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The Eternal in the Human Soul
GA 67

21 March 1918, Berlin

Translated by D. S. Osmond

7. Manifestations of the Unconscious

Everyone who is to some extent eager for knowledge and has realised how useful a true understanding of reality can be to human life desires to familiarise himself with the content of Spiritual Science as presented here. On the other hand, its methods for the attainment of knowledge are often irksome, because Spiritual Science is bound to show that the ordinary faculties of cognition—including those applied in orthodox science—cannot lead deeply into the spiritual life; and to be obliged to turn to different sources of knowledge is not an easy matter. True, if the study of Spiritual Science is free from preconceived notions and ideas, it will become more and more evident that ordinary, healthy human reason—provided it really gets to grips with life—is capable of grasping what Spiritual Science has to offer. But people are not willing, above all in the case of Spiritual Science, to apply this healthy human reason and ordinary knowledge of life, because they do not want to turn to something that can be achieved only through actual development of the soul. Although the facts presented by Spiritual Science can be investigated only by the methods to be described here, once the facts have been investigated they can be grasped by healthy human reason and ordinary experience. But because a certain mental laziness makes people hesitate to penetrate into Spiritual Science, even those who at the present time have an urge to know something about it prefer to turn to sources more in line with the methods applied in the laboratories, dissection-rooms and other institutions of modern science. And so in order to acquire a certain insight into the spiritual life, people who cannot bring themselves to approach Spiritual Science itself often prefer to concern themselves with abnormal phenomena of human life to be observed in the outer world of the senses. These people believe that the study of certain abnormal phenomena will elucidate certain riddles of existence. That is why Spiritual Science is so repeatedly and so mistakenly associated with endeavours to gain knowledge of spiritual reality by investigating all kinds of abnormal, borderline regions of human life.

For this reason I must also speak of borderline regions which through their very abnormality point to certain secrets of existence but can only really be understood through Spiritual Science and without it are bound to lead to countless fallacies about the true nature of spiritual life. The vast range, the interest and enigmatic character of the borderline region of which I shall speak is to some extent known to everyone, for it points to certain connections between external life and its hidden foundations. I am referring to man's life of dream. Starting from this life of dream it will be necessary also to consider other borderline regions of existence whose phenomena, if experienced in an abnormal way, might induce the belief that they lead a man to the foundations of life. I shall therefore also speak of the phenomena of hallucination, of visionary life and of somnambulism and mediumship, as far as this is possible in the framework of a single lecture.

Anyone who would have these borderline regions of human life explained in the light of Spiritual Science must bear in mind those essentials of genuine spiritual investigation through which they can be elucidated. From the range of what has been described in previous lectures I want therefore to select certain matters which will provide a basis for study of the phenomena in question. Spiritual Science must depend upon development of forces of the human soul which lie hidden in the everyday consciousness and also in the consciousness with which ordinary science works. As I have indicated, through certain exercises, certain procedures carried out purely in the life of soul and having nothing whatever to do with anything of a bodily nature, the human soul is able to evoke powers otherwise slumbering within it and so to gain insight into the true spiritual life. I must now briefly describe the essential preliminaries which enable the soul to make itself independent of the bodily element in acts of super-sensible cognition.

I have said in previous lectures that the attitude to be adopted to spiritual reality must differ from that adopted to external physical reality. Above all it must be remembered that what is experienced in the spiritual world by the soul when free from the body, cannot, like an ordinary mental picture, pass over into the memory in the actual form in which it is experienced. Whatever is experienced in the spiritual world must be experienced each time anew, just as an outer, physical reality must be confronted anew when it is actually in front of us and not merely remembered. Anyone who believes he can have genuine spiritual experience in the form of mental pictures which he can remember just as he remembers those arising in everyday life, does not know the spiritual in its reality. When, as is possible, a man subsequently recollects spiritual experiences, this is due to the capacity to bring such experiences into his ordinary consciousness, just as in,the case of perceptions of some outer, physical reality. Then the pictures can be recollected. But he must learn to distinguish between this recollection of mental pictures formed by himself and a direct experience of a spiritual happening, a direct encounter with a spiritual being. A special characteristic of body-free experience, therefore, is that it does not immediately penetrate into the memory.

Another characteristic is that when, in other circumstances, a man practises in order to be able to achieve something, the exercises enable him to do this more easily and with greater skill. In the domain of spiritual knowledge, strangely enough, the opposite is the case. The oftener a man has a certain spiritual experience, the more difficult it is for the soul to induce in itself the condition where this same spiritual experience is again possible. It is therefore also necessary to know the methods by which a spiritual experience can again become accessible, because it does not allow itself to be repeated in the same way.

The third characteristic is that genuine spiritual experiences pass so rapidly before the soul that alert presence of mind is required to capture them. Otherwise a happening passes so quickly that it has already gone by the time attention is directed to it. A man must learn to be master of situations in life where it is impossible to procrastinate and reflect upon what decision to take, but where decision must be rapid and sure. This alert presence of mind is essential if spiritual experiences are to be held in the field of attention. I mention these characteristics of spiritual experience because they at once show the great difference between an experience in the spiritual world and an experience in the outer, physical world of the senses and how little justification there is for people who know nothing to insist that the spiritual investigator simply brings ideas and concepts acquired from the outer world of the senses as reminiscences into some kind of imaginary spiritual world. Anyone who really knows something about the characteristics of the spiritual world, knows too that it differs so entirely from the world of the senses that nothing can be imported into it from the latter, but that the development of special faculties is essential before the spirit can confront spiritual reality.

Certain other conditions must also be fulfilled by one who wishes to be capable of genuine spiritual investigation. The first condition is that the soul must be immune as far as possible from inner passivity. A man who likes to give himself up dreamily to life, to make himself ‘passive’, as the saying goes, in order that in a dreamlike, mystical state the revelations of spiritual reality may flow into him—such a man is ill-adapted to penetrate into the spiritual world. For it must be emphasised that in the realm of true spiritual life the Lord does not give to his own in sleep! On the contrary, what makes a man fit to penetrate into the spiritual world is vigour and activity of mind, zeal in following trains of thoughts, in establishing connections between thoughts seemingly remote from each other, quickness in grasping chains of ideas, a certain love of inner, spiritual activity. This quality is indispensable for genuine spiritual investigation. Mediumistic tendencies and a talent for genuine spiritual knowledge are as different as night from day.

