Donate books to help fund our work. Learn more→

The Rudolf Steiner Archive

a project of Steiner Online Library, a public charity

Knowledge of Soul and Spirit
GA 56

18 March 1908, Munich

Translated by Bernard Jarman

Man and Woman in Light of Spiritual Science

Anthroposophical science does not exist in order that human beings be estranged from life through some kind of mysticism. It should in no way divert people from their tasks in daily life or the present. On the contrary, spiritual science should bring strength, energy and open mindedness to humanity so that people can meet what daily life and our times demand. Hence it follows that spiritual science must not concern itself solely with the great riddles of existence, of the nature of human existence and the meaning of the world, but must also seek to cast light on those questions which confront us directly. Therefore in these lectures we shall deal throughout with what are commonly called questions of our time.

But whoever would speak out of spiritual science on such contemporary issues finds himself in a special position, for he raises the expectation that he will directly enter these current debates. And this expectation arises very easily with the questions of man and woman, or man, woman and child. Yet precisely because the spiritual researcher must consider these questions from a higher vantage point, his observations seem to lead away from the outlook and opinions arising in conventional discussions. Although spiritual science must indeed look at these questions from a higher perspective, it is precisely spiritual science which is able to work most practically on these issues. For while it is of the nature of spiritual scientific observation that such questions are raised into their eternal context, at the same time such observation makes visible practical solutions to concrete problems (unlike party programmes, slogans and the like which prove to be unworkable in practice). This must always be remembered when considering the relationship of man and woman from a higher vantage point. Many of the things to be said will sound quite strange. But if you penetrate deeper into them you will discover that spiritual science can offer a far more thorough answer to questions of practical life than can be found in other quarters.

Spiritual science takes its start from the knowledge that behind all that is sense perceptible stands a soul-spiritual nature. Only when we turn our gaze towards the spiritual lying behind the sense world, will the questions with which we wish to concern ourselves appear in their right light. And so we must ask ourselves: What is the spiritual nature of the two sexes? We shall then see that the truths revealed by spiritual science are already sensed by many today, even by those of a materialistic world outlook. But as these inklings are only based on a materialistic conception they often appear as illusory.

What then does materialism have to say about the nature of the sexes? We may best orientate ourselves towards this question by considering that women have for some time sought to approach the time in human evolution when both sexes shall attain full equality. In so far as women have stepped into the struggle for their rights, it is important for us to learn what materialism has to say about female nature. Then we will find a point of reference on how the modern world thinks about this question. One could quote the most varying ideas on female nature such as they appear in the book A Survey of the Woman Problem (Zur Kritik der Weiblichkeit) by Rosa Mayreder. It is indeed very good to seek the opinions of leading personalities of the day on issues of this kind.

A very noteworthy scientist of the nineteenth century described the basic quality of woman to be humility. Another whose comment is equally valid declared it to be an angry disposition. Another scientist who sparked off much controversy came to the conclusion that female nature is basically submissive, while yet another felt it consisted of the desire to dominate. One described women as conservative, still another felt women to be the true revolutionary element in the world. And yet another said that the ability to analyse was well developed in women, as opposed to others who believed that women lack this quality entirely and have only developed the capacity for synthesis.

This quaint collection could be extended indefinitely, though in the end one would only learn that through looking at things on a purely external level, intelligent people are led to opposite conclusions. Those who wish to enter into the thing more deeply must ask whether perhaps these observers are starting from false premises. One cannot merely look at externalities, rather one must consider the whole being of the human being. An inkling of the truth dawned in many researchers through the facts themselves. However this was submerged by materialistic thought. For example a young man, Otto Weininger, wrote a book entitled Sex and Character. Otto Weininger was a man with great potential which, however, he was unable to develop because the full weight of materialism rested heavily on his soul. He was of the opinion that the individual human being can be seen neither as entirely masculine nor feminine but rather that the masculine is mixed together with the feminine and vice versa. This embryo of an idea dawned in the soul of Weininger but was stultified by the prevailing materialism. Thus Weininger imagined there to be a mixing and material interaction of the masculine and feminine principles such that in every man a hidden woman and in every woman a hidden man is to be found. But out of this, some strange conclusions came to him. Weininger said for example that the woman possesses no ego, individuality, character, or personality, no freedom and so on. As his theory was concerned only with a purely material, quantitative mixing of male and female properties, it followed that the man possesses all of these things. These, however came to nothing in him because of his other male qualities. Thus if we enter into this logically we soon discover a theory which destroys itself. Yet as we shall see, there is some truth in it.

I have emphasised again and again that it is not as easy to understand the human being out of spiritual science as it is out of a materialistically orientated science. For that which we perceive as the sense-perceptible human being, is for spiritual science only one member of the whole being, namely the physical body. Beyond that, however, spiritual science distinguishes the etheric body which the human has in common with animals and plants. As a third member of the human being it characterises the astral or soul body as that which lives in our feelings and sensations and is the bearer of our joys and sorrows. This member we have in common with the animal world. And as the fourth member spiritual science recognises that which makes human beings human and conscious of themselves—the ego. Spiritual science thus describes the human being as possessing four members.

At present we will concern ourselves with the physical and etheric bodies. For herein lies the solution to the riddle of the sexes. The etheric body is only to a certain extent a picture of the physical body. In regard to the sexes things are different. In the man the etheric body is female and in the woman it is male. However strange it may seem, a deeper observation will disclose the following: Something of the opposite sex lies hidden in each person. It is no good however to look for all kinds of abnormal phenomena, rather one needs to pay attention to normal experiences. By confronting this fact, it is no longer possible in the strict sense to speak of man and woman, but rather of masculine and feminine qualities. Certain qualities in the woman work more outwardly while others are more inward. The woman has masculine qualities within herself and the man feminine qualities. For example a man becomes a warrior through the outer courage of his bodily nature, a woman possesses an inner courage, the courage of sacrifice and devotion. The man brings his creative activity to bear on external life. The woman works with devoted receptivity into the world. Countless phenomena of life will become clear to us if we think of human nature as the working together of two polar opposites. In the man the masculine pole works outwards and the feminine lives more inwardly, while in the woman the opposite holds true.

Spiritual science however also shows us a deeper reason why a masculine quality is to be found in the woman and a feminine in the man. Spiritual science speaks of how human beings strive after ever greater perfection, through many lives. Our present life is always the result of a previous one. Thus as we proceed through many lives, we experience both male and female incarnations. What arises in this way may be expressed as the effect of those experiences gathered on both sides in earthly life.

Whoever is able in this way to look more deeply into the male and female natures knows that the more intimate experiences of the two sexes are very different, and must be very different. Our entire earth existence is a collection of the most varied experiences. However, these experiences can only become comprehensive through their being acquired from the viewpoint of both sexes. Hence we can see that even if we only consider the human being with regard to the two lower members, we see in reality a being with two sides. So long as one merely looks at the physical body little can be understood. The spiritual lying behind must also be recognised. Through his masculine nature the inner femininity of the man appears, and through the woman's feminine nature her inner masculinity appears. Now one can grasp why it is that so many misjudgments have been made about this question; it depends on whether one looks at the inner, or the outer aspects. In considering only one side of the human being, one is subjected entirely to chance. If, for example, one researcher finds that the main quality of the woman is humility and another that it is an angry disposition, it simply means that both have observed only one side of the same being. Error must occur with this kind of approach. In order to recognise the full truth we must look at the whole human being.

Something else must also be taken into account in order to gain knowledge of the whole truth. We must observe the human being in alternating sleeping and waking states. During sleep the astral body and the ego are raised out of the physical-etheric organism of the human being. On falling asleep one loses one's day consciousness; one enters into a different state of consciousness—a sleep consciousness. The perceptions and experiences which are made by the ego and astral body during sleep in the spiritual world remain hidden to our usual consciousness. In the present evolutionary state the human being is organised in such a way that the ego and astral bodies must make use of the physical sense organs in order to become aware of the physical world. That we see, hear, taste, and so on with our physical organs of sense is an idea widely held today. A thinker like Fichte however, would say: The ear does not hear—I hear. The ego, the human being's true inner being, is therefore the starting point for all our sense perceptions. And each morning when we awaken, the ego and astral body experience new knowledge of the physical world through the sense organs. It is different during sleep, for the ego and astral body spend their time in the spiritual world. The human being has sense organs in the astral body which enable perception in the astral world, but these have normally not been developed. Those who are unable to accept this as a possibility must be more consequent and say that in reality human beings die every evening. But human beings do find themselves in the spiritual world at night.

Further than this, the spiritual and physical worlds have a unique relationship to one another, for everything physical is only a very dense form of the spiritual. In the same way as ice is densified water, so are the physical and etheric bodies a densification of the astral body. Present day materialism will find it very hard to admit that the spirit creates everything material. It is, however, the tragedy of materialism that it understands the nature of matter least of all. One arrives at some very strange conclusions if one denies that matter is a condensed form of the spiritual. Naturally if one stays with popular concepts, most people will not immediately recognise anything less than pure reason in such a sentence as the following: The body is the foundation for our true soul nature; all so called spiritual things can be guided through that which is bodily. It becomes much clearer, however, if one takes it to its logical conclusion, as is done for instance in that pragmatism which comes from America. One single sentence will easily show how this theory speaks pure nonsense to the human mind. Thus it declares that man does not cry because he is sad, but rather is sad because he cries. That a soul mood might have an effect on the physical is not deemed possible, instead one believes that some outside event causes the tears to run which then makes the person sad. This is the consequence of materialism carried to its logical absurdity.

Spiritual science knows that the two higher members of the human being, the ego and the astral body leave during the night while the physical and etheric bodies remain behind. Thus it follows that during sleep the human being leaves behind male and female aspects and lives as a sexually undifferentiated being in the spiritual world. Everyone's life is thus divided between a sexual and an asexual experience.

Do the sexes then have no meaning in the spiritual world? Does the polarity of physical and etheric body which makes the two sexes manifest here on earth, find no echo in the higher worlds? Certainly we do not take our sexual nature with us into higher worlds; however, the origin of the two sexes is to be found in the astral sphere. In the same way as ice is formed from water, that which meets us in the physical world as masculine and feminine is formed out of the polarity of higher principles. We can approach this best if we consider it as the polarity of life and form. This polarity is also expressed in nature. We can see budding life in the tree and at the same time that which builds up hard forms, slows down growth and transforms it into the solid trunk. Life and form must work together in everything that lives. And if we look at the nature of the sexes from this standpoint we can say: That which corresponds to the life principle is the masculine, while that which brings life into a certain form expresses itself in the feminine. That which an artist creates in the way of form in marble, for example, is not to be found in outer nature. Only the artist's inner being, which is rooted in the spiritual world and finds its nourishment there, can be artistically creative. Indeed the reality is that the forces and beings of the spiritual world are continually streaming into the astral body and ego of the human being. And that which the artist creates as an imprint on matter is a memory of something with which he has been stimulated in the spiritual world. Were the human being unable to return to a spiritual homeland during sleep, it would not be possible to carry into physical existence the seeds needed to initiate great and noble deeds. Therefore nothing could be worse for the human being than prolonged loss of sleep.

That which the artist has drawn from the spiritual world and has built unconsciously into his work then appears as life and form. One might ask why it is that the “Juno Ludovisi” appears so wonderful to us. There is the large face, the wide forehead, the unusual nose. If we try and feel our way into this picture we would come to experience how impossible it is to think away the spiritual; soul and spirit are to be found in the very form of this face. This form could stay like this forever. The inner life has become entirely form, is fixed in form; soul and spirit have become form. But then we look up at the head of Zeus. Soul and spirit are present in this rather narrow forehead too, but one has the feeling that this form could change at any moment. Out of a deep inspiration the artist has been able to hold on to life and form in all reality.

But just as the artist is able to mould life and form into his great works, so is our whole being in reality life and form. This in itself shows that human nature is of spiritual origin and is created out of life, out of the continuous process of life and that which gives it permanence. The human being experiences life and death as the expression of this higher polarity of existence. It is in this sense that Goethe could say: “Death is the means by which nature can create more life.” Thus life finds a form not for one-sided life, nor one-sided death, but for a higher harmonious whole which can be created through life and death together. On this basis spiritual and physical can work together through the medium of masculine and feminine; the eternally developing life in the masculine, and life held in form in the feminine principle.

When investigating the nature of the sexes we have not begun with a one-sided observation of physical existence but rather have sought an answer on the spiritual level of existence. The harmony above the sexes can only be found in so far as the two sexes raise themselves to that level. If, therefore, by making use of the knowledge to be gained from spiritual science we could enable the reality beyond the sexes to take effect in practical life, the problem of the sexes would be solved. This does not lead away from life however. For that which meets us in the two phenomena of human nature can best be clarified by consciously striving for this higher harmony. In this way the question of the sexes will be deepened and the polarities will be harmonised. Everything in the nature of the sexes attains a very different form and meaning. We cannot solve this question through dogma, rather we must seek a common ground, and find perceptions and feelings which lead beyond the sexes.

These observations have shown, as is found again and again, that we must distinguish between the reality of the senses and the nature of being itself. If we want to solve the riddles of life, we must observe the whole human being from the world of the senses and from the world of the spirit. It can be seen that beyond the sense-perceptible polarity, man and woman are only garments, sheaths which hide the true nature of the human being. We must search behind the garments, for there is the spirit. We must not merely consider the outer side of the spirit, we must enter into the spirit itself.

We could also express it in this way: Love saturated with wisdom or wisdom penetrated with love is the highest goal. “The eternal feminine draws us forward.”1The closing lines of Goethe's Faust. The feminine is that element in the world which strives outward in order to be fructified by the eternal elements of life.

Mann und Weib im Lichte der Geisteswissenschaft

Anthroposophische Geisteswissenschaft soll nicht dazu da sein, durch schwärmerische Mystik irgendwelcher Art den Menschen dem Leben zu entfremden. Sie soll den Menschen durchaus nicht abführen von den Aufgaben des Alltags und der Zeit; im Gegenteil, Geisteswissenschaft soll just das sein, was dem Menschen Stärke und Energie, Umsicht und Unbefangenheit gibt für die Aufgaben des Lebens, für die Forderungen der unmittelbaren Wirklichkeit. Darum darf auch wohl innerhalb dieser Geisteswissenschaft zuweilen nicht nur von den großen Weisheitsfragen der Menschheit gesprochen werden, dem Wesen der Menschheit, dem Wesen der Welt, sondern es wird auch gesucht werden müssen, von dem Gesichtspunkt der Geisteswissenschaft Licht zu verbreiten über Fragen, die uns unmittelbar beschäftigen. Und so werden wir es in diesen Vorträgen zu tun haben mit Betrachtungen, die durchaus das betreffen, was man Zeitfragen nennt.

Derjenige aber, der auf dem Boden der Geisteswissenschaft steht, sieht sich in eine besondere Lage versetzt gegenüber solchen unmittelbaren Zeitfragen, denn er erregt die Erwartung, daß er sich mischt in die Debatten des Tages. Und leicht kann er diese Erwartung erregen, wenn es sich handelt um die Frage: Mann und Weib — Mann, Weib und Kind. Und gerade weil der Geistesforscher genötigt ist, vermöge seines Standpunktes solche Fragen von einer höheren Warte herab zu betrachten, so kann es scheinen, als ob eine solche Betrachtung hinwegleite von dem, was man in den üblichen Debatten des Tages anschlägt an Meinungen, Anschauungen und so weiter. Aber, wenn es auch wahr ist, daß Geisteswissenschaft solche Fragen in ein höheres Licht rücken muß, so ist gerade diese Geisteswissenschaft befähigt, unmittelbar praktisch einzugreifen in die Probleme des Tages. Denn das ist das Eigentümliche geisteswissenschaftlicher Betrachtung, daß sie auf der einen Seite solche Fragen hinaufhebt zu den Gesichtspunkten des Ewigen, dadurch aber zu gleicher Zeit auch die Handhaben bietet für das alltägliche Leben, während alles parteimäßige Betrachten in etwas hineinführt, was im Leben des Alltags sich als unanwendbar erweist. Das hat man sich vor Augen zu führen, wenn unternommen werden soll, von einem höheren Gesichtspunkt aus das Verhältnis von Mann und Weib zu betrachten. Es wird manches ganz sonderbar erscheinen, was da zu sagen ist. Aber wenn Sie tiefer eingehen auf diese Dinge und die Tatsachen des Lebens daran messen, so werden Sie finden, daß Sie eine viel gründlichere Antwort durch Geisteswissenschaft gewinnen können als durch das, was man sonst darüber hört.

Geisteswissenschaft geht aus von der Grundanschauung, daß hinter allem Sinnlich-Sichtbaren ein Seelisch-Geistiges steht. Gerade die uns beschäftigenden Fragen werden erst dann in der richtigen Weise uns vor Augen stehen, wenn wir hinblicken auf das geistig Wesenhafte, das hinter dem Sinnlichen steht. Und so müssen wir uns denn fragen: Was steht als ein Geistiges hinter den beiden Geschlechtern? Und da kann uns vielleicht das Wesen der Geschlechter dadurch enthüllt werden, daß wir auf dieses Geistige eingehen, das hinter der sinnlichen Verschiedenheit der Geschlechter liegt. Da aber werden wir sehen, daß Geisteswissenschaftaus ihrem Wesen heraus hinführt zu allerlei Wahrheiten, die unsere heutige Zeit auf ihre Weise schon ahnt auch aus der materialistischen Weltanschauung heraus. Aber weil hinter diesen Ahnungen nur eine materialistische Weltanschauung steht, erweisen sie sich als trügerisch.

Was hat nun der Materialismus über das Wesen der Geschlechter zu sagen? Am besten können wir uns darüber dadurch orientieren, daß wir das betrachten, was die letzten Zeiten über diese Frage zutage gefördert haben. Seit geraumer Zeit sucht ja die Frau immer mehr sich der Epoche der Menschheitsentwickelung zu nähern, welche die volle Gleichberechtigung der beiden Geschlechter hat. Indem also die Frau eingetreten ist in den Kampf für ihre Rechte, wird es uns interessieren, was der Materialismus über das Wesen der Frau zu sagen hat. So werden wir einen Maßstab gewinnen, wie man in der Gegenwart über eine so wichtige Frage denkt. Nun könnte man die allerverschiedensten Stimmen über das Wesen des Weiblichen anführen, wie sie etwa zusammengestellt sind in dem Buche «Zur Kritik der Weiblichkeit» von Rosa Mayreder. Man tut gut daran, solche Urteile bei führenden Persönlichkeiten der Gegenwart zu suchen. Bei einem sehr bedeutenden Naturforscher des 19. Jahrhunderts ist als Grundeigenschaft der Frau angegeben das Gefühl der Demut. Ein anderer, der auch ein Recht hat mitzusprechen, findet als weibliche Grundqualität die Zornmütigkeit. Ein anderer Naturforscher, der viel Aufsehen erregt hat, kommt zu dem Ergebnis, daß das Grundwesen der Frau am besten sich ausdrücken lasse mit Ergebenheitsgefühl; ein anderer mit Herrschsucht, ein anderer mit konservativem Sinn, und wieder ein anderer findet, die Frau sei das eigentlich revolutionierende Element in der Welt. Und noch ein anderer sagt, bei der Frau finde sich ganz besonders ausgeprägt die Fähigkeit der Analyse, wogegen ein anderer feststellt, der Frau fehle die Fähigkeit der Analyse vollständig, sie habe nur die Möglichkeit der Synthese entwickelt.

Man könnte diese Blütenlese beliebig vermehren, herausbekommen würde man am Schlusse nur, daß das äußerliche Anschauen gescheite Menschen zu den entgegengesetzten Urteilen bringt. Wer tiefer auf die Sache eingehen will, der müßte sagen: Diese Betrachter gehen vielleicht von ganz falschen Voraussetzungen aus; nicht das Außerliche bloß sollte man ansehen, sondern das ganze Wesen. — Aufgedrängt durch die Tatsachen ging manchem Forscher eine Ahnung auf, aber sie wurde eingetaucht in materialistisches Denken. So schreibt da zum Beispiel ein junger Geist, Otto Weininger, ein Buch über «Geschlecht und Charakter». Otto Weininger war ein Mensch von großen Anlagen, der aber diese großen Anlagen versprüht hat, weil die ganze Schwere der materialistischen Weltanschauung unserer Zeit auf seiner Seele lastete. Er meinte nämlich: Das Wesen des Menschen kann nur so betrachtet werden, daß man in dem einzelnen Menschen nicht einseitig das Männliche und das Weibliche betrachtet, sondern bemerkt, daß dem Männlichen zugemischt ist das Weibliche und umgekehrt. — Die Ahnung einer Idee dämmert also auf in der Seele dieses Weininger. Aber diese Ahnung ist durch die Suggestionen der Zeit gepreßt in materialistisches Denken. Und so glaubt denn Weininger in einer gewissen stofllichen Mischung das Ineinanderwirken des Männlichen und Weiblichen zu sehen, so daß wir in jedem Manne ein verborgenes Weibliches zu finden hätten und in jeder Frau ein verborgenes Männliches. Daraus ergeben sich ihm aber sonderbare Konsequenzen. Weininger sagt da zum Beispiel: der Frau gehe ab ein Ich, Individualität, Charakter, jegliche Persönlichkeit, alle Freiheit und so weiter. Und da es sich für seine Anschauung um eine rein stoffliche, sozusagen quantitative Mischung männlicher und weiblicher Eigenschaften handelt, so hat also der Mann dies alles in sich. Aber offenbar wird dies durch seine männlichen Eigenschaften zunichte gemacht. Sie sehen, wenn man den Dingen zu Leibe geht, stoßen wir auf eine Anschauung, die sich in sich selbst vernichtet. Aber es liegt, wie wir sehen werden, durchaus eine richtige Ahnung zugrunde.

Nun werden wir in bezug auf diese Dinge einzutreten haben in die geisteswissenschaftliche Grundanschauung. Es ist von mir immer und immer wieder betont worden, daß es der Geisteswissenschaft nicht so leicht gemacht wird, das Wesen des Menschen zu betrachten, wie es bei der materialistisch orientierten Wissenschaft der Fall ist. Denn das, was ' man physisch-sinnlich am Menschen sieht, ist der Geisteswissenschaft nur ein Glied der ganzen Wesenheit, der physische Leib. Darüber hinaus unterscheidet Geisteswissenschaft den ätherischen Leib oder den Bildekräfteleib, den der Mensch mit Pflanzen und Tieren gemein hat. Als drittes Glied der menschlichen Wesenheit erkennt sie dasjenige, was Träger ist von Lust und Leid, was da lebt in unseren Empfindungen und Gefühlen, den Astralleib oder Seelenleib, den der Mensch mit den Tieren gemein hat. Und als viertes Glied wird erkannt dasjenige, was den Menschen erst zum Menschen macht, das Bewußtsein seiner selbst, das Ich. So beschreibt Geisteswissenschaft den Menschen als aus vier Gliedern bestehend.

Zunächst berühren uns der physische und der ätherische Leib. Und hier ist auch verborgen die Lösung des Rätsels in bezug auf das Verhältnis der Geschlechter. Und nun muß der Geistesforscher etwas sagen, was ihm bei vielen Zeitgenossen den Vorwurf der Narretei erweckt: Der Mensch ist seiner Wesenheit nach ein eigentümlicher Organismus; nur teilweise ist nämlich der Ätherleib eine Art Abklatsch des physischen Leibes. In bezug auf die Geschlechtlichkeit liegt die Sache anders. Beim männlichen Geschlecht ist der Ätherleib weiblich, beim weiblichen Geschlecht männlich. So sonderbar das zunächst erscheinen mag, eine tiefere Beobachtung muß dahin führen, diese außerordentlich bedeutsame Tatsache einzusehen: Im Verborgenen jedes Menschen ruht etwas vom andern Geschlecht. Dabei soll jedoch gar nicht auf alle möglichen abnormen Lebenserscheinungen Rücksicht genommen werden, sondern nur auf das, was die normalen Verhältnisse sind.

Angesichts dieser Tatsache aber hört die Möglichkeit auf, im strengen Sinne des Wortes von Mann und Weib zu sprechen, sondern man muß sprechen von männlichen und weiblichen Eigenschaften. Die Frau kehrt gewisse Eigenschaften nach außen, entgegengesetzte nach innen. Das Weib hat im Innern männliche Eigenschaften, der Mann weibliche. Wenn also der Mann durch seine äußerliche Körperlichkeit beispielsweise zum Krieger wird, indem diese äußere Tapferkeit gebunden ist an die äußere Organisation seines Körpers, so hat die Frau die innere Tapferkeit, die Fähigkeit der Aufopferung, der Hingabe. Der Mann geht, wenn er sich zum Schaffen erhebt, in dem auf, was draußen ist. Die Frau wirkt in hingebungsvoller Passivität in der Welt. Unzählige Erscheinungen des Lebens werden uns klar werden, wenn wir die menschliche Wesenheit aus zwei Polen zusammenwirkend denken, den männlichen Pol nach außen, den weiblichen nach innen beim Mann, bei der Frau den weiblichen Pol nach außen, den männlichen nach innen.

Geisteswissenschaft zeigt uns aber auch die tieferen Gründe davon auf, warum in dem Männlichen ein Weibliches sich findet, im Weiblichen ein Männliches. Geisteswissenschaft spricht davon, daß der Mensch durch viele Leben durchgeht zu immer höherer Vollkommenheit. Das gegenwärtige Leben ist immer die Folge der früheren. Und indem der Mensch dergestalt durch viele Leben hindurchschreitet, geht er auch durch männliche und weibliche Verkörperungen.

So drückt sich also aus in dem, was so entsteht, die Wirkung dessen, was wir an Erfahrungen, Erlebnissen nach beiden Seiten hin als Erdenmenschen machen können. Wer so, wie es geschildert worden ist, in das männliche und in das weibliche Wesen hineinschauen kann, weiß, daß die intimeren Erlebnisse der beiden Geschlechter ganz andere sind, ganz andere sein müssen. Unser ganzes Erdenleben ist ein Aufsammeln der allerverschiedensten Erlebnisse und Erfahrungen. Allseitig aber können diese Erlebnisse und Erfahrungen nur werden dadurch, daß der Mensch diese Erlebnisse und Erfahrungen von beiden Geschlechtern aus macht. So zeigt sich uns, wenn wir den Menschen auch nur schon hinsichtlich seiner zwei niederen Glieder betrachten, daß er in Wahrheit ein Doppelwesen ist. Solange man jedoch nur den physischen Leib anerkennt, kann etwas Vernünftiges nicht herauskommen. Man muß das Geistige anerkennen, das dahinter ist. Durch das Männliche erscheint uns in dem Manne seine innere Weiblichkeit, und durch das Weibliche in der Frau ihre innere Männlichkeit. Nun begreift man auch, wie so viele Beurteiler, die Mann und Weib äußerlich anschauen, in die Irre gehen; es kommt eben ganz darauf an, ob man auf das Innere oder auf das Äußere blickt. Ganz dem Zufall ist derjenige unterworfen, der nur die eine Seite des menschlichen Wesens kennt. Wenn zum Beispiel der eine Forscher als Haupteigenschaft der Frau die Demut findet und ein anderer den Zorn, so hat jeder eben nur eine Seite derselben Wesenheit betrachtet. Der Irrtum muß bei dieser Art des Ansehens auftreten. Um die volle Wahrheit zu erkennen, müssen wir auch den vollen Menschen ansehen.

Zu einer solchen Erkenntnis der vollen Wahrheit gehört aber auch, daß man noch etwas anderes berücksichtigt: Wir müssen den Menschen betrachten in seinen wechselnden Zuständen von Wachen und Schlafen. Im Schlafe ist herausgehoben aus der physisch-ätherischen Organisation des Menschen der astralische Leib und das Ich. Mit dem Einschlafen verliert der Mensch das gewöhnliche Tagesbewußtsein; er tritt ein durch den Schlaf in ein anderes Bewußtsein, das Schlafbewußtsein. Die Wahrnehmungen und Erlebnisse, die Ich und astralischer Leib während des Schlafes in der geistigen Welt machen, bleiben dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein verborgen. In seiner gegenwärtigen Entwickelung ist der Mensch so organisiert, daß Ich und Astralleib sich im Wachzustande bedienen müssen der physischen Sinnesorgane, um zu einem Bewußtsein der physischen Welt zu gelangen. Heute ist man freilich der Anschauung, daß die physischen Apparate unserer Sinnesorganisation es sind, welche sehen, hören, schmecken, tasten und so weiter. Aber noch ein Denker wie Fichte sagt: Nicht das Ohr hört, sondern ich höre. — So ist auch alle Sinneswahrnehmung ausgehend von dem Ich, der eigentlichen inneren Wesenheit des Menschen. Und jeden Morgen, wenn der Mensch aufsteht, verschaffen Ich und astralischer Leib durch die Sinnesorgane sich Kenntnis von ihrer physischen Umgebung. Anders verhält es sich während des Schlafes: Ich und astralischer Leib weilen in der geistigen Welt. Doch hat der Mensch in seinem astralischen Leibe die entsprechenden Sinnesorgane, um im Astralraum sehen zu können, gewöhnlich nicht ausgebildet. Wer das nicht zugeben will, müßte konsequenterweise sagen: Eigentlich stirbt der Mensch jeden Abend. So befindet sich also der Mensch während der Nacht in einer geistigen Welt.

Nun aber hängen geistige Welt und physische Welt in eigentümlicher Weise zusammen, denn alles Physische ist nur eine Art Verdichtungszustand des Geistigen. Wie Eis verdichtetes Wasser ist, so sind physischer Leib und Ätherleib Verdichtungen des astralischen Leibes. Der heutige Materialismus wird allerdings sehr schwer nur zugeben, daß der Geist der Schöpfer alles Stofflichen ist, aber die Tragik des Materialismus beruht ja gerade darauf, daß der Materialismus just von der Materie am allerwenigsten versteht. Und so kommt man denn auch zu sehr sonderbaren Dingen, wenn man ableugnet, daß alles Materielle nur ein verdichtetes Geistiges ist. Wenn man allerdings bei den populären Begriffen stehenbleibt, so wird den meisten Menschen nicht gleich das aller Vernunft Hohnsprechende sichtbar bei einem Satze wie diesem: Das Leibliche sei die Grundlage für das eigentlich Seelische, alles sogenannte Geistige sei aus dem Leiblichen abzuleiten. — Deutlicher wird es schon, wenn man die letzten Konsequenzen zieht, wie es zum Beispiel der Pragmatismus tut, der aus Amerika stammt, aber auch schon Europa angesteckt hat. Aus einem einzigen Satze kann man da sehen, wie diese Theorie allem gesunden Menschenverstand Hohn spricht; so heißt es da etwa: Der Mensch weint nicht, weil er traurig ist, sondern er ist traurig, weil er weint! -— Man nimmt nicht wahr, daß da eine seelische Stimmung einwirkt auf das Physische, sondern man glaubt, daß irgendwelche äußeren Ursachen die Tränen herauspressen, und dann wird der Mensch eben traurig. Das ist die Konsequenz des Materialismus ins Absurde getrieben.

Geisteswissenschaft weiß, daß die zwei höheren Wesensglieder des Menschen, Ich und astralischer Leib, in der Nacht heraus sind und ätherischen Leib und physischen Leib zurückgelassen haben. So läßt eben im Schlafe der Mensch auch seine männliche und weibliche Organisation zurück und verweilt in einer geistigen Welt als ein Wesen, das nichts Männliches und Weibliches mehr an sich trägt, als geschlechtlich undifferenziertes Wesen. So also teilt jeder Mensch schon hier sein Leben in Geschlechtliches und Ungeschlechtliches.

Hat nun das Geschlechtliche keine Bedeutung in der geistigen Welt? Hat der Gegensatz zwischen physischem Leib und Ätherleib, der die Erscheinung der beiden Geschlechter in dieser Welt hervorbringt, kein Gegenbild in den höheren Welten? Nun, damit verhält es sich so, daß wir zwar das Geschlechtliche nicht mit hinaufnehmen in die höheren Welten, aber den Ursprung der beiden Geschlechter finden wir in der astralischen Welt. So wie das Eis aus dem Wasser, so ist das, was in der physischen Welt als Männliches und Weibliches uns entgegentritt, aus dem Gegensatze höherer Prinzipien gebildet. Dieser Gegensatz stellt sich uns am besten dar, wenn wir ihn charakterisieren als den Gegensatz von Leben und Form. Diese Polarität finden wir auch in der Natur ausgedrückt. Der Baum zeigt sprießende Lebenskraft und zugleich auch das, was in die feste Form drängt, was das Wachstum aufstaut, die sprossende Kraft zum festen Stamme bildet. So müssen in allem Leben und Dasein zusammenwirken Leben und Form. Und wenn wir von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus das Wesen der Geschlechter betrachten, so können wir sagen: Das Abbild des Lebens ist das Männliche, das jedoch, was das Leben in eine gewisse Form bringt, drückt sich aus im Weiblichen. - Wenn zum Beispiel der Künstler den Stoff formt, dann geschieht ja folgendes: Was da der Künstler dem Marmor einformt, das ist ja nicht zu finden in der sinnlichen Natur; nur das Wesen des Künstlers, das in der geistigen Welt wurzelt und dort seine Befruchtung holt, kann künstlerisch schaffen, künstlerisch gestalten. Und so ist es eben in Wahrheit so, daß in Astralleib und Ich immerfort einströmen die Kräfte und Wesen der geistigen Welt. Und dasjenige, was der Künstler hineinschafft in den Stoff, der Materie einprägt, das ist die Erinnerung daran, was in der geistigen Welt in ihm angeregt worden ist. Würde der Mensch nicht stets im Schlafe in seine Urheimat zurückkehren, in der geistigen Welt verweilen, dann brächte er in das physische Dasein nicht herüber die Befruchtungskeime zu allen großen und edlen Tätigkeiten. Nichts Schlimmeres also kann geschehen, als wenn sich der Mensch auf die Dauer dem Schlafe entzieht.

Dasjenige also, was der Künstler von der geistigen Welt her aufgenommen hat und unbewußt in sein Werk hineinlegt, es erscheint als Leben und Form. Und so könnte man darauf kommen, einmal zu fragen: Warum erscheint uns denn eigentlich die «Juno Ludovisi» so wunderbar? — Da ist das große Antlitz, die breite Stirn, die eigentümliche Nase. Wenn wir mit unserer Empfindung wie tastend darüber hinführen, könnten wir sagen: Hier ist ein Bild, von dem wir uns gar nicht vorstellen können, daß ein Geistiges zurückgeblieben ist; in diesem Gesichte sehen wir ganz in die Form eingeschlossen Seele und Geist. Diese Form kann für die Ewigkeit so bestehen. Hier ist das innere Leben ganz Form geworden, in der Form erstarrt, hier ist Form gewordene Seele und Geist. Dann aber blicken wir hin auf den Zeuskopf. Der eigentlich schmalen Stirn liegt auch Geist und Seele zugrunde, aber man hat das Gefühl, diese Form müßte sich jeden Moment ändern. Aus einer tiefen Inspiration des Künstlers heraus ist da festgehalten Leben und Form in aller Wirklichkeit.

Aber wie der Künstler in großen Momenten in solchen Werken tatsächlich von Leben und Form einen Abguß schafft, so ist unser ganzes Wesen in Wahrheit Leben und Form. Dadurch aber zeigt sich in der Tat, daß die Wesenheit des Menschen herausgebildet ist aus der geistigen Welt, aus dem immer werdenden Leben, und dem, was das Leben festhält, ihm Dauer verleiht. Der Mensch hat Teil an Leben und Tod als dem Ausdruck dieser höheren Polaritäten des Daseins. Und in diesem Sinne konnte Goethe sagen: «Der Tod ist der Kunstgriff der Natur, viel Leben zu haben.» Und so findet das Leben eine Form, nicht für ein einseitiges Leben, nicht für einen einseitigen Tod, sondern für das, was aus Leben und Tod ein höheres harmonisches Ganzes bildet. Dergestalt wirken Geistiges und Physisches zusammen durch die Medien des Männlichen und Weiblichen; das ewig werdende Leben im Männlichen und das Leben in der Form gehalten im Weiblichen.

So wird nicht von einer einseitigen Betrachtung des physischen Daseins ausgegangen, wenn das Wesen der Geschlechter ergründet werden soll, sondern eine Antwort gegeben auf den geistigen Gebieten des Daseins. So nur finden wir die übergeschlechtliche Harmonie, die insofern entsteht, als sich die beiden Geschlechter zu ihr erheben. Wenn wir also kraft der Erkenntnisse, die Geisteswissenschaft zu geben hat, in Stand gesetzt werden, das Übergeschlechtliche im praktischen Leben wirken zu lassen, dann ist die Geschlechterfrage gelöst. Das aber führt nicht vom Leben hinweg. Denn was uns in den beiden Erscheinungen der menschlichen Wesenheit entgegentritt, können wir in richtiger Weise läutern, wenn wir diese höhere Harmonie bewußt anstreben. So wird die Geschlechterfrage vertieft und der Gegensatz harmonisiert. Alles Geschlechtliche erlangt eine ganz andere Form und Bedeutung. Nicht durch Dogmen können wir die Geschlechterfrage lösen, sondern dadurch, daß wir einen gemeinsamen Boden aufsuchen, Empfindungen und Gefühle finden, die über die Geschlechter hinausführen. Im unmittelbaren sozialen Verkehr wird die Geschlechterfrage so zu lösen sein, wie es einer vorgeschrittenen Menschheit gemäß ist. Wenn der Mensch das Übergeschlechtliche findet, dann ist für ihn diese Zeitfrage gelöst.

Und so hat sich uns auch bei dieser Betrachtung gezeigt, was sich immer und immer wieder zeigt: daß wir von dem Sinnenschein die Wesenheit trennen müssen. Wir müssen den ganzen Menschen betrachten, den Menschen nach der Seite der Sinne, den Menschen nach der Seite des Geistes, wenn wir die Rätsel des Lebens lösen wollen. Über dem Sinnengegensatz zeigt sich, daß Mann und Weib nur Kleid sind, Hüllen, die die eigentliche Wesenheit des Menschen verbergen. Suchen müssen wir hinter dem Kleide. Da steht der Geist. Wir dürfen also nicht bloß auf die äußere Seite des Geistes eingehen, wir müssen eingehen auf den Geist selber.

Dasselbe aber könnte auch so ausgesprochen werden: Von der Weisheit gesättigte Liebe, von der Liebe durchdrungene Weisheit ist das Höchste. «Das Ewig-Weibliche zieht uns hinan.» Das Weibliche ist das Element in der Welt, das hinausstrebt, um sich befruchten zu lassen von den ewigen Tatsachen des Lebens.

Man and Woman in the Light of Spiritual Science

Anthroposophical Spiritual Science should not serve to alienate people from life through any kind of enthusiastic mysticism. It should by no means distract people from the tasks of everyday life and the present time; on the contrary, Spiritual Science should be precisely that which gives people strength and energy, prudence and impartiality for the tasks of life, for the demands of immediate reality. That is why, within this Spiritual Science, we must not only speak of the great questions of human wisdom, the nature of humanity, the nature of the world, but we must also seek to shed light, from the perspective of Spiritual Science, on questions that concern us directly. And so, in these lectures, we will deal with considerations that relate to what are called contemporary issues.

But those who stand on the ground of Spiritual Science find themselves in a special position with regard to such immediate contemporary issues, because they arouse the expectation that they will intervene in the debates of the day. And they can easily arouse this expectation when it comes to the question of man and woman — man, woman, and child. And precisely because the spiritual researcher is compelled, by virtue of his standpoint, to view such questions from a higher perspective, it may seem as if such a view leads away from the opinions, views, and so on that are raised in the usual debates of the day. But even if it is true that Spiritual Science must place such questions in a higher light, it is precisely this Spiritual Science that is capable of intervening directly and practically in the problems of the day. For it is the peculiarity of spiritual science that, on the one hand, it elevates such questions to the perspective of the eternal, but at the same time also offers tools for everyday life, while all partisan considerations lead to something that proves inapplicable in everyday life. This must be kept in mind when attempting to view the relationship between man and woman from a higher perspective. Some of what is said here may seem quite strange. But if you delve deeper into these matters and measure them against the facts of life, you will find that Spiritual Science can provide a much more thorough answer than what is usually heard on the subject.

Spiritual Science proceeds from the basic view that behind everything that is sensually visible there is something soul-spiritual. The questions that concern us will only become clear to us in the right way when we look at the spiritual essence that lies behind the sensual. And so we must ask ourselves: What is the spiritual essence behind the two sexes? And perhaps the nature of the sexes can be revealed to us by looking at this spiritual essence that lies behind the sensory differences between the sexes. But then we will see that spiritual science, by its very nature, leads to all kinds of truths that our present age already senses in its own way, even from a materialistic worldview. But because these intuitions are based solely on a materialistic worldview, they prove to be deceptive.

What does materialism have to say about the nature of the sexes? The best way to orient ourselves is to consider what recent times have brought to light on this question. For some time now, women have been seeking to move closer to an era of human development in which there is full equality between the sexes. Now that women have entered the struggle for their rights, we are interested in what materialism has to say about the nature of women. This will give us a yardstick for measuring how such an important question is viewed in the present day. Now, one could cite a wide variety of opinions on the nature of womanhood, as compiled in Rosa Mayreder's book Zur Kritik der Weiblichkeit (Critique of Womanhood). It is a good idea to seek such judgments from leading figures of the present day. A very important 19th-century naturalist identified humility as a fundamental characteristic of women. Another, who also has a right to have a say, finds that the basic female quality is anger. Another natural scientist, who caused quite a stir, comes to the conclusion that the basic nature of women is best expressed by a feeling of devotion; another by a desire to rule, another by a conservative spirit, and yet another finds that women are actually the revolutionary element in the world. And yet another says that women have a particularly pronounced capacity for analysis, whereas another asserts that women completely lack the capacity for analysis and have only developed the capacity for synthesis.

One could multiply this anthology at will, but in the end one would only conclude that outward appearances lead intelligent people to opposite judgments. Anyone who wants to delve deeper into the matter would have to say: these observers are perhaps starting from completely false premises; one should not look only at the outward appearance, but at the whole being. — Compelled by the facts, some researchers had an inkling, but it was submerged in materialistic thinking. For example, a young mind, Otto Weininger, wrote a book on “Sex and Character.” Otto Weininger was a man of great talent, but he squandered this great talent because the whole weight of the materialistic worldview of our time weighed on his soul. He believed that the essence of human beings can only be understood by not looking at the individual human being in terms of male and female characteristics, but by recognizing that the male is mixed with the female and vice versa. — So the inkling of an idea dawns in Weininger's soul. But this inkling is pressed into materialistic thinking by the suggestions of the time. And so Weininger believes he sees the interaction of the masculine and feminine in a certain material mixture, so that we would find a hidden feminine in every man and a hidden masculine in every woman. But this leads him to some strange conclusions. Weininger says, for example, that women lack an ego, individuality, character, any personality, all freedom, and so on. And since his view is a purely material, quantitative mixture of masculine and feminine characteristics, men have all of these things within them. But this is apparently negated by his male characteristics. You see, when we get to the heart of the matter, we encounter a view that destroys itself. But, as we shall see, there is a correct intuition underlying it.

I have emphasized time and again that Spiritual Science does not find it as easy to consider the nature of the human being as materialistic science does. For what we see physically and sensually in the human being is, for Spiritual Science, only one part of the whole being, the physical body. In addition, Spiritual Science distinguishes the etheric body or the formative body, which humans share with plants and animals. As the third part of the human being, it recognizes that which is the bearer of pleasure and pain, that which lives in our sensations and feelings, the astral body or soul body, which humans share with animals. And the fourth member is recognized as that which makes humans human in the first place, the consciousness of themselves, the I. Thus, Spiritual Science describes humans as consisting of four members.

First of all, we are touched by the physical and etheric bodies. And here, too, lies the solution to the riddle of the relationship between the sexes. And now the spiritual researcher must say something that will cause many of his contemporaries to accuse him of foolishness: human beings are, in their essence, peculiar organisms; for the etheric body is only partly a kind of copy of the physical body. With regard to sexuality, the situation is different. In the male sex, the etheric body is female, and in the female sex, it is male. As strange as this may seem at first, deeper observation must lead us to recognize this extraordinarily significant fact: hidden within every human being is something of the opposite sex. However, we should not take into account all possible abnormal phenomena of life, but only what are normal conditions.

In view of this fact, however, it is no longer possible to speak of man and woman in the strict sense of the word, but rather of masculine and feminine qualities. Women express certain qualities outwardly and opposite qualities inwardly. Women have masculine qualities within, and men have feminine qualities within. So when a man becomes a warrior, for example, through his external physicality, because this external bravery is linked to the external organization of his body, women have inner bravery, the ability to sacrifice and devote themselves. When a man rises to create, he is absorbed in what is outside. A woman acts in the world with devoted passivity. Countless phenomena of life will become clear to us if we think of the human being as consisting of two poles working together, the male pole outwardly, the female pole inwardly in the man, and in the woman the female pole outwardly, the male pole inwardly.

Spiritual Science also shows us the deeper reasons why there is a feminine element in the masculine and a masculine element in the feminine. Spiritual Science tells us that human beings go through many lives to attain ever greater perfection. The present life is always the result of previous ones. And as human beings pass through many lives in this way, they also pass through male and female incarnations.

What emerges in this way expresses the effect of what we can experience as human beings on earth on both sides. Anyone who can look into the male and female beings as described above knows that the more intimate experiences of the two sexes are completely different, and must be completely different. Our entire earthly life is a collection of the most diverse experiences and adventures. But these experiences can only become all-round if human beings have them from both sexes. Thus, even if we consider human beings only in terms of their two lower members, we see that they are in truth dual beings. However, as long as we recognize only the physical body, nothing reasonable can come of it. One must recognize the spiritual behind it. Through the masculine, we see the inner femininity in the man, and through the feminine, we see the inner masculinity in the woman. Now we can also understand how so many judges who look at men and women externally are led astray; it all depends on whether one looks at the inner or the outer. Those who know only one side of the human being are completely subject to chance. For example, if one researcher finds humility to be the main characteristic of women and another finds anger, then each has only considered one side of the same entity. Error is bound to occur with this kind of view. In order to recognize the full truth, we must also look at the whole human being.

However, such a recognition of the full truth also requires that we take something else into account: we must consider human beings in their changing states of wakefulness and sleep. During sleep, the astral body and the ego are lifted out of the physical-etheric organization of the human being. When falling asleep, the human being loses their ordinary daytime consciousness; through sleep, they enter into another consciousness, the consciousness of sleep. The perceptions and experiences that the ego and astral body have in the spiritual world during sleep remain hidden from ordinary consciousness. In their present state of development, human beings are organized in such a way that the ego and astral body must make use of the physical sense organs in the waking state in order to attain consciousness of the physical world. Today, of course, the view is that it is the physical apparatus of our sensory organization that sees, hears, tastes, touches, and so on. But even a thinker like Fichte says: It is not the ear that hears, but I who hear. Thus, all sensory perception originates from the I, the actual inner essence of the human being. And every morning when a person gets up, the I and the astral body use the sensory organs to gain knowledge of their physical surroundings. During sleep, however, the situation is different: the I and the astral body dwell in the spiritual world. But in their astral body, people have not usually developed the sensory organs necessary for seeing in the astral realm. Anyone who refuses to admit this would have to say, logically, that human beings actually die every evening. So during the night, human beings find themselves in a spiritual world.

But the spiritual world and the physical world are connected in a peculiar way, for everything physical is only a kind of condensed state of the spiritual. Just as ice is condensed water, so the physical body and the etheric body are condensations of the astral body. Today's materialism will find it very difficult to admit that the spirit is the creator of all matter, but the tragedy of materialism lies precisely in the fact that materialism understands matter the least. And so one arrives at very strange things when one denies that everything material is only condensed spiritual substance. However, if one sticks to popular concepts, most people will not immediately see the absurdity of a statement such as this: that the physical body is the basis for the actual soul, and that everything so-called spiritual can be derived from the physical body. It becomes clearer when one draws the ultimate conclusions, as pragmatism does, for example, which originated in America but has already spread to Europe. From a single sentence, one can see how this theory mocks all common sense; it says, for example: Man does not cry because he is sad, but he is sad because he cries! — One does not perceive that a mental mood has an effect on the physical, but believes that some external causes squeeze out the tears, and then the person becomes sad. This is the consequence of materialism taken to the point of absurdity.

Spiritual Science knows that the two higher elements of the human being, the ego and the astral body, are out at night, leaving behind the etheric body and the physical body. Thus, in sleep, the human being also leaves behind his or her male and female organization and dwells in a spiritual world as a being that no longer has anything male or female about it, as a sexually undifferentiated being. Thus, every human being already divides their life here into the sexual and the asexual.

Does the sexual have no meaning in the spiritual world? Does the contrast between the physical body and the etheric body, which produces the appearance of the two sexes in this world, have no counterpart in the higher worlds? Well, the fact is that although we do not take sexuality with us into the higher worlds, we find the origin of the two sexes in the astral world. Just as ice is formed from water, so what we encounter in the physical world as male and female is formed from the contrast of higher principles. This opposition is best represented when we characterize it as the opposition of life and form. We also find this polarity expressed in nature. The tree shows sprouting life force and at the same time that which pushes into solid form, which dams up growth, forming the sprouting force into a solid trunk. Thus, in all life and existence, life and form must work together. And when we consider the nature of the sexes from this point of view, we can say: the image of life is the masculine, but that which gives life a certain form is expressed in the feminine. When, for example, the artist shapes the material, the following happens: What the artist shapes in the marble cannot be found in the sensory world; only the artist's being, which is rooted in the spiritual world and draws its inspiration from there, can create and shape artistically. And so it is true that the forces and beings of the spiritual world constantly flow into the astral body and the I. And what the artist creates in the material, what he imprints on the material, is the memory of what has been inspired in him in the spiritual world. If human beings did not always return to their original home in the spiritual world during sleep, they would not bring the seeds of inspiration for all great and noble activities into their physical existence. Nothing worse can happen, then, than when human beings permanently withdraw from sleep.

What the artist has absorbed from the spiritual world and unconsciously puts into his work appears as life and form. And so one might ask: Why does the “Juno Ludovisi” seem so wonderful to us? There is the large face, the broad forehead, the peculiar nose. If we run our fingers over it, as it were, we could say: Here is an image from which we cannot form a mental image of anything spiritual having been left behind; in this face we see soul and spirit completely enclosed in form. This form can exist for eternity. Here, inner life has become entirely form, frozen in form; here, soul and spirit have become form. But then we look at the head of Zeus. The forehead, which is actually narrow, is also based on spirit and soul, but one has the feeling that this form could change at any moment. From a deep inspiration of the artist, life and form are captured in all their reality.

But just as the artist actually creates a cast of life and form in great moments in such works, so our whole being is in truth life and form. This shows that the essence of the human being is formed from the spiritual world, from ever-becoming life, and from that which holds life and gives it permanence. Human beings participate in life and death as the expression of these higher polarities of existence. And in this sense, Goethe could say: “Death is nature's trick for having a lot of life.” And so life finds a form, not for a one-sided life, not for a one-sided death, but for that which forms a higher harmonious whole out of life and death. In this way, the spiritual and the physical work together through the media of the masculine and the feminine; the eternally becoming life in the masculine and the life held in form in the feminine.

Thus, when the nature of the sexes is to be explored, we do not start from a one-sided view of physical existence, but rather seek an answer in the spiritual realms of existence. Only in this way can we find the supra-sexual harmony that arises when both sexes rise to it. If, therefore, the insights provided by Spiritual Science enable us to let the supra-gender work in practical life, then the gender question is solved. But this does not lead us away from life. For we can purify what we encounter in the two manifestations of human nature in the right way if we consciously strive for this higher harmony. In this way, the gender question is deepened and the opposition harmonized. Everything sexual takes on a completely different form and meaning. We cannot solve the gender question through dogma, but by seeking common ground, finding feelings and emotions that transcend gender. In direct social interaction, the gender question will be solved in a way that is appropriate for an advanced humanity. When human beings find the supra-gender, this question of time will be solved for them.

And so this consideration has shown us what shows itself again and again: that we must separate the essence from the sensory appearance. We must consider the whole human being, the human being from the side of the senses, the human being from the side of the spirit, if we want to solve the riddles of life. Above the sensory opposition, it becomes apparent that man and woman are only garments, shells that conceal the true essence of the human being. We must search behind the garment. There stands the spirit. So we must not merely address the outer side of the spirit, we must address the spirit itself.

The same could also be expressed as follows: Love saturated with wisdom, wisdom permeated with love is the highest. “The eternal feminine draws us upward.” The feminine is the element in the world that strives outward to be fertilized by the eternal facts of life.