon a serious study of how men such as Clement of Alexandria, his pupil Origen, Tertullian and even Irenaeus,3Irenaeus, born in Asia, heard St. Polycarp in his youth. The date of his death is unknown. His chief work was Adversus Haereses, c.179, an attack upon the Gnostics and the principal heresies. to say nothing of the still earlier Fathers, derive in part from the pagan principle of initiation and came to Christianity in their own way, if we were to enter into the minds of these great souls, we should find that their concepts and ideas were informed by an inner vitality peculiar to them alone, that an entirely different spirit dwelt in them from that which was later reflected in the Church. If we wish to understand the Mystery of Golgotha we must catch something of the spirit of these early Fathers.

Now in relation to the great cultural manifestations men are fast asleep, and I mean this literally. They see the world as if in a dream and we can observe this at the present time. I have often spoken to you of Herman Grimm,4Herman Grimm (1828–1901), son of Wilhelm Grimm who with his brother Jacob collected and edited the Nursery and Household Tales. Herman was an art historian who wrote works on Goethe, Dante, Shakespeare, Raphael and Michelangelo. and I must confess that when I speak of him today I am a different person from the person who spoke of him some four or five years ago. After nearly three years of War the decades before the War and the years immediately preceding the War seem like a golden age. All that has happened in those years seems centuries ago. Things have changed so much that one has the feeling that time has been infinitely prolonged. And in like manner the most important things pass unnoticed because mankind is asleep to them.

If today we try to grasp the ideas of ancient writers with the ordinary method of understanding—conventional academic teachers of course understand everything that has been transmitted to posterity—but if one is not one of these enlightened mortals, one may come to the conclusion that it is impossible to understand ancient Greek philosophers unless one has recourse to occult knowledge. They speak a different language; the language in which they communicate their ideas is different from that of normal communication. And this applies to Plato. Hebbel 5Hebbel (1813–63), poet and dramatist. Tragedy, according to Hebbel arises out of conflict. Innovators, leaders of new movements, men of original mind, representatives of new principles, though they may lead to the amelioration of society, are doomed to destruction. This was the tragedy of Christ. The first and last representative of a movement, he declared, is either tragic or comic. was aware of this and in his diary he sketched the outline of a dramatic composition which depicted the reincarnated Plato as a Grammar School pupil who had read Plato with his master, but was unable to cope with Plato although he himself was the reincarnation of the philosopher. Hebbel wanted to dramatize this idea but never carried it out. Hebbel, therefore, felt that even Plato could not readily be understood; one needed further preparation. Understanding in the sense of the accurate grasping of ideas first began with Aristotle in the fourth century B.C. Philosophy before Aristotle is incomprehensible by normal human standards. This explains the many commentaries on Aristotle for, whilst on the one hand he is perfectly intelligible, on the other hand in the formation of certain concepts we have not advanced beyond Aristotle because in this respect he belongs to his age. It is impossible to adopt the thought-forms of another epoch; that is tantamount to asking a man of fifty-six to become twenty-six again in order to relive for a quarter of an hour his experiences as a man of twenty-six. A certain mode of thinking is only valid for a particular epoch and the peculiarity attaching to the thinking of a particular epoch is merely repeated time and time again. It is interesting to note how Aristotle dominated the thinking of the Middle Ages and how his philosophy was revived again by Franz Brentano 6Franz Brentano (1838–1917). An Austrian philosopher, ordained 1864, but was unable to accept the doctrine of papal infallibility and relinquished his clerical status. Professor of Philosophy in Wurzburg 1872 and taught at the University of Vienna 1874–95. Aristoteles and seine Weltanschauung (1911) was a re-assessment of Aristotelian philosophy. Brentano attempted to revise Aristotle's logic and psychology from the standpoint of empiricism. Brentano believed in the existence of a personal and immortal soul. (See D. Kraus, Franz Brentano, 1919, and H. O. Eaton, The Austrian Philosophy of Values, 1930.) and precisely at this moment of time. In 1911 Brentano wrote an excellent book on Aristotle in which he elaborated those ideas and concepts that he wished to bring to the attention of our present epoch. It is a curious symptom of the Karma of our age that Brentano should have written at this precise moment of time a comprehensive study of Aristotle which should be read by all who value a certain kind of thinking. And let me add in addition that the book is eminently readable.

Now it was the fate of Aristotle's writings to have been mutilated, not by Christianity, but by the Church (though not directly), so that essential parts of his work are missing. Consequently these lacunae must be supplemented by occult means. The most important omissions refer to the human soul. And, in connection with Aristotle, I now come to the question posed by all today: how can I find, by means of inner soul-experiences, a sure way to open myself to the Mystery of Golgotha? How can I direct towards this end the practice of meditation described in my writings, Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and elsewhere? To a certain extent Aristotle attempted on his own initiative to awaken within himself the inner experiences which those who pose this question must attempt to undertake. But, according to the commentators, whenever Aristotle is on the point of describing his method of meditation, he breaks off and is silent. It is not that he did not describe his technique, but that the later transcripts failed to record it, so that it was never transmitted to posterity. Aristotle had already embarked upon a specific path, the path of mysticism. He strove to find within his soul that which gives certainty of the soul's immortality.

Now if a man honestly and sincerely practises meditation for a time he will unquestionably attain the inner experience of the immortality of the soul because he opens the doors to the immortal within him. Aristotle never doubted for a moment that it is possible to experience within ourselves something which proclaims: I now feel something within me that is independent of the body and which is unrelated to the death of the body. But he goes even further. He strove to develop this deep inner experience which we know (when we become conscious of it) is connected with the body. He experienced quite definitely—but the passage has been mutilated or bowdlerized—that inner solitude which must be felt by all who wish to arrive at an understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha. Mystical experience inevitably leads to solitude. And when this feeling of solitude overwhelms us we ask: “What have I forsaken that I have become so lonely?”, we shall be obliged to answer: “I have forsaken father, mother, brothers, sisters, I have forsworn the vanities of the world. I am emotionally detached from them.” Aristotle was aware of this. This inner experience can be felt by everyone, it can be systematically developed. In this feeling of solitude we come to realize that we have something within us that transcends death, something that pertains to the ego alone and is unrelated to the external world. Aristotle, too, realized that our contact with the external world is mediated through the physical organs. It is possible for man to experience himself in other ways, but the organs of the body are indispensable in order to experience the external world. Hence the feeling of solitude that overtakes us. And Aristotle realized, as everyone who follows in his steps must realize, that he had experienced his immortal soul which death cannot destroy. He was no longer attached to the finite and transient. “I am henceforth alone with myself” he said, “but my idea of immortality is limited; I realize that after death I shall know utter solitude, that through all eternity I shall be faced with the good and evil deeds that I have perpetrated in life and these will always be before my eyes, and this is all I can attain by my own efforts. If I wish to gain a deeper insight into the spiritual world I cannot rely on my own efforts alone; either I must receive Initiation or be instructed by Initiates.”

All this could be found in Aristotle's writings, but his successors were forbidden to transmit the knowledge. And because Aristotle anticipated this possibility he was regarded to a certain extent as a kind of prophet; he became the prophet of that which was not possible in his day, and which is different today from what it was in Aristotle's time. There is no need to appeal to history; we know from personal experience that times have changed.

Now let us turn our attention once again to this feeling of total solitude which assails us today, to this mystical experience which is completely different from the mystical experiences usually described. People often speak of them complacently and say: “God is experienced within myself.” That is not, however, the full mystical experience. In full mystical experience we experience God in total and utter solitude. Alone in the presence of God man experiences himself. And then he must find the necessary strength and perseverance to continue in this state of isolation. For this experience of solitude is a potent force! If we do not allow ourselves to be oppressed by solitude, but allow it to become an active force in us, then we meet with a further experience—these things of course can only be described, but everyone can experience them—we have the firm conviction that the solitude we suffer is self-created, that we have brought it upon ourselves. We create our gods in our own image. This solitude is not born with us, it is created by us, we ourselves are responsible for it. This is the second experience.

And this second experience leads to the feeling that we share direct responsibility for the death of that which is born of God. When man has suffered the dark night of the soul for a sufficient length of time the divine element in him has been slain by the all-too-human. This has not always been the case, otherwise evolution would have been impossible. There must have been a time when this feeling did not exist. At this moment man begins to feel that he shares responsibility for the death of the divine within him. If time permitted I could explain more fully the meaning of the slaying of the “Son of God”. Remember that mystical experience is not a vague, indefinite, isolated experience; it unfolds progressively; we ourselves experience the death of the Christ.

And when this experience has become a powerful force in us, then (I can express it in no other way) the Christ, the Risen Lord is born in us. For the Risen Lord, He who has suffered death, is first felt as an inner mystical experience and the reason for His death is experienced in the manner already described.

There are three degrees of mystical experience. To find the path leading to the sources of the Mystery of Golgotha is of itself not enough; something more must be added, something that has been grotesquely misrepresented, even concealed, at the present time. The only person who forcefully pointed out what had been concealed from mankind by the nineteenth century was Friedrich Nietzsche in his book On the Uses and Abuses of History. Nothing is more calculated to destroy our understanding of Christ than what is called history today. And the Mystery of Golgotha has never been more thoroughly misrepresented than by the objective historians of the nineteenth century. I am aware that anyone who criticizes the objective history of today is regarded as a fool. I have no wish to denigrate the painstaking philological and scholarly achievements of historical research, but however scholarly or however exact this history may be, it is a spiritual desert. It has no understanding of the things that are of vital importance to the life of man and to mankind as a whole. They are a closed book to modern history.

Perhaps I may be permitted to speak from personal experience in this field, for these things have personal associations. Since my nineteenth year I have been continually occupied with the study of Goethe but I have never been tempted to write a factual history of his life or even portray him in the academic sense, for the simple reason that from the very first I felt that what mattered most was that Goethe was still a living force. The physical man Goethe who was born in 1749 and died in 1832, is not important; what is important is that after his death his spirit is still alive amongst us today, not only in the Goethe literature (which is not particularly enlightened), but in the very air we breathe.

This spiritual atmosphere that surrounds us today did not as yet exist in the men of antiquity. The etheric body, as you know, is separated from the soul after death as a kind of second corpse, but, through the Christ Impulse that informs us since the Mystery of Golgotha, the etheric body is now preserved to some extent; it is not completely dissolved. If we believe—and I use the word belief in the sense which I defined in an earlier lecture—that Goethe is “risen” in an etheric body and if we begin to meditate upon him, then his concepts and ideas become alive in us, and we describe him not as he was, but as he is today. The idea of resurrection has then become a living reality and we believe in the resurrection. We can then say that we believe not only in ideas that belong to the past, but also in the living continuity of ideas. This is connected with a profound mystery of modern times. No matter what we may think, so long as we are imprisoned in the physical body our thoughts cannot manifest in the right way. (This does not apply to our feeling and will, but only to our thoughts and representations.) Great as Goethe was, his ideas were greater than he. That they were unable to rise to greater heights was due to the limitations of his physical body. The moment they were liberated from these limitations of the body and could be developed by someone who has sympathy and understanding for them, they are transformed and acquire new life. (I am referring here to the thoughts which persist to some extent in his etheric body, not to his feeling and will.) Remember that the form in which ideas first arise in us is not their final form. Believe therefore in the resurrection of ideas! Believe this so firmly that you willingly seek union with your forefathers—not with your forefathers to whom you are linked through ties of blood, but with your spiritual forefathers—and that you will ultimately find them. They need not be Goethes, they might equally well be a Smith or a Brown. Try to fulfil the injunction of Christ: do not cling to ties of consanguinity, but seek rather a spiritual relationship. Then the thought of resurrection becomes a living reality in your life and you will believe in resurrection. It is not a question of invoking incessantly the name of the Lord; what matters is that we grasp the living spirit of Christianity, that we hold fast to the vitally important idea of resurrection as a living force. And he who in this way draws support for his inner life from the past, learns that the past lives on in us, we experience in ourselves the continuity of the past. And then—it is only a question of time—the moment arrives when we are aware of the presence of the Christ. Everything depends upon our firm faith in the Risen Christ and in the idea of resurrection, so that we can now say: “We are surrounded by a world of spirit and the resurrection has become a reality within us.”

You may object, however, that this is pure hypothesis. So be it. Once you have had the experience of having been in touch with the thoughts of someone who has died, whose physical body has been committed to the Earth and whose thoughts live on in you, then a time comes when you say: “The thoughts that have newly arisen in me I owe to Christ; they could never have become so vitally alive but for the incarnation of Christ.”

There is an inward path to the Mystery of Golgotha; but one must first abandon so-called “objective” history which in reality is entirely subjective because it deals with surface phenomena and ignores the spirit. Many Goethe biographies have been written which set out to portray Goethe's life with maximum fidelity. In every case the authors, of necessity, stifle something in themselves. For Goethe's way of thinking has been transformed and lives on in a different form. It is important that we should grasp Christianity in the same spirit.

In short, it is possible to have a mystical experience of the Mystery of Golgotha—mystical in the true sense of the word. One must not be content with abstractions, one must be prepared to suffer through the inner experiences I have already described. And if the question is raised: how can I draw near to Christ? (it must be understood that we are referring to the Risen Christ), if we have the patience and necessary perseverance to follow the path indicated, we can be sure of finding the Christ at the right moment. But when we find Him, we must be careful not to overlook what is most important.

I said in an earlier lecture that Aristotle was a prophet and that Julian the Apostate inherited something of the same prophetic gift. Owing to the form which the Eleusinian Mysteries had assumed at that time, he could not discover their true meaning; he hoped to find the answer in the Mithras Mysteries. It was for this reason that Julian embarked on his Persian campaign. He wished to discover the continuity in the Mystery teachings, to find the connection between them. And because this was not permitted he was assassinated.

Now the early Church Fathers sought to experience the Christ after the fashion of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Whether we call them Gnostics or not—the true Gnostics were rejected by the Church, though Clement of Alexandria could justifiably be called a Gnostic—they had a totally different relation to Christ than later times. They sought to approach Him through the Eleusinian Mysteries and accepted Him as a Cosmic Being. They repeatedly raised the question: How does the Logos operate purely in the spiritual world? What is the true nature of the Being whom man encounters in Paradise? What is his relation to the Logos? Such were the questions which occupied the minds of the Gnostics’, questions that can only be answered by those who are familiar with the world of spiritual ideas. When we study the Eleusinian Mysteries (that were extirpated root and branch), it is evident that in the first centuries after the Mystery of Golgotha the Risen Christ was Himself present in the Mysteries in order to reform them. And we can truly say that Julian the Apostate had a deeper understanding of Christianity than Constantine. In the first place, Constantine had not been initiated and had only accepted Christianity in a superficial way. But Julian felt intuitively that Christ could only be found in the Mysteries. It was through Initiation that we must find the Christ; He would endow us with the ego which could not be granted us at that time because we were not ready to receive it.

It was a historical necessity that these Mysteries should be destroyed because they did not lead to the Christ. We today must find access to Hellenism once again, but without the aid of documents. Hellenism must be revived, not of course in its original form, otherwise it becomes the travesty that can be seen in the aping of the Olympiad, for example. It is not a question of aping Hellenism; I am not suggesting any such thing. Hellenism must be renewed from within and unquestionably will be renewed. We must find the path to the Mysteries once again, but within ourselves, and then we shall also find the path to the Christ.

Just as Christ was crucified for the first time on Golgotha, so He was crucified a second time through Constantinism. By suppressing the Mysteries, Christ, as a historical reality, was crucified a second time. For those acts of vandalism which lasted for centuries destroyed not only priceless treasures of art, but destroyed also man's experience of the spiritual world, the most important experience he could have. People had no understanding of what had been destroyed by this vandalism, because they had lost all sense of values. When the temples of Jupiter and Serapis were demolished together with their statues the mob applauded. “It is right to destroy them,” they said, “for it has been foretold that when the temple of Serapis is destroyed, then the Heavens will fall and the Earth will be plunged in chaos. The Heavens however have not fallen, nor has the world collapsed in chaos despite the fact that the Roman Christians have levelled the temple to the ground.” It is true that outwardly the stars have not fallen, nor has the Earth been plunged in chaos. But all that man had formerly known through the experience of the Sun initiation was extinguished. That majestic wisdom, more grandiose than the firmament of ancient astronomy, collapsed along with the ruins of the temple of Serapis. And this ancient wisdom, the last traces of which Julian still found in the Mysteries of Eleusis, where the spiritual Sun and the spiritual Moon had been revealed to him, this wisdom was lost forever. All that the men of ancient times experienced in the Mithras Mysteries and Egyptian Mysteries when, through sacrificial worship, they relived inwardly the mysteries of the Moon and the Earth as they are enacted in man himself when he came to self-knowledge through the “inner compression” of his soul—all this has collapsed in chaos. Spiritually, however, the Heavens had fallen and the Earth was plunged in chaos; for what was lost in the course of those centuries is comparable to the loss that we should suffer if we were suddenly bereft of our senses, when we would know neither the Heavens above nor the Earth beneath our feet. The loss of the ancient world is not the trivial episode recorded in history, but has far deeper implications. We must believe in the resurrection even if we are unwilling to believe that what has disappeared is lost for ever. This demands that we should be resolute in thought and have the courage of our convictions. We realize the imperative need today for the Christ Impulse to which I have so often referred in these lectures.

Through karmic necessity (a necessity from a certain standpoint only) man has for centuries been destined to live a life that was empty and purposeless, to live in a spiritual vacuum, so that through a strong inner urge for freedom he could find the Christ again and in the right way. But he must first rid himself of that self-complacency from which he so often suffers at the present time.

Sometimes this self-complacency assumes most remarkable forms. In the eighties, a Benedictine father, Knauer, gave a course of lectures in Vienna on the Stoics. I should like to read you a passage from one of these lectures. The leading representatives of the Stoic school of philosophy were Zeno (342-270), Cleanthes (331-232) and Chrysippus (282-209); the school therefore flourished several centuries before the Mystery of Golgotha. This is what Knauer says:

“In conclusion I should like to say in defence of the Stoics that they strove for a league of nations, embracing the whole of mankind, which would end war and racial hatred. I need hardly say that in this respect the Stoics rose superior to the often inhuman prejudices of their time—and even of later generations.”

A league of nations! I had to read the lecture again. Could it be that my ears had deceived me when I heard Woodrow Wilson and other statesmen talking of a league of nations? For here was the voice of the Stoics, but they said it far better because they had the power of the Mysteries behind them. The inner power which inspired their discourses is now lost, leaving but the shell behind. Only those historians who stand a little apart from the normal species of historian can sometimes see historical events in a new and different light.

And Knauer continued—I withdraw nothing of what I said recently about Immanuel Kant; but it is none the less remarkable that a capable philosopher such as Knauer should have said the following about the Stoa in the eighties:

“Amongst the more recent philosophers”—he is referring to the league of nations idea of the Stoa—“no less a person than Kant has revived this idea and declared it to be a feasible proposition in his treatise ‘On Perpetual Peace. A philosophical outline’, a work that has not received the recognition it deserves. The fundamental idea of Kant is both sound and practicable. He shows that eternal peace must become a reality when the ‘Great Powers’ introduce a genuinely representative system.” In Kant this idea is considerably emasculated, but today it has been still more emasculated so that it is a shadow of its former self. And this nebulous conception is now graced with the name “the new orientation”. And Knauer continues: “Under such a system the wealthy and propertied classes and the professional classes who are the chief victims of war will have the right to decide issues of war and peace. Our constitutions which are modelled on that of England are not genuine representative systems in Kant's opinion. They are dominated by party prejudice and sectional interests which are promoted by an electoral system that is based for the most part on statistical calculations and the counting of heads. The crux of Kant's argument is this: international law must be based upon a federation of independent States which have wide powers of autonomy.”

Is this the voice of Kant or the voice of the “new orientation”? Kant argues his case more vigorously, it is more firmly grounded. I do not propose to read you what follows, otherwise the worthy Kant would incur the displeasure of the censor.

What I have been discussing was the subject of a book by the American author Brook Adams,7Brooks Adams (1848–1927), also wrote The Dream and the Reality, 1917. Predicted that by the mid-twentieth century the two great Powers in the world would be America and Russia. American prosperity would contribute to the decay of American democracy because great wealth exercises power without responsibility. The Law of Civilisation and Decay, a study of the importance of evolutionary theory in human history. Brook Adams tried to account for the continual revival of old institutions and forms of life by certain peoples, for example, the revival of the Roman empire by the Teutonic peoples. Surveying the present epoch he finds many nations who have affinity with the Roman empire, but no indications of the peoples who will renew it—certainly not the American people, and in this he was perfectly right. This regenerative power will not come from without; it must come from within through the quickening of the spirit. It must spring from the soul and will only be possible when we grasp the Christ Impulse in all its living power. All these empty phrases one hears on every hand apply to the past and not to the present or future. All this empty talk with its everlasting refrain: “Yes, the old proverb is true: ‘Minerva's owl can only spread her wings in the twilight’ was valid for ancient times.” And to this we reply: “When nations had grown old they established schools of philosophy; they looked back in spirit to what they owed to instinct. Things will be different in the future, for this instinct will no longer exist. The spirit itself must become instinct and from out of the spirit new creative possibilities must arise.”

Reflect upon these words for they are of momentous importance: out of the spirit new creative possibilities will arise! The power of the spirit must work unconsciously within you. And this depends upon the idea of resurrection. That which has been crucified must arise again. This will not come to pass by passively waiting on events, but by quickening the spiritual forces within us, by quickening the creative power of the spirit itself.

This is what I wished to say on the subject of the Mystery of Golgotha at this particular juncture of time.

Fünfzehnter Vortrag

Aus den Betrachtungen dieser letzten Vorträge konnten Sie entnehmen, daß es schon für die Gegenwart, insbesondere aber für die Zukunft der Menschheit von ganz besonderer Wichtigkeit sein wird, ein Verständnis dafür zu haben, daß der Christus Jesus und alles, was mit ihm zusammenhängt als das Mysterium von Golgatha, nicht angewiesen sei auf eine solche äußere Betrachtung, wie man sie als geschichtliche Betrachtung heute in der äußeren Wissenschaft gelten läßt; daß vielmehr der Menschheit andere Quellen sich eröffnen müssen für die Überzeugung, die Bewahrheitung, die Erkenntnis des Christus und des Mysteriums von Golgatha, als die geschichtliche Betrachtung im heutigen Sinne an Quellen bieten kann, selbst wenn diese Quellen die Evangelien sind. Ich habe es ja öfter erwähnt, und jeder, der sich mit der einschlägigen Literatur bekannt macht, kann das bei sich selber bewahrheiten: Gerade die fleißigste, emsigste, sorgfältigste Forschung des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts hat sich auf die Evangelien-Kritik, auf die Evangelien-Untersuchung verlegt; und man kann sagen, daß, jetzt rein als äußerliche historische Erscheinung genommen, diese Evangelienkritik im Grunde genommen ein negatives Resultat ergeben hat, eigentlich eher zerstörend, auflösend, vernichtend für die Idee des Mysteriums von Golgatha geworden ist, denn bejahend, begründend, erweisend. Wir wissen ja, daß eine große Anzahl von Menschen heute, nicht aus Widerspruchsgeist heraus, sondern weil sie glaubt, nicht anders zu können, auf Grund der historischen Forschung zu dem Resultat sich entschlossen hat, anzuerkennen, daß man keine Berechtigung habe, in rein geschichtlicher Weise zu sagen, man könne das Dasein des Christus Jesus im Beginne unserer Zeitrechnung erweisen. Man kann es allerdings auch nicht widerlegen, aber das will ja natürlich nichts Besonderes besagen.

Nun werden wir uns der Frage, wie es möglich ist, andere Quellen ausfindig zu machen für die Erkenntnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha als die geschichtlichen, wir werden uns dem Verständnis dieser Frage nähern, wenn wir noch einiges okkult Geschichtliche in der Art voraussenden, wie das war, was wir in den letzten Betrachtungen hier angeführt haben.

Wenn man die ersten Jahrhunderte der Entwickelung des Christentums verfolgt und beachtet, daß eigentlich diese Entwickelung kaum anders zugänglich ist als dadurch, daß man die rein geschichtliche Betrachtung vertieft durch die geisteswissenschaftliche, wenn man das in Betracht zieht und also, ich möchte sagen, zunächst hypothetisch die geisteswissenschaftliche Betrachtung dieses Zeitraumes gelten läßt, dann bietet sich ein sehr merkwürdiges Bild dar. Denn man möchte, wenn man so den Blick schweifen läßt über diese Entwickelung der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte, eigentlich sagen, das Mysterium von Golgatha habe sich nicht bloß einmal vollzogen, individuell, gewissermaßen eben auf Golgatha, sondern es habe sich auch noch in einer Art übertragenem Sinne im großen geschichtlichen Zusammenhang ein zweites Mal vollzogen. Es gibt ja unendlich viel Merkwürdiges, wenn man eben diesen geschichtlichen Zeitraum betrachtet.

Nicht wahr, es gibt heute, sagen wir, weil diese ja eine fortlaufende Tradition hat, eine katholische Kirchengeschichte, welche zunächst von der Begründung des Christentums redet, von den ersten Kirchenvätern und Kirchenlehrern der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte, dann von den Kirchenlehrern und Kirchenphilosophen der folgenden Jahrhunderte, von den einzelnen Dogmenfestsetzungen der Konzilien und der unfehlbaren Päpste und so weiter. Da wird gewissermaßen eine Art geschichtlicher Faden verfolgt, den man so darstellt, als ob die Geschichte so in einem fortginge mit demselben Charakter. Man kritisiert zwar viel herum an den älteren Kirchenvätern, aber im ganzen getraut man sich doch nicht, sie vollständig abzulehnen, weil man dann ja den kontinuierlichen Fortlauf unterbrechen würde; man will geradezu an das Konzil von Konstantinopel — von dem ich Ihnen schon erzählt habe - im Jahre 869 anknüpfen. Ja, wie gesagt, man stellt das so dar, als ob das eine fortlaufende Geschichte wäre. Aber, wenn irgendwo in einem scheinbar fortlaufenden Prozeß ein radikaler Sprung vorliegt, so ist es in dieser scheinbar fortlaufenden Geschichte. Man kann sich, wenn man auf den Geist der Sache eingeht, kaum einen größeren Gegensatz denken, als der ist, der da waltet zwischen dem Geiste der ersten christlichen Kirchenlehrer und der späteren christlichen Kirchenlehrer und Konzilienbeschlüsse. Da ist ein ungeheurer, radikaler Unterschied, der nur, weil dazu gewisse Interessen vorliegen, auch ebenso radikal fortwährend verwischt wird. Und dadurch ist es möglich, daß die Seelen der Gegenwart gewissermaßen in Unwissenheit gehalten werden können gerade über die ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte und über das, was da eigentlich geschehen ist. Wie zum Beispiel dasjenige, was man gewöhnlich die Gnosis nennt, ausgerottet worden ist, darüber existiert ja heute kaum eine irgendwie haltbare Vorstellung, auch bei den gelehrtesten Leuten nicht. Darüber, was solche Geister wie Klemens der Alexandriner, Origenes, sein Schüler und andere, selbst ein Tertullian, gewollt haben, darüber existiert ebenso große Unklarheit, weil man aus den Fragmenten, die da sind, zum großen Teil so da sind, daß man nur die Schriften besitzt derjenigen, die diese Geister widerlegt haben, wenigstens zum großen Teil, weil man dadurch, man kann schon sagen, ein würdiges Bild gerade dieser ersten christlichen Kirchenväter und Kirchenlehrer gar nicht erhalten kann, und weil auf das Fragmentarische, das da ist, die phantastischsten Theorien aufgebaut werden.

Wenn man Klarheit in dieser Sache gewinnen will, dann muß man schon ein wenig blicken auf die Gründe dieser Unklarheit, das ist aber: auf alles dasjenige, was geschehen ist, um, ich möchte sagen, das Mysterium von Golgatha ein zweites Mal in der Geschichte, um es noch einmal zu haben.

Als das Mysterium von Golgatha sich vollzogen hatte, waren ja noch im weitesten Umfange die alten heidnischen Kulte, die alten heidnischen Mysterien vorhanden. Sie waren in dem Grade vorhanden, daß wir eine Gestalt hervorgehen sehen wie Julian den Apostaten, von dem wir das letztemal gesprochen haben, der in die eleusinischen Mysterien eingeweiht war. Sie waren in dem Grade vorhanden, daß, obwohl auf eine eigentümliche Art, eine lange Reihe der römischen Cäsaren eine Art von Initiation erhalten hatten. Aber außerdem waren vorhanden alle die Dinge, welche zusammenhängen mit dem alten heidnischen Kultus. Und diese Dinge, die werden heute gewöhnlich mit ein paar Worten in einer geschichtlich höchst ungehörigen Weise abgetan. Es wird erzählt einfach in der alleräußerlichsten Weise, was geschehen ist. Nun, was da in der alleräußerlichsten Weise geschehen ist, das kann ja für manchen schon genügend sein, um gewissermaßen von einem zweiten Mysterium von Golgatha zu sprechen. Aber man kennt eben ganz und gar nicht das Innere dessen, was da geschehen ist.

Wenn man sich die Äußerlichkeiten ansieht, so muß man sagen: In weitestem Umfange waren in den ersten Jahrhunderten des Christentums eine ungeheure Pracht und Herrlichkeit, von der man heute gar keine Vorstellung hat, eine ungeheure Pracht und Herrlichkeit aller möglichen heidnischen Tempel mit ihren Götterbildern vorhanden; mit Götterbildern, die bis in die Einzelheiten ihrer Gestaltung hinein eine künstlerische Wiedergabe desjenigen waren, was in den alten Mysterien gelebt hat. Nicht nur, daß keine Stadt und keine Landschaft war, welche nicht in diesen alten Zeiten in Hülle und Fülle Künstlerisch-Mystisches hatte, sondern auf den Äckern draußen, wo die Bauern ihr Getreide anbauten, da standen die einzelnen kleinen Tempel, ein jeder mit seinem Götterbild. Und man vollzog keine Landarbeit, ohne sie in lebendige Beziehung zu bringen zu jenen Kräften, die aus dem Weltenall herunterfließend gedacht wurden mit Hilfe der magischen Gewalten, die in der besonderen Ausgestaltung dieser Götterbilder lagen. Die römischen Cäsaren in Verbindung mit den Bischöfen und Priestern haben es sich nun in diesen Jahrhunderten angelegen sein lassen — und wir können das verfolgen bis zum Kaiser Justinianus, also bis ins sechste Jahrhundert hinein, wir können fast von jedem der Cäsaren Edikt über Edikt nachweisen, die alle dahin gingen, daß diese Cäsaren es sich haben in der schärfsten Weise angelegen sein lassen, alle diese Tempel und Tempelchen mit ihren Bildern von Grund aus zu zerstören. Ein ungeheures Zerstörungswerk ging in diesen Jahrhunderten über die Welt, ein Zerstörungswerk, das wiederum einzig dasteht in der ganzen Entwickelung der Menschheit; einzig dasteht aus dem Grunde, weil man sehen muß auf dasjenige, was zerstört worden ist. Bis hinein in die Zeit, wo der heilige Benediktus selbst eigenhändig mit seinen Arbeitern in Monte Cassino auf dem Berge den Apollo-Tempel abgetragen hat, der Erde gleichgemacht hat, um das Kloster, das dem BenediktinerOrden geweiht wurde, da zu begründen, und bis hinein in die Zeit des Kaisers Justinianus gehört es zu den wichtigsten Aufgaben des römischen Cäsarentums, das sich dann seit Konstantin insbesondere das Christentum angeeignet hat, dasjenige, was da geblieben war aus alten Zeiten, zu zerstören. Es gibt auch Edikte, welche scheinbar der Zerstörungsarbeit Einhalt tun sollen. Aber wenn man diese Edikte liest, so bekommt man einen sonderbaren Eindruck. Da gibt es zum Beispiel ein Edikt eines solchen Cäsaren, welches dahin geht, man solle nicht auf einmal alle heidnischen "Tempel zerstören, das würde die Bevölkerung aufrührerisch machen; man solle vielmehr die Sache ganz langsam vollziehen, da würde die Bevölkerung nicht aufrührerisch werden, sondern sie ließe sich das gefallen, wenn man es ihr nach und nach nähme.

Alle die Maßregeln furchtbarster Art, die mit diesem Zerstörungswerk verbunden waren, sie werden ja sehr häufig, wie so vieles, beschönigt. Das sollte aber nicht geschehen. Denn da, wo die Wahrheit in irgendeiner Weise getrübt wird, da ist der Zugang zu dem Christus Jesus auch durchaus getrübt, da kann er nicht gefunden werden. Und in bezug auf die ernste Wahrheitsliebe kann man ja ganz besondere Entdeckungen machen, meine lieben Freunde. Ein kleines Symptom lassen Sie mich anführen, das ich aus dem Grunde anführe, weil ich es in verhältnismäßig früher Kindheit erlebt habe, das mir dazumal aufgefallen ist. Man kann aber solch ein Ding nicht wieder im Leben vergessen. Nicht wahr, wenn man nicht gerade die Ohren verstopft hat, so hört man in der römischen Cäsaren-Geschichte, daß jener Konstantinus, von dem wir ja auch gesprochen haben, nicht gerade ein sehr guter Mensch war. Denn ein sehr guter Mensch ist im allgemeinen derjenige nicht, der ungerechtfertigterweise seinen eigenen Stiefsohn beschuldigt hat, mit seiner Mutter ein Verhältnis zu haben - es war ungerecht, es war erfunden, um einen Mordgrund zu haben -, der seinen Stiefsohn ermorden ließ aus diesem erfundenen Grunde, dann aber die Mutter auch ermorden ließ, die Stiefmutter. Das sind nur so die gangbarsten Taten dieses Konstantinus. Da aber doch die äußere Kirche ihm außerordentlich viel zu verdanken hat, schämt sich die äußere Kirchengeschichte, diesen Konstantinus in der richtigen Weise zu charakterisieren. Und da möchte ich Ihnen doch eine Stelle aus meinem Schulbuch der Religionsgeschichte vorlesen über jenen Konstantinus:

«Konstantin zeigte seine gläubige Gesinnung auch in seinem Privatleben.» - Ich habe Ihnen eben erzählt, wie! — «Wenn man ihm Herrschsucht und Zornmütigkeit vorwirft, so ist zu bedenken, daß der Glaube nicht vor jedem Fehltritte bewahrt, und daß das Christentum seine volle heiligende Kraft an ihm nicht erweisen konnte, weil er bis an sein Lebensende außer der Teilnahme an den heiligen Sakramenten blieb.»

Aber solche Dinge können Sie ungeheuer viele erleben, und Sie können daran studieren den Grad von Wahrheitsliebe, der in der Geschichte sehr häufig vorhanden ist. In bezug auf die neuere Geschichte ist die Sache nicht viel besser, nur berührt sie da andere Gesichtspunkte, und man merkt es nicht so leicht, weil da wieder andere Interessen vorliegen.

Nun, wenn diese Edikte besprochen werden, wird auch erwähnt, daß man sich namentlich wandte von seiten der römischen Cäsaren gegen die blutigen Opfer, die Tieropfer, welche in solchen Tempeln dargebracht worden sein sollen, und dergleichen mehr. Nun soll hier weder Kritik geübt werden, noch irgend etwas beschönigt werden, sondern die Dinge sollen einfach erzählt werden. Dasjenige, was nämlich notwendig ist zu wissen, das ist dieses: Was man da nennt «Bekämpfung der Tieropfer», aus deren Eingeweiden, so wie gesagt wird, man allerlei Zukünfte voraussagte, das war allerdings eine dekadente Art des Opfers, aber es war nicht jenes Triviale, was sehr häufig in der Geschichte gemeint ist, wenn man von diesen Dingen redet, sondern es war — aber nur auf eine andere Art, als es heute geschieht — eine tiefsinnige Wissenschaft. Was man durch die Tieropfer erreichen wollte, das war: Man wollte durch die Verrichtung der Tieropfer - es ist schwierig, über diese Dinge heute zu sprechen, weil es sehr anstößig gefunden wird, man kann nur im allgemeinen charakterisieren —, man wollte in diesen Tieropfern Anregung haben für etwas, was man in dieser Zeit nicht mehr direkt haben konnte, weil die Zeit des alten atavistischen Hellsehens vorbei war; man wollte in diesen Tieropfern Anregung haben innerhalb gewisser Kreise der Priester, innerhalb der heidnischen Priesterkreise, wieder zu beleben — es war das eine Art Mittel - die alten hellsichtigen Kräfte. Und namentlich wurde noch in einer besseren Art dieser Versuch gepflegt, durch die besondere Form des Opfers wieder zu beleben die alte hellsichtige Kraft, um zu den Urzeiten zu kommen, in den Mithras-Mysterien, und zwar da, ich möchte sagen, auf die geistigste Art in der damaligen Zeit. Roher, blutiger wurden die Dinge in den ägyptischen Priester-Mysterien gepflegt und in den ägyptischen Tempeln. Wenn man die Mithras-Mysterien wirklich mit okkulten Mitteln studiert, so muß man sagen: Sie waren ein Mittel, durch allerlei Opferverrichtungen — die aber mehr waren, als was man heute Opferverrichtungen nennt, die tatsächlich etwas waren, was in viel intensiverer Weise in die Geheimnisse der Natur einführte als heute die Leichensektion, Leichenautopsie, die eigentlich gar nicht in die Geheimnisse einführt, sondern die nur zur Oberfläche führt -, sie waren ein Mittel, eine Einführung in die Geheimnisse der im Weltenall wirksamen Kräfte zu erreichen. Derjenige, der in richtiger Weise jene Opfer verrichtet hatte, der wurde durch diese Opfer in gewisser Weise hellsichtig für die Anschauung gewisser Kräfte, die in den Geheimnissen der Natur vorhanden sind. Und damit hängt es auch zusammen, daß man über die eigentlichen Grundlagen der Mysterien-Opfer eben das Geheimnis walten ließ, daß man die Dinge erst zugänglich finden durfte, wenn man genügend vorbereitet war dazu.

Nun, wenn man die Mithras-Mysterien studiert, dann findet man, daß diese Mithras-Mysterien alle zurückgehen auf den dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraum, und dadurch waren sie eben dazumal in der Dekadenz, weil sie in ihrer besseren Form für den dritten Zeitraum geeignet waren. Im dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraum waren sie eigentlich in ihren besten Zeiten etwas, was zwar auf eine gefahrvolle und geheimnisvolle Weise, aber doch eben tief einführte in tiefe Naturgeheimnisse; dadurch einführte, daß die Verrichtungen, die gepflogen wurden, etwas bewirkten. Also denken Sie: es wurden von den Priestern in Gegenwart der Schüler gewisse Verrichtungen gepflogen, die zusammenhingen mit dem Dekomponieren der Naturzusammenhänge, um dadurch, durch das Dekomponieren, zur Erkenntnis der Komposition der Naturvorgänge zu kommen. Und durch die Art, wie sie eben geschahen, wie da in diesen Verrichtungen das in den Organismen befindliche Wasser mit dem Feuer zusammenwirkte, und wie dieses Zusammenwirken Anregung wiederum bot für den, der bei der Opferung anwesend war, dadurch eröffnete sich diesem ein ganz besonderer Weg für eine bis in die innersten Fasern des Menschen gehende Selbsterkenntnis und damit Weltenerkenntnis.

Also es waren diese Opfer ein Weg zur Selbsterkenntnis und zur Welterkenntnis. Man erlebte sich selber auf eine andere Art, als man sich im äußeren Leben erlebt, wenn man bei diesen Opfern anwesend war. Aber dieses Erleben war im hohen Grade auf des Menschen Schwäche berechnet. Denn Selbsterkenntnis ist etwas außerordentlich Schwieriges, und diese Opfer waren eine Erleichterung der Selbsterkenntnis. Es wurde der Mensch durch diese Opfer dahin gebracht, sich gewissermaßen innerlich zu spüren, innerlich zu erleben, aber viel intensiver als etwa durch den bloßen Gedankenprozeß oder Vorstellungsprozeß. Man möchte sagen, ein bis zur Körperlichkeit, bis zur Leiblichkeit gehendes Selbsterkennen wurde angestrebt, ein Selbsterkennen, das man sogar verfolgen kann bis in das Gemüt der großen Künstler des Altertums hinein, die ihre Art, Formen zu geben, in gewissem Sinne verdankten dem Miterleben der Naturbewegungen und Naturformungen am eigenen Organismus. Denn je weiter man zurückgeht in der Kunst, im Kunstschaffen, desto mehr kommt man zu jener Zeit, wo nach einem Modell zu schaffen überhaupt etwas ganz Unverständliches wird. Ein Modell vor sich zu haben und das zu kopieren, das wird etwas ganz Unverständliches. Immer mehr und mehr erkennt man, daß die Leute ein Lebendiges in sich hatten, das lebte, und das sie verkörperten. Die Dinge sind heute schon so verglommen, daß man kaum noch über sie sprechen kann, weil die Worte nur noch schattenhaft die Dinge bezeichnen, die man ganz reell und wirklich meint, wenn man von diesen Dingen spricht. Es ist ungeheuer, wie anders die Zeit geworden ist.

Nun waren eine wirkliche Fortbildung dieser Art von Mysterien, die namentlich in den Mithras-Mysterien über die ganze damalige Welt zur Zeit des Mysteriums von Golgatha ausgedehnt waren, die griechischen eleusinischen Mysterien. Sie waren eine Fortbildung und zugleich in gewissem Sinne eine ganz andere Seite. Während in den Mithras-Mysterien alles darauf ankam, man möchte sagen, in leiblicher Art sich selbst zu erleben, kam bei den Eleusinien alles darauf an, nun gar nicht sich in sich zu erleben, sondern sich außer sich zu erleben. In den Eleusinien wurden ganz andere Veranstaltungen getroffen als in den MithrasMysterien. In diesen wurde sozusagen der Mensch recht in sich hineingeschoppt; in den Eleusinien wurde er seelisch aus sich herausgeholt, so: daß er außer dem Leibe miterlebte die geheimnisvollen Impulse des Natur- und Geistesschaffens außer ihm. Und wenn wir nun eingehen auf das, was da eigentlich dem Menschen in diesen Mysterien wurde, sowohl in den Mithras-Mysterien, die aber dekadent waren, wie in den Eleusinien, die dazumal nicht dekadent waren, sondern ein paar Jahrhunderte vor der christlichen Zeitrechnung sogar auf ihrer Höhe waren, etwa im vierten Jahrhundert vor der christlichen Zeitrechnung zu ihrer Höhe hinanstiegen, wenn man frägt, was eigentlich in den Mysterien für den Menschen geleistet wurde, so muß man sagen: Die Antwort wurde geleistet auf die große delphische Aufforderung «Erkenne dich selbst!» Auf Selbsterkenntnis lief eigentlich alles hinaus, Selbsterkenntnis auf die zwei verschiedenen Arten: Selbsterkenntnis durch das Hineingestopftwerden in sich, so daß gleichsam das Ätherisch-Astralische in dem Menschen verdichtet wurde, so daß er innerlich an sich anstieß, und durch das innerlich Anstoßen seines Seelischen an das Leibliche erfährt: Da bist du etwas, das du wahrnimmst, wenn du da innerlich dich selbst drängst und stößest. - Das geschah durch die Mithras-Mysterien. Durch die Eleusinien wurde die Selbsterkenntnis dem Menschen dadurch, daß die Seele durch die verschiedenen, hier nicht weiter zu beschreibenden Verrichtungen herausgeholt wurde aus dem Leibe, und der Mensch außer dem Leibe in Zusammenhang kam mit der geheimnisvollen Kraft der Sonnenwirkung, des Sonnen-Impulses auf der Erde, mit den Kräften des Mond-Impulses auf der Erde, mit den Kräften der Sternen-Impulse, der Impulse der einzelnen elementaren Kräfte, der Wärmekräfte, Luftkräfte, Feuerkräfte und so weiter. Da wiederum durchwellten des Menschen Seelisches, das aus dem Leibe geholt wurde, die äußeren Elemente, das äußere Dasein, und in diesem Zusammenprall mit dem Äußeren wurde die Selbsterkenntnis erreicht. Und was die Leute wußten, die den eigentlichen Sinn des Mysterienwesens kannten, das war das: Man kann zu allem seelischen Erleben kommen; nur dazu kann man nicht kommen, etwas Reales mit dem Begriff des «Ich» zu verbinden, wenn es nicht aus den Mysterien kommt. Denn sonst blieb das Ich immer etwas Abstraktes für diese Zeit, wenn es nicht aus den Mysterien kam. Das andere Geistig-Seelische konnte man erleben, aber das Ich mußte auf diese Weise angeregt werden, es bedurfte dieser starken Anregung. Das wußten die Menschen. Und das ist das Wesentliche dabei.

Nun kam ja zustande, wie Sie wissen, eine Art Kombination der christlichen Entwickelung mit dem Imperium Romanum. Und wie diese Kombination zustande kam, das habe ich ja geschildert. Indem diese Kombination zustande kam, entstand die Begierde, diese Vergangenheit, die ich eben geschildert habe, womöglich zu verwischen; womöglich nicht auf die Nachwelt kommen zu lassen irgendein wirkliches Bild dieser Vergangenheit; nicht auf die Nachwelt kommen zu lassen, was da einmal bis in weite Jahrhunderte der christlichen Zeitrechnung herein die Menschen getan haben, um mit denjenigen göttlichen Kräften, sei es in, sei es außerhalb des Leibes in Beziehung zu kommen, die dem Menschen das Ich-Bewußtsein bringen. Und nun muß man, wenn man etwas tiefer die Entwickelung des Christentums studieren will, nicht bloß sehen auf die Fortentwickelung der Dogmen, sondern vor allen Dingen auf die Fortentwickelung der Kulte. Für gewisse Gesichtspunkte ist die Fortentwickelung des Kultus viel wichtiger noch als die Fortentwickelung der Dogmen. Denn die Dogmen sind dasjenige, was Streitigkeiten brachte; Dogmen sind gewissermaßen wie der Vogel Phönix: sie entstehen wieder aus ihrer eigenen Asche; und wenn man Dogmen auch noch so sehr ausgerottet hat, es kommt immer wieder irgendeiner, den man für einen Querkopf hält, mit derselben Anschauung. Kulte kann man viel sicherer ausrotten. Und diese alten Kulte, die gewissermaßen die äußeren Schriftzeichen, die wirklichen äußeren Schriftzeichen, die Symbole waren für dasjenige, was in den Mysterien vorgeht, diese Kulte auszurotten, darauf kam es an, um unmöglich zu machen, daß aus dem Vorhandensein der Kulte abgelesen werde, wie man versuchte, sich den göttlich-geistigen Kräften zu nähern.

Wenn man hinter die ganze Sache kommen will, dann muß man sich die christlichen Kulte ein wenig ansehen, zum Beispiel den Mittelpunktskultus, das Meßopfer, das katholische Meßopfer. Was ist dieses katholische Meßopfer mit seinem ganzen ungeheuer tiefen Sinn? Was ist es? Ja, das Meßopfer mit alledem, was daran hängt, ist eine kontinuierliche Fortentwickelung der Mithras-Mysterien, die in gewisser Weise etwas kombiniert sind mit den eleusinischen Mysterien. Das Meßopfer und vieles, was an Zeremonien damit zusammenhängt, ist nichts anderes als die Fortentwickelung der alten Kulte, nur eben fortentwickelt. Nicht etwa ist die Sache so gelassen worden, wie sie war, namentlich wurde der blutige Charakter, den allmählich die Mithras-Mysterien angenommen hatten, gemildert; der fand eine wirkliche Milderung. Aber die unendliche Ähnlichkeit des Grundgeistes, die kann nur der ermessen, welcher gewisse Einzelheiten in der richtigen Weise einzuschätzen weiß. Daß der Priester, wie übrigens auch der sonst das Abendmahl Empfangende, den Leib des Herrn zu sich nimmt, nachdem er so und so lange nichts gegessen hat - wie man sagt: mit nüchternem Magen -, das ist zum Verständnis der Sache viel wichtiger, als manches andere, namentlich manches, worüber man im Mittelalter furchtbar gestritten hat. Denn das ist etwas zum Beispiel, worauf es ankommt. Und wenn irgendein Priester, wie es ja auch wohl vorkommt, dieses Gebot, wirklich mit nüchternem Magen die Transsubstantiation und die Kommunion zu vollziehen, übertritt, dann hat sie durchaus nicht den Sinn, die Bedeutung, die Wirkung, die sie haben soll. Allerdings, zumeist hat sie nicht die Wirkung, weil die Betreffenden nicht in richtiger Weise unterrichtet werden. Denn die Wirkung kann nur da sein, wenn ein entsprechender Unterricht stattgefunden hat über dasjenige, was unmittelbar nach dem Empfang des blutlosen Leibes des Herrn erlebt wird. Aber Sie wissen ja vielleicht selbst, wie wenig auf diese Feinheiten mehr heute gesehen wird; wie wenig darauf gesehen wird, daß dadurch wirklich ein Erlebnis eintreten soll, das ein gewisses innerliches Verspüren darstellt, eine Art neuzeitlicher Wiedererneuerung desjenigen, was als Anregung in den Mithras-Mysterien stattgefunden hat. So stehen wirklich hinter dem Kultus gewissermaßen mysteriöse Dinge. Die stehen schon dahinter. Und die Kirche hat mit der Priesterweihe auch eine Art von Fortsetzung schaffen wollen des alten Initiationsprinzips, nur hat sie vergessen in vieler Beziehung, daß das Initiationsprinzip darin bestand, gewisse Lehren zu geben, wie die Dinge durchlebt werden sollen.

Nun, sehen Sie, es gehörte zu dem Ideal Julians des Apostaten, dahinterzukommen, wie die Eleusinien, in die er eingeweiht war, zusammenhingen mit den Mysterien der dritten nachatlantischen Zeit. Denn was konnte er in den Eleusinien erfahren? Was Julian der Apostat in den Eleusinien erfahren konnte, darüber belehrt den Menschen heute die Geschichte nicht. Aber wenn Sie sich wirklich einmal darauf einlassen würden zu studieren, wie so ein Klemens der Alexandriner, sein Schüler Origenes, selbst Tertullian, selbst Irenäus, gar nicht zu reden von noch älteren Kirchenlehrern, wie diese zum großen Teil ausgegangen sind vom heidnischen Initiationsprinzip und sich dann auf ihre Art zum Christentum herübergefunden haben - wenn Sie auf diese Geister sehen, so finden Sie, daß in ihnen eine ganz besondere Art der inneren Bewegung der Begriffe und Vorstellungen lebt; es lebte in ihnen ein ganz anderer Geist, als später in der Menschheit lebt. Der Geist, der in ihnen lebte, an den ist es nötig, wenn man an das Mysterium von Golgatha herankommen will, selbst heranzukommen. An diesen Geist heranzukommen, das ist die Hauptsache!

Sehen Sie, die Menschen schlafen ja so viel - ich meine das tatsächlich — mit Bezug auf die großen Kulturerscheinungen. Man stellt sich die Welt wirklich so vor, wie wenn man sie eigentlich im Traume erlebte. Wir können das in unserer Zeit selbst sehen. Ich habe Ihnen öfter von Herman Grimm gesprochen. Ich muß gestehen, mir ist es ganz anders, wenn ich jetzt von Herman Grimm spreche, oder wenn ich vor vier, fünf Jahren von Herman Grimm gesprochen habe. Dasjenige, was wir in den nun bald drei Jahren dieses Krieges erlebt haben, das macht, daß, wenn man auf die Dinge eingeht, einem dasjenige, was unmittelbar vorangegangen ist, was die Jahrzehnte vorangegangen ist, wirklich wie eine Art Märchenzeit erscheint; es könnte ebensogut Jahrhunderte zurückliegen. Man hat das Gefühl, daß die Zeit sich ganz in die Länge gezogen hat, so fremd sind gewissermaßen die Dinge geworden. - Und so, möchte ich sagen, wird überhaupt Wichtigstes in der Welt im Grunde genommen von den Menschen verschlafen.

Wenn man heute versucht, mit gewöhnlichen Mitteln des Verstandes, des Begriffes, mit gewöhnlichen Mitteln alte Schriftsteller zu verstehen - gewiß, wenn man im gewöhnlichen Sinne ein Universitätsgelehrter ist, versteht man ja selbstverständlich alles, was auf die Nachwelt gekommen ist, aber wenn man nicht ein so erleuchteter Geist ist, so kann man zum Beispiel zu folgendem Urteil kommen. Man kann sich sagen: Mit gewöhnlichem Verstande, wenn man nicht okkulte Mittel anwendet, sind die alten griechischen Philosophen Thales, Heraklit, Anaxagoras, die also gar nicht so weit vor uns liegen, wirklich nicht zu verstehen. Sie reden, auch wenn man auf das Griechische eingeht, wirklich eine andere Sprache; eine andere Begriffssprache eben reden sie als diejenige ist, in der man selber reden kann für den gewöhnlichen menschlichen Verstand. Und dies gilt zum Beispiel sogar mit Bezug auf Plato. Ich habe schon öfter erwähnt: Hebbel fühlte das, als er daran dachte - er schrieb sich da auf in sein Tagebuch einen Dramenentwurf -, den wiederverkörperten Plato als Gymnasialschüler vorzuführen, der mit seinem Gymnasiallehrer den Plato lesen muß und durchaus bei dem gescheiten Gymnasiallehrer nicht mit dem Plato zurechtkommt, trotzdem er der wiederverkörperte Plato ist. Hebbel wollte das ausführen. Er ist nicht dazu gekommen, aber er hat sich das aufgeschrieben in sein Tagebuch, wie das sein müßte, wenn der wiederverkörperte Plato heute ein Gymnasialschüler wäre und den Plato lesen müßte und ihn nicht verstehen könnte. Aber Hebbel fühlte das: Auch der Plato kann nicht so ohne weiteres verstanden werden. Verstehen, was man wirklich Verstehen nennen darf beim Genaunehmen der Begriffe, das beginnt eigentlich für das menschliche Denken erst bei Aristoteles. Es geht nicht weiter zurück, es beginnt erst bei Aristoteles im vierten vorchristlichen Jahrhundert. Was vorher liegt, das ist nicht zu verstehen mit gewöhnlichem Menschenverstand. Und Aristoteles haben daher auch die Menschen immer wieder versucht zu verstehen, denn auf der einen Seite ist er verständlich, auf der anderen Seite ist man mit Bezug auf gewisse Begriffsbildungen bis heute überhaupt nicht weiter gekommen, als Aristoteles gekommen ist, weil diese Begriffsbildung gerade für die damalige Zeit taugte. Und eigentlich, so in derselben Art zu denken, wie ein anderes Zeitalter gedacht hat, das zu wollen, das heißt für den Menschen, der im Konkreten lebt, im Grunde dasselbe, wie wenn man 56 Jahre alt geworden ist, und man möchte einmal auf eine Viertelstunde 26 Jahre alt sein, um das zu erleben, was man mit 26 Jahren erlebt hat. Eine gewisse Art zu denken taugt eben nur für ein ganz bestimmtes Zeitalter; dasjenige, was da die Eigenart des Denkens ist, es wird nur immer wieder nachgedacht. Aber es ist interessant, wie Aristoteles im Mittelalter, ich möchte sagen, als der Herrscher der Gedanken gelebt hat, und wie er bei dem hier öfter erwähnten Franz Brentano wieder aufgetaucht ist, und gerade jetzt wieder auftaucht. Ein schönes, herrliches Buch hat Franz Brentano 1911 geschrieben über Aristoteles, worin er diejenigen Vorstellungen und Begriffe verarbeitet hat, die der jetzigen Zeit besonders nahegebracht werden sollten. Das ist ein merkwürdiges Zeitenkarma, daß dieser Franz Brentano just Jetzt ein umfassendes Buch über Aristoteles geschrieben hat, das eigentlich jeder, der etwas darauf hält, mit einer gewissen Art des Denkens in Berührung zu kommen, lesen müßte. Es ist auch ein sehr leicht lesbares Buch, das von Brentano über Aristoteles.

Sehen Sie, dieser Aristoteles ist aber auch im gewissen Sinne dem Schicksal verfallen, daß er, wenn auch nicht in ganz unmittelbarer Art, durch die Kirche, nicht durch das Christentum, verstümmelt worden ist, daß man wichtige Dinge nicht hat von ihm. $o daß eigentlich, ich möchte sagen, das, was an Verstümmelung bei ihm vorliegt, auch im Grunde okkult ergänzt werden muß. Und die wichtigsten Dinge, die beziehen sich gerade auf die menschliche Seele. Und hier komme ich in Anknüpfung an diesen Aristoteles auf etwas, was dem Menschen der Gegenwart gesagt werden muß, wenn er die Frage aufwirft: Wie kann ich nun selbst durch die inneren Seelenerlebnisse auf sichere Art, indem ich gerade auf diese Rätsel hinrichte das sonstige meditative Leben, das in unseren Schriften: «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» und so weiter beschrieben ist, wie kann ich einen sicheren Weg finden, in mir selbst die Quellen für das Mysterium von Golgatha zu eröffnen? Denn der Aristoteles versucht gewissermaßen von sich aus dasjenige innere Erleben in sich regsam zu machen, das derjenige, der eine solche Frage aufwirft, nachmachen müßte. Nur da, wo Aristoteles dazu kommen würde, dies zu beschreiben, so recht seinen eigenen Meditationsweg zu beschreiben, da - sagen die Aristoteles-Kommentatoren —, da wird Aristoteles wortkarg. Aber diese Wortkargheit besteht nicht darin, daß Aristoteles diese Dinge nicht beschrieben hat, sondern darin, daß die Späteren sie nicht abgeschrieben haben, daß sie nicht der Nachwelt überliefert sind. Aristoteles hat schon einen ganz eigenrümlichen inneren, sagen wir mystischen Weg eingeschlagen. Aristoteles wollte dasjenige in der Seele finden, was innerliche Gewißheit gibt, daß die Seele unsterblich ist.

Nun, wenn jemand ehrlich und aufrichtig eine Zeitlang wirklich innerlich meditative Arbeit leistet, Übungen macht, dann kommt er unbedingt dazu, innerlich zu erleben die Kraft der Seelenunsterblichkeit, indem er dasjenige sich eröffnet, was im Innern das Unsterbliche ist. Das war Aristoteles auch ganz klar, absolut klar, daß man so etwas im Innern erleben kann, was einem sagt: Da erlebe ich im Innern etwas, was vom Leibe unabhängig ist, was also mit dem Tod des Leibes nichts zu tun hat. Das ist Aristoteles ganz klar. Nun geht er weiter, und dann versucht er, in sich ganz intensiv zu erleben dasjenige, wovon man weiß, wenn man es erlebt, daß es nicht dem Leibe angehört. Und da erlebt er ganz klar — nur ist eben die Stelle korrumpiert, verstümmelt -, da erlebt er ganz klar dasjenige, worauf ich schon öfter hingedeutet habe, dasjenige, was man erlebt haben muß, um zum Verständnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha zu kommen: innere Einsamkeit. Einsamkeit! Mit dem mystischen Erleben geht es eben nicht anders, als daß man zu dieser Einsamkeit kommt, daß man gewissermaßen den Schmerz dieser Einsamkeit durchmacht. Und wenn man daran ist, wirklich dieses Einsamkeitsgefühl so weit erlebt zu haben, daß man sich gewissermaßen die Frage stellt: Was hast du denn jetzt eigentlich alles verlassen, indem du so einsam geworden bist? — so wird man sich dies beantworten müssen: Jetzt hast du mit dem besten Teil deines Wesens Vater, Mutter, Brüder, Schwestern und die ganze übrige Welt mit ihren Einrichtungen im Grunde genommen mit der Seele verlassen, mit dem besten Teil deines Wesens verlassen. —- Das wußte auch Aristoteles. Das innere Erlebnis kann man haben; man kann es herbeiführen. Man wird in diesem Einsamkeitsgefühl sich ganz klar darüber, daß da im Innern etwas ist, das über den Tod hinausgeht, aber das keinen anderen Zusammenhang hat als nur den mit dem eigenen Ich, das in keinem Verkehr mit der Außenwelt steht. Man kommt darauf, worauf Aristoteles auch gekommen ist: daß eben der Verkehr mit der Außenwelt durch die Organe des Leibes vermittelt wird. Sich selber kann man noch anders erleben — aber die Organe des Leibes braucht man dazu, um die Außenwelt zu erleben. Daher die Einsamkeit, die da eintritt. Und nun sagte sich Aristoteles, was sich eigentlich jeder, den Aristoteles nachmachend, wieder sagen müßte: Da habe ich also die Seele erlebt, dasjenige erlebt, was der Tod nicht zerstören kann. Aber zugleich ist alles fort, was mich in Zusammenhang bringt mit der Außenwelt. Ich bin nur in mir selber. Ich kann nicht weiterkommen im Begreifen der Unsterblichkeit - so sagt sich Aristoteles — als bis dahin, einzusehen, daß ich nach dem Tode mich selbst erleben werde in absolutester Einsamkeit, durch alle Ewigkeiten nichts anderes vor mir habend als dasjenige, was ich im Leben durchgemacht habe als Gutes oder Böses, das ich ewig anschauen werde. Das erlangst du durch deine eigene Kraft, so sagt sich Aristoteles. Willst du etwas anderes wissen über die geistige Welt, so kannst du dich auf deine eigene Kraft nicht stützen, dann mußt du dich entweder einweihen lassen, oder auf dasjenige hören, was die Eingeweihten sagen.

Das hat schon bei Aristoteles gestanden, nur haben es die anderen nicht überliefert. Und indem Aristoteles dieses durchschaut hat, wurde er gewissermaßen auch eine Art Prophet, wurde er der Prophet für das andere, das zu Aristoteles’ Zeiten eben nicht möglich war, das heute anders ist als zu Aristoteles’ Zeiten. Aber man braucht keine Geschichte zu überblicken, sondern in sich selbst erlebt man, daß es anders ist. Denn schauen wir noch einmal zurück auf diese absolute Einsamkeit, zu der man gekommen ist, auf dieses mystische Erlebnis, das ganz anders ist, als wie mystische Erlebnisse sehr häufig geschildert werden. Sie werden sehr häufig in einer selbstgefälligen Art beschrieben, so, daß gesagt wird: Du erlebst den Gott in deinem Innern. — Aber das ist nicht das vollständige mystische Erlebnis. Das vollständige mystische Erlebnis ist: Man erlebt den Gott in völligster Einsamkeit, in absolutester Einsamkeit. Allein mit dem Gotte erlebt man sich. Und dann ist es nur darum zu tun, daß man die nötige Stärke und Ausdauer hat, um in dieser Einsamkeit weiterzuleben. Denn diese Einsamkeit ist eine Kraft, sie ist eine starke Kraft! Wenn man unter ihr nicht sich niederdrücken läßt, sondern sie als Kraft in sich leben läßt, diese Einsamkeit, dann kommt ein anderes Erlebnis dazu — natürlich, solche Dinge können nur geschildert werden, aber jeder kann sie erleben -, dann kommt dazu die unmittelbare innere Gewißheit: Diese Einsamkeit, die du da erlebst, die ist durch dich selbst herbeigeführt, die hast du herbeigeführt. Sie ist nicht mit dir geboren. Der Gott, den du da erlebst, aus dem bist du geboren, aber diese Einsamkeit ist nicht mit dir geboren, diese Einsamkeit geht aus dir hervor. Du bist schuld an dieser Einsamkeit. - Das ist das zweite Erlebnis.

Indem man dieses Erlebnis hat, führt es unmittelbar dazu, daß man sich mitschuldig fühlt an der Tötung desjenigen, was aus dem Gotte hervorgegangen ist. An dieser Stelle, wo die Einsamkeit der Seele genügend lange gewirkt hat, wird es klar: Es ist etwas geschehen in der Zeit — es war nicht immer da, sonst müßte es keine Entwickelung gegeben haben; es muß einmal eine Zeit gegeben haben, wo dieses Gefühl nicht da war -, in der Zeit ist etwas geschehen, wo das Göttliche durch das Menschliche abgetötet worden ist. An dieser Stelle beginnt man, sich mitschuldig zu fühlen an der Tötung des Gottes. Und wenn ich Zeit hätte, würde man auch zur weiteren Definition kommen können von der Tötung des Gottessohnes. Das mystische Erleben darf eben nicht ein einziges, nebuloses, verschwommenes sein, sondern es geht in Stufen vor sich. Den Tod des Christus kann man erleben.

Und dann braucht nur wiederum dieses Erlebnis starke Kraft zu werden, dann - ja, ich kann nicht anders sagen: dann ist der Christus da, und zwar der Auferstandene! Denn der ist zunächst als inneres mystisches Erlebnis da, der Auferstandene, derjenige, der durch den Tod gegangen ist. Und die Motivierung des Todes, die erlebt man auf die geschilderte Art.

Ein dreistufiges mystisches Erlebnis, man kann es haben. Dann ist es vielleicht noch nicht genug, um den Weg zu finden zu den Quellen für das Mysterium von Golgatha, sondern dann sollte noch etwas anderes dazu kommen, was allerdings heute ungeheuer stark verlegt ist, verschüttet ist geradezu. Der einzige, der in genügend starker Weise hingewiesen hat, wie da etwas für die Menschheit gerade durch die Bildung des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts in ungeheuer starker Weise verschüttet worden ist, das war Friedrich Nietzsche, und zwar in der Abhandlung: «Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben.» Denn durch nichts wird uns die Christus-Erkenntnis gründlicher ausgetrieben als durch dasjenige, was man heute Geschichte nennt. Daher ist auch durch nichts das Mysterium von Golgatha so gründlich widerlegt worden als durch die treue Historie des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. Gewiß, ich weiß, man ist heute ein Narr, wenn man etwas gegen die treue Historie spricht, und es soll auch nichts gesagt werden gegen alles Sorgfältige und Philologische und Gelehrte, wie die Historie zustande kommt. Aber mag sie noch so gelehrt sein, die Geschichte, mag sie noch so treu sein, der Mensch stirbt an ihr seelisch, so wie sie heute ist. Gerade an der Geschichte stirbt der Mensch seelisch am sichersten. Die wichtigsten Dinge, sie kennt man nicht im Leben der Menschen und der Menschheit. Die wichtigsten Dinge kennt man nicht!

Man darf vielleicht auf diesem Gebiet gerade von Persönlichem reden, weil ja diese Dinge gerade an Persönliches angeknüpft werden dürfen. Ich habe mich seit meinem achtzehnten, neunzehnten Jahr fortwährend mit Goethe beschäftigt, aber ich habe nie die Versuchung gespürt, etwas treu historisch im philologischen Sinne über Goethe zu schreiben oder auch nur darzustellen, niemals, aus dem einfachen “Grunde, weil mir von allem Anfang an die Idee lebendig war: das Wesentliche ist, daß Goethe lebt! Nicht, daß man den Goethe, der 1749 geboren, 1832 gestorben ist, als physischen Menschen ins Auge faßt, sondern das Wichtige ist, daß, als Goethe 1832 gestorben ist, etwas nicht nur in seiner Individualität fortlebt, sondern etwas fortlebt, was um uns herum ist wie die Luft, aber geistig, nicht bloß in dem, was die Menschen reden — da wird gerade über Goethe heute nicht sehr viel Gescheites geredet —, sondern geistig etwas um uns herum ist. Das Geistige ist um uns herum, wie es um die Menschen des Altertums noch nicht geistig herum war. Der Ätherleib wird von der Seele abgetrennt als eine Art zweiter Leichnam, aber er wird durch den ChristusImpuls, der geblieben ist von dem Mysterium von Golgatha, in gewisser Weise doch konserviert, löst sich nicht rein auf, wird konserviert. Und wenn man - lassen Sie mich jetzt das Wort «Glaube» so brauchen, wie ich es definiert habe im Anfang der Vorträge -, wenn man den Glauben hat, Goethe ist als Ätherleib auferstanden, und sich dann an sein Studium macht, dann werden in einem selbst seine Begriffe und Vorstellungen lebendig, und man schildert ihn nicht so, wie er war, sondern wie er heute ist. Dann hat man den Begriff der Auferstehung ins Leben übertragen. Dann glaubt man an die Auferstehung. Dann kann man davon sprechen, daß man nicht bloß an die toten Vorstellungen glaubt, sondern an das lebendige Fortwirken der Vorstellungen. Denn das hängt mit einem tiefen Mysterium der neueren Zeit zusammen. Wir mögen denken, was wir wollen — für unser Fühlen und Wollen gilt das nicht, was ich sage, aber für unser Denken und Vorstellen gilt es -, wir mögen denken, was wir wollen: solange wir im physischen Leibe sind, gibt es ein Hindernis dafür, daß die Vorstellungen sich in der richtigen Weise ausleben können. Möge Goethe noch so groß gewesen sein, seine Vorstellungen waren noch größer als er selber. Denn daß sie so groß haben werden können, wie sie waren, und nicht größer, daran war sein physischer Leib schuld. In dem Augenblick, wo sie sich vom physischen Leibe trennen konnten - ich meine jetzt die Vorstellungen, die im Atherleibe in gewisser Weise weiterleben, nicht sein Fühlen und Wollen — und wo sie aufgenommen werden können von jemand, der sie in Liebe aufnimmt und weiterdenkt, da werden sie noch etwas anderes, da gewinnen sie ein neues Leben. Glauben Sie, daß die erste Gestalt, in der Vorstellungen bei jemand auftauchen können, unter keinen Umständen die letzte Gestalt dieser Vorstellungen gibt; sondern glauben Sie an eine Auferstehung der Vorstellungen! Und glauben Sie so fest daran, daß Sie gerne anknüpfen, jetzt nicht bloß in Ihrem Blut an Ihre Vorfahren, sondern an die geistigen Seelenvorfahren, und diese finden; es brauchen nicht Goethes zu sein, sondern es können der nächstbeste Müller oder Schulze sein. Erfüllen Sie den Christus-Ausspruch: nicht nur anzuknüpfen an die Leiber mit dem Blute, sondern anzuknüpfen an die Seelen mit dem Geist, dann machen Sie wirksam, im Leben unmittelbar wirksam, den Gedanken der Auferstehung. Dann glauben Sie im Leben an die Auferstehung. Denn es kommt nicht darauf an, daß man immer nur sagt «Herr, Herr!», sondern daß man das Christentum in seinem lebendigen Geiste auffaßt, daß man an den wichtigsten Begriff der Auferstehung unmittelbar als an einen lebendigen sich hält. Und wer in diesem Sinne sich an die Vergangenheit seelisch anlehnt, der lernt in sich selber erleben das Fortleben der Vergangenheit. Und dann ist es nur eine Frage der Zeit, daß der Augenblick eintritt, wo der Christus da ist, wo der Christus bei Ihnen ist. Alles hängt davon ab, an den Auferstandenen und die Auferstehung sich anzuklammern und sich zu sagen: Eine geistige Welt ist um uns herum, und die Auferstehung hat eine Wirkung gehabt!

Sie mögen sagen: Zunächst ist das ja Hypothese. Gut, lassen Sie es eine Hypothese sein! Wenn Sie einmal das Erlebnis haben: Sie haben angeknüpft an irgendeinen Gedanken eines Menschen, der bereits durch den Tod gegangen ist, dessen physischer Leib der Erde einverleibt worden ist, und der Gedanke mit Ihnen weiterlebt, dann kommt eines Tages das über Sie, daß Sie sich sagen: So wie der Gedanke lebt, wie er in mir neuerdings lebendig ist, so ist er durch den Christus lebendig, und hat niemals so lebendig werden können, bevor der Christus auf der Erde war.

Es gibt eben einen Weg zu dem Mysterium von Golgatha, der innerlich gegangen werden kann. Aber man muß vor allen Dingen von der sogenannten objektiven Geschichte, die ja deshalb ganz subjektiv ist, weil sie an der äußeren Oberfläche nur klebt, weil sie den Geist gerade tilgt, man muß von der sogenannten objektiven Geschichte Abschied nehmen. Denn sehen Sie, es sind viele Goethe-Biographien geschrieben worden. Diese Goethe-Biographien, die geschrieben worden sind, die gehen sehr häufig darauf aus, möglichst treu das Leben Goethes darzustellen. Jedesmal, wenn man das tut, ertötet man etwas in sich; unbedingt: man ertötet etwas in sich. Denn der Gedanke ist so, wie er dazumal war bei Goethe, durch den Tod gegangen und lebt anders weiter. So im Geiste das Christentum erfassen, darauf kommt es an.

Kurz, mystisch - jetzt im wahren Sinne des Wortes verstanden -, mystisch ist es möglich, das Mysterium von Golgatha zu erleben; aber man muß nicht bei Abstraktionen stehen bleiben, sondern man muß die innerlichen Erlebnisse durchmachen, die eben geschildert worden sind. Und wer die Frage aufwirft: Wie kann ich selber an den Christus herankommen? — der muß sich klar sein, daß er herankommen muß an den Auferstandenen, und daß, wenn man Geduld und Ausdauer hat, den Weg zu gehen, der eben beschrieben worden ist, man dann zur rechten Zeit an den Christus herankommt, daß man dann der Begegnung mit dem Christus sicher sein kann. Nur muß man achtgeben, daß man bei dieser Begegnung nicht an dem Wichtigsten vorbeisieht.

Ich sagte: Aristoteles war in gewissem Sinne ein Prophet, und von diesem Prophetischen nahm Julian der Apostat wieder etwas auf. Aber er konnte aus der Gestalt, wie die Eleusinien waren dazumal, nicht mehr recht dahinter kommen; er wollte den Anschluß haben in den Mithras-Mysterien. Daher sein Zug nach Persien. Er wollte hinter die ganze Kontinuität kommen, er wollte den ganzen Zusammenhang kennen. Das konnte man nicht zulassen — daher der Mord an Julian Apostata.

Aber den Christus gewissermaßen selber nach Art der eleusinischen Mysterien zu erleben, das, ja das war das Bestreben gerade noch der ersten Kirchenlehrer. Und ob man diese nun Gnostiker oder nicht Gnostiker nennen will — diejenigen, die eigentlich Gnostiker waren, sind ja von der Kirche nicht rezipiert worden, aber man könnte geradesogut Klemens von Alexandrien einen Gnostiker nennen -, die beschäftigten sich in ganz anderer Weise mit dem Christus, weil sie an den Christus durch die Eleusinien herankommen wollten, als man später sich mit ihm beschäftigte. Sie beschäftigten sich so mit ihm, daß sie ihn vor allen Dingen als ein kosmisches Ereignis nahmen. Die Frage wurde zum Beispiel immer wieder und wiederum aufgeworfen: Wie wirkt der Logos rein in der geistigen Welt? Und: Was hatte eigentlich diejenige Wesenheit als ihr Charakteristisches an sich, die im Paradies dem Menschen begegnete? Wie war die mit dem Logos verknüpft? — Solche Fragen, zu deren Beantwortung man sich rein in geistigen Vorstellungen bewegen mußte, beschäftigten diese Menschen. Und man muß sagen, wenn man den Blick wirft auf die Eleusinien und die Mithras-Mysterien, die mit Stumpf und Stiel ausgerottet wurden: in den ersten Jahrhunderten nach dem Mysterium von Golgatha ging der Wiederauferstandene selber in den Mysterien herum, um diese zu reformieren. Deshalb kann man in einem wirklich tiefen Sinn sagen: Julian der Apostat war vielleicht ein besserer Christ als Konstantin. Konstantin war erstens ja nicht initiert, und dann nahm er das Christentum in ganz äußerlicher Weise an. Aber Julian der Apostat hatte eine Ahnung davon: Willst du den Christus finden, so mußt du ihn durch die Mysterien finden; so mußt du gerade durch die Mysterien den Christus finden, dann wird er dir das Ich geben, das zu Aristoteles’ Zeiten noch nicht gegeben werden konnte.

Das hängt natürlich mit den tieferen geschichtlichen Notwendigkeiten zusammen, daß, statt durch die Mysterien den Weg zum Christus zu suchen, diese Mysterien mit Stumpf und Stiel ausgerottet wurden. Aber der Weg zum Griechentum, der muß wieder gegangen werden, muß gegangen werden ohne Urkunden. Das Griechentum muß wieder erstehen. Natürlich nicht so, wie es war, sonst kommt man zu jenen Affereien, die dadurch entstehen, daß man da oder dort die olympischen Spiele nachäfft; darauf kommt es nicht an, daß man das Griechentum nachäfft. Diese Äfferei, die meine ich nicht. Von innen heraus muß das Griechentum wieder erstehen und wird erstehen, und den Weg in die Mysterien, den müssen die Menschen finden, nur wird er ein sehr innerlicher sein. Dann werden sie auch den Christus in entsprechender Weise finden.

Aber so wie das erste Mysterium von Golgatha vollzogen wurde in Palästina, so wurde das zweite vollzogen durch den Konstantinismus. Denn indem man die Mysterien ausgerottet hat, wurde der Christus als historische Erscheinung zum zweitenmal gekreuzigt, getötet. Denn jene furchtbare Zerstörung, die durch Jahrhunderte Platz gegriffen hat, die ist so, daß sie vor allen Dingen nicht bloß — was ja wahrhaftig nicht zu unterschätzen ist - eine Zerstörung größter auch künstlerischer und mystischer Leistungen war, sondern es war auch eine Zerstörung wichtigster Menschheitserlebnisse. Nur verstand man nicht, was man eigentlich zerstört hatte mit dem, was äußerlich hingeschwunden war, weil man schon die Tiefe der Begriffe vollständig verloren hatte. Als der Serapis-Tempel, als der Zeus-Tempel mit ihren großartigen Bildnissen zerstört wurden, da sagten die Leute: Ja, wenn dies zerstört wird, dann haben ja die Zerstörer recht; denn alte Sagen haben uns überliefert: Wenn der Serapis-Tempel zerstört wird, dann stürzen die Himmel ein, und die Erde wird zum Chaos! Es ist aber nicht der Himmel eingestürzt, und es ist nicht die Erde zum Chaos geworden, trotzdem die römischen Christen den Serapis-Tempel der Erde gleichgemacht haben, — sagten die Leute. Gewiß, die Sterne sind nicht heruntergefallen, die äußeren, physischen; die Erde ist nicht ein Chaos geworden, aber im menschlichen Erleben schwand dasjenige, was früher gewußt wurde durch die Sonneninitiation. Die ganze ungeheure Weisheit, die sich wölbte mächtiger als der physische Himmel in der Anschauung der Alten, sie stürzte zusammen mit dem Serapis-Tempel. Und diese alte Weisheit, von der Julian der Apostat noch einen Nachklang in den Eleusinien verspürte, wo sich die geistige Sonne, der geistige Mond über ihm dehnte, die ihre Impulse herunterschickten, sie stürzte. Und dasjenige wurde zum Chaos, was die Alten in den Mithras-Mysterien erlebten und in den ägyptischen Mysterien erlebten, wenn sie durch den Opferdienst innerlich nacherlebten die Geheimnisse des Mondes und die Geheimnisse der Erde, wie sie sich im Menschen selber abspielen, wenn er, wie ich es vorhin mit einem trivialen Ausdruck bezeichnet habe, gleichsam durch Zusammenschoppen seines Seelischen in seinem Innern zur Erkenntnis seiner selbst kommt. Geistig war es so, daß die Himmel zusammenstürzten und die Erde zum Chaos wurde: denn was in diesen Jahrhunderten verschwunden ist, das ist durchaus mit dem zu vergleichen, was verschwinden würde, wenn wir unsere Sinne plötzlich verlieren würden, wo, wenigstens für uns, auch der Himmel oben nicht mehr sein würde, und unten die Erde nicht mehr sein würde. Die alte Welt ist nicht bloß in der trivialen Weise hinweggeschwunden, wie es da dargestellt wird, sondern sie ist in einem viel tieferen Sinne hinweggeschwunden. Und an die Auferstehung müssen wir glauben, wenn wir überhaupt nicht dasjenige, was verschwunden ist, als etwas völlig Verlorenes glauben wollen. An die Auferstehung müssen wir glauben. Dazu aber ist notwendig, daß die Menschen starke und mutige Begriffe in sich aufnehmen. Dazu ist vor allen Dingen notwendig, daß die Menschen merken, daß jener Impuls heute notwendig ist, auf den hier so oftmals hingewiesen worden ist.

Denn die Menschen sollten verspüren, daß zwar durch eine karmische, weltenkarmische Notwendigkeit, Jahrhunderte von gewissen Gesichtspunkten aus vergeblich durchlebt worden sind — natürlich ist es nur von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus eine Notwendigkeit —, daß sie leer durchlebt worden sind, damit aus einem starken inneren Freiheitstrieb der Christus-Impuls wieder gefunden werden kann, erst recht gefunden werden kann; aber die Menschen müssen aus der Selbstgefälligkeit hinweg, in der sie heute vielfach sind.

Manchmal ist es nämlich mit dieser Selbstgefälligkeit sehr merkwürdig. Ein Benediktiner-Pater, Krauer, hielt in den achtziger Jahren in Wien Vorträge. Eine Stelle aus diesen Vorträgen möchte ich Ihnen lesen. Der Vortrag, von dem ich Ihnen ein ganz kleines Stückchen lesen möchte, handelt über die Stoiker. Die wichtigsten Vertreter dieser Stoiker waren: Zeno (342-270), Kleanthes, der 200 Jahre vor Christus lebte, und Chrysippos (282-209); wir sind also Jahrhunderte vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha. Was kann derjenige, der die Stoiker kennt, von diesen Stoikern sagen? Also wir sind Jahrhunderte vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha.

«Um schließlich noch etwas zum Lobe der Stoa zu sagen, möge noch erwähnt sein, daß sie einen das ganze Menschengeschlecht umfassenden Völkerbund anstrebte, der allem Rassenhaß und Krieg ein Ende zu machen geeignet wäre. Es braucht wohl nicht ausdrücklich gesagt zu werden, daß die Stoa damit hoch über den oft unmenschlichen Vorurteilen ihrer Zeit und selbst der fernsten Geschlechter künftiger Zeiten stand.»

Ein Völkerbund! Ich mußte diesen Vortrag wieder vornehmen, weil man die Meinung haben könnte, man hätte nicht recht gehört, wenn man jetzt den Wilson und andere Staatsmänner der Gegenwart von einem Völkerbunde reden hört - man hätte nicht recht gehört; man meinte, man hörte eine Stimme der alten Stoiker aus dem dritten vorchristlichen Jahrhundert! Denn die haben das alles viel besser gesagt. Sie haben es wirklich viel besser gesagt, denn hinter ihnen stand die Kraft der alten Mysterien. Sie haben es gesagt mit einer inneren Kraft, die nun geschwunden ist, und die Schale ist nur zurückgeblieben, Stufe für Stufe immer die Schale nur zurückgeblieben. Nur die Historiker, die nun nicht in dem ganz gewöhnlichen trivialen Sinn Historiker sind, die sehen sich manchmal historische Erscheinungen noch anders an.

Und Knauer fährt fort - ich brauche durchaus nicht über Immanuel Kant dasjenige zurückzunehmen, was ich neulich gesagt habe, aber man kann es trotzdem doch sehr bemerkenswert finden, daß ein guter Philosoph wie der Knauer in den achtziger Jahren folgende Worte über die Stoa gesagt hat -:

«Unter den neueren Philosophen hat diesen Gedanken» — er meint den Gedanken des Völkerbundes — «kein Geringerer wieder aufgegriffen und für durchführbar erklärt, als Immanuel Kant in seiner viel zu wenig beachteten Schrift «Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf.» Der zugrundeliegende Gedanke Kants ist jedenfalls ein ganz richtiger und praktischer. Er führt nämlich aus, der ewige Friede müsse dann eintreten, wenn die mächtigsten Staaten der Erde eine wahre Repräsentativ-Verfassung haben.» Ja, jetzt nennt man es Neuorientierung in einer schattenhaften Abschwächung. Bei Kant ist es ja schon sehr abgeschwächt, aber jetzt ist es noch mehr abgeschwächt, jetzt nennt man es Neuorientierung. Aber indem er Kant weiter betrachtet, findet Knauer: «In einer solchen werden die Besitzenden und Gebildeten, die durch den Krieg am meisten geschädigt werden, in der Lage sein, über Krieg und Frieden zu entscheiden. Unsere der englischen nachgebildeten Konstitutionen aber hält Kant für keine solchen Repräsentativ-Verfassungen. In ihnen herrscht zumeist nur die Parteileidenschaft und das Cliquenwesen, dem die fast nur auf arithmetisch-statistischen Grundsätzen beruhende Wahlordnung den größten Vorschub leistet. Der Angelpunkt dieser Ausführungen aber ist: «Das Völkerrecht soll auf einen Föderalismus freier Staaten gegründet sein.>»

Hören wir Kant oder hören wir die Dinge von der Neuorientierung? Bei Kant ist die Sache noch viel kräftiger, noch auf viel besserem Untergrunde. Nun, was dann noch nachfolgt, das will ich schon gar nicht vorlesen, sonst könnte noch der gute alte Kant mit der Zensur in einen unliebsamen Konflikt kommen.

Sehen Sie, das, was ich da auseinandergesetzt habe, das hat einen von mir auch schon öfter erwähnten Schriftsteller, Brooks Adams, in Amerika dazu geführt, als eine Art einsamer Denker den Entwickelungsgang der Menschheit zu untersuchen. Zu untersuchen, was es für eine Bedeutung hatte, wenn immer wieder und wiederum durch gewisse Völkerschaften das Altgewordene der Menschheitsentwickelung aufgefrischt worden ist, wie durch die germanischen Völker das Imperium Romanum. Jetzt schaut sich Brooks Adams um und findet viele Ähnlichkeiten mit dem Imperium Romanum; aber nirgends findet er diejenigen, die da kommen sollen, es aufzufrischen. Die Amerikaner hält er nämlich nicht dafür — er schrieb in Amerika -, und das ist auch begründet. Denn von außen wird diese Auffrischung nun nicht kommen, von innen muß sie kommen; sie muß dadurch kommen, daß der Geist belebt werde. Von den Leibern wird keine Auffrischung kommen, von den Seelen muß nun die Auffrischung kommen. Die kann aber nur kommen, wenn der Christus-Impuls in seiner Lebendigkeit erfaßt wird. Und alle blöden Redensarten, die heute so vielfach auftauchen, gelten für die Vergangenheit, nicht aber für Gegenwart und Zukunft, die blöden Redensarten, die immer wiederum sagen: Ja, das Sprichwort gilt: Die Eule der Minerva kann nur in der Dämmerung ihren Flug entfalten. — Das hat für frühere Zeiten gegolten, da konnte man sagen: Wenn die Völker alt geworden waren, dann gründeten sie die Philosophenschulen; blickten gleichsam im Geiste zurück auf dasjenige, was der Instinkt geleistet hat. — In Zukunft wird es anders werden. Denn dieser Instinkt wird nicht mehr kommen; aber der Geist selber muß wieder instinktiv werden, und aus dem Geiste selber muß die Möglichkeit des Schaffens entstehen.

Damit ist ein gewichtiges Wort gesprochen. Denken Sie gerade über dieses Wort nach: Aus dem Geiste selber muß die Möglichkeit des Schaffens entstehen! Instinktiv muß die Kraft des Geistes werden! Auf den Auferstehungsgedanken kommt es an. Dasjenige, was gekreuzigt worden ist, es muß wieder auferstehen. Das wird keine Historie bewirken, sondern das kann nur das bewirken, daß wir lebendig machen in uns die wirksamen Geisteskräfte selbst.

Das ist dasjenige, was ich gerade in dieser Zeit in Anknüpfung an das Mysterium von Golgatha sagen wollte.

Fifteenth Lecture

From the reflections in these last lectures, you have been able to gather that it will be of particular importance for the present, but especially for the future of humanity, to understand that Christ Jesus and everything connected with him as the Mystery of Golgotha does not depend on an external observation such as is accepted today as historical observation in external science; that, rather, other sources must open up to humanity for the conviction, the verification, and the knowledge of Christ and the mystery of Golgotha than historical observation in the present sense can offer, even if these sources are the Gospels. I have mentioned this often, and anyone who familiarizes themselves with the relevant literature can verify this for themselves: it was precisely the most diligent, industrious, and careful research of the nineteenth century that turned to Gospel criticism, to the investigation of the Gospels; and one can say that, taken purely as an external historical phenomenon, this Gospel criticism has basically yielded a negative result, becoming more destructive, dissolving, and devastating to the idea of the mystery of Golgotha than affirmative, justifying, and proving. We know that a large number of people today, not out of a spirit of contradiction, but because they believe they have no other choice, have come to the conclusion, on the basis of historical research, that there is no justification for saying in a purely historical sense that the existence of Christ Jesus at the beginning of our era can be proven. Of course, it cannot be refuted either, but that does not mean anything special.

Now we will approach the question of how it is possible to find other sources for understanding the mystery of Golgotha than the historical ones. We will come closer to understanding this question if we first present some occult history in the manner of what we have discussed here in recent reflections.

If one follows the first centuries of the development of Christianity and considers that this development is actually hardly accessible except by deepening the purely historical view through spiritual science, if one takes this into account and, I would say, initially accepts the spiritual scientific view of this period as valid, then a very strange picture emerges. For when one allows one's gaze to wander over this development of the first Christian centuries, one would actually be inclined to say that the mystery of Golgotha did not take place just once, individually, in a sense on Golgotha, but that it also took place a second time in a kind of transferred sense in the great historical context. There are indeed countless strange things when one considers this historical period.

Isn't it true that today, because this is a continuous tradition, there is a Catholic church history that first speaks of the founding of Christianity, of the first Church Fathers and Church teachers of the first Christian centuries, then about the church teachers and church philosophers of the following centuries, about the individual dogmatic definitions of the councils and the infallible popes, and so on. In a sense, a kind of historical thread is followed, which is presented as if history had continued in the same way with the same character. There is a lot of criticism of the older Church Fathers, but on the whole, people do not dare to reject them completely, because that would interrupt the continuous progression; they want to tie in with the Council of Constantinople in 869, which I have already told you about. Yes, as I said, it is presented as if it were a continuous history. But if there is a radical leap anywhere in a seemingly continuous process, it is in this seemingly continuous history. If one considers the spirit of the matter, it is difficult to imagine a greater contrast than that which prevails between the spirit of the early Christian teachers and that of the later Christian teachers and council decisions. There is an enormous, radical difference, which is only radically and continuously obscured because certain interests exist. And this makes it possible for the souls of the present to be kept in ignorance, as it were, about the first Christian centuries and about what actually happened there. For example, there is hardly any tenable idea today, even among the most learned people, about how what is commonly called Gnosticism was eradicated. There is just as much confusion about what spirits such as Clement of Alexandria, Origen, his disciple, and others, even Tertullian, wanted, because the fragments that exist that exist, are largely such that we only have the writings of those who refuted these spirits, at least for the most part, because, one might say, it is impossible to obtain a true picture of these early Christian Church Fathers and teachers, and because the most fantastic theories are built on the fragments that exist.

If one wants to gain clarity in this matter, one must look a little at the reasons for this lack of clarity, which is everything that happened in order to, I would say, have the mystery of Golgotha a second time in history, to have it once again.

When the mystery of Golgotha had been accomplished, the old pagan cults, the old pagan mysteries, were still present to a large extent. They were present to such a degree that we see a figure emerge like Julian the Apostate, of whom we spoke last time, who was initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries. They were so prevalent that, although in a peculiar way, a long line of Roman Caesars had received a kind of initiation. But in addition, all the things connected with the old pagan cult were still present. And these things are usually dismissed today with a few words in a historically highly inappropriate manner. What happened is simply recounted in the most superficial manner. Now, what happened in the most superficial manner may be enough for some to speak, as it were, of a second mystery of Golgotha. But one is completely ignorant of the inner meaning of what happened there.

If one looks at the outward appearances, one must say: In the first centuries of Christianity, there was, to the greatest extent, an immense splendor and glory that we cannot even imagine today, an immense splendor and glory of all kinds of pagan temples with their images of gods; images of gods that were, down to the smallest details of their design, an artistic reproduction of what was lived in the ancient mysteries. Not only was there no city or landscape that did not have an abundance of artistic and mystical elements in those ancient times, but on the fields outside, where the farmers grew their grain, there stood individual small temples, each with its own image of a god. And no farm work was done without bringing it into a living relationship with those forces that were thought to flow down from the universe with the help of the magical powers that lay in the special design of these images of gods. The Roman Caesars, in conjunction with the bishops and priests, made it their business in those centuries—and we can trace this back to Emperor Justinian, that is, into the sixth century. We can prove, edict by edict, that almost every one of the Caesars made it their business in the most severe manner to destroy all these temples and shrines with their images from the ground up. A tremendous work of destruction swept across the world during these centuries, a work of destruction that is unique in the entire development of humanity; unique because one must look at what has been destroyed. Until the time when St. Benedict himself, with his own hands and with his workers, demolished the Temple of Apollo on Mount Cassino, razing it to the ground in order to found the monastery dedicated to the Benedictine Order, and until the time of Emperor Justinian, it was one of the most important tasks of the Roman Empire which since Constantine had been appropriated by Christianity in particular, to destroy what remained from ancient times. There are also edicts that are apparently intended to put a stop to the destruction. But when one reads these edicts, one gets a strange impression. For example, there is an edict by one such Caesar which states that one should not destroy all pagan temples at once, as this would make the population rebellious; rather, one should carry out the task very slowly, so that the population would not become rebellious, but would put up with it if it were taken away from them little by little.

All the terrible measures associated with this work of destruction are very often glossed over, as so many things are. But that should not be done. For where the truth is clouded in any way, there the access to Christ Jesus is also completely clouded, and he cannot be found there. And with regard to a serious love of truth, my dear friends, one can make very special discoveries. Let me cite a small symptom, which I cite for the reason that I experienced it in my relatively early childhood, and which struck me at the time. But one cannot forget such a thing in one's life. Isn't it true that, unless one has one's ears closed, one hears in the history of the Roman Caesars that Constantine, of whom we have also spoken, was not exactly a very good man? For a very good person is generally not someone who unjustly accuses his own stepson of having an affair with his mother—it was unjust, it was invented to have a reason for murder—who had his stepson murdered for this invented reason, and then also had the mother, the stepmother, murdered. These are just some of the most notable deeds of Constantine. However, since the external church owes him so much, the external church history is ashamed to characterize Constantine in the right way. And here I would like to read you a passage from my school textbook on religious history about Constantine:

“Constantine also showed his devout disposition in his private life.” “I just told you how!” ”When he is accused of lust for power and anger, it must be remembered that faith does not protect against every misstep, and that Christianity was unable to demonstrate its full sanctifying power in him because he remained outside the sacraments until the end of his life.”

But you can experience such things in abundance, and you can study them to determine the degree of love of truth that is very often present in history. In relation to more recent history, the situation is not much better, only it touches on other aspects, and it is not so easy to notice because other interests are at play.

Now, when these edicts are discussed, it is also mentioned that the Roman Caesars in particular opposed the bloody sacrifices, the animal sacrifices that were supposed to have been offered in such temples, and the like. Now, we do not wish to criticize or gloss over anything here, but simply to tell it as it is. For what is necessary to know is this: What is called “fighting against animal sacrifices,” from whose entrails, as is said, all kinds of futures were predicted, was indeed a decadent form of sacrifice, but it was not the trivial thing that is very often meant in history when one speaks of these things, but it was—though only in a different way than it is done today—a profound science. What they wanted to achieve through animal sacrifice was this: through the performance of animal sacrifices — it is difficult to talk about these things today because they are found very offensive, one can only characterize them in general terms — they wanted to find inspiration in these animal sacrifices for something that could no longer be obtained directly at that time, because the age of ancient atavistic clairvoyance was over; they wanted these animal sacrifices to stimulate certain circles of priests, pagan priestly circles, to revive — it was a kind of means — the ancient clairvoyant powers. And this attempt was cultivated in a better way, through the special form of sacrifice, to revive the old clairvoyant power in order to return to primeval times, in the Mithras mysteries, and I would say in the most spiritual way possible at that time. Things became cruder and bloodier in the Egyptian priestly mysteries and in the Egyptian temples. If one really studies the Mithras mysteries with occult means, one must say: They were a means, through all kinds of sacrificial acts — which were more than what we call sacrificial acts today, which were actually something introduced one into the mysteries of nature in a much more intense way than today's dissection of corpses, autopsies, which do not actually introduce one into the mysteries at all, but only lead to the surface — they were a means of gaining an introduction into the mysteries of the forces at work in the universe. Those who performed these sacrifices in the right way became, through these sacrifices, in a certain sense clairvoyant, able to perceive certain forces that exist in the mysteries of nature. And this is also connected with the fact that the actual foundations of the mystery sacrifices were kept secret, that one was only allowed to access them when one was sufficiently prepared.

Now, when one studies the Mithras mysteries, one finds that these Mithras mysteries all go back to the third post-Atlantean period, and that is why they were in decline at that time, because in their better form they were suitable for the third period. In the third post-Atlantean period, they were actually, in their heyday, something that, in a dangerous and mysterious way, nevertheless introduced people deeply into the secrets of nature; they did this because the rituals that were performed had an effect. So consider: certain practices were performed by the priests in the presence of their disciples, which were connected with the decomposition of natural relationships, in order thereby, through decomposition, to arrive at an understanding of the composition of natural processes. And through the way in which they took place, how the water in the organisms interacted with the fire in these rituals, and how this interaction in turn stimulated those present at the sacrifice, a very special path was opened up for them to gain self-knowledge that penetrated to the innermost fibers of the human being and thus knowledge of the world.

So these sacrifices were a path to self-knowledge and knowledge of the world. When one was present at these sacrifices, one experienced oneself in a different way than in outer life. But this experience was calculated to a high degree on the weakness of the human being. For self-knowledge is something extraordinarily difficult, and these sacrifices were a means of facilitating self-knowledge. Through these sacrifices, human beings were led to feel themselves inwardly, to experience themselves inwardly, but much more intensely than through the mere process of thought or imagination. One might say that the aim was a self-knowledge that went as far as physicality, as far as corporeality, a self-knowledge that can even be traced back to the minds of the great artists of antiquity, who in a certain sense owed their way of giving form to the experience of natural movements and natural formations in their own organisms. For the further back one goes in art, in artistic creation, the closer one comes to a time when creating according to a model becomes something completely incomprehensible. Having a model in front of you and copying it becomes something completely incomprehensible. More and more, one realizes that people had something alive within them that lived and that they embodied. Things have already faded so much today that one can hardly talk about them anymore, because words only vaguely describe the things that one means quite realistically and truly when one speaks of these things. It is tremendous how different times have become.

Now, a real development of this kind of mystery, which had spread throughout the world at the time of the Mystery of Golgotha, particularly in the Mithras mysteries, were the Greek Eleusinian mysteries. They were a development and at the same time, in a certain sense, a completely different side. While in the Mithras mysteries everything depended on experiencing oneself in a physical way, so to speak, in the Eleusinian mysteries everything depended on not experiencing oneself within oneself, but rather experiencing oneself outside of oneself. The Eleusinian mysteries involved completely different events than the Mithraic mysteries. In the latter, the human being was, so to speak, pushed right into himself; in the Eleusinian mysteries, he was drawn out of himself spiritually, so that he experienced outside his body the mysterious impulses of nature and spiritual creation outside himself. And if we now go into what actually happened to people in these mysteries, both in the Mithras mysteries, which were decadent, and in the Eleusinian mysteries, which were not decadent at that time but were even at their height a few centuries before the Christian era, when one asks what was actually accomplished for human beings in the mysteries, one must say: The answer was given to the great Delphic challenge, “Know thyself!” Everything actually boiled down to self-knowledge, self-knowledge in two different ways: self-knowledge by being stuffed into oneself, so that the etheric-astral in the human being was condensed, as it were, so that he bumped into himself inwardly, and by the inward bumping of his soul against the physical, he experiences: There you are something that you perceive when you push and bump yourself inwardly. This happened through the Mithras mysteries. Through the Eleusinian mysteries, self-knowledge came to human beings through the soul being drawn out of the body through various processes that cannot be described here, and the human being came into contact outside the body with the mysterious power of the sun's influence, the sun's impulse on the earth, with the forces of the moon's impulse on the earth, with the forces of the stars' impulses, the impulses of the individual elemental forces, the forces of heat, air, fire, and so on. Then, in turn, the soul elements that had been extracted from the human being flowed through the outer elements, the outer existence, and in this collision with the outer world, self-knowledge was attained. And what people who knew the true meaning of the mysteries knew was this: one can attain all soul experiences; but one cannot attain anything real with the concept of the “I” unless it comes from the mysteries. For otherwise, the I would always remain something abstract for that time if it did not come from the mysteries. The other spiritual and soul aspects could be experienced, but the I had to be stimulated in this way; it needed this strong stimulus. People knew this. And that is the essential point.

Now, as you know, a kind of combination of Christian development and the Roman Empire came about. And I have already described how this combination came about. As this combination came about, the desire arose to blur the past I have just described as much as possible; to prevent any real picture of this past from reaching posterity; to prevent posterity from learning what people did for many centuries of the Christian era in order to come into contact with those divine forces, whether within or outside the body, that bring human beings self-awareness. And now, if one wants to study the development of Christianity in greater depth, one must look not only at the further development of dogma, but above all at the further development of cults. From certain points of view, the further development of cults is even more important than the further development of dogma. For dogmas are what brought about disputes; dogmas are, in a sense, like the phoenix: they rise again from their own ashes; and no matter how thoroughly dogmas have been eradicated, there will always be someone who is considered a contrarian and who comes along with the same view. Cults can be eradicated much more reliably. And these old cults, which were, in a sense, the outer symbols, the real outer symbols, the symbols for what goes on in the mysteries, had to be eradicated in order to make it impossible for people to deduce from the existence of the cults how one tried to approach the divine-spiritual forces.

If one wants to get to the bottom of the whole thing, one must take a closer look at the Christian cults, for example, the cult of the center, the sacrifice of the Mass, the Catholic sacrifice of the Mass. What is this Catholic sacrifice of the Mass with its enormously profound meaning? What is it? Yes, the sacrifice of the Mass, with all that is connected with it, is a continuous development of the Mithras mysteries, which in a certain sense are combined with the Eleusinian mysteries. The sacrifice of the Mass and many of the ceremonies associated with it are nothing more than the further development of the ancient cults, only developed further. The matter was not simply left as it was; in particular, the bloody character that the Mithraic mysteries had gradually assumed was mitigated; it underwent a real mitigation. But the infinite similarity of the underlying spirit can only be appreciated by those who know how to evaluate certain details in the right way. The fact that the priest, like those who receive communion, eats the body of the Lord after not having eaten anything for a certain period of time—as they say, on an empty stomach—is much more important for understanding the matter than many other things, especially those that were the subject of terrible disputes in the Middle Ages. For that, for example, is what matters. And if any priest, as indeed happens, transgresses this commandment to perform transubstantiation and communion on an empty stomach, then it has absolutely no meaning, significance, or effect that it is supposed to have. Admittedly, in most cases it has no effect because those concerned are not properly instructed. For the effect can only be there if appropriate instruction has been given about what is experienced immediately after receiving the bloodless body of the Lord. But you yourself may know how little attention is paid to these subtleties today; how little attention is paid to the fact that this is supposed to bring about an experience that represents a certain inner feeling, a kind of modern renewal of what took place as inspiration in the Mithras mysteries. So there are really mysterious things behind the cult, so to speak. They are already behind it. And with the ordination of priests, the Church also wanted to create a kind of continuation of the old principle of initiation, but in many respects it forgot that the principle of initiation consisted in teaching certain doctrines about how things should be lived through.

Now, you see, it was part of Julian the Apostate's ideal to discover how the Eleusinian mysteries, into which he had been initiated, were connected with the mysteries of the third post-Atlantean period. For what could he learn in the Eleusinian mysteries? What Julian the Apostate was able to learn in the Eleusinian mysteries is not taught to people today. But if you would really take the trouble to study how Clement of Alexandria, his disciple Origen, even Tertullian, even Irenaeus, not to mention even older church teachers, how they largely started out from the pagan principle of initiation and then found their way to Christianity in their own way—if you look at these minds, you will find that there lives in them a very special kind of inner movement of concepts and ideas; there lived in them a spirit quite different from that which later lives in humanity. The spirit that lived in them is necessary if one wants to approach the mystery of Golgotha. To approach this spirit is the main thing!

You see, people sleep so much—I really mean that—with regard to the great cultural phenomena. They imagine the world as if they were actually experiencing it in a dream. We can see that for ourselves in our time. I have often spoken to you about Herman Grimm. I must confess that it is quite different for me now when I speak of Herman Grimm than it was four or five years ago. What we have experienced in the nearly three years of this war is such that, when one considers things, what immediately preceded it, what preceded it in the decades before, really seems like a kind of fairy tale; it could just as well have been centuries ago. One has the feeling that time has stretched out, so strange have things become. And so, I would say, the most important things in the world are basically overlooked by people.

If one tries today to understand ancient writers with the ordinary means of the intellect, of concepts, with ordinary means—certainly, if one is a university scholar in the ordinary sense, one understands everything that has come down to posterity, but if one is not such an enlightened mind, one may, for example, come to the following conclusion. One might say: with ordinary understanding, if one does not use occult means, the ancient Greek philosophers Thales, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, who are not so far removed from us, cannot really be understood. Even if one delves into Greek, they really speak a different language; they speak a different conceptual language than the one in which one can speak for the ordinary human mind. And this even applies to Plato, for example. I have mentioned this before: Hebbel felt this when he thought about presenting the reincarnated Plato as a high school student who has to read Plato with his high school teacher and cannot get along with the clever high school teacher, even though he is the reincarnated Plato. Hebbel wanted to carry this out. He didn't get around to it, but he wrote it down in his diary, how it would be if the reincarnated Plato were a high school student today and had to read Plato and couldn't understand him. But Hebbel felt that even Plato cannot be understood so easily. Understanding what can truly be called understanding when examining concepts in detail only really began for human thought with Aristotle. It does not go back any further; it only began with Aristotle in the fourth century BC. What came before that cannot be understood with ordinary human understanding. And that is why people have repeatedly tried to understand Aristotle, because on the one hand he is understandable, but on the other hand, with regard to certain concepts, we have not progressed any further than Aristotle did, because these concepts were particularly suitable for the time in which he lived. And actually, to think in the same way as another era thought, to want that, means for people who live in the concrete world basically the same as if you were 56 years old and wanted to be 26 years old for a quarter of an hour in order to experience what you experienced when you were 26. A certain way of thinking is only suitable for a very specific era; what is unique about that way of thinking is simply thought about again and again. But it is interesting how Aristotle lived in the Middle Ages, I would say as the ruler of thought, and how he reappeared in the work of Franz Brentano, who has been mentioned here several times, and is reappearing again right now. In 1911, Franz Brentano wrote a beautiful, wonderful book about Aristotle, in which he dealt with those ideas and concepts that should be brought particularly close to the present day. It is a strange karma of the times that this Franz Brentano has written a comprehensive book about Aristotle just now, which everyone who considers themselves to have a certain way of thinking should read. Brentano's book about Aristotle is also very easy to read.

You see, Aristotle was also, in a certain sense, doomed by fate to be mutilated, albeit not in a direct way, by the Church, not by Christianity, so that important things about him have been lost. So much so that, I would say, what has been mutilated in his work must also be supplemented in an occult way. And the most important things relate precisely to the human soul. And here, in connection with Aristotle, I come to something that must be said to people today when they ask the question: How can I, through inner soul experiences, safely find a way to open up within myself the sources of the mystery of Golgotha, by focusing my meditative life on these riddles, as described in our writings: “How to gain knowledge of the higher worlds,” and so on? For Aristotle attempts, as it were, to awaken within himself the inner experience that anyone who raises such a question would have to imitate. But just when Aristotle would come to describe this, to describe his own path of meditation, there — say the commentators on Aristotle — Aristotle becomes taciturn. But this taciturnity does not consist in Aristotle's failure to describe these things, but in the fact that later writers did not copy them down, that they have not been handed down to posterity. Aristotle had already embarked on a very unique inner, let us say mystical, path. Aristotle wanted to find in the soul that which gives inner certainty that the soul is immortal.

Now, if someone honestly and sincerely engages in inner meditative work for a period of time, doing exercises, then they will inevitably come to experience the power of the soul's immortality by opening themselves to that which is immortal within. Aristotle was also quite clear, absolutely clear, that one can experience something within oneself that tells one: I am experiencing something within myself that is independent of the body, that has nothing to do with the death of the body. That is quite clear to Aristotle. Now he goes further and tries to experience very intensely within himself that which one knows, when one experiences it, does not belong to the body. And there he experiences very clearly—only the passage is corrupted, mutilated—there he experiences very clearly what I have often pointed out, what one must experience in order to understand the mystery of Golgotha: inner loneliness. Loneliness! With mystical experience, there is no other way than to come to this loneliness, to go through the pain of this loneliness, so to speak. And when one has really experienced this feeling of loneliness to such an extent that one asks oneself, so to speak: What have you actually left behind by becoming so lonely? — then you will have to answer: Now you have left behind the best part of your being, your father, mother, brothers, sisters, and the whole rest of the world with its institutions, in essence with your soul, with the best part of your being. — Aristotle knew this too. One can have this inner experience; one can bring it about. In this feeling of loneliness, one becomes very clear that there is something inside that goes beyond death, but that has no connection other than to one's own self, which has no contact with the outside world. One comes to the same conclusion that Aristotle came to: that contact with the outside world is mediated through the organs of the body. You can experience yourself in other ways—but you need the organs of the body to experience the outside world. Hence the loneliness that sets in. And now Aristotle said to himself what everyone who follows Aristotle should say: So I have experienced the soul, that which death cannot destroy. But at the same time, everything that connects me to the outside world is gone. I am only within myself. I cannot go further in understanding immortality, Aristotle says, than to realize that after death I will experience myself in absolute solitude, with nothing before me for all eternity but what I have experienced in life as good or evil, which I will contemplate eternally. You achieve this through your own power, says Aristotle. If you want to know anything else about the spiritual world, you cannot rely on your own power; you must either be initiated or listen to what the initiated say.

This was already stated by Aristotle, but others did not pass it on. And by seeing this, Aristotle became, in a sense, a kind of prophet, a prophet for the other, which was not possible in Aristotle's time, which is different today than it was in Aristotle's time. But one does not need to look back on history; one experiences within oneself that it is different. For let us look back once more at this absolute loneliness that one has arrived at, at this mystical experience that is completely different from how mystical experiences are very often described. They are very often described in a self-satisfied way, so that it is said: You experience God within yourself. — But that is not the complete mystical experience. The complete mystical experience is: one experiences God in complete solitude, in absolute solitude. Alone with God, one experiences oneself. And then it is only a matter of having the necessary strength and endurance to continue living in this solitude. For this solitude is a force, it is a powerful force! If you do not allow yourself to be crushed by it, but allow it to live within you as a force, this solitude, then another experience is added — of course, such things can only be described, but everyone can experience them — then the immediate inner certainty comes: this solitude that you are experiencing is brought about by yourself, you have brought it about. It was not born with you. The God you experience there is what you were born from, but this loneliness was not born with you; this loneliness comes from within you. You are to blame for this loneliness. That is the second experience.

Having this experience immediately leads to feeling complicit in the killing of that which came forth from God. At this point, where the loneliness of the soul has been at work long enough, it becomes clear: something happened in time—it was not always there, otherwise there would have been no development; there must have been a time when this feeling was not there—something happened in time where the divine was killed by the human. At this point, one begins to feel complicit in the killing of God. And if I had time, we could also come to a further definition of the killing of the Son of God. The mystical experience must not be a single, nebulous, vague experience, but rather one that proceeds in stages. The death of Christ can be experienced.

And then this experience only needs to become a powerful force, and then – yes, I cannot say it any other way – then Christ is there, the risen Christ! For he is initially present as an inner mystical experience, the risen one, the one who has passed through death. And the motivation for death is experienced in the manner described above.

A three-stage mystical experience is possible. But then it may not be enough to find the way to the sources of the mystery of Golgotha. Something else should be added, something that today is greatly obscured, virtually buried. The only person who pointed out strongly enough how something had been buried in an incredibly powerful way for humanity, precisely through the education of the nineteenth century, was Friedrich Nietzsche, in his treatise “On the Use and Disadvantage of History for Life.” For nothing drives the knowledge of Christ out of us more thoroughly than what we today call history. Therefore, nothing has refuted the mystery of Golgotha as thoroughly as the faithful history of the nineteenth century. Certainly, I know that today one is a fool if one speaks against faithful history, and nothing should be said against all the careful, philological, and scholarly work that goes into the making of history. But however learned history may be, however faithful it may be, man dies spiritually from it as it is today. It is precisely in history that man dies most surely spiritually. The most important things are unknown in the life of men and mankind. The most important things are unknown!

Perhaps one may speak personally in this area, because these things may be linked to personal experience. Since I was eighteen or nineteen, I have been constantly preoccupied with Goethe, but I have never felt the temptation to write anything historically accurate in the philological sense about Goethe, or even to portray him, never, for the simple reason that from the very beginning I was convinced that the essential thing is that Goethe lives! Not that one should view Goethe, who was born in 1749 and died in 1832, as a physical human being, but rather that when Goethe died in 1832, something continued to live on not only in his individuality, but something that surrounds us like the air, but spiritually, not merely in what people say—and there is not much intelligent talk about Goethe today—but spiritually, something surrounds us. The spiritual is around us, as it was not yet spiritually around the people of antiquity. The etheric body is separated from the soul as a kind of second corpse, but it is preserved in a certain way by the Christ impulse that has remained from the Mystery of Golgotha; it does not dissolve purely, but is preserved. And if one — let me now use the word “faith” as I defined it at the beginning of these lectures — if one has faith that Goethe rose as an etheric body, and then sets about studying him, then his concepts and ideas become alive within oneself, and one does not describe him as he was, but as he is today. Then you have transferred the concept of resurrection into life. Then you believe in resurrection. Then you can say that you do not merely believe in dead ideas, but in the living continuation of ideas. For this is connected with a profound mystery of modern times. We may think what we want—what I say does not apply to our feelings and desires, but it does apply to our thinking and imagining—we may think what we want: as long as we are in the physical body, there is an obstacle to the ideas being lived out in the right way. However great Goethe may have been, his ideas were even greater than he himself. For it was his physical body that prevented them from becoming as great as they were, and not greater. At the moment when they were able to separate from the physical body — I mean the ideas that continue to live in a certain way in the etheric body, not his feelings and will — and when they can be taken up by someone who receives them in love and thinks them further, then they become something else, they gain a new life. Believe that the first form in which ideas can appear to someone is by no means the last form of these ideas; but believe in a resurrection of ideas! And believe in this so firmly that you will gladly connect yourself, not merely in your blood with your ancestors, but with your spiritual soul ancestors, and find them; they need not be Goethes, but may be the next best Miller or Schulze. Fulfill the saying of Christ: do not merely connect with bodies through blood, but connect with souls through the spirit, then you will make the idea of resurrection effective, directly effective in life. Then you will believe in resurrection in life. For it is not important that one always says “Lord, Lord,” but that one understands Christianity in its living spirit, that one holds fast to the most important concept of the resurrection as something living. And whoever leans spiritually on the past in this sense learns to experience the continuation of the past within himself. And then it is only a matter of time before the moment arrives when Christ is there, when Christ is with you. Everything depends on clinging to the risen one and to the resurrection and saying to yourself: A spiritual world is around us, and the resurrection has had an effect!

You may say: “That is just a hypothesis.” Fine, let it be a hypothesis! Once you have had the experience of connecting with a thought of someone who has already passed away, whose physical body has been incorporated into the earth, and that thought continues to live on with you, then one day you will realize that you are saying to yourself: Just as this thought lives, just as it has recently become alive in me, so it is alive through Christ, and could never have become so alive before Christ was on earth.

There is a path to the mystery of Golgotha that can be taken inwardly. But first of all, one must say goodbye to so-called objective history, which is entirely subjective because it clings only to the outer surface and erases the spirit. For you see, many biographies of Goethe have been written. These biographies of Goethe that have been written very often aim to portray Goethe's life as faithfully as possible. Every time one does that, one kills something within oneself; inevitably, one kills something within oneself. For the thought is, as it was in Goethe's time, has passed through death and lives on in a different way. It is important to understand Christianity in this spiritual sense.

In short, mystically—now understood in the true sense of the word—it is possible to experience the mystery of Golgotha; but one must not remain with abstractions, but must go through the inner experiences that have just been described. And anyone who asks the question: How can I myself come to Christ? — must be clear that they must approach the risen Christ, and that if they have the patience and perseverance to follow the path that has just been described, they will then approach Christ at the right time, and they can be sure of encountering Christ. But one must be careful not to overlook the most important thing in this encounter.

I said: Aristotle was in a certain sense a prophet, and Julian the Apostate took up something of this prophetic element. But he could no longer really understand it from the form the Eleusinian mysteries had taken at that time; he wanted to find a connection in the Mithraic mysteries. Hence his journey to Persia. He wanted to get behind the whole continuity, he wanted to know the whole context. This could not be allowed—hence the murder of Julian the Apostate.

But to experience Christ himself, in a manner of speaking, according to the Eleusinian mysteries, that was precisely the aspiration of the early Church Fathers. And whether one wants to call them Gnostics or not — those who were actually Gnostics were not accepted by the Church, but one could just as well call Clement of Alexandria a Gnostic — they dealt with Christ in a completely different way because they wanted to approach Christ through the Eleusinians, unlike those who later dealt with him. They dealt with him in such a way that they regarded him above all as a cosmic event. For example, the question was raised again and again: How does the Logos work purely in the spiritual world? And: What was the characteristic nature of the being that encountered man in paradise? How was it connected with the Logos? Such questions, which could only be answered through purely spiritual ideas, occupied these people. And one must say, when one looks at the Eleusinian and Mithraic mysteries, which were eradicated root and branch: in the first centuries after the Mystery of Golgotha, the risen Christ himself went around in the mysteries in order to reform them. Therefore, in a truly profound sense, one can say that Julian the Apostate was perhaps a better Christian than Constantine. Constantine was not initiated, and he accepted Christianity in a very superficial way. But Julian the Apostate had an inkling of it: if you want to find Christ, you must find him through the mysteries; you must find Christ precisely through the mysteries, then he will give you the I that could not yet be given in Aristotle's time.

This is of course connected with deeper historical necessities, that instead of seeking the way to Christ through the mysteries, these mysteries were eradicated root and branch. But the path to Greek culture must be taken again, it must be taken without documents. Greek culture must be resurrected. Not in the same way as it was, of course, otherwise we would end up with the absurdities that arise when people imitate the Olympic Games here and there; it is not important to imitate Greek culture. That is not what I mean. Greek culture must be resurrected from within, and it will be resurrected, and people must find the path to the mysteries, but it will be a very inner path. Then they will also find Christ in the appropriate way.

But just as the first mystery of Golgotha was accomplished in Palestine, so the second was accomplished through Constantinianism. For by eradicating the mysteries, Christ was crucified and killed a second time as a historical phenomenon. For that terrible destruction, which took place over centuries, was such that it was not only — and this truly cannot be underestimated — a destruction of the greatest artistic and mystical achievements, but also a destruction of the most important experiences of humanity. But people did not understand what they had actually destroyed with what had disappeared outwardly, because they had completely lost the depth of the concepts. When the Temple of Serapis and the Temple of Zeus with their magnificent images were destroyed, people said: Yes, if this is destroyed, then the destroyers are right; for ancient legends have handed down to us: When the Temple of Serapis is destroyed, the heavens will collapse and the earth will be thrown into chaos! But the heavens did not collapse, and the earth did not fall into chaos, even though the Roman Christians razed the Temple of Serapis to the ground, said the people. Certainly, the stars did not fall, the outer, physical ones; the earth did not become chaos, but in human experience, that which was formerly known through the solar initiation disappeared. All the immense wisdom that arched more powerfully than the physical heavens in the view of the ancients collapsed together with the Temple of Serapis. And this ancient wisdom, of which Julian the Apostate still felt an echo in the Eleusinian mysteries, where the spiritual sun and the spiritual moon stretched out above him, sending down their impulses, collapsed. And what the ancients experienced in the Mithras mysteries and in the Egyptian mysteries became chaos, when, through the sacrificial service, they inwardly relived the mysteries of the moon and the mysteries of the earth as they unfold in human beings themselves when, as I described earlier in a trivial expression, they come to the knowledge of themselves by, as it were, stirring up their soul within themselves. Spiritually, it was as if the heavens collapsed and the earth became chaos: for what disappeared in those centuries is quite comparable to what would disappear if we suddenly lost our senses, where, at least for us, the heavens above would no longer be, and the earth below would no longer be. The old world did not simply disappear in the trivial way in which it is portrayed, but it disappeared in a much deeper sense. And we must believe in the resurrection if we do not want to believe that what has disappeared is completely lost. We must believe in the resurrection. But for this it is necessary that people take up strong and courageous ideas within themselves. Above all, it is necessary for people to realize that the impulse that has been referred to so often here is necessary today.

For people should feel that, although centuries have been lived in vain from certain points of view due to a karmic, world-karmic necessity centuries have been lived in vain from certain points of view — of course it is only a necessity from a certain point of view — that they have been lived emptily, so that out of a strong inner urge for freedom the Christ impulse can be found again, can be found all the more surely; but people must move away from the complacency in which they often find themselves today.

Sometimes this complacency is very strange. A Benedictine priest named Krauer gave lectures in Vienna in the 1980s. I would like to read you a passage from one of these lectures. The lecture from which I would like to read a very short excerpt is about the Stoics. The most important representatives of the Stoics were: Zeno (342-270), Cleanthes, who lived 200 years before Christ, and Chrysippus (282-209); so we are centuries before the mystery of Golgotha. What can those who know the Stoics say about them? So we are centuries before the mystery of Golgotha.

"Finally, to say something in praise of the Stoics, it should be mentioned that they strove for a confederation of all mankind that would be capable of putting an end to all racial hatred and war. It hardly needs to be said that the Stoics thus stood far above the often inhuman prejudices of their time and even of the most distant generations of future times.”

A confederation of nations! I had to repeat this lecture because one might think that one had not heard correctly when one now hears Wilson and other statesmen of the present day talking about a confederation of nations—one would think one had heard a voice from the ancient Stoics of the third century BC! For they said it all much better. They really did say it much better, because behind them stood the power of the ancient mysteries. They said it with an inner strength that has now vanished, and only the shell remains, step by step, only the shell remains. Only historians who are not historians in the ordinary, trivial sense sometimes see historical phenomena differently.

And Knauer continues—I have no need to take back what I said recently about Immanuel Kant, but one can nevertheless find it very remarkable that a good philosopher like Knauer said the following words about the Stoa in the 1880s:

“Among the more recent philosophers, no one less than Immanuel Kant has taken up this idea“ — he means the idea of the League of Nations — ‘and declared it feasible in his much too little noticed work ’Perpetual Peace. A Philosophical Sketch.” Kant's underlying idea is certainly a very correct and practical one. He argues that eternal peace must come about when the most powerful states on earth have a truly representative constitution.” Yes, now it is called reorientation in a shadowy attenuation. Kant already toned it down considerably, but now it has been toned down even more, and now it is called reorientation. But looking further at Kant, Knauer finds: “In such a constitution, the wealthy and educated, who are most harmed by war, will be in a position to decide on war and peace. Kant, however, does not consider our constitutions, which are modeled on the English, to be such representative constitutions. In them, it is mostly party passion and clique politics that prevail, which are greatly encouraged by an electoral system based almost exclusively on arithmetic and statistical principles. The crux of these remarks, however, is: “International law should be based on a federalism of free states.”

Are we listening to Kant or are we hearing things about the reorientation? Kant's view is even stronger and based on much better foundations. Well, I don't want to read out what follows, otherwise good old Kant might get into an unpleasant conflict with the censors.

You see, what I have discussed here led a writer I have mentioned several times before, Brooks Adams, in America, as a kind of lone thinker, to examine the course of human development. To examine what significance it had when, time and again, certain peoples refreshed the outdated aspects of human development, such as the Germanic peoples did with the Roman Empire. Now Brooks Adams looks around and finds many similarities with the Roman Empire; but nowhere does he find those who are supposed to come and refresh it. He does not consider the Americans to be capable of this — he wrote in America — and he has good reason. For this renewal will not come from outside, it must come from within; it must come through the revival of the spirit. No renewal will come from the body, it must come from the soul. But this can only come when the Christ impulse is grasped in its liveliness. And all the stupid sayings that are so common today apply to the past, but not to the present and the future, the stupid sayings that always repeat: Yes, the proverb is true: Minerva's owl can only spread its wings at dusk. That was true in earlier times, when one could say: When the peoples had grown old, they founded schools of philosophy; they looked back, as it were, in spirit to what instinct had accomplished. In the future it will be different. For this instinct will no longer come; but the spirit itself must become instinctive again, and the possibility of creation must arise from the spirit itself.

These are weighty words. Think carefully about them: the possibility of creation must arise from the spirit itself! The power of the spirit must become instinctive! It all depends on the idea of resurrection. That which has been crucified must rise again. This will not be brought about by history, but only by our making alive within ourselves the effective forces of the spirit.

This is what I wanted to say at this time in connection with the mystery of Golgotha.