Another condition is that in his life of soul a genuine spiritual investigator must to the greatest possible extent be proof against suggestion, against allowing himself to be influenced by suggestion; he must confront the things of external life too with a discriminating, sceptical attitude of mind. A person who prefers to be told by others what he ought to do, who is glad not to have to arrange his life according to his own independent judgment and decisions, is not very suitable for spiritual investigation. Anyone who knows how great a role is played by suggestion in normal everyday life, also realises how difficult it is to combat the general tendency to succumb to it. Think only to what extent, in public life particularly, people allow things to be suggested to them, how few efforts they make to create in their own souls the conditions for independence of judgment and for governing their affairs by their own will. Those who study the findings of spiritual research because their healthy intelligence makes them desire relationship with the spiritual world are very often accused of blind belief in the investigator. But the fact is that blindly credulous adherents are anything but welcome to an investigator who tries to penetrate with conscious vision into the spiritual world. A society composed of credulous followers would be the caricature of a society suitable for the cultivation of spiritual knowledge. The genuine spiritual investigator will find, to his joy, that sooner or later those who come close to him develop independence of judgment and a certain inner freedom also in regard to himself, that they do not adhere to him blindly, under the influence of suggestion, but because of common interest in the spiritual world.

I shall speak now of yet another characteristic which can elucidate the relation of spiritual reality to physical reality and the attitude to be adopted by the human soul to the spiritual world. It is very often said that the spiritual investigator takes with him from the physical world of sense preconceived ideas which he then uses to describe some imagined spiritual world. But as I have already said, genuine experience of the spiritual world takes a different form each time. We may be quite sure that what we experience in the spiritual world always proves to be different from anything we previously believed. For this reason it is clear that the spiritual world can be reached only when the soul has been made fit for the experience of it. There is no question of carrying reminiscences of the physical world into an imaginary world. But there is something else which—paradoxical as it seems—will be confirmed by decades of experience of the things of the spiritual world. It is that however highly trained a person may be in body-free cognition, however well practised in seeing into the spiritual world, when he contemplates a particular being or happening—especially a happening which indicates a relationship between the spiritual world and outer, physical reality—he will very often find that his first experience is false. Hence the spiritual investigator acquires the caution which leads him to anticipate that the first experience will be misleading. Then, as he perseveres, it becomes evident to him why he was on the false track, and by comparing what is subsequently correct with what was formerly fallacy, he finally recognises the truth of the matter in question. As a rule, therefore, a genuine spiritual investigator will not communicate his findings to his fellow-men until a long time has elapsed since particular researches were made, because he knows that above all in the realm of the spiritual life, delusion and error have to be encountered and overcome in order finally to recognise the truth. This delusion and error are due to the fact that in investigating the spiritual life we take our start from the material world; we bring our powers of judgment, our mode of perception, from the material world into the spiritual world. At first we are always inclined to apply what we have thus carried into the spiritual world—hence the erroneous conclusions. But the very fact of having to realise each time anew how different the attitude adopted to spiritual things must be from that adopted to physical things, enables us for the first time to perceive the intimate characteristics of spiritual experience. It certainly seems paradoxical as compared with ordinary, everyday experience. But one who is able to look into the spiritual world knows, firstly, that the eternal, immortal essence of the human soul cannot come to conscious expression in the ordinary experiences connected with the body; the immortal essence of the soul is concealed, because here, in physical life, through his bodily constitution, a man can acquire knowledge of the physical only. That is why it is so necessary for the spiritual investigator to emphasise unambiguously that knowledge of the spiritual is acquired outside the body. The moment the body is in any way involved in the acquisition of such knowledge, this knowledge is falsified, even when remembrance—which is preserved in the body—plays a part.

Another outcome of a real grasp of the spiritual life is the knowledge that a man expels himself from the spiritual world to which the eternal core of the human soul belongs, when he surrenders his free will in any way and under the sway of coercion or suggestion allows what is in his soul to come to expression through his body in actions or even only through speech—that is to say, when anything that comes to expression through his body has not been mediated through the will. One fundamental condition for experiencing the spiritual world, therefore, is to recognise that the bodily functions must play no part in this knowledge. The other fundamental condition is that a man must make every effort to ensure that whatever he accomplishes through his body is the outcome of his own power of judgment, of the free resolve of his own will.

I was obliged to speak first of these conditions because they provide the basis for studying the abnormal provinces of the life of soul which we shall be considering. In true spirit-knowledge, what otherwise remains unconscious is revealed and this revelation sheds light upon the eternal, essentially free, core of being in the human soul. It is therefore possible to compare what is thus revealed with abnormal manifestations of the life of soul. The upsurging and ebbing world of dream which beats against human consciousness rather than actually passing into it, cannot really be counted among these abnormal manifestations. The world of dream has become the subject of much scientific and philosophical research, although it cannot be said that the methods applied with such brilliance in natural science are particularly suited to penetrate into the real nature of this borderline province of human life. The same may be said of the contention that thinking must be in strict keeping with that of natural science and surrender completely to the conceptions arising from it. Although, understandably enough, modern people claim to be free from any tendency to believe in authority, they are very inclined, under certain conditions, to do so. Whenever somebody who is publicly reputed to be a great thinker produces a bulky volume dealing with the investigation of abnormal psychic phenomena, numbers of people who really do not understand much about the subject, praise the book to the skies, and then, as a matter of course, our contemporaries, while disclaiming belief in authority, accept it as a reliable basis.

Among philosophical treatises on the life of dream, I want to refer particularly to a book on dream-phantasy by Johannes Volkelt, a German scholar of brilliant intelligence and at present Professor of Philosophy and Education at Leipzig University. He wrote the book in 1875, before he had reached professorial status. Even today this really valuable book is still held against him and is doubtless responsible for the fact that he is still only an Assistant Professor. Friedrich Theodor Vischer, the very significant Swabian aestheticist, wrote a fine treatise about Volkelt's book. But academic prejudices, which during recent decades have led to a definite view of what is or is not ‘scientific’, are to blame for the fact that what might have been inaugurated, even if only meagrely, by that book, lies fallow and is obscured by current prejudices which prevent any real penetration into the life of dream.

In the framework of one short lecture I can give little more than a sketch, but I want for all that to speak of particular points in such a way that they can be illumined by Spiritual Science.

Everyone is familiar with the external characteristics of the upsurging and ebbing life of pictures arising in dreams. I shall speak of a few of these characteristics only. The dream arises as the result of some definite instigation. Firstly, there are dreams which have been instigated by the senses. A dream may arise because a clock is ticking away beside us. In certain circumstances the pendulum-beats become the trampling of horses, or perhaps something else. Certain sense-images, therefore, are found in the dream. I lay particular stress on this, for dream-experience bases itself upon numerous impressions received by the outer senses. But what works upon the outer senses never works in the dream in the same form as in the ordinary waking life of day. The sense-impression is always transformed into symbolism—a transformation that is actually brought about by the life of soul.

Such dreams occur very frequently. Johannes Volkelt narrates the following in his book. A schoolmaster dreams that he is giving a lesson; he expects a pupil to answer ‘ja’ to a question. But instead of answering ‘ja.’ the pupil answers, ‘jo’—which may well be a source of irritation to the teacher. He repeats the question and now the pupil does not answer ‘jo’, but ‘j-o’, whereupon the whole class begins to shout ‘fire-jo!’ The teacher wakes up as the fire-engine is racing past and the people are shouting, ‘fire-jo!’ The impression made upon the senses has been symbolised into the complicated action of the dream.

Here is another example given by Volkelt—wherever possible I shall only quote examples actually recorded in literature. A Swabian woman dreams that she is visiting her sister in a large town. The sister is the wife of a clergyman. The two sisters are in church listening to the sermon. The clergyman starts in a perfectly decorous way but suddenly seems to get wings and begins to crow like a cock. One sister says to the other: ‘What a very peculiar way to preach!’ And the sister replies: ‘The Consistory Court has decreed that this is how sermons are to be preached.’ Then the woman wakes up and hears a cock crowing outside. The crowing of the cock which would otherwise have been heard simply as such, has been transformed in this way in the soul; everything else has grouped itself around the crowing. These are examples of dreams instigated by the senses.

But dreams can also be due to inner stimuli, and again it is not the stimuli as such which appear, but the sense-image which has been transformed, cast into symbolism, by the soul. For example, someone dreams of a very hot stove; he wakes up with his heart thumping. Dreams of flying which occur very frequently, are due, as a rule, to some kind of abnormal process taking place in the lungs during sleep. Hundreds of such examples could be quoted and the different categories of dreams enumerated at great length. Although we cannot enter exhaustively into the deeper aspects of sleep, I want still to speak of certain points.

Literature offers no evidence of particular success in discovering elements in the human soul capable of showing what is actually going on in the soul when bringing about such transformations of the outer stimuli of dreams. But the question of paramount interest is this. What, in reality, is it in the soul that causes such different imagery to be connected with an outer stimulus, or also with a memory-picture emerging from the darkness of sleep? Here it must be said that what is actually working in the dream is not the faculty which in ordinary waking life enables man to link one mental picture to another. I could give you hundreds of examples which would prove what I can illustrate now only by one, for the sake of comparison. Think of the following. A woman dreams that she has to cook for her husband—sometimes an arduous duty for a housewife. She dreams that she has made one suggestion after another to him. To the first suggestion he answers: ‘I don't want that!’ To the second suggestion ‘I don't want that either!’ To the third suggestion: ‘Don't for heaven's sake inflict that upon me!’ And so it goes on. In the dream the woman is very miserable about all this and then an idea occurs to her. ‘There is a pickled grandmother on the floor; she is rather tough, but what about cooking her for you tomorrow?’ That too is a dream actually recorded in literature! Nobody who knows anything about the subject will doubt that the dream took such a form. You will at once say to yourselves : Anxiety is at the bottom of it. Something has happened to make the woman anxious. The mood of anxiety—which need not have anything whatever to do with the idea of the cooking and the rest—is transformed into a dream-picture of this kind. The picture is merely a clothing for the mood of anxiety. But during sleep the soul needs this picture in order to throw off the mood of anxiety. Just as you laughed about the pickled grandmother, so does the soul devise this grotesquely comic image as an adjunct to the other content of the dream, in order to overcome the anxiety and to induce an ironic, humorous mood. An oscillation, an alternation of moods can always be perceived in dreams and—like the pendulum of a clock—a swing between tension and relaxation, between anxiety and cheerfulness, and so on. What is of paramount importance in man's life of feeling is always the decisive factor in the structure assumed by the pictures of dream. From this point of view, therefore, the dream takes shape in order that certain tensions in the soul may be overcome. The picture which, as such, has no special significance, is born from this need to lead tension over to relaxation, relaxation over to tension. The soul conjures before itself something that can be an imaginative indication of the real gist of the matter.

Examination of the whole range of the life of dream brings to light two peculiar features which must be particularly borne in mind. The one is that what is usually called logic plays no part in dreams. The dream has a rule entirely different from that of ordinary logic for the way in which it passes from one object to the other. Naturally you will be able to insist that many dreams take a perfectly logical course. But this is only apparently the case, as everyone who can observe these things intimately, knows. If dream-pictures present themselves in logical sequence, the reason is not that you yourself produce this sequence during the dream but that you are placing side by side, mental images which you have already connected together logically at some time or which have been so connected by some agency in life. In such a case, logic in the dream is reminiscence; the logic has been imported into the dream; the action of the dream does not in itself proceed according to the rules of ordinary logic.

It can always be perceived that a deeper, more intimate element of soul underlies the action of the dream. For example—I am quoting something that actually happened. Someone dreams that he must go to see a friend and he knows that this friend will scold him for some reason. He dreams that he gets to the door of the friend's house, but at that moment the whole situation changes. On entering the house he comes into a cellar in which there are savage beasts intent upon devouring him. Then it occurs to him that he has a lot of pins at home and that they spurt fluids which will be able to kill these beasts. He finds then that he has the pins with him and he spurts the fluids at the savage animals. They suddenly change into little puppies which he feels he want to pat.—This is a typical course taken by a dream and you can see that here again it is a matter of the tension caused by the anxiety as to what the friend is going to say—the anxiety takes expression as the savage beasts—being relaxed as a result of the soul having brought about the transformation of the wild beasts into lovable puppies. Obviously, something quite other than logic is in evidence here.—And anyone who is familiar with examples of dreams knows that the following has often happened. Before going to bed, someone has made efforts to solve a problem, but has failed. Then, in a dream, as he says, he discovers the solution and can write it down in the morning when he wakes up. His story is quite correct but those who cannot rightly investigate such things will always misunderstand them. It must not be thought that the actual solution was found in the dream. What was found in the dream and is then thought to have been remembered, is something quite different. It is something that need have very little logic about it, but produces in the soul the beneficial effect of tension being led over to relaxation. Before going to sleep the man was in a state of tension because he could not solve the problem. He brooded and brooded; something was amiss with him. He was healed by the form taken by his dream and was therefore able to solve the problem when he woke up.

Moral judgment is also silent in dreams. It is well known that in dream a man may commit all kinds of misdeeds of which he would be ashamed in waking life. It can be argued that conscience begins to stir in dream, that it often makes itself felt in a very remarkable way. Think only of the dreams contained in Shakespeare's plays—poets generally have a good reason for such things—and you will find that they might appear to suggest that moral reproaches make themselves particularly conspicuous through dreams. Again this is an inexact observation. What is true is that in the dream we are snatched away from the faculty of ordinary moral judgment which in connection with human beings in outer life we must and can exercise. If the dream seems to present moral ideas and moral reproaches in concrete pictures, this is not due to the fact that as dreamers we form moral judgments, but that when we act morally the soul feels a certain inner satisfaction; we are inwardly gratified about something to which we can give moral assent. It is this state of satisfaction, not the moral judgment, that presents itself to the soul in the dream. Neither logic or moral judgment play any part at all in dreams. If the search for truth is sincere it is essential to set to work with far greater exactitude and depth than is usual in life and in science too. Such matters elude the crude methods usually applied. It is extremely significant that neither logic or moral judgment gain admittance into the world of dream.

I want to speak of still another characteristic of the dream which even when considered from the external point of view, indicates how the soul, when it dreams, is related to the world. This relation can, it is true, be fully clarified only by Spiritual Science. Anyone who studies the sleeping human being will be able to say, even from the external standpoint, that in sleep the human being is shut off alike from the experiences arising from his own life and also from the environment. Spiritual Science does of course make it clear that when man falls asleep he passes as a being of soul and spirit into the spiritual world and on waking is again united with his body. It is not necessary to take this into consideration at the moment, but simply to keep clearly in mind what can also be apparent to ordinary consciousness. The human being is shut off from his environment, and what rises out of his body into his ordinary consciousness is also stilled during sleep. Pictures do indeed surge up and fade away in dreams but their actual relation to the external world is not changed; the form assumed by the pictures is such that this relation remains as it was. The relation to the external world, that which as bald environment giving contour to the outer impressions, approaches man as he opens his senses during waking life—this does not penetrate into the dream. Impressions can indeed be made upon a man, but the characteristics of what the senses make out of those impressions are absent. The soul puts an emblem, a symbol, in the place of the ordinary, bald impression. Therefore the actual relation to the outer world does not change. This could be corroborated in countless cases. In the normal dream the human being is as shut off from the external world as he is in normal sleep; he is also shut off from his own body. What rises up from his bodily nature does not come to direct expression as is the case when he is united in the normal way with his body. If, for example, someone's feet get overheated because of a too warm covering, he would be aware in the ordinary waking state that his feet are too hot. In the dream he is not aware of it in this form, but he thinks he is walking on burning coal or something of the kind. Again it is a matter of transformation brought about by the soul.

Attempts to explain the nature of dream simply by using methods and sources available to external science will always be in vain, because there is nothing with which the dream can truly be compared. It occurs in the ordinary world as a kind of miraculous happening. That is the essential point. The spiritual investigator alone is in the position of being able to compare the dream with something else. And why? It is because he himself knows what is revealed to him when he is able to penetrate into the spiritual world. He realises that the ordinary logic holding good for explanations of the outer life of sense, no longer avails. Those who rise into the spiritual world must be capable of expressing in images what is experienced in that world. That is why I have called the first stage of knowledge of the spiritual world, ‘Imaginative Cognition’. At that stage it is realised that the images themselves are not the reality but that through the images the reality is brought to expression. These images must, of course, be shaped in accordance with the true laws revealed by the spiritual world and not be the outcome of arbitrary phantasy. The spiritual investigator learns to know—quite apart from the physical world of sense—how one idea or mental picture is related to another, how images are given shape. This first stage of knowledge of the spiritual world is then capable of being compared with the unconscious activity at work in dreams. There a comparison is possible, and moreover something else comes to light as well.

A man who makes real progress in knowledge of the spiritual world gradually begins to experience that his dreams themselves are changing. They become more and more rational, and crazy images such as that of the pickled grandmother and the like gradually turn into pictures which have real meaning; the whole life of dream becomes charged with meaning. In this way the spiritual investigator comes to know the peculiar nature of the relation between the life of dream and the kind of life he must adopt in the interests of spiritual investigation. This puts him in the position of being able to say what it is in the soul that is actually doing the dreaming. For he comes to know something besides, namely, the condition of soul in which he finds himself while experiencing the pictures and ideas of genuine Imagination. He knows that with his soul he is then within the spiritual world. When this particular condition of the life of soul is experienced, it can be compared with the condition of the soul in dreams. This scrupulous comparison reveals that what is actually dreaming in the soul, what is active in the soul while the chaotic actions of dreams are in play, is the spiritual, eternal core of man's being. When he dreams, man is in the world to which he belongs as a being of spirit-and-soul.

That is what emerges as the one result of spiritual investigation. I will characterise the other by telling you about a personal experience. Not long ago, after a lecture I had given in Zürich on the subject of the life of dream and cognate matters, I was told that several listeners who, on the basis of training in what is called Analytical Psychology or Psycho-Analysis, wanted to be considered particularly clever, were saying after my lecture: ‘That man is still labouring under mistaken notions which those of us who are schooled in Psycho-Analysis have long since outgrown. He believes that dream-life should be taken as something real, whereas we know that it is merely a symbolic form of the life of the psyche.’—I shall not go further into the subject of Psycho-Analysis today but simply remark that this ‘cleverness’ is based upon gross misunderstanding. For under no circumstances will a genuine spiritual investigator take what presents itself in dreams as reality in the actual form in which it is there presented. Unlike the psycho-analysts, he does not take even the course of the dream as being directly symbolic; he knows that the gist of the matter is something entirely different. Anyone who is familiar with dreams knows that ten or even more people may tell of dreams with utterly different contents, yet the underlying state of affairs is the same in all of them. One man will say that in his dream he was climbing a mountain and on reaching the top had a delightful surprise; another says that he was walking through a dark passage and came to a door which opened quite unexpectedly; a third will speak of something else. In the course they take the dreams have no outer resemblance whatever, yet they originate from an identical experience, namely tension and relaxation which are symbolised in different pictures at different times. What is of essential importance, therefore, is not the factual reality of the dream, not even its symbolism as the psycho-analysts maintain, but its inner dramatic action. From the sequence of the meaningless pictures we must be able to recognise this dramatic action, for that is the reality in which the soul with its spiritual core of being is living while it dreams. This is an entirely different reality from what is expressed in the pictures presented in the dream. There you have the gist of the matter. The dream therefore points to deep subconscious and unconscious grounds of the life of soul. But the pictures unfolded by the dream are only a clothing of what is actually being experienced in the course of it.

Again and again I must emphasise that as far as I am concerned there is no question whatever of wishing to revive ancient notions in any domain. The antecedents of what is said here are not derived from any medieval or so-called oriental occult science, as was the case with Blavatsky and with others who draw upon all kinds of obscure sources. Whatever is said here is based on the consciousness that it can hold its own in the face of modern scientific judgment. If an opportunity for proving this were to occur, it could certainly be used. Spiritual Science is presented with full consciousness of the fact that we are living in the scientific age, with full cognisance of what natural science is able to say about the riddles of existence, but with full cognisance, too, of what it is not able to say about the regions of the spiritual life.

Where do the pictures which form the course of the dream, originate? It is like this. A man who is really free from his body in spiritual experience has the spiritual world before him with its happenings and its beings, whereas the dreamer has not yet awakened his consciousness to the degree where this is possible for him. His soul resorts to the reminiscences of ordinary life and the dream arises when the soul impacts the body. The dream is not experienced in the body but it is caused by the impact of the soul with the body. Hence the things which constitute the course of his life present themselves to the dreamer, but grouped in such a way that they bring to expression the inner tendencies of which I have spoken. In reality, therefore, the dream is experienced by a man's own essential being of soul-and-spirit. But it is not the Eternal that is experienced; what is experienced is the Temporal. It is the Eternal that is consciously active in the dream; but this activity is mediated by the Transitory, the Transient. The essential point is that in the dream the Eternal is experiencing the Temporal, the Transitory—the content of life.

I have now briefly explained the nature of dream as viewed in the light of Spiritual Science and why it is that the content of the dream is not an expression of what is actually going on in the soul when relaxation follows tension and tension follows relaxation. In the life of dream the soul is in the world of the Eternal, free from the body. But what enters into the consciousness as the clothing of this experience arises from the connection with the ordinary circumstances of life.

I pass now to the second borderline region of the life of soul where manifestations of the unconscious may occur in the form of hallucinations, visions and the like. Even philosophers capable of sound judgment, such as Eduard von Hartmann for example, whose powers of discrimination and discernment I rate exceedingly highly, have been led to the mistaken belief—because they could not grasp the nature of the dream from the standpoint of Spiritual Science—that what comes as a picture before the soul in dream is really identical with a picture arising as an hallucination or vision. But these phenomena are essentially different from each other. Because the genuine spiritual investigator knows what condition of soul is present when he stands within the spiritual world and can compare this with the condition of the soul prevailing in dream, he is able to assess the meaning of certain peculiarities of the life of dream, for example, the absence of logic. The spiritual investigator knows that sensory experience is not without significance but that equally with body-free experience between death and a new birth it has its meaning and purpose in the life of man. It is precisely in our intercourse with the outer, material world that we can assimilate the logic streaming into the soul from that world. The spiritual investigator knows too that moral judgment comes to direct expression in physical life, in the experiences arising from civilisation. Genuine Spiritual Science will never lead to escapism or false asceticism but rather to a full appreciation of physical life, because logic, the capacity for moral judgment and moral impulses, are inculcated into the soul through its contact with the outer world during physical life.

In point of fact the dream passes only slightly into the abnormal life of soul. Spiritual Science shows that the soul is free from the body in dream, that the experiences of dream are independent of bodily experiences; they are separated from the link with the outer world that is present in waking life. In the dream, man is actually free from his body. Is this also the case in hallucinations, in visionary experiences? No, it is not! Hallucinations and visions are due precisely to abnormalities of the physical body. Visionary, hallucinatory activity in the life of soul can never occur independently of bodily experiences. Something in the body must always be disturbed or diseased, must be functioning improperly or too feebly, thus preventing a man from entering into the full connection that is present when he is using his nerves and senses in such a way that in experiencing himself, he is also experiencing the outer world. If an organ connected in any way with the faculty of cognition is diseased or too weak, a phenomenon such as an hallucination or a vision may arise: it resembles spiritual experience but is fundamentally different from it. Whereas in spiritual experience a man must be free from the body, this hallucinatory, visionary life sets in because something is either diseased or functioning too feebly in the body. Now what really lies at the bottom of hallucinations and visions? The ordinary process of ideation (Vorstellen) taking place normally in sensory life succeeds in being independent of those forces in the human organism which cause growth in childhood, bring about the inner functions of the body—metabolism, digestion, and so forth. I cannot speak in greater detail today of how that which as a bodily function underlies the normal life of ideation arises through part of the organism being lifted out of the sphere of purely animal life, of the processes of growth, digestion, metabolism and so forth. The basis of the normal life connected with the nerves is that a kind of soul-organism develops like a parasite out of the process of digestion, metabolism, etc. Now when, owing to particularly abnormal conditions, some organ of cognition is so affected that this soul-organism does not work through itself alone but that the bodily organ with its animal functions is working as well—this is due to disease or weakness of the organ concerned—the result is that the man does not devote himself to mental life independently of the forces of growth, digestion and metabolism, but that hallucinations and visions arise. What is organic activity in the vision ought really to be promoting growth, bringing about digestion and the distribution of the more delicate processes of metabolism. What happens in this condition is that animal functions are surging upwards into the soul-organism.

Life is not by any means sublimated in hallucinations and visions; on the contrary it is far rather permeated by the animal functions which do not, in other circumstances, extend into the soul-organism. What ought to be serving quite different processes is carried up into those of cognition, of mental perception. Hence hallucinations and visions are always an expression of the fact that something is not in order in the human being. True, what makes its appearance is a manifestation of the spiritual, but one of which Spiritual Science cannot make use; for Spiritual Science can make use only of what is experienced independently of the body.

You now see what an utter lack of foundation there is for the very general misconception that Spiritual Science acquires its knowledge through visions, hallucinations and the like. On the contrary, Spiritual Science shows that these states are always connected in some way with abnormalities in the body and that they must play no part whatever in its findings. Neither are hallucinations and visions ever identical in character with the pictures of dreams. The pictures of dreams arise outside the body and are only mirrored in it; hallucinations and visions arise because some bodily organ so to speak leaves a space free. If it were functioning normally the man would stand firmly in the physical world with healthy senses. But because a space is left free, the spiritual-eternal element which ought to remain invisible in the bodily organism comes to light through it. This condition is not merely a physical illness, it is a psychical abnormality, something that can only cloud and falsify the pictures from the spiritual world. Hence the fact that pictures arise when some bodily function is weakened, need cause no surprise. For how do sense-pictures come into being? They come into being because the forces which promote metabolism, digestion and the like in the normal way, are toned down and assert themselves in the soul-organism in a different form. If, then, these forces are toned down in the human being to a greater extent than is proper, abnormal consciousness is the result. The sense-pictures we have in normal consciousness are conditioned by bodily life that has been toned down to the normal extent. If the weakening is excessive, something that originates entirely from this improper condition makes its appearance. It can therefore be said that hallucinations and visions represent a striving that has been obstructed. As the human being develops from childhood to mature age, he is really striving to penetrate into his bodily organism. He endeavours so to develop his nature of spirit-and-soul that the body becomes the instrument for soul-activity. This is obstructed when something in the body is unhealthy. When the human being develops in such a way that his body becomes his servant, he grows into physical independence, into his egoity in the world of the senses, into the amount of egoism that is necessary to make him a self-based being, able to fulfil his destination as man. This egoism must of course be mingled with the necessary selflessness. The important thing is that a man shall permeate his life with the forces of his Ego. If certain obstructions make him incapable of doing so, his search for the requisite amount of egoism takes an abnormal path. This comes to expression in hallucinations and visions which are always due to the fact that through his bodily constitution a man cannot acquire the due amount of egoism necessary to his life.

To the borderline regions of the life of soul also belong the conditions produced when catalepsy or coma have led to somnambulism—which is akin to mediumship. Just as man's organism of thinking—I say expressly ‘organism of thinking’, not ‘mechanism of thinking’—must be constituted in a certain way to prevent the disorder I have just characterised as hallucination and vision from taking effect, so too the mechanism of the will—here I say ‘mechanism’—must be constituted in a certain way for normal life in the world of the senses. Just as the organism of thinking can bring about hallucinations and visions as manifestations of abnormal soul-life, so the will can be undermined when its mechanism is disturbed, quashed or paralysed in catalepsy, coma, or mediumship. True, if the spirit is not working upon it, the body is not able directly to evoke the will, but it is able, when certain organs are put out of action, when the mechanism of the will is brought to a standstill, to enfeeble the will, whereas the spiritual investigator, as I said at the beginning, can stand firmly in the spiritual world because his will works in full consciousness upon his body. If the body is paralysed in respect of the will, it quashes, suppresses, this will; man is then lifted away from the world to which he belongs as a being of spirit-and-soul, as a being of eternity, and is cast into the physical environment which is, of course, also permeated with spiritual forces and entities. He is then thrust out of his real world into the element of spirit which unceasingly pervades and weaves through the physical. This is the case in somnambulism, this is the case in mediumship.

Those who in the sense indicated at the beginning of this lecture adopt an easy-going attitude where Spiritual Science is concerned, would like to investigate the spiritual world in the same way. But such people cannot reach the true spiritual world which guarantees eternal life for the soul; they can work only with what permeates and pervades the physical environment. What is working in the somnambulist, in the medium, works in the normal human being too, but differently. This may indeed sound strange, but it is nevertheless a finding of Spiritual Science. What is really working in the medium, in the somnambulist? In ordinary life we have a certain moral link with other human beings; we act out of moral impulses. I said that these moral impulses are generated by way of the physical body. We perform acts in the field of external civilisation, we learn to write, to read, we learn what the human will inculcates as a spiritual element into the outer physical world. With the forces employed by our soul in the activity of learning to read, of assimilating other cultural endowments, of entering into moral relationships with the world—with all these forces the soul of the somnambulist or the medium is connected in an abnormal way. This activity which is otherwise exercised only in the moral domain, in the domain of the cultural life, is transferred directly into the bodily constitution of the medium or the somnambulist; this is possible because the consciousness has been lowered and the soul disconnected. Whereas in normal life the human being is in contact with the surrounding world solely through his senses, in the case of the somnambulist and the medium, the whole man comes into connection, through his will-mechanism, with the surrounding world. This makes it possible for influences from a distance to take effect; a thought can also work into the distance and distant vistas—both spatial and temporal—can arise. But in most of these cases, what penetrates into the human organism is the spiritual element which pervades the physical world to which we belong as physical men, it is the spiritual element belonging to the cultural and moral life. But it penetrates in such a way that the soul is disconnected from the organism. Hence what is made manifest through the medium or the somnambulist does not lead to the being of spirit-and-soul in man but is simply a caricature of the workings of the spiritual upon man's bodily nature. Whereas in normal life the soul itself must be the intermediary between the truly spiritual and the body, in these abnormal states the spiritual is working directly on the body—but only in the sense I have described. The result is that with his consciousness disconnected, such a man becomes a kind of automaton; only those elements which belong externally to cultural or moral life are expressing themselves in him. From this it will be clear to you that, although it is disguised and masked in the most diverse way, what is to all appearances the spiritual does come to expression through mediumship and somnambulism, but only provided certain combinatory factors and associations are present; these cannot be discussed here because it would lead us too far afield. The essentials which come to expression in this way originate from the physical environment. Men who stand firmly on the ground of natural science but do not outgrow its established notions, would like to penetrate into the spiritual world to which the eternal core of man's being belongs, by taking to their aid the phenomena of somnambulism and mediumship. But this leads to countless fallacies and errors.

I shall now speak of one recent example. It is of great interest because it is characteristic of this whole domain. Here we have a scientist very highly esteemed in his own country, a scientist well versed in all the niceties of scientific methods and who therefore does not by any means go carelessly to work when he approaches these matters. I am referring to Sir Oliver Lodge, the celebrated English scientist. It is a very remarkable case, one that is connected with the present catastrophic events. Lodge was always attracted to the question of how a link could be established between the outer, physical world and the world to which man belongs when he has passed through the gate of death. But he wanted to remain firmly on a scientific foundation.—This attitude is of course characteristic of people who are not willing to have anything to do with the methods of Spiritual Science.—Lodge had a son who was serving on the French Front during the war, and one day the father received a strange letter from America. This letter informed Lodge that his son was facing great danger, but that the spirit of Myers—who had died ten years previously—would hold a protecting hand over the young man while the danger threatened. Frederick Myers had been President of the Society for Psychical Research; he had been occupied deeply with the study of super-sensible matters and Lodge and his family knew him well. It could therefore be presumed—if it is in any way accepted that a connection is possible between some happening in the super-sensible world and human life—that Myers would certainly hold a protecting hand over young Lodge when danger was looming before him. But the letter was extremely ambiguous—as letters of such a kind are always wont to be. Obviously young Lodge might be in danger, but he might also be saved from it, and then the writer of the letter would be able to say: ‘Did I not receive through a medium a message to the effect that Myers is protecting Lodge's son? Through the help of Myers the boy has been saved from the danger of death.’ But if the boy had been killed, the writer of the letter would equally well be able to say: ‘Myers is protecting him in the other world.’ If a third eventuality were possible, the letter could have been interpreted in that sense too.—It does not do to be unsceptical if we wish to get at the real truth of these matters.—Naturally, Lodge did not attach particular weight to the communication, for he was well aware that such things are capable of many interpretations.—The son was killed. Then his father received a second message to the effect that Myers was indeed protecting his son in the other world, and that there were people in England who would provide proof of it.—Certain ways of organising such matters do exist.—There were several mediums who were received into the circle of Sir Oliver Lodge's family—most of whom were sceptics. Manifestations of all kinds took place and Lodge has described them in detail in a bulky volume which is extremely interesting for many reasons. The phenomena there described do not, for the most part, differ greatly from others that have been put on record and there was no need for any particular excitement about them—nor indeed was any shown. Lodge would not have thought it worth while to describe these manifestations if something else had not happened. Because he was familiar with all the devices used in the scientific mode of research, in this instance too he set to work like a chemist making investigations in a laboratory and used every conceivable precautionary measure in order to establish the facts without possibility of dispute. People feel therefore that this book makes it possible to form a real judgment about the case in point, for Lodge describes it as a scientist would do.

Among all kinds of other cases he describes the one that may be regarded as a veritable experimentum crucis, and it caused a tremendous stir. Even the most incredulous journalists—and journalists are usually sceptical, whether or not always from well-founded judgment I could not say—were impressed by this crucial test case. The circumstances were as follows : A medium who claimed to be in communication with the soul of Myers as well as with the soul of Lodge's son, said that a fortnight before the latter was killed at the French Front, he had been photographed together with a number of his companions, and the photograph was minutely described—the placing of the officers, how young Lodge was sitting in the front row, how he was holding his hands, and so forth. It was then said that several photographs had been taken and that the grouping had altered slightly while this was being done. The different grouping was also indicated with the same precision—the position of young Lodge's hands and arms had changed, he was inclining towards the man next him, and so forth. An exact description was given of this photograph too. Now the photographs were not in England; nobody—neither the medium, nor any of the family, nor Sir Oliver Lodge himself—had seen them. It could only be assumed that the medium was rambling in imagination when describing the photographs. But lo and behold, after fourteen days these photographs arrived and tallied exactly with what the medium had said. That this was an experimentum crucis for Lodge and those intimately concerned, cannot be wondered at; and it is here that the real interest of the book lies. A genuine spiritual investigator will not, of course, be taken in—as in a certain respect Lodge himself was taken in—because the scrupulously exact presentation enables him to form an independent, objective judgment.

How comes it that a man who is not willing to penetrate into the spiritual world by means of true spiritual investigation does nevertheless find on such a path something that convinces him of the influx of a spiritual world? The genuine spiritual investigator would not be brought to a like conviction, because he knows what has actually happened in this case. Moreover he will be astonished that such a man as Lodge, in spite of his experience in scientific research, is an out and out amateur in these matters.

Anyone who has only a superficial acquaintance with these phenomena, perhaps by no means through independent vision but simply from literature, knows that in somnambulists and mediums there is a connection with the environment in the sense I have described, that the whole man is as it were transformed into sense-organs—with the result that automatic pre-visions in time arise. These pre-visions are always due to a sick or enfeebled life of soul. They have nothing to do with the world to which man belongs with the immortal part of his being; they have to do with what is spiritual in the physical sense-environment, especially with what the will of man brings to pass there. Just because Lodge describes conscientiously it becomes quite evident that the medium simply had a pre-vision, that he ‘saw’ the photographs a fortnight before they arrived in England. This may seem miraculous enough but these are quite ordinary phenomena. At all events this is not, as Lodge thinks, a proof that Myers was protecting his son. It may have been so, of course, but it would have to be investigated in research carried out in a body-free condition.

When there is unwillingness to take the path of Spiritual Science the temptations and allurements even for those who are conscientious researchers and confront such phenomena cautiously and critically, are very great. What can be learnt through these abnormal manifestations, whereby man is made into an automaton, must never become the content of a true science of the super-sensible world to which the eternal part of man's being belongs.

A great deal that might still be added would show in the same way how these borderline regions of man's life of soul point to something which, although it too rests in the realm of the Unconscious, can never reveal to man that which, in that same realm, is of the greatest significance of all—namely the spiritual world to which man belongs with the free, immortal part of his being. Among all these manifestations the life of dream alone remains within the sphere of the normal, because in dream the human being is not experiencing through the bodily constitution but through the spirit-and-soul; as a being of spirit-and-soul he strikes up against the body and the physical experiences. Hence in respect of the life of dream too, man is able to exercise correctives and to give it its right place in the rest of life; whereas in the case of what he experiences through his body in the way of hallucinations, visions, manifestations of somnambulism and mediumship he is not able to do this with his normal powers of discrimination.

In the next lecture we will go more deeply into something which in the course of cultural development brings constant blessing and upliftment to human life, namely ART. In dream, man experiences the spiritual world in such a way that as the result of impact with the bodily constitution, sense-images take shape. The experiences which arise in a true artist and in one who finds delight and inspiration in Art, also lie in regions beyond those of merely physical experience. True Art is brought from the super-sensible into the sense-regions of life, but in this case the process of clothing the experiences in pictures is not an unconscious one. Just as in the dreamer the soul's actual experience remains in the unconscious but reveals itself through what the soul—again unconsciously—adds as clothing to the experience itself, so the super-sensible experience of the artist and of the one who finds delight in a work of art, is brought into the sense-world. But in this case the clothing with the picture, with the Imagination which, arising from external life, gives the super-sensible experience a place in the sense-world, is consciously achieved. The gist of the next lecture will be that Art is in very truth a messenger from a super-sensible world, that delight in Art is a power which lifts the soul to the super-sensible world by way of sensory form, through sense-imagery.

And now to sum up what has been said today. It is true that man is led towards the region of spirit when he confronts these abnormal manifestations; for it is the spiritual world that shines into the life of man even if he is experiencing it in an abnormal way. But these abnormal manifestations may never be induced artificially, any more than pathological states may be induced for the purpose of acquiring knowledge.

What is it that remains from all these manifestations and phenomena as a vital admonition? It is that man shall find the way to true experience of the spiritual. We have heard that in the light of Spiritual Science the realm of dream is saved from the suspicion of being one of pathological experience—although naturally there may now and again be slight tendencies towards it. But when it is realised that through the seemingly chaotic life of dream man is admonished to find the path into the true spiritual world, the significance of such study becomes evident. A great world-riddle is knocking here at the door of human life. This world-riddle is the dream with its strange pictures in which logic and moral judgment are lacking but which are a definite signpost to the spiritual world itself. Hence we can find ourselves in agreement with what is said by the clear-sighted aestheticist and philosopher Vischer in his critique of Volkelt's book:

‘When the dream with all its rich meagreness, its meagre richness, with its ingenious stupidity and stupid ingeniousness, is contemplated in its unconscious creative activity, it will be recognised that it does nevertheless point to what is spiritual in the human being and can be sought after.’
And Vischer is also right when he says:

‘A man who believes that this spirit-realm of dream is not worthy to be a matter for genuine investigation, merely shows that he has not much spirit in him.’

The realm of dream is an admonition to man to seek for the spiritual world, and the aim of Spiritual Science is to fulfil this admonition. Whereas in the life of dream there can be pictures of the transitory only, for all that the soul's eternal core of being is active there, through spiritual-scientific knowledge it is possible for the soul also to be filled with pictures that give expression to the spiritual reality corresponding to its own inherent nature, thereby pointing to its allotted place in the world of spiritual reality as the senses point to its allotted place in the physical world.

Die Offenbarungen des Unbewussten vom Geisteswissenschaftlichen Gesichtspunkt

Erkenntnisgewinn über diejenigen Dinge des menschlichen Lebens, welche in der hier vertretenen Geisteswissenschaft behandelt werden, wünscht eigentlich jeder, der bis zu einem gewissen Grade zum Erkennen erwacht ist und Einsicht gewonnen hat, welchen Dienst ein wahres Verständnis der Wirklichkeit dem menschlichen Leben leisten kann. Dagegen ist gerade die Art der Erkenntnisbestrebungen, welche innerhalb dieser Geisteswissenschaft gesucht wird, manchem unbequem aus dem Grunde, weil sie immer wieder aus der Natur ihres Suchens heraus darauf hinweisen muß, daß die gewöhnlichen und auch die in der gewöhnlichen Wissenschaft üblichen Erkenntniskräfte in dieses Gebiet des geistigen Lebens nicht hineinführen können; denn man findet es eben unbequem, sich an andere Erkenntnisquellen zu wenden. Zwar kann es gerade aus der Betrachtung dieser Geisteswissenschaft jedem, wenn die Betrachtung vorurteilslos ist, immer klarer werden, daß der gewöhnliche, gesunde Menschenverstand, der sich nur wirklich an das Leben heranmacht, in der Lage ist, alles dasjenige unmittelbar einzusehen, was aus der Geisteswissenschaft dargeboten wird. Dennoch will man gerade dieser Geisteswissenschaft gegenüber diesen gesunden Menschenverstand und die gewöhnliche Lebenserfahrung nicht anwenden, weil man sich nicht an dasjenige wenden will, was erst durch die Entwickelung der menschlichen Seele herbeigeführt werden muß. Erforscht können die Tatsachen der Geisteswissenschaft nur werden durch die hier schon geschilderten und weiter zu schildernden geisteswissenschaftlichen Methoden, aber wenn die Tatsachen erforscht sind, so können sie von dem gesunden Menschenverstand und der gewöhnlichen Lebenserfahrung durchaus erfaßt werden. Weil man aber aus einer inneren Erkenntnisbequemlichkeit eine gewisse Scheu hat, an diese Geisteswissenschaft heranzutreten, deshalb wenden sich auch diejenigen Persönlichkeiten der Gegenwart, welche den Drang haben, hierüber etwas zu wissen, gern an andere Quellen, an solche Quellen, welche ihrer Natur nach näherliegen den Methoden, die man im Laboratorium, im Seziersaal oder sonst in der heute gebräuchlichen Wissenschaft anwendet. So kommt es denn, daß diejenigen, die es nicht über sich bringen können, an die Geisteswissenschaft selbst heranzutreten, oftmals gerade die abnormen Erscheinungen des menschlichen Lebens heranziehen, die sich in dem Gebiet der äußeren Sinneswelt beobachten lassen, um gewisse Einblicke in das geistige Leben zu gewinnen. Denn sie glauben, durch dasjenige, was sich am Menschen in abnormer Weise äußert, Aufschlüsse über gewisse Rätsel des Daseins gewinnen zu können. Aus diesem Grunde ist ja die Geisteswissenschaft in weitesten Kreisen immer wiederum verwechselt worden mit solchen Bestrebungen, die an allerlei abnorme Grenzgebiete des menschlichen Lebens herangehen, um das Geistige zu erkennen.

Deshalb ist es notwendig, daß ich auch in einem dieser Vorträge auf eine Betrachtung solcher Grenzgebiete eingehe, die zwar durch ihre Abnormität hinweisen auf gewisse Geheimnisse des Daseins, die aber nur durch die Geisteswissenschaft wirklich verstanden werden können, und die zu unzähligen Irrtümern über die wahre Wirklichkeit des geistigen Lebens führen müssen, wenn man sie ohne die Hilfe der Geisteswissenschaft betrachtet. Das Grenzgebiet, das ich heute ins Auge fassen will, ist ja in aller seiner Weite und aller seiner Interessantheit und Rätselhaftigkeit jedem Menschen mehr oder weniger bekannt, da es hinweist auf gewisse Zusammenhänge des äußeren Lebens mit den verborgenen Untergründen dieses Daseins. Ich meine das Traumleben des Menschen. Ausgehend von diesem 'Traumleben wird es mir dann obliegen, auch andere Grenzgebiete des menschlichen Daseins heute zu betrachten, nämlich die Erscheinungen, durch welche im abnormen Erleben der Glaube entstehen könnte, daß man durch sie irgendwie den Untergründen des Lebens besonders nahe stände, die Erscheinungen der Halluzination, die Erscheinungen des visionären Lebens, und was damit verwandt ist, die Erscheinungen des Somnambulismus, der Mediumschaft, soweit es im Rahmen eines kurzen Vortrages geschehen kann.

Wer vom geisteswissenschaftlichen Gesichtspunkt aus über diese Grenzgebiete des menschlichen Lebens sich Aufschluß verschaffen will, der hat nötig, daß er gerade diejenigen Eigentümlichkeiten wirklicher Geistesforschung ins Auge faßt, welche irgendwie darüber Licht verbreiten können. Daher möchte ich aus dem Umfang dessen, was ich von verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten her in den bisherigen Vorträgen schon charakterisiert habe, einiges herausgreifen, was dann geeignet sein kann, eine Grundlage abzugeben für die Besprechung der eben genannten Erscheinungen. Geistesforschung muß begründet sein auf einer wirklichen Entfaltung von Kräften der menschlichen Seele, die im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein und auch in demjenigen Bewußtsein, mit dem die gewöhnliche Wissenschaft arbeitet, verborgen sind. Ich habe darauf hingewiesen, daß die menschliche Seele in der Lage ist, durch gewisse Übungen, gewisse Veranstaltungen rein seelischer Art, die gar nicht mit irgend etwas Leiblichem zu tun haben, in ihr sonst schlummernde Kräfte aus sich herauszuholen, so daß sie sich dadurch in die Möglichkeit versetzt, hineinzuschauen in das wirkliche geistige Leben. Charakterisieren muß ich heute das, was vor allen Dingen Vorbedingung für die menschliche Seele ist, um in einer solchen übersinnlichen Erkenntnis sