Spiritual Ground of Education
GA 305
18 August 1922, Oxford
III. Spiritual Disciplines of Yesterday and Today
To-day I have to add to what I said yesterday concerning old ways to spiritual knowledge yet a further example, namely the way of asceticism as practised in former ages, asceticism in the widest sense of the word. And here I shall be describing a way that is even less practicable in our own times than the way described yesterday. For in our time, in our civilisation, men's thoughts and customs are different from those of the days when men sought high spiritual knowledge by means of asceticism. Hence just as we must replace the way of Yoga to-day by something more purely spiritual and psychic, so must we replace the way of asceticism by a modern way. But we shall more easily apprehend the modern way into spiritual life if we train our ideas in grasping the way of asceticism.
Asceticism essentially is a matter of certain exercises. These exercises can extend to spiritual and psychic things, I wish, for the moment, to deal with the use made of these exercises for eliminating the human body in a special way, at certain times, from the sum of human experience. It is just by eliminating the body that experience of spiritual worlds is called up. These exercises consisted in training the body by means of pain and suffering, by mortification, until it was capable of enduring pain without causing too much disturbance to the mind; until the ascetic could bear physical suffering without his whole mind and soul being overwhelmed in the suffering. Mortification and enhanced en-durance were pursued because it was a matter of experience that as the physical was repressed so the spiritual nature emerged, got free and brought about immediate spiritual perception, direct experience.
Now it is a matter of experience—notwithstanding that these methods are not to be recommended today—it is yet a matter of experience that in whatever measure the physical body is suppressed in the same measure man is enabled to receive into himself psychic and spiritual being. It is simply a fact that spirit becomes perceptible when the activity of the physical is suppressed.
Let me make my meaning clear by an example: Suppose we observe the human eye. This human eye is there for the purpose of transmitting impressions of light to the human being. What is the sole means whereby the eye can make light perceptible to man? Imaginatively expressed: by wanting nothing for itself. The moment the eye wants something for itself—so to speak—the moment the organic activity, the vital activity of the eye loses its own vitality, (if some opacity or hardening of the lens or eyeball sets in)—namely, as soon as the eye departs from selflessness and becomes self-seeking, in that moment it ceases to be a servant of human nature. The eye must make no claim to be anything for its own sake. This is meant relatively of course, but things must be stated in a somewhat absolute manner when they have to be expressed. Life itself will make it relative. Thus we can say: The eye owes its transparency to light to the fact that it shuts itself off from the being of man, that it is selfless.
When we want to see into the spiritual world—this seeing is meant of course in a spiritual-psychic sense—then we must, as it were, make our whole organism into an eye. We must now make our whole organism transparent—not physically as in the case of the eye,—but spiritually. It must no longer be an obstacle to our intercourse with the world.
Certainly I do not mean to say that our physical organism as it stands to-day would become diseased—as the eye would be diseased—if it claimed life on its own account. For ordinary life our physical organism is quite right as it is, it is quite normal. It has to be opaque. In the lectures that follow we shall see how it is that our organism cannot be an “eye” in ordinary life, how it must be non-transparent. Our normal soul-life can repose in our organism just because it is non-transparent, and because we do not perpetually have the whole spiritual world of the universe about us when we gaze around. Thus, for ordinary life, it is right, it is normal for our organism to be non-transparent. But one can know nothing of the spiritual world by means of it,—just as one can know nothing of light by means of an eye that has cataract. And when the body is mortified by suffering and pain, and by self-conquests, it becomes trans-parent. And just as it is possible to perceive the world of light when the eye lets the light show through it—so it is possible for the whole organism to perceive the spiritual world surrounding it when we make the organism transparent in this way.
What I have just described is what took place in ancient times, the times which gave rise to those mighty religious visions which have come down to our age in tradition, not through the independent discovery of modern men; and it is this that led up to that bodily asceticism that I have been attempting to elucidate.
Nowadays we cannot imitate this asceticism. In earlier ages it was an accepted thing that if one sought enlightenment, if one wanted tidings of the super-sensible, the spiritual world, one should betake oneself to solitary men, to hermits—to such as had withdrawn from life. It was a universal belief that one could learn nothing from those who lived the ordinary life of the world; but that knowledge of spiritual worlds could only be won in solitude, and that one who sought such knowledge must become different from other men.
It would not be possible to think like this from our modern standpoint. Our tendency is to believe only in a man who can stand firmly on his feet, who can use his hands to help his fellow men, one who counts for something in life, who can work and trade and is at home in the world, That solitude which former ages regarded as the pre-requisite of higher knowledge has now no place in our view of life. If we are to believe in a man to-day he must be a man of action, one who enters into life, not one who retires from it. Hence it is impossible for us to acquire the state of mind of the ascetic in relation to knowledge, and we cannot learn of spiritual worlds in his way.
Now this makes it necessary for us to-day to win to clairvoyance by psychic-spiritual means without damaging our bodies' fitness by ascetic practices. And this we can do. And we can do it because through our century-old natural-scientific development we have acquired exact concepts, exact ideas. We can discipline our thinking by means of this natural-scientific development. What I am now describing is not something antagonistic to the intellect. Intellectuality must be at the basis of it all, there must be a foundation of clear thinking. But upon the basis of this intellectuality, of this clear thought, there must be built what can lead into the spiritual world.
To-day it is exceptionally easy to fulfil the demand that man shall think clearly. This is no slight on clear thinking. But in an age which comes several centuries after the work of Copernicus and of Galileo clear thinking is almost a matter of course.—The pity is that it is not yet a matter of course among the majority of people.—But in point of fact it is easy to have clear thought when this clear thought is attained at the expense of the fullness, of the rich content of thought. Empty thoughts can easily be clear. But the foundation of our whole future development must be clear thoughts which have fullness, clear thoughts rich in content.
Now, what the ascetic attained by mortification and suppression of the physical organism we can attain by taking in hand our own soul's development. By asking ourselves, for instance, at some definite stage of our life “What habits have I got? What characteristics? What faults? What sympathies and antipathies?” And when one has reviewed all this clearly in one's mind, one can try imagining—in the case of some very simple thing to start with—what one would be like if one were to evolve a different kind of sympathy or antipathy, a different content of soul.
These things do not come as a matter of course. It often takes years of inward work to do what otherwise life would do for us. If we look at ourselves honestly for once we shall concede: “What I am to-day I was not ten years ago.” The inner content of the soul, and the inner formation of the soul also, have become quite different. Now what has brought this about? Life itself. Unconsciously we have given ourselves up to life. We have plunged into the stream of life. And now: can we ourselves do what otherwise life does? Can we look ahead, for example, to what we shall be in ten years' time, and set' it before us as an aim, and proceed with iron will to bring it about? If we can compass all life within the confines of our own ego—that vast life which otherwise works on us,—if we can thus intensify in our own will [Literally—“in the will of our own ego.”] the power which is usually spread abroad like a sea of life,—if we can work at our own progress and make something out of ourselves:—then we shall achieve inwardly what the ascetic of old achieved by external means. [By Translator—It is interesting to read Kipling's “If” in the light of this knowledge.] He rendered the body weak so that will and cognition should arise out of the weakened body, and the body should be translucent to the spiritual world. We must make our will strong, and make strong our powers of thought, so that they may be stronger than the body, which goes on its own way; and thus we shall constrain the body to be transparent to the world of spirit. We do the precise opposite of the ascetics of old.
You see, I have treated of these things in my book Knowledge of the Higher Worlds. And what is there described, which differs completely from the old ascetic way, has been confused by many people with asceticism, has been taken to be the old asceticism in a new form. But anyone who reads it carefully will see that it differs in every respect from the way of asceticism in the past. Now this new “asceticism” which does not require that we should withdraw from life and become hermits, but keeps us active in the world—this new way can only be achieved by looking away from the passing moment to Time itself.
One has to consider, for instance, what one will be like in ten years' time. And this means that one has to take into consideration the whole span of a man's life between birth and death. Man is prone to live in the moment. But here the aim is: To learn to live in time, within the whole span of life. Then the world of spirit will become visible to us. We do indeed see a spiritual world around us when our body has thus become transparent.
For instance, everything described in my book Occult Science, rests entirely on knowledge such as this I obtained when the body is as transparent to spirit as the eye is to light.
Now you will say: Yes, but we cannot require every teacher to attain such spiritual cognition before he can become an educator or instructor. But, as I said yesterday in the case of Yoga, let me repeat: This is not in the least necessary. For the body of the child itself is living witness of spiritual worlds and it is here that our higher knowledge can begin. And thus a teacher with right instinct can grow naturally into a spiritual treatment of the child. But our intellectual age has departed very much from such a spiritual treatment and treats everything rationally. So much so that we have reached the stage of saying: You must so educate as to make everything immediately comprehensible to the child at whatever stage he may be. Now this lends itself to triviality—no doubt an extremely convenient thing to those engaged in teaching. We get a lot done in a given time when we put as many things as possible before the child in a trivial and rudimentary form, addressed to its comprehension. But a man who thinks like this, on rational grounds, is not concerning himself with the whole course of man's life. He is not concerned with what becomes of the sensation I have aroused in the child when the child has grown into an older man or woman, or attained old age. He is not taking life into consideration; for instance, he is not considering the following: suppose it is evident knowledge to me that it is advisable for a child between the change of teeth and puberty to rely mainly on authority; and that for him to trust to an example he needs to have an example set: In that case I shall tell the child something that he must take on trust, for I am the mediator of the divine, spiritual world to the child. He believes me; and accepts what I say, although he does not yet understand it. So much of what we receive in childhood unconsciously we do not understand. If in childhood we could only accept what we understood we should receive little of value for our later life. And Jean Paul, the German poet and thinker, would never have said that more is learned in the first three years of life than in the three years at the university.
But just consider what it means when, say, in my thirty-fifth year some event or other brings about the feeling: “Something is swimming up into your mind. Long ago you heard this from your teacher. You were only nine or ten years old, may-be, at the time, and you did not understand it at all. Now it comes back. And now, in the light of your own life, it makes sense. You appreciate it.”
A man who in later life can thus fetch from the depths of his' memory what he now understands for the first time has within him a well-spring of life. A refreshing stream of power continually flows within him. Such a thing—this swimming up into the soul of what was once accepted on trust and is only now understood—such a thing as this can show us that to educate rightly we must not merely consider the immediate moment, but the whole of life. In all that we teach the child this must be kept in view.
Now I have just been told that exception was taken to the image used for showing the child how man partakes of immortality. I was not speaking of “eternity,” but of “immortality.” I said “The image of the butterfly emerging from the chrysalis is there to be seen.” This image was only taken to represent the sensation we can have of the soul leaving the physical body.
The image itself refutes this objection; it was expressly used to meet the objection that the emerging of the butterfly is not a right concept of immortality. In the logical sense, naturally, it is not a right concept. But we are considering what kind of concept we are to give the child, what image we are to place before his soul so as to avoid confronting him with logic prematurely. What is thus given in picture form to a child of eight or nine years, (for it was of children we were speaking, and not of introducing things in this way to a philosopher)—what is thus given can grow into the right concept of immortality.
Thus it all depends on the what (on what is given)—on having a living grasp of existence. It is this that is so terribly hard for our rationalistic age to grasp. It is surely obvious that the thing we tell the child is different from that into which it is transformed in later years—what would be the sense of calling a child unskilled, immature, “childish” (zappelig) if we were simply speaking of a grown man? An observer of life finds not only younger and more grown-up children, but childish and grown-up ideas and concepts. And to a true teacher or educator it is life we must look to, not adulthood.
It seems to me a good fate that not before 1919 did it fall to me to take on the direction of the Waldorf School—founded that year by Emil Molt in Stuttgart. I had been concerned with education professionally before that time; nevertheless, I should not have felt in a position to master so great an educational enterprise earlier to the extent that we can master it now, with the college of teachers of the Waldorf School—(master it, that is, relatively speaking—to a certain extent). And the reason is this: before that time I should not have dared to form a college of teachers consisting so largely of men and women with a knowledge of human nature—and therefore of child nature—as I was able to do that year. For, as I have already said, all true teaching, all true pedagogy must be based on knowledge of human nature. But before one can do this one must possess the means of penetrating into human nature in the proper way. Now,—if I may say so—the first perceptions of this entering into human nature came to me more than 35 years ago.
These were spiritual perceptions of the nature of man. Spiritual, I say, not intellectual. Now spiritual truths behave in a different manner from intellectual truths. What one perceives intellectually, what one has proved,—as it is called, one can also communicate to other men, for the matter is ready when the logic is ready. Spiritual truths are not ready when the logic is ready. It is in the nature of spiritual truths that they must be carried with a man on his way through life, they must be lived with before they can fully develop. Thus I should never have dared to utter to other men certain truths about the nature of man in the form in which they came to me more than 35 years ago. Not until a few years back, in my book “Von Seelen Ratzeln” (Riddles of the Soul) did I venture to speak of these things for the erst time. A period of thirty years lay between the first conception and the giving out of these things to the world. Why? Because it is necessary to contemplate such truths at different stages of one's life, they have to accompany one throughout different periods of life. The spiritual truths conceived when one was a young man of 23 or 24 are experienced quite differently when one is 35 or 36, or again at 45 or 46. And as a matter of fact it was not until I had passed my fiftieth year that I ventured to publish these outlines of a Knowledge of Man in a book. And only then could I tell these things to a college of teachers; and give them so the elements of education which every teacher must make his own and use with every single child.
Thus I may say: when my little booklet The Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy appeared, I was speaking on education there as one who disagrees with much in modern education, who would like to see this or the other treated more fundamentally, and so on. But at the time this little book was written I should not have been able to undertake such a thing as directing the Waldorf School. For it was essential for such a task to have a college of teachers with a knowledge of man originating in a spiritual world. This knowledge of man is exceedingly hard to come by to-day; in comparison it is easy for us to study natural science. It is comparatively easy to come to see what the final member of organic evolution is. We begin with the simplest organism and see how it has evolved up to man. And man stands at the summit of evolution, the final member of organic development. But we know man only as the end product of organic development. We do not see into man himself. We do not look into his very being. Natural science has attained great perfection and we have every admiration for it and intend no disparagement—but when we have mastered this natural science we only know man as the highest animal, we do not know what man is in his essential nature. Yet our life is dominated by this same natural science. Now in order to educate we need a human science,—and a practical human science at that—a human science that applies to every individual child. And for this we need a, general human science.
To-day I will only indicate a few of the principles which became apparent to me more than thirty years ago, and which have been made the basis for the actual training of the staff of the Waldorf School. Now it must be borne in mind that in dealing with children of elementary school age (7-14) we have to do with the life of the soul in these children. In the next few days I shall have to speak also of quite little children. But, much though it grieves me, we have as yet no nursery school preliminary to the Waldorf School because we have not the money for it, and so we can only take children of 6 and 7 years old. But naturally the ideal thing is for children to receive education as early as possible.
When we receive them into the primary school, the elementary school, it is their souls that concern us;—that is to say their essentially physical education has been accomplished—or has failed of accomplishment—according to the lights of parents and educators. Thus we can say: The most essential part of physical education (which will, of course, be continuous as we shall see when I describe the particular phases of education), the most essential part belongs to the period ending with the change of teeth. From that time on it is the soul of the child we have to deal with, and we must conduct the development of his soul in a way that strengthens physical development.
And when the child has passed the age of puberty he enters upon the age in which we must no longer speak of him as a child—the age in which young ladies and gentlemen come into full possession of their own minds, their own spirits. Thus man progresses from what is of the body, by way of the soul, into the spiritual. But, as we shall see, we cannot teach what is of the spirit. It has to be freely absorbed from the world. Man can only learn of spiritual things from life.
Where we have children of primary school age we have to deal with the child's soul. Now soul manifests, roughly speaking, through thinking, feeling and willing. And if one can thoroughly understand the play of thinking, feeling and will—the soul's life—within man's whole nature, one has the basis for the whole of education.
To be sure the multiplication table is not the whole of mathematics, but we must learn the multiplication table before we can advance as far as the differential and integral calculus. In education the matter is somewhat different; it is not a wonderfully advanced science that I am now about to set forth, but the elements, the fundamentals. The advanced science here, however, cannot be built up as the differential and integral calculus is built up on elementary mathematics,—it must be founded on the practical use made of these elementary principles by the teachers and educators.
Now when people speak of the nature of the human soul to-day, in this materialistic age—if they allow the existence of the soul at all (and one even hears of a psychology, a science of the soul, devoid of soul), but if they allow the existence of the soul, they commonly say: The soul, now, is a thing experienced inwardly, psychically, and it is connected somehow—I will not enter into the philosophical aspect—with the body. Indeed, if one surveys the field of our exceptionally intelligent psychology one finds the life of the soul—thought, feeling and will—related, for the most part, to the human nervous system—in the broadest sense of the word. It is the nervous system which brings the soul to physical manifestation—which is the bodily foundation of the soul's life.
It is this that I realised 35 years ago to be wrong. For the only part of our soul life as adult human beings (and I expressly emphasize this, since we cannot consider the child until we understand the man), the only part of our soul life bound up with the nervous system is our thinking, our power of ideation. The nervous system is only connected with ideation.
Feeling is not directly bound up with the nervous system, but with what may be called the Rhythmic system in the human being: it is bound up with rhythm, the rhythm of breathing, the rhythm of blood circulation, in their marvellous relation-ship to one another. The ratio is only approximate, since it naturally varies with every individual, but practically speaking every adult human being has four times as many pulse beats as he has breaths. It is this inner interplay and relationship of pulse rhythm and breath rhythm, and its connection in turn with the more extended rhythmic life of the human being, that constitutes the rhythmic nature of man,—a second nature over against the head or nerve nature. The rhythmic system includes the rhythm we experience when we sleep and awaken. This is a rhythm which we often turn into non-rhythm nowadays—but it is a rhythm. And there are many other such rhythms in human life. Human life is not merely built up on the life of nerves, on the nervous system, it is also founded in this rhythmic life. And just as thinking and the power of thought is bound up with the nervous system, so the power of feeling is connected immediately with the rhythmic system.
It is not the case that feeling finds its direct expression in the nervous life; feeling finds its direct expression in the rhythmic system. Only when we begin to conceive of our rhythmic system, when we make concepts of our feelings, we then perceive our feelings as ideas by means of the nerves, just as we perceive light or colour outwardly. Thus the connection of feeling with the nerve life is an indirect one. Its direct connection is with the rhythmic life. And one simply cannot understand man unless one knows how man breathes, how breathing is related to blood-circulation, how this whole rhythm is apparent, for instance, in a child's quick flushing or paling; one must know all that is connected with the rhythmic life. And on the other hand one must know what processes accompany children's passions, children's feelings and the loves and affections of children. If one does not know what lives immediately in the rhythmic life, and how this is merely projected into the nerve life, to become idea (concept) one does not understand man. One does not understand man if one says: “The soul's nature is dependent on the nerve-nature”, for of the soul's nature it is only the life of thought, thinking, that is dependent on the nerves.
What I say here I say from out of direct observation such as can be made by spiritual perception. There are no proofs of the validity of this spiritual observation as there are proofs for the findings of intellectualistic thinking. But everyone who can entertain these views without prejudice can prove them retrospectively by normal human understanding, and, moreover, by what external science has to say on these matters.
I may add to what I have already said that a great part of the work I had to do 35 years ago, when I was engaged in verifying the original conception of this membering of man's nature which I am now expounding, was to find out from all domains of physiology, biology and other natural sciences whether these things could be verified externally. I would not expound these things to-day if I had not got this support. And it can be stated in general with certainty that much of what I am saying to-day can also be demonstrated scientifically by modern means.
Now, in the third place, over against thinking and feeling, we have willing,—the life of will. And willing does not depend directly on the nervous system, willing is directly connected with human metabolism and with human movement.—Metabolism is very intimately connected with movement. You can regard all the metabolism which goes on in man, apart from movement proper, as his limb system. The ‘movement system’ and ‘metabolic system’ I hold to be the third member of the human organism. And with this the will is immediately bound up. Every will impulse in man is accompanied by a particular form of the metabolic process which has a different mode of operation from that of the nerve processes which accompany the activity of thinking. Naturally a man must have a healthy metabolism if he wants to think soundly. But thinking is bound up directly with an activity in the nervous system quite other than the metabolic activity; whereas man's willing is immediately bound up with his metabolism. And it is this dependence of the will on the metabolism that one must recognise.
Now when we conceive ideas about our own willing, when we think about the will, then the metabolic activity is projected into the nervous system. It is only mediately, indirectly, that the will works in the nervous system. What transpires in the nervous system in connection with the will is the faculty of apprehending our own will activity.
Thus, when we can penetrate the human being with our vision we discover the relationships between the psychic and the physical nature of man. The ACTIVITY OF THOUGHT in the soul manifests physically as NERVOUS ACTIVITY; the FEELING NATURE in the soul manifests physically as the rhythm of the BREATHING SYSTEM and the BLOOD SYSTEM, and this it does directly, not indirectly by the way of the nervous system, not through the nervous system. THE ACTIVITY OF WILL manifests in man's physical nature as a fine METABOLISM. It is essential to know the fine metabolic processes which accompany the exercise of the activity of the will, a form of combustion process in the human being.
Once one has acquired these concepts, of which I can here only indicate to you the general outline—they will become clear in the next few days in all their detail, when I show their application,—once you have these elementary principles, then your eyes will be opened also to everything which confronts you in child-nature. For things are not as yet in the same state in child nature. For instance the child is entirely Sense Organ, namely, entirely Head; as I have already explained the child is entirely SENSE ORGAN. (Note by Translator: i.e. a baby, or child under 7.)
It is of particular interest to see by means of a scientific spiritual observation how a child tastes in a different manner from an adult. An adult, who has brought taste into the sphere of consciousness; tastes with his tongue and decides what the taste is. A child—that is to say a baby in its earliest weeks—tastes with its whole body. The organ of taste is diffused throughout the organism. It tastes with its stomach, and it continues to taste when the nourishing juices have been taken up by the lymph vessels and transmitted to the whole organism. The child at its mother's breast is wholly permeated by taste. And here we can see how the child is—as it were—illuminated and transfused with taste, with something of a soul nature, (Note by Translator: i.e. the sensation of taste.) which later we do not have in our whole body, which later we have only in our head.
And thus we learn how to watch a tiny child, and how to watch an older child, knowing that one child will blush easily for one thing or another and another child will easily turn pale for this or that cause, one child is quick to get excited, or quick to move his limbs; one child has a firm tread, another will trip lightly, etc. Once we have these principles and can recognise the seat in the metabolic system of what comes to psychic expression as will, or in the rhythmic system of what comes to psychic expression as feeling, or in the nervous system of what manifests in the soul as thought, then we shall know how to observe a child, for we shall know whither to direct our gaze.
You all know that there are people who investigate certain things under the microscope. They see wonderful things under the microscope; but there are also people who have not learned how to look through a microscope; they look into it and no matter how they manipulate it they see nothing. First one must learn to see by learning how to manipulate the instrument through which one sees. When one has learned how to look through a microscope one will be able to see what is requisite. One sees nothing of man until one has learned to fix the gaze of one's soul, of one's spirit, upon what corresponds to thinking, to feeling and to willing. The aim was to develop in the staff of the Waldorf School a right orientation of vision. For the teachers must first of all know what goes on in the children, then they achieve the right state of mind—and only from a right attitude of mind can right education come.
It was necessary at the outset to give some account of the three-fold organisation of man so that the details of the actual educational measures and educational methods might be more readily comprehensible to you.
Die spirituelle Grundlage der Erziehung III
Ich habe zu dem, was gestern über ältere Wege zur spirituellen Erkenntnis zu sagen war, heute noch hinzuzufügen als ein weiteres Beispiel den Weg, der genommen worden ist durch die Askese im weitesten Sinne des Wortes. Ich komme dabei zu der Schilderung eines Weges, den wir in unserer heutigen Zeit noch weniger gehen können als den Weg, den ich gestern geschildert habe. In unserer Zeit, in unserer Zivilisation sind auch andere Gesinnungen, andere Gewohnheiten unter den Menschen herrschend, als in denjenigen Zeiten, in denen man einmal eine höhere spirituelle Erkenntnis gesucht hat durch Askese. Und daher werden wir eben so, wie wir den Jogaweg heute durch etwas Geistigeres, Seelischeres ersetzen müssen, auch den Weg der Askese als moderne Menschen durch einen anderen zu ersetzen haben. Aber wir können uns leichter darüber verständigen, was mit dem modernen Wege in spirituelles Leben hinein gemeint ist, wenn wir unsere Begriffe heranbilden an demjenigen, was eigentlich gewollt worden ist durch eine Methode, wie die der Askese war.
Askese besteht im wesentlichen in gewissen Übungen. Diese Übungen können sich allerdings auch auf Seelisches und Geistiges erstrecken. Ich will aber jetzt vor allen Dingen Rücksicht darauf nehmen, wie solche Übungen gemacht worden sind, um den Körper in einer gewissen Weise auszuschalten für gewisse Zeiten aus dem ganzen menschlichen Erleben. Und gerade durch Ausschaltung des Körpers ist ein Erleben in der spirituellen Welt hervorzurufen. Solche Übungen bestanden darinnen, daß der Körper in einer gewissen Weise trainiert wurde, daß er fähig gemacht wurde durch Leiden, durch Schmerzen, durch Abtötung, die er durchmachte, ertragen zu lernen Schmerzen, ohne gewissermaßen in der Seele allzu erregt zu werden, daß er ertragen lernte das physische Leiden, ohne mit der ganzen Seele auch unterzutauchen in dieses physische Leiden. Durch diese Abtötung, durch dieses Anstreben einer gewissen Ertragsamkeit des menschlichen Körpers wurde darauf gerechnet, daß, wenn der Körper immer mehr und mehr gewissermaßen abgelähmt wurde, das Geistige in ihm aufstieg, sich frei machte und zu einer gewissen unmittelbaren Wahrnehmung, zu einem unmittelbaren Erleben es bringen konnte. Es ist nun einmal, trotzdem diese Methoden für heute nicht empfohlen werden, durchaus eine Erfahrung, daß in demselben Maße, in dem der menschliche Organismus als physischer abgelähmt wird, er in demselben Maße dem Menschen gestattet, das geistig-seelische Wesen in sich selber aufzunehmen. Das Geistige wird — das ist einfach eine Tatsache -— wahrnehmbar, wenn das Physische in seiner Tätigkeit unterdrückt wird.
Ich möchte durch einen Vergleich mich klarmachen über dasjenige, was ich eigentlich sagen will. Betrachten wir einmal das menschliche Auge. Dieses menschliche Auge ist da, um für den Menschen ein Vermittler zu sein für die Lichtwahrnehmung. Wodurch allein kann das menschliche Auge das Licht dem Menschen wahrnehmbar machen? Dadurch - ich will mich jetzt etwas bildlich ausdrücken -, daß es selbst für sich nichts will. In dem Augenblicke, wo das Auge innerlich selber für sich etwas will, sagen wir, in dem Augenblicke, in dem die organische Tätigkeit, die Lebenstätigkeit im Auge selbst zu lebhaft wird, wenn also zum Beispiel ein Undurchsichtigwerden, eine Verhärtung der Linse oder des Glaskörpers eintritt, wenn das Auge also aus seiner Selbstlosigkeit in die Selbstsucht hineinkommt, dann ist das Auge nicht mehr ein Diener der menschlichen Wesenheit. Das Auge muß keinen Anspruch darauf machen, für sich selbst etwas zu sein. Es ist das natürlich relativ gemeint, aber es muß ja alles, was ausgedrückt werden soll, in einer etwas absoluten Weise ausgedrückt werden. Das Leben macht es schon selbst zum Relativen. So können wir sagen: Das Auge verdankt seine Durchsichtigkeit für das Licht dem Umstande, daß es selber sich heraussondert aus der menschlichen Wesenheit, daß es selbstlos ist.
Wenn wir in die geistige Welt, in die spirituelle Welt hineinschauen wollen — dieses Schauen ist natürlich seelisch-geistig gemeint -, dann müssen wir gewissermaßen unseren ganzen Organismus zum Auge machen. Wir müssen jetzt nicht physisch, wie es beim Auge ist, aber seelisch-geistig unseren ganzen Organismus durchsichtig machen, seelisch-geistig durchsichtig machen. Er darf nicht mehr ein Hindernis sein für unseren Verkehr mit der Welt.
Nun werde ich ganz gewiß nicht sagen, daß unser physischer Organismus, so wie wir im Leben dastehen, etwa krank wäre, wie das Auge krank wäre, wenn es für sich selbst ein Leben beanspruchte. So wie wir im gewöhnlichen Leben drinnenstehen, so ist unser ganzer Organismus schon recht, so ist es schon ganz normal. Er muß undurchsichtig sein. Wir werden noch sehen in den weiteren Vorträgen, wie unser Organismus im gewöhnlichen Leben kein Auge sein kann, wie er undurchsichtig sein muß. Wir ruhen mit unserem gewöhnlichen Seelenleben in unserem Organismus dadurch, daß er undurchsichtig ist, daß wir nicht immer, wenn wir herumschauen, die ganze geistige Welt des Kosmos vor uns haben. Also für das gewöhnliche Leben ist es schon richtig, ist es schon normal, daß unser Organismus undurchsichtig ist. Aber die geistige Welt kann man damit nicht erkennen, so wie man durch ein starkrankes Auge das Licht nicht erkennen kann, Und dadurch, daß unser Organismus abgetötet wird durch Leiden, durch Schmerzen, durch Überwindungen, über die er hinauskommt, wird er durchsichtig. Und dadurch eröffnet sich in der Tat die Möglichkeit, so wie für das Auge, wenn es in sich ganz durchhellt, sich die Möglichkeit eröffnet, die Lichtwelt um sich wahrzunehmen, so für den ganzen Organismus die Möglichkeit, die Geistwelt um sich herum wahrzunehmen, wenn wir den Organismus auf diese Weise durchsichtig machen.
Was ich eben geschildert habe, das ist dasjenige, was in älteren Zeiten, aus denen ja die wichtigsten religiösen Anschauungen stammen, die durch Traditionen in unsere Zeit gekommen sind, nicht durch eigenes Finden der gegenwärtigen Menschheit, zu jener körperlichen Askese geführt hat, die ich eben auch versuchte anschaulich zu machen.
Wir können heute diese Askese nicht nachmachen. In älteren Zeiten war es eine allgemeine Gesinnung der Menschen, wenn man nach Erkenntnis strebte, wenn man hören wollte, wie es in übersinnlichen, in spirituellen Welten zuging, daß man sich wandte an einsame Menschen, an solche, die sich absonderten im Leben. Das war allgemeiner Glaube, daß man nichts erfahren kann von den Menschen, die im Leben drinnenstehen, daß dasjenige, was gewußt werden soll von den geistigen Welten, nur in der Einsamkeit erworben werden kann, daß der Mensch ein anderer werden muß als der gewöhnliche Mensch, der Wissen, der Erkenntnis haben soll.
Wir würden heute nach unserer Lebensanschauung nicht mehr so denken können. Wir streben an, nur an denjenigen Menschen zu glauben, der im Leben auf seinen zwei Beinen stehen kann, seine Arme rühren kann für die anderen Menschen, der im Leben etwas wert ist, der arbeiten, der handeln kann, der weiß, wie es im Leben zugeht. Jene Einsamkeit, die in älteren Zeiten als die Vorbedingung des höheren Wissens angesehen wurde, die gilt uns heute nicht mehr als Anschauung. Wir brauchen heute, wenn wir an den Menschen glauben wollen, den tätigen Menschen vor uns, den Menschen, der sich nicht aus dem Leben heraus begibt, sondern der sich gerade in das Leben hinein begibt. Daher können wir auch unmöglich dieselbe Gesinnung entwickeln gegenüber der Erkenntnis, die einstmals zu dem Asketen gegangen ist, um von ihm zu erfahren, wie es in der göttlich-geistigen Welt zugeht.
Nun, aus diesen Gründen heraus müssen wir heute, ohne unseren Körper äußerlich durch Askese untauglich zu machen zur Tatkraft, aus dem Seelisch-Geistigen selbst heraus die Durchsichtigkeit anstreben. Das können wir. Wir können es dadurch, daß wir scharfe Begriffe, scharfe Ideen bekommen haben durch unsere jahrhundertealte naturwissenschaftliche Entwickelung. Wir können unser Denken heranschulen an dieser naturwissenschaftlichen Entwickelung. Dasjenige, was ich hier ausspreche, ist nicht gegen das Intellektuelle gerichtet. Das Intellektuelle soll überall die Basis sein, das scharfe Denken soll die Grundlage sein. Aber aufgebaut werden soll auf dieser Intellektualität, auf diesem scharfen Denken, dasjenige, was dann in die spirituelle Welt hineinführt.
Es ist heute außerordentlich leicht, zu verlangen, daß der Mensch klares Denken haben soll. Ich wende nichts ein gegen das klare Denken. Klares Denken ist in dem Zeitalter, das Jahrhunderte hinter sich hat seit der Tat des Kopernikus, des Galilei, klares Denken ist, ich möchte sagen, heute eine Selbstverständlichkeit. Schade nur, daß es nicht auch eine Selbstverständlichkeit für die weitesten Kreise schon geworden ist. Aber es ist im Grunde genommen leicht, klares Denken zu haben, wenn das Denken dies erreicht auf Kosten der Erfülltheit, des Inhaltsvollen des Denkens. Leere Gedanken können leicht klar sein. Aber es müssen unserer ganzen Entwickelung zugrunde gelegt werden, erfüllte klare Gedanken, inhaltsvolle klare Gedanken.
Nun, wir erreichen dasselbe zunächst, was der alte Asket durch Abtötung, Ablähmung des physischen Organismus erreicht hat, dadurch, daß wir unsere eigene seelische Entwickelung gewissermaßen in die Hand nehmen, daß wir zum Beispiel in einem bestimmten Zeitpunkte unseres Lebens uns fragen: Welche Gewohnheiten hast du? Welches sind deine besonderen Eigentümlichkeiten? Was hast du für Unarten? Was hast du für Sympathien, Antipathien? - Und nachdem man sich dies alles vollständig klar vor die Seele geschrieben hat, versucht man, zunächst in einem einfachen, vielleicht in einem sehr einfachen Punkte sich vorzustellen, wie man wäre, wenn man eine andere Art von Antipathie, eine andere Art von Sympathie, ein anderes Ingredienz des seelischen Lebens entwickeln würde.
Man darf solche Dinge nicht leicht nehmen, denn es gehören manchmal viele Jahre dazu, um so von innen heraus dasjenige zu tun, was sonst das Leben tut. Betrachten wir uns einmal ganz ehrlich. Wir werden uns sagen: So wie wir heute sind, waren wir vor 10 Jahren noch nicht. Der innere Gehalt der Seele, auch die innere Formation der Seele, sie sind ganz anders geworden. Aber was hat gemacht, daß es so ist? Das Leben. Ganz unbewußt haben wir uns dem Leben hingegeben. Wir haben uns hineingeworfen in den Strom des Lebens. Können wir nun einmal dasjenige, was sonst das Leben tut, selber machen, können wir hinschauen, möchte ich sagen, auf dasjenige, was wir in 10 Jahren werden sollen, und das vornehmen, vorsetzen, und dann mit eisernem Willen daran arbeiten, es wirklich dahin zu bringen. Fassen wir also das ganze Leben, das sonst groß ist, das an uns arbeitet, in die Kleinheit des eigenen Ichs zusammen, verstärken wir die Kraft so, die sonst ausgebreitet ist wie in einem Lebensmeere, in dem Willen des eigenen Ich, bringen wir uns selber weiter, machen wir selber etwas aus uns, dann wird dasjenige von innen geleistet, was der alte Asket von außen leistete. Er machte den Körper schwach, damit der Wille und die Erkenntnis stark aus dem schwachen Körper aufsteigen und der schwache Körper durchsichtig wurde für die geistige Welt. Wir müssen den Willen stark machen, stark machen die Denkkraft, damit sie stärker werden als der Körper, der seine Dinge weitermacht; dann zwingen wir den Körper, daß er für die Welt des Geistes durchsichtig wird. Wir machen gerade das Entgegengesetzte von demjenigen, was der alte Asket machte.
Sehen Sie, diese Dinge habe ich in meinem Buch «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» dargestellt. Man hat vielfach dasjenige, was etwas ganz anderes war, angesehen als alte Askese, so angesehen, als ob es eine alte Askese in einer neuen Form wäre. Wer genau liest, wird finden: Alles ist etwas ganz anderes, als diese alte Askese war. Aber man kann diese neue Askese, durch die man sich nicht aus dem Leben herauszieht und in die Einsiedelei versetzt, sondern durch die man gerade im vollen Leben stehenbleibt, nicht ausführen, ohne daß man über den Augenblick hinaus in die Zeit hineinschaut.
Bedenken Sie doch nur, man muß sich denken, wie man vielleicht sein will in 10 Jahren. Man muß also den ganzen Menschen in Betracht ziehen zwischen Geburt und Tod. Der Mensch lebt leicht nur im Augenblicke. Dasjenige, um was es sich handelt, ist: Leben lernen in der Zeit, in dem ganzen Lebenslauf. Dann wird die Welt des Geistes für uns durchsichtig, und wir sehen in der Tat, wenn unser Leib in dieser Weise durchsichtig wird, eine geistige Welt um uns herum.
Alles dasjenige, was zum Beispiel in meiner «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» steht, ist nur auf Grund solcher Erkenntnis geschildert, innerhalb welcher der menschliche Leib so durchsichtig ist, wie sonst das Auge durchsichtig ist für das Licht.
Nun werden Sie wieder sagen: Ja, aber man kann doch nicht jedem Lehrer zumuten, daß er nun zu solcher spirituellen Erkenntnis erst kommt, bevor er Erzieher, bevor er Unterrichter wird. Wiederum muß ich wie gestern in bezug auf die Joga sagen: Das ist gar nicht nötig. Das ist ja gerade all das, was uns das Kind im Physischen entgegenbringt als eine Botschaft aus der geistigen Welt heraus, was wir für die höhere Erkenntnis erst suchen müssen. So daß der Lehrer, wenn er die richtigen Instinkte hat, hineinwächst in eine spirituelle Behandlung des Kindes. Aber unser intellektuelles Zeitalter ist vielfach abgekommen von einer solchen spirituellen Behandlung, und behandelt alles intellektuell. Und so sind wir heute dazu gekommen, in der Erziehung uns zu sagen: Du sollst so erziehen, daß das Kind auf seiner Stufe alles gleich versteht. — Ja, da kommen wir sehr leicht zur Trivialität, die im Augenblicke der Erziehung außerordentlich bequem sein kann. Wir erreichen im Augenblicke sehr viel, wenn wir dem Kinde möglichst alles trivial beibringen, so daß es für sein Verständnis zugerichtet ist. Aber derjenige, der so denkt aus der Intellektualität heraus, der rechnet nicht mit dem ganzen Lebenslauf des Menschen, der rechnet nicht damit, was aus einer Empfindung wird, zu der ich das Kind anrege, wenn das Kind ein älterer Mann, eine ältere Frau oder ein Greis geworden ist. Der rechnet nicht mit dem Leben, der rechnet zum Beispiel mit folgendem nicht.
Nehmen wir an: ich habe klar in mir die Erkenntnis, daß zwischen dem Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife des Kindes vorzugsweise auf Autorität hin zu bauen ist, daß es Beispiele braucht, damit es an das Beispiel glaubt; dann bringe ich dem Kinde etwas bei, das es mir glaubt, weil ich für es der Vermittler der göttlich-geistigen Welt bin. Es glaubt mir. Es nimmt die Sache auf, versteht es noch nicht. Wir verstehen ja so vieles nicht, was wir unbewußt im kindlichen Lebensalter aufnahmen. Wenn wir bloß das aufnehmen würden im kindlichen Lebensalter, was wir verstehen, wir würden sehr wenig für das spätere Leben haben. Und Jean Paul, der deutsche Dichter und Denker, hätte nicht sagen können, daß man in den drei ersten Lebensjahren mehr erwirbt in bezug auf das menschliche Leben, als in den drei akademischen Jahren.
Aber man sehe einmal hin, was es heißt, wenn ich, sagen wir, in meinem 35. Jahre aus irgendeiner Lebenssituation heraus das Gefühl bekomme: jetzt steigt in dir etwas auf, das hast du von deinem Erzieher früher gehört. Du warst vielleicht erst 8, 9 Jahre alt; verstanden hast du nichts davon. Aber er war dir eine verehrungswürdige Persönlichkeit. Du hast ihm geglaubt. Es hat sich einverleibt deiner Seele, deinem Gedächtnisse. Jetzt steigt es auf. Dem Leben gegenüber gewinnt es jetzt Verständnis. Du siehst das ein.
Wer so aus dem ganzen tiefen Schoße seines Seelenlebens im späteren Leben etwas heraufholen kann, was er erst dann versteht, für den ist das ein Quell von Lebenskraft. Das durchrieselt ihn immer mit Lebenskraft. Wenn man also etwas heraufkommen spürt in der Seele, das man früher aufgenommen hat aus Verehrung, aus Autorität, und jetzt erst versteht, so sind das diejenigen Dinge, die durchaus uns darauf aufmerksam machen, daß, wenn wir richtig erziehen wollen, wir nicht mit dem Augenblicke rechnen sollen, sondern mit dem ganzen Leben. Und darauf haben wir abzuzielen mit alledem, was wir dem Kinde beizubringen haben.
Es ist mir gerade gesagt worden, daß gestern Anstoß genommen worden ist an dem Bilde, um dem Kind beizubringen einen Begriff dafür, wie der Mensch der Unsterblichkeit teilhaftig werden kann. Ich habe nicht gesagt der «Ewigkeit», sondern der «Unsterblichkeit» teilhaftig werden kann. Ich sagte: es ergibt sich für die unmittelbare Anschauung das Bild des aus der Puppe ausfliegenden Schmetterlings. Dieses Bild sollte nicht mehr veranschaulichen als dasjenige, was dann hinterher nachgefügt worden ist als das Herauskommen der Seele aus dem physischen Leibe,
Ein Einwand dagegen ist dasjenige, was mit diesem Bilde schon aus der Welt geschafft ist; denn dieses Bild ist eben gerade gesagt worden, um jenem Einwand zu begegnen, daß das Auskriechen des Schmetterlings nicht ein richtiger Begriff von der Unsterblichkeit ist, Es ist natürlich im logischen Sinne kein richtiger Begriff. Aber es handelt sich eben darum, was für einen Begriff wir dem Kinde beibringen sollen, was für ein Bild wir in die kindliche Seele versetzen wollen, um es nicht zu früh zur Logik zu bringen. Aus dem, was da als Bild, sagen wir, vom 8., 9. Jahre — denn von diesem Jahre haben wir gesprochen, nicht etwa, daß man auf diese Weise dem Philosophen etwas beibringt -, an das Kind herangebracht wird, daraus wächst zunächst dasjenige, was eben der richtige Begriff für Unsterblichkeit ist.
Also auf das Was kommt es dabei an, auf das lebensvolle Erfassen des Daseins. Das ist dasjenige, was in unserer intellektualistischen Zeit so ungeheuer schwer zu begreifen ist. Es ist ja ganz selbstverständlich, daß wir dem Kinde anderes beibringen müssen als dasjenige, was dann im späteren Lebensalter daraus wird, sonst wäre es unrichtig, das Kind als ungeschickt, als zappelig zu charakterisieren, was es doch ist, wenn wir nur charakterisieren wollten den erwachsenen Menschen. Für denjenigen, der auf das Leben schaut, gibt es nicht nur kleine und erwachsene Kinder, sondern kindliche und erwachsene Vorstellungen und Begriffe. Und auf dieses Leben, nicht auf dieses schon Erwachsensein, muß man eben hinschauen, wenn man ein wirklicher Erzieher und Unterrichter sein und werden will.
Es erscheint mir als ein günstiges Schicksal, daß mir die Leitung der von Emil Molt in Stuttgart begründeten Waldorfschule erst im Jahre 1919, als diese Schule begründet worden ist, zufiel. Denn, obwohl ich mich vorher viel mit Erziehung und Unterricht beruflich abgegeben hatte, hätte ich doch meinen müssen, daß eine so große erzieherische und unterrichtliche Aufgabe, wie sie mir durch die Waldorfschule geworden ist, vorher sich hineingestellt hätte in ein Leben, das nicht in gleicher Weise zu bewältigen gewesen wäre, wie ich glaube - natürlich relativ ist das gemeint, bis zu einem gewissen Grade -, daß wir als Lehrerkollegium der Stuttgarter Waldorfschule diese Aufgabe bewältigen können. Und dies aus dem Grunde, weil ich ja vorher nicht würde gewagt haben, ein Lehrerkollegium so heranzubilden, daß es in dem Grade hätte aus Menschenkennern, das heißt dann aber auch Kindeskennern, bestehen können, wie das in diesen Jahren dann der Fall war. Denn alle wirkliche Pädagogik, alle wirkliche Didaktik muß eben, wie ich schon sagte, auf Menschenkenntnis beruhen. Dazu muß man sich aber erst die Möglichkeit verschaffen, in das Wesen des Menschen sachgemäß einzudringen. Und in bezug auf dieses Eindringen in das Wesen des Menschen gingen mir — wenn ich jetzt von diesem Persönlichen nur andeutungsweise sprechen darf — die ersten Anschauungen auf vor etwa 35 Jahren.
Es waren spirituelle Anschauungen über das Wesen des Menschen, über die Entwickelung des Menschen. Spirituelle Anschauungen, sage ich, nicht intellektualistische. Aber mit spirituellen Wahrheiten verhält es sich anders im Leben, als mit intellektualistischen. Was man intellektualistisch durchschaut, wie man sagt, «bewiesen» hat, das kann man auch Menschen mitteilen, denn die Sache ist fertig, wenn die Logik fertig ist. Spirituelle Wahrheiten sind nicht fertig, wenn die Logik fertig ist. Spirituelle Wahrheiten sind solche, die mit den Menschen erst durch das Leben gehen müssen, um voll ausgebildet zu werden. Und so würde ich denn auch nie gewagt haben, gewisse Wahrheiten über das Wesen des Menschen, wie sie mir geworden sind vor 35 Jahren, auszusprechen. Ich habe erst gewagt, diese Dinge auszusprechen in meinem Buche «Von Seelenrätseln» vor wenigen Jahren. Mehr als 30 Jahre lagen zwischen der ersten Konzeption und dem Aussprechen der Dinge vor der Welt. Warum? Aus dem Grunde, weil man solche Wahrheiten erst in verschiedenen Lebensaltern angeschaut haben muß, weil sie mit einem erst durch die verschiedenen Lebensalter hindurchgegangen sein müssen. Was man als ein junger Mensch mit 23 oder 24 Jahren konzipiert an spirituellen Wahrheiten, das erlebt sich wiederum ganz anders mit 35 bis 36 Jahren, mit 45, 46 Jahren. Und ich erwähne eben nur eine Tatsache — ich wagte dasjenige, was Richtlinien sind über Menschenerkenntnis, erst, als ich die Fünfzigerjahre überschritten hatte, in einem Buche vor der Welt auszusprechen. Das aber auch konnte ich jetzt erst einem Lehrerkollegium gegenüber aussprechen, damit es das Elementare ist, das die Lehrer dann innehaben können, um es an jedem einzelnen Kinde anzuwenden.
Und so darf ich sagen, daß, als mein kleines Büchelchen erschien: «Die Erziehung des Kindes vom Gesichtspunkte der Geisteswissenschaft», da glaubte ich eben auch so zu sprechen über Erziehung, wie derjenige spricht, der eben mit manchem in dem heutigen Erziehungswesen nicht einverstanden ist, der das oder jenes vertieft wissen will und so weiter. Aber ich hätte damals, als ich dieses Büchelchen schrieb, noch nicht übernehmen können so etwas wie die Aufgabe der Leitung der Waldorfschule, denn dazu war vor allen Dingen ein Lehrerkollegium nötig mit Menschenerkenntnis, die angeregt ist aus der spirituellen Welt heraus. Diese Menschenerkenntnis, sie ist heute außerordentlich schwer zu erringen. Wir erringen heute verhältnismäßig leicht Naturerkenntnis; wir verschaffen uns verhältnismäßig leicht eine Anschauung davon, welches das Schlußglied der organischen Entwickelung ist. Wir fangen unten an bei den einfachsten Lebewesen, machen uns klar, wie sich das entwickelt hat bis herauf zum Menschen. Da steht der Mensch als Schlußglied da. Aber wir wissen nur, wie der Mensch als Schlußglied der organischen Schöpfung dasteht. Wir schauen nicht in den Menschen selber hinein. Wir schauen nicht in sein Wesen hinein. Wir wissen nur, inwiefern der Mensch das höchste Tier ist, aber wir wissen nicht, was der Mensch eigentlich ist, wenn wir uns Naturerkenntnis erwerben, die so große Vollkommenheit erreicht hat, und gegen die hier nicht das Geringste eingewendet werden soll, die im Gegenteil voll bewundert werden soll. Aber unser Leben ist von dieser Naturerkenntnis durchdrungen. Zum Erziehen aber braucht man Menschenerkenntnis, und zwar praktische Menschenerkenntnis. Menschenerkenntnis, die gegenüber jedem einzelnen Kinde individuell wirkt. Dazu muß man vor allen Dingen Menschenerkenntnis im allgemeinen haben.
Nun möchte ich heute nur auf ein paar Richtlinien hinweisen, die sich mir ergeben haben vor mehr als 30 Jahren, und die zur Grundlage gemacht worden sind für das eigene Studium der Waldorf-Lehrerschaft. Da handelt es sich doch darum, daß wir gerade in dem Lebensalter, in dem wir die Kinder in die Volksschule hereinbekommen, das seelische Leben der Kinder vor uns haben. Ich werde in den nächsten Tagen auch über die Erziehung ganz kleiner Kinder zu sprechen haben. Aber so viel Schmerz es mir verursacht, daß wir noch keine Kleinkinderschule haben können, die der Waldorfschule vorausgeht, daß wir die Kinder nehmen müssen im 6., 7. Jahre — wir können es eben nicht, weil wir dazu kein Geld haben. Aber das Ideal ist natürlich, die Kinder so früh als möglich in die Erziehung hereinzubekommen.
Wenn wir die Kinder in die Volksschule, in die Elementarschule hinein bekommen, haben wir sie als Seelen vor uns, das heißt, das Wesentlichste ihrer physischen Erziehung ist bis zum Zahnwechsel geleistet oder auch nicht geleistet, je nachdem die Instinkte der Eltern und Erzieher das verstanden haben. So daß wir also sagen können: das Wesentlichste der physischen Erziehung, die ja später fortgesetzt werden wird — wir werden es schon sehen, indem ich die einzelnen Phasen der Erziehung schildern werde -, das Wesentlichste aber, die Grundlage, ist bis zum Zahnwechsel gegeben. Dann haben wir es mit dem Kinde als Seele zu tun, und wir haben seine Seelenentwickelung so zu leiten, daß die physische Entwickelung daran stark, kräftig wird.
Und wenn das Kind über die Geschlechtsreife schreitet, dann schreitet es in das Zeitalter hinein, wo man nicht mehr sagen darf, «Kind», wo also die jungen Herren und die jungen Damen nun zur freien Handhabe ihres Geistes kommen. So schreitet der Mensch vom Leiblichen durch das Seelische in das Geistige hinein.
Aber das Geistige, wir werden sehen, kann man eigentlich nicht erziehen. Das muß man in Freiheit in die Welt hinaus entlassen. Geistiges kann der Mensch nur vom Leben lernen. Bei dem Kinde der Elementarschule haben wir es zu tun mit der Seele des Kindes. Aber Seele, seelischer Inhalt äußert sich, ich möchte sagen, in groben Linien im Denken, im Fühlen, im Wollen. Und versteht man aus dem Fundamente heraus, wie in dem ganzen Menschen Denken, Fühlen und Wollen als Seelenleben drinnen ist, so bildet das die Grundlage für die ganze Menschenerziehung.
Gewiß, das Einmaleins ist noch nicht die Mathematik, aber man muß das Einmaleins zuerst kennen, dann kann man hinaufkommen zu der Differential- und Integralrechnung. In der Erziehung ist es ein anderes — ich sage nicht, daß ich mit demjenigen, was ich nun auseinandersetzen werde, eine ungeheuer hohe Wissenschaft charakterisiere, sondern die Grundlage charakterisiere ich. Die hohe Wissenschaft, die kann nun nicht so aufgebaut werden, wie die Differential- und Integralrechnung aus der elementaren Mathematik, sondern die muß aufgebaut werden aus der praktischen Handhabung dessen, was der Lehrer oder Erzieher in der Schule mit diesen einfachen elementaren Richtlinien tut.
Wenn man gewöhnlich vom menschlichen Seelenleben spricht, so sagt man sich heute in diesem materialistischen Zeitalter, wenn man überhaupt eine Seele zugibt - man hat ja auch schon gesprochen von einer Psychologie, einer Seelenkunde ohne Seele —, aber wenn man überhaupt eine Seele noch zugibt, so sagt man: Nun, die Seele ist eben etwas, was man innerlich seelisch erfährt, und das hängt — auf Philosophisches will ich jetzt nicht eingehen — mit dem ganzen menschlichen Leibe in irgendeiner Weise zusammen. Ja, wenn man dann in unserer so ausgezeichnet ausgebildeten Psychologie sich umsieht, so findet man, daß vor allen Dingen das seelische Leben, Denken, Fühlen, Wollen, bezogen wird heute auf das Nervensystem des Menschen in weitestem Umfange. Nervenleben ist dasjenige, was körperlich das Seelenleben zur Offenbarung bringt, was als Körperliches zusammenhängt mit dem seelischen Leben.
Das ist es eben, was sich mir vor 35 Jahren als unrichtig ergeben hat, als unrichtig insofern, als von unserem seelischen Leben des erwachsenen Menschen - ich betone das ausdrücklich, denn ich werde das Kind nicht betrachten können, ohne daß wir erst den erwachsenen Menschen verstehen -, als von unserem Seelenleben beim erwachsenen Menschen nur das Denken, das Vorstellen mit dem Nervensystem unmittelbar zusammenhängt. Das Nervenleben hat nur zu tun mit der Vorstellung.
Das Fühlen hängt nicht unmittelbar mit dem Nervensystem zusammen, sondern mit dem, was man nennen kann das rhythmische System des Menschen, Rhythmus, Atmungsrhythmus, Blutzirkulationsrhythmus in ihrer wunderbaren Relation. Natürlich sind die Zahlen nur approximativ; sie sind so, daß sie sich bei jedem Menschen individualisieren, aber im ganzen ist beim erwachsenen Menschen die Sache so, daß er viermal so viele Pulsschläge hat als Atemzüge. Dieses innerlich aufeinander Bezogensein von Atmungsrhythmus und Pulsrhythmus, und dieses wiederum auf das weiter ausgedehnte rhythmische Leben des Menschen Bezogensein, das macht das Rhythmische im Menschen aus, die zweite Natur gegenüber der des Hauptes, der Nervennatur. Das rhythmische System, es dehnt sich auch aus über jenen Rhythmus, den wir erleben, indem wir schlafen und wachen. Das ist auch ein Lebensrhythmus, den wir sehr oftmals im heutigen Leben zu einem Unrhythmus machen, aber es ist auch ein Rhythmus. Und viele solche Rhythmen sind noch da im menschlichen Leben. Das menschliche Leben ist nicht nur auf dasjenige aufgebaut, was Nervenleben ist, es ist auch auf dieses rhythmische Leben aufgebaut. Und unmittelbar so, wie mit dem Nervenleben das Denkvermögen, die Denkkraft, zusammenhängt, so hängt unmittelbar mit diesem rhythmischen System das Fühlen zusammen.
Es ist nicht so, daß das Fühlen sich auch direkt im Nervenleben auslebt, sondern das Fühlen lebt sich direkt im rhythmischen System aus. Und wenn wir anfangen vorzustellen unser eigenes rhythmisches System, wenn wir vorstellen unsere Gefühle, dann nehmen wir als Vorstellungen durch die Nerven unsere Gefühle wahr, wie wir äußerlich das Licht, die Farben wahrnehmen. Es ist also indirekt, daß das Fühlen mit dem Nervenleben zusammenhängt. Direkt hängt es mit dem rhythmischen Leben zusammen, und man versteht einfach den Menschen nicht, wenn man nicht weiß, wie der Mensch atmet, wie die Atmung im Verhältnis steht zur Blutzirkulation, und wie sich dieser ganze Rhythmus ausdrückt im Menschen, wenn er als Kind leicht errötet, leicht blaß ist, was alles mit dem rhythmischen Leben zusammenhängt, was sich wiederum absetzt in den kindlichen Leidenschaften, in den kindlichen Empfindungen und Liebegefühlen. Wenn man das nicht weiß, was da unmittelbar in dem rhythmischen Leben lebt, und was nur hinaufprojiziert wird ins Nervenleben und so zur Vorstellung wird, dann versteht man den Menschen nicht. Man versteht den Menschen nicht, wenn man sagt: Seelenleben hängt zusammen mit Nervenleben; denn vom Seelenleben hängt nur das Denkleben mit dem Nervenleben zusammen.
Dasjenige, was ich hier sage, sage ich aus der unmittelbaren Anschauung, wie sie sich ergibt für die geistige Wahrnehmung. Für diese geistige Anschauung gibt es nicht in demselben Sinne Beweise, wie für das rein intellektualistische Denken. Aber jeder, der unbefangen aufnimmt die Anschauung, kann sie auch nachprüfen mit seinem gesunden Menschenverstand, und vor allen Dingen mit demjenigen, was die äußere Wissenschaft über diese Dinge sagt.
Ich kann durchaus hinzufügen zu dem, was ich schon gesagt habe: ein großer Teil der Arbeit, der mir oblag in den 35 Jahren, in denen ich zu verifizieren hatte die ursprüngliche Konzeption über diese Gliederung der Menschennatur, wie ich sie jetzt vortrage, ein großer Teil der Zeit war Arbeit, nachzusehen auf allen Gebieten der Physiologie, der Naturwissenschaft sonst, der Biologie, ob die Dinge auch äußerlich naturwissenschaftlich verifiziert werden können. Ich würde das heute nicht vortragen, wenn ich diese Handhabe nicht hätte. Und es kann durchaus darauf hingewiesen werden, daß manches von dem, was ich sage, auch naturwissenschaftlich mit den heutigen Dingen schon nachzuweisen ist.
Dann haben wir als drittes dem Denkleben und dem Gefühlsleben gegenüber das Willensleben. Und dieses Willensleben hängt wiederum nicht direkt mit dem Nervensystem zusammen, sondern dieses Willensleben hängt direkt mit dem menschlichen Stoffwechsel und mit den menschlichen Bewegungen zusammen. Stoffwechsel ist sehr innig gebunden an die Bewegung. Beachten Sie all das, was aus dem Stoffwechsel eines Menschen wird, der sich nicht richtig bewegt für sein Gliedmaßensystem. Das Bewegungssystem und das Stoffwechselsystem führe ich an als das dritte Glied der menschlichen Organisation. Damit hängt unmittelbar das Willensleben zusammen.
Jede Willensentfaltung im Menschen ist begleitet von einer besonderen Form der Stoffwechselvorgänge. Es ist viel unmittelbarer an den Stoffwechsel der Wille gebunden als etwa das Denken. Natürlich muß der Mensch einen gesunden Stoffwechsel haben, wenn er gesund denken soll. Aber unmittelbar ist das Denken an eine ganz andere Tätigkeit im Nervensystem gebunden, als die Stoffwechseltätigkeit ist, während der Wille des Menschen unmittelbar an den Stoffwechsel gebunden ist. Und dieses Gebundensein an den Stoffwechsel, das ist wiederum dasjenige, was man kennen muß. Wenn wir nun Vorstellungen von unserem eigenen Willen aufnehmen, wenn wir denken über den Willen, dann projiziert sich die Stoffwechseltätigkeit ins Nervensystem hinein. Erst mittelbar, indirekt, wirkt Wille im Nervensystem. Zur Wahrnehmung unserer eigenen Willenstätigkeit ist dasjenige, was sich im Nervensystem in bezug auf den Willen entwickelt.
Und so bekommen wir, wenn wir den Menschen wirklich durchschauen, die Beziehungen zwischen dem Seelischen und dem Physischen des Menschen. Denktätigkeit im Seelischen offenbart sich im Physischen als Nerventätigkeit; Fühlenswesen in der Seele offenbart sich im Physischen im Rhythmus des Atmungssystems, des Blutsystems, und zwar direkt, nicht indirekt auf dem Umwege des Nervensystems, durch das Nervensystem. Willenstätigkeit offenbart sich in der physischen Menschennatur in einem feinen Stoffwechsel. Es ist wesentlich, die feinen Stoffwechselprozesse zu kennen, die immer vor sich gehen als eine Art von Verbrennungsprozeß im Menschen, wenn Willenstätigkeit sich entwickelt.
Hat man diese Begriffe, die ich jetzt nur in einigen Richtlinien andeuten konnte — sie werden durch ihre Anwendung, die sich uns in den nächsten Tagen ergeben wird, in allen Einzelheiten klar werden -, hat man diese elementaren Richtlinien, dann öffnet sich einem das Auge für alles dasjenige, was einem auch in der kindlichen Natur entgegentritt. Denn in der kindlichen Natur ist es noch nicht so. Zum Beispiel, das Kind ist ganz Sinnesorgan, eigentlich ganz Kopf, wie ich schon auseinandergesetzt habe.
Insbesondere ist es für eine Anschauung der spirituellen Erkenntnis interessant zu sehen, wie das Kind anders schmeckt als der Erwachsene. Der Erwachsene, indem er das Schmecken schon in die Vorstellung einbezogen hat, er schmeckt auf der Zunge und gibt sich dann Aufschluß darüber, wie der Geschmack ist. Das Kind - in den allerersten Lebenswochen namentlich — schmeckt mit dem ganzen Körper. Das Geschmacksorgan geht durch den ganzen Organismus. Es schmeckt mit dem Magen, es schmeckt noch, wenn der Nahrungssaft von den Lymphgefäßen aufgenommen wird und in den ganzen Organismus übergeht. Das Kind ist ganz durchdrungen von Schmecken, wenn es an der Mutterbrust liegt. Das ist dasjenige, was uns darauf hinweist, wie, ich möchte sagen, das Kind durchleuchtet und durchglänzt wird von dem Schmecken, von einem Seelischen, das wir später nicht mehr im ganzen Leibe noch haben, das wir später nur im Kopfe noch haben.
Und so lernen wir das kleine Kind, so lernen wir auch das größere Kind anschauen, wenn wir wissen, das eine Kind errötet leichter bei dem oder jenem, das andere wird blaß bei dem oder jenem, das eine Kind gerät leicht in eine gewisse Emotion hinein, bewegt seine Glieder leicht; das eine tritt stark auf, das andre trippelt fast nur und so weiter. Wenn wir diese Grundlinien haben, daß wir wissen können, wo irgend etwas sitzt, ob im Stoffwechselsystem, indem es seelisch im Wollen zum Ausdrucke kommt, ob im rhythmischen System, indem es seelisch im Fühlen zum Ausdrucke kommt, oder im Nervensystem, indem es seelisch im Denken zum Ausdrucke kommt, dann lernen wir das Kind beobachten, dann wissen wir erst, wohin wir die Augen zu richten haben.
Sie werden es alle wissen, daß es Leute gibt, die untersuchen gewisse Dinge mit dem Mikroskop. Sie sehen wunderbare Dinge unter dem Mikroskop; aber es gibt auch andere Leute, die noch nicht verstehen, durch das Mikroskop zu schauen; die schauen hinein, wenn sie es auch richten, sie sehen gar nichts. Man muß erst lernen zu sehen, indem man erst das Instrument handhaben muß, durch das man sieht. Dann, wenn man gelernt hat durch das Mikroskop zu sehen, dann sieht man auch das Entsprechende. Man sieht nichts an dem Menschen, wenn man nicht gelernt hat, richtig die geistigen, die seelischen Augen einzustellen nach demjenigen, das dem Denken, nach demjenigen, das dem Fühlen, nach demjenigen, das dem Wollen entspricht. Augenorientierung, das ist es, was auf diese Weise hervorgerufen werden sollte bei der Lehrerschaft der Waldorfschule. Denn erst müssen die Lehrer wissen, wie es sich mit den Kindern verhält, dann können sie die richtige Gesinnung entwickeln, und aus der richtigen Gesinnung heraus, kann dann erst dasjenige kommen, was richtiger Unterricht ist. — Ich mußte dieses von der Dreigliederung des Menschen vorausschicken, damit wir uns eben über die einzelnen tatsächlichen Erziehungsmaßnahmen und Erziehungsmethoden besser verständigen können.
The Spiritual Basis of Education III
To what was said yesterday about older paths to spiritual knowledge, I would like to add today, as a further example, the path that has been taken through asceticism in the broadest sense of the word. This brings me to the description of a path that we are even less able to follow in our time than the path I described yesterday. In our time, in our civilization, different attitudes and habits prevail among people than in those times when people sought higher spiritual knowledge through asceticism. And so, just as we must replace the path of yoga today with something more spiritual, more soulful, we must also replace the path of asceticism with another as modern human beings. But we can more easily understand what is meant by the modern path into spiritual life if we base our concepts on what was actually intended by a method such as asceticism.
Asceticism essentially consists of certain exercises. These exercises can also extend to the soul and spirit. But I want to focus now on how such exercises were done in order to shut down the body in a certain way for certain periods of time from the whole human experience. And it is precisely by shutting down the body that an experience in the spiritual world can be evoked. Such exercises consisted in training the body in a certain way, in making it capable, through suffering, through pain, through mortification, of learning to endure pain without becoming overly agitated in the soul, of learning to endure physical suffering without also submerging the whole soul in this physical suffering. Through this mortification, through this striving for a certain endurance of the human body, it was hoped that as the body became more and more numb, so to speak, the spiritual within it would rise, free itself, and bring about a certain immediate perception, an immediate experience. Although these methods are not recommended today, it is nevertheless an experience that to the same extent that the human organism is numbed physically, it allows the human being to take in the spiritual-soul being within themselves. The spiritual becomes perceptible — that is simply a fact — when the physical is suppressed in its activity.
I would like to clarify what I actually want to say by means of a comparison. Let us consider the human eye. The human eye is there to be a mediator for the perception of light. How can the human eye make light perceptible to humans? By — and I will now express myself somewhat figuratively — not wanting anything for itself. At the moment when the eye itself wants something for itself, let's say, at the moment when the organic activity, the life activity in the eye itself becomes too lively, when, for example, the lens or the vitreous body becomes opaque or hardens, when the eye thus moves from selflessness into selfishness, then the eye is no longer a servant of the human being. The eye must not claim to be something for itself. This is meant in a relative sense, of course, but everything that is to be expressed must be expressed in a somewhat absolute way. Life itself makes it relative. So we can say: the eye owes its transparency to light to the fact that it separates itself from the human being, that it is selfless.
If we want to look into the spiritual world — this looking is, of course, meant in a soul-spiritual sense — then we must, in a sense, make our whole organism into an eye. We must now make our whole organism transparent, not physically, as is the case with the eye, but soul-spiritually, make it soul-spiritually transparent. It must no longer be an obstacle to our communication with the world.
Now, I will certainly not say that our physical organism, as we stand in life, is somehow sick, as the eye would be sick if it claimed a life of its own. As we stand in ordinary life, our whole organism is already right, it is already quite normal. It must be opaque. We will see in further lectures how our organism cannot be an eye in ordinary life, how it must be opaque. We rest with our ordinary soul life in our organism because it is opaque, because we do not always have the whole spiritual world of the cosmos before us when we look around. So for ordinary life, it is right and normal that our organism is opaque. But the spiritual world cannot be perceived in this way, just as one cannot perceive light through a severely diseased eye. And through the fact that our organism is killed by suffering, by pain, by overcoming difficulties that it overcomes, it becomes transparent. And this indeed opens up the possibility, just as when the eye becomes completely clear, it opens up the possibility of perceiving the world of light around it, so for the whole organism the possibility of perceiving the spiritual world around it opens up when we make the organism transparent in this way.
What I have just described is what in earlier times, from which the most important religious views originate, which have come down to our time through traditions, not through the discoveries of present-day humanity, led to the physical asceticism that I have just tried to illustrate.
We cannot imitate this asceticism today. In earlier times, it was a general attitude among people that if one strove for knowledge, if one wanted to hear about what was happening in supersensible, spiritual worlds, one turned to lonely people, to those who had separated themselves from life. It was a common belief that nothing could be learned from people who were immersed in everyday life, that knowledge of the spiritual worlds could only be acquired in solitude, that a person had to become different from the ordinary person in order to attain knowledge and insight.
Today, based on our outlook on life, we would no longer be able to think this way. We strive to believe only in those people who can stand on their own two feet in life, who can move their arms for other people, who are of value in life, who can work, who can act, who know how life works. That solitude which in earlier times was regarded as a prerequisite for higher knowledge is no longer valid for us today. Today, if we want to believe in people, we need active people before us, people who do not withdraw from life, but who engage in life. Therefore, it is impossible for us to develop the same attitude toward the knowledge that once went to the ascetic in order to learn from him how things work in the divine-spiritual world.
Now, for these reasons, without making our bodies physically incapable of action through asceticism, we must strive for transparency from the soul-spiritual itself. We can do this. We can do it because we have acquired sharp concepts and sharp ideas through our centuries-old scientific development. We can train our thinking in this scientific development. What I am saying here is not directed against the intellectual. The intellectual should be the basis everywhere; sharp thinking should be the foundation. But what leads into the spiritual world should be built upon this intellectuality, upon this sharp thinking.
Today, it is extremely easy to demand that people think clearly. I have nothing against clear thinking. Clear thinking is, in this age, centuries after the deeds of Copernicus and Galileo, clear thinking is, I would say, a matter of course today. It is just a pity that it has not yet become a matter of course for the widest circles. But it is basically easy to have clear thinking if thinking achieves this at the expense of fulfillment, of the content of thinking. Empty thoughts can easily be clear. But our entire development must be based on fulfilled clear thoughts, clear thoughts full of content.
Well, we achieve the same thing that the old ascetic achieved through mortification, through numbing the physical organism, by taking our own spiritual development into our own hands, so to speak, by asking ourselves, for example, at a certain point in our lives: What habits do you have? What are your particular characteristics? What bad habits do you have? What are your likes and dislikes? And after you have written all this down clearly in your mind, you try to imagine, first in a simple, perhaps very simple point, what you would be like if you developed a different kind of dislike, a different kind of like, a different ingredient of spiritual life.
Such things should not be taken lightly, because it sometimes takes many years to do from within what life otherwise does. Let us take an honest look at ourselves. We will say to ourselves: We were not the same 10 years ago as we are today. The inner content of the soul, even the inner formation of the soul, has become completely different. But what has caused this to happen? Life. Quite unconsciously, we have surrendered ourselves to life. We have thrown ourselves into the stream of life. Can we now do for ourselves what life otherwise does? Can we look, I would say, at what we should become in 10 years, and set that as our goal, and then work with iron will to really achieve it? So let us condense the whole of life, which is otherwise vast and works on us, into the smallness of our own ego; let us strengthen the power that is otherwise spread out like a sea of life in the will of our own ego; let us advance ourselves, let us make something of ourselves, then what the old ascetic achieved from without will be achieved from within. He made the body weak so that the will and knowledge could rise strongly from the weak body and the weak body became transparent to the spiritual world. We must make the will strong, make the power of thought strong, so that they become stronger than the body, which continues to do its own thing; then we force the body to become transparent to the world of the spirit. We are doing the exact opposite of what the old ascetic did.
You see, I have described these things in my book “How to Attain Knowledge of Higher Worlds.” People have often regarded something that was quite different as old asceticism, as if it were old asceticism in a new form. If you read carefully, you will find that everything is quite different from what this old asceticism was. But you cannot practice this new asceticism, through which you do not withdraw from life and move into a hermitage, but rather remain in the midst of life, without looking beyond the moment into time.
Just consider how you might want to be in 10 years' time. So you have to consider the whole human being between birth and death. It is easy for people to live only in the moment. What matters is learning to live in time, throughout the whole course of life. Then the world of the spirit becomes transparent to us, and when our body becomes transparent in this way, we actually see a spiritual world around us.
Everything that is written in my “Outline of Esoteric Science,” for example, is described only on the basis of such knowledge, within which the human body is as transparent as the eye is otherwise transparent to light.
Now you will say again: Yes, but you cannot expect every teacher to attain such spiritual knowledge before becoming an educator or teacher. Again, as I said yesterday with regard to yoga, I must say: That is not necessary at all. It is precisely what the child brings to us in the physical world as a message from the spiritual world that we must first seek for higher knowledge. So that the teacher, if he has the right instincts, grows into a spiritual treatment of the child. But our intellectual age has in many ways strayed from such spiritual treatment and treats everything intellectually. And so today we have come to say in education: You should educate in such a way that the child understands everything at its level. — Yes, we very easily come to triviality, which can be extremely convenient at the moment of education. We achieve a great deal in the moment if we teach the child everything as trivially as possible, so that it is tailored to its understanding. But those who think this way out of intellectualism do not take into account the whole course of human life; they do not take into account what will become of a feeling that I stimulate in the child when the child has become an older man, an older woman, or an old person. They do not take life into account; for example, they do not take the following into account.
Let us assume that I have a clear understanding that between the change of teeth and the child's sexual maturity, it is preferable to build on authority, that the child needs examples in order to believe in the example; then I teach the child something that it believes because I am the mediator of the divine-spiritual world for it. It believes me. It takes in the matter, but does not yet understand it. We do not understand so many things that we unconsciously absorbed in childhood. If we only absorbed what we understood in childhood, we would have very little for later life. And Jean Paul, the German poet and thinker, could not have said that in the first three years of life one acquires more in relation to human life than in the three academic years.
But let's consider what it means when, say, at the age of 35, I get the feeling from some situation in my life: something is rising up in you now that you heard from your teacher earlier. You were perhaps only 8 or 9 years old; you didn't understand any of it. But he was a personality you admired. You believed him. It has become part of your soul, your memory. Now it rises up. It now gains understanding in relation to life. You see that.
For those who can bring something up from the depths of their soul life in later life, something they only then understand, it is a source of vitality. It always fills them with vitality. So when you feel something rising up in your soul that you absorbed earlier out of reverence, out of authority, and only now understand, these are the things that make us aware that if we want to educate properly, we should not count on the moment, but on the whole of life. And that is what we must aim for with everything we have to teach the child.
I have just been told that yesterday there was offense taken at the image used to teach the child a concept of how human beings can participate in immortality. I did not say “eternity,” but “immortality.” I said: the image of the butterfly flying out of the cocoon arises for immediate observation. This image should not illustrate more than what was added afterwards as the soul leaving the physical body.
One objection to this is what has already been eliminated from the world with this image; for this image has just been mentioned in order to counter the objection that the crawling out of the butterfly is not a correct concept of immortality. Of course, in the logical sense, it is not a correct concept. But the question is what concept we should teach the child, what image we want to implant in the child's soul, so as not to introduce logic too early. From what is presented to the child as an image, let us say, at the age of 8 or 9 — for we have spoken of this age, not that one teaches the philosopher anything in this way — there grows forth, first of all, that which is precisely the correct concept of immortality.
So what matters is the lively grasp of existence. That is what is so incredibly difficult to understand in our intellectualistic age. It goes without saying that we must teach children something other than what they will become in later life, otherwise it would be wrong to characterize children as clumsy and fidgety, which is what they are if we only wanted to characterize adult human beings. For those who look at life, there are not only small and grown-up children, but childlike and adult ideas and concepts. And it is this life, not this already grown-up state, that one must look at if one wants to be and become a real educator and teacher.
It seems to me to be a stroke of good fortune that I did not take over the management of the Waldorf School founded by Emil Molt in Stuttgart until 1919, when this school was established. For although I had previously been very involved with education and teaching in my professional life, I would have had to admit that such a great educational and teaching task as that which the Waldorf School presented me with would have been too much for me to handle at that point in my life. Of course, I mean this relatively, to a certain extent, but I believe that we, the teaching staff at the Stuttgart Waldorf School, are capable of accomplishing this task. And this is because I would not have dared beforehand to train a teaching staff in such a way that it could consist of people who were so knowledgeable about human nature, and therefore also about children, as was the case in those years. For all real pedagogy, all real didactics, must, as I have already said, be based on knowledge of human nature. To do this, however, one must first acquire the ability to penetrate the essence of the human being in an appropriate manner. And with regard to this penetration into the essence of the human being, my first insights came to me about 35 years ago, if I may now speak of this personal matter in a general way.
These were spiritual insights into the nature of human beings, into the development of human beings. Spiritual insights, I say, not intellectual ones. But spiritual truths behave differently in life than intellectual ones. What one has intellectually understood, what one has, as they say, “proved,” can also be communicated to others, because the matter is finished when the logic is finished. Spiritual truths are not finished when the logic is finished. Spiritual truths are those that must first go through life with people in order to be fully developed. And so I would never have dared to express certain truths about the nature of human beings, as they became clear to me 35 years ago. I only dared to express these things in my book “Von Seelenrätseln” (On the Mysteries of the Soul) a few years ago. More than 30 years lay between the first conception and the expression of these things to the world. Why? Because one must first have observed such truths at different stages of life, because they must first have passed through the different stages of life with one. What one conceives as spiritual truths as a young person at the age of 23 or 24 is experienced quite differently at the age of 35 to 36, at the age of 45 or 46. And I mention just one fact — I only dared to express what are guidelines for understanding human nature in a book before the world when I was over fifty. But I was only able to express this to a group of teachers so that they could have the basic knowledge to apply it to each individual child.
And so I can say that when my little book was published: “The Education of the Child from the Perspective of Spiritual Science,” I believed that I was speaking about education in the same way as someone who disagrees with many aspects of today's education system, who wants to know more about this or that, and so on. But when I wrote this little book, I would not have been able to take on something like the task of directing the Waldorf School, because above all, this required a teaching staff with knowledge of human nature inspired by the spiritual world. This knowledge of human nature is extremely difficult to attain today. Today, we can attain knowledge of nature relatively easily; we can relatively easily gain an understanding of what the final link in organic development is. We start at the bottom with the simplest living beings and understand how this has developed up to the human being. The human being stands there as the final link. But we only know how the human being stands as the final link in organic creation. We do not look into human beings themselves. We do not look into their essence. We only know to what extent human beings are the highest animals, but we do not know what human beings actually are when we acquire knowledge of nature that has reached such great perfection, and against which not the slightest objection should be raised here; on the contrary, it should be fully admired. But our lives are permeated by this knowledge of nature. For education, however, we need knowledge of human nature, and practical knowledge at that. Knowledge of human nature that works individually with each child. To do this, we must above all have a general knowledge of human nature.
Today, I would like to point out a few guidelines that I developed more than 30 years ago and that have become the basis for my own study of Waldorf teaching. The point is that, especially at the age when children enter elementary school, we are faced with their emotional life. In the next few days, I will also talk about the education of very young children. But as much as it pains me that we do not yet have a preschool that precedes the Waldorf school, that we have to take children in their 6th and 7th years — we simply cannot do it because we do not have the money. But the ideal, of course, is to start educating children as early as possible.
When we get the children into elementary school, we have them as souls before us, which means that the most essential part of their physical education has been accomplished or not accomplished by the time their teeth change, depending on whether the instincts of their parents and educators have understood this. So we can say that the most essential part of physical education, which will of course be continued later — we will see this when I describe the individual phases of education — but the most essential part, the foundation, is laid by the time the child's teeth change. Then we are dealing with the child as a soul, and we must guide its soul development in such a way that its physical development becomes strong and vigorous.
And when the child passes the age of puberty, it enters an age where one can no longer say “child,” where young gentlemen and young ladies now have free rein of their minds. Thus, the human being progresses from the physical through the soul to the spiritual.
But the spiritual, as we shall see, cannot really be taught. It must be released into the world in freedom. Human beings can only learn the spiritual from life. With elementary school children, we are dealing with the soul of the child. But the soul, the content of the soul, expresses itself, I would say, in broad terms in thinking, feeling, and willing. And if one understands from the ground up how thinking, feeling, and willing are part of the soul life of the whole human being, this forms the basis for the whole education of the human being.
Certainly, multiplication tables are not yet mathematics, but one must first know the multiplication tables before one can move on to differential and integral calculus. In education, it is different — I am not saying that what I am about to discuss characterizes an immensely high science, but rather that it characterizes the foundation. High science cannot be built up in the same way as differential and integral calculus from elementary mathematics, but must be built up from the practical application of what the teacher or educator does in school with these simple elementary guidelines.
When people talk about the human soul in this materialistic age, if they admit to the existence of a soul at all — there has already been talk of a psychology, a study of the soul without a soul — but if they still admit to the existence of a soul, they say: Well, the soul is something that one experiences inwardly, spiritually, and that is connected in some way with the whole human body — I don't want to go into philosophy now. Yes, if one then looks around in our excellently developed psychology, one finds that, above all, spiritual life, thinking, feeling, and willing are today related to the human nervous system to the greatest extent. Nervous life is that which physically reveals spiritual life, which is physically connected with spiritual life.
This is precisely what I found to be incorrect 35 years ago, incorrect insofar as, of our adult human soul life – I emphasize this explicitly, because I cannot consider the child without first understanding the adult human being – only thinking and imagining are directly related to the nervous system. Nervous life has only to do with imagination.
Feeling is not directly connected with the nervous system, but with what can be called the rhythmic system of the human being, rhythm, breathing rhythm, blood circulation rhythm in their wonderful relationship. Of course, the figures are only approximate; they are such that they are individualized in each person, but on the whole, in adult humans, the situation is such that they have four times as many heartbeats as breaths. This internal relationship between the rhythm of breathing and the rhythm of the pulse, and this in turn related to the more extensive rhythmic life of the human being, constitutes the rhythmic element in the human being, the second nature as opposed to that of the head, the nervous nature. The rhythmic system also extends beyond the rhythm we experience when we sleep and wake. This is also a rhythm of life, which we very often turn into an arrhythmia in today's life, but it is still a rhythm. And many such rhythms are still present in human life. Human life is not only based on what is nerve life, it is also based on this rhythmic life. And just as the ability to think, the power of thought, is directly connected to nerve life, so feeling is directly connected to this rhythmic system.
It is not that feeling is directly expressed in the life of the nerves, but rather that feeling is directly expressed in the rhythmic system. And when we begin to imagine our own rhythmic system, when we imagine our feelings, we perceive our feelings through the nerves as we perceive light and colors externally. So it is indirectly that feeling is connected with the life of the nerves. It is directly connected to the rhythmic life, and one simply does not understand human beings if one does not know how they breathe, how breathing relates to blood circulation, and how this whole rhythm expresses itself in human beings when they blush slightly as children, when they are slightly pale, all of which is connected with the rhythmic life, which in turn is reflected in children's passions, in children's feelings and feelings of love. If you don't know what lives directly in the rhythmic life and what is only projected up into the nervous life and thus becomes imagination, then you don't understand human beings. You don't understand human beings when you say: Soul life is connected with nervous life; for only thinking life is connected with nervous life.
What I am saying here is based on direct observation as it arises in spiritual perception. There is no evidence for this spiritual observation in the same sense as there is for purely intellectual thinking. But anyone who accepts this view without prejudice can also verify it with their common sense, and above all with what external science says about these things.
I can certainly add to what I have already said: A large part of the work that fell to me during the 35 years in which I had to verify the original conception of this structure of human nature, as I am now presenting it, was spent checking all areas of physiology, natural science, and biology to see whether things could also be verified externally by natural science. I would not be presenting this today if I did not have this evidence. And it can certainly be pointed out that some of what I am saying can already be proven scientifically with today's methods.
Then, thirdly, we have the life of the will in relation to the life of thought and the life of feeling. And this life of the will is not directly connected with the nervous system, but is directly connected with the human metabolism and with human movements. Metabolism is very closely linked to movement. Consider all that happens to the metabolism of a person who does not move properly for their limb system. I cite the movement system and the metabolic system as the third link in human organization. The life of the will is directly connected to this.
Every unfolding of the will in human beings is accompanied by a special form of metabolic processes. The will is much more directly linked to metabolism than, for example, thinking. Of course, human beings must have a healthy metabolism if they are to think healthily. But thinking is directly linked to a completely different activity in the nervous system than metabolic activity, while human will is directly linked to metabolism. And this connection to metabolism is, in turn, what we need to be aware of. When we form ideas about our own will, when we think about the will, metabolic activity is projected into the nervous system. The will only acts indirectly in the nervous system. What develops in the nervous system in relation to the will is what we perceive as our own volition.
And so, when we truly understand human beings, we see the relationships between the soul and the physical aspects of the human being. Thought activity in the soul reveals itself in the physical as nervous activity; feeling activity in the soul reveals itself in the physical in the rhythm of the respiratory system, the blood system, directly, not indirectly via the nervous system. Will activity reveals itself in the physical nature of the human being in a fine metabolism. It is essential to know the subtle metabolic processes that are always taking place as a kind of combustion process in the human being when will activity develops.
Once you have these concepts, which I have only been able to outline in a few guidelines here — they will become clear in all their details through their application, which will become apparent to us in the next few days — once you have these elementary guidelines, your eyes will be opened to everything that you encounter in childlike nature. For in childlike nature, this is not yet the case. For example, the child is entirely sensory organ, actually entirely head, as I have already explained.
It is particularly interesting for a view of spiritual knowledge to see how a child tastes differently than an adult. The adult, having already incorporated tasting into their imagination, tastes on the tongue and then informs themselves about what the taste is like. The child — especially in the very first weeks of life — tastes with its whole body. The taste organ permeates the entire organism. It tastes with the stomach, it still tastes when the food juice is absorbed by the lymph vessels and passes into the whole organism. The child is completely imbued with taste when it lies at its mother's breast. This is what indicates to us how, I would say, the child is illuminated and transfigured by taste, by a soulfulness that we no longer have in our whole body later on, that we later have only in our head.
And so we learn to look at the small child, we also learn to look at the older child, when we know that one child blushes more easily at this or that, the other turns pale at this or that, one child easily gets into a certain emotion, moves its limbs easily; one steps strongly, the other almost only tiptoes, and so on. When we have these basic guidelines, when we know where something is located, whether in the metabolic system, where it is expressed psychologically in the will, whether in the rhythmic system, where it is expressed psychologically in the feeling, or in the nervous system, where it is expressed psychologically in the thinking, then we learn to observe the child, then we know where to direct our eyes.
You will all know that there are people who examine certain things with a microscope. They see wonderful things under the microscope; but there are also other people who do not yet understand how to look through the microscope; they look into it, even if they focus it, they see nothing at all. One must first learn to see by learning to use the instrument through which one sees. Then, when one has learned to see through the microscope, one also sees what corresponds to it. One sees nothing in human beings if one has not learned to adjust one's spiritual and soul eyes correctly to what corresponds to thinking, to what corresponds to feeling, to what corresponds to willing. Eye orientation is what should be brought about in this way among the teachers at Waldorf schools. For only when teachers know how children behave can they develop the right attitude, and only from the right attitude can what is truly right teaching emerge. — I had to preface this with the threefold structure of the human being so that we can better understand the individual actual educational measures and educational methods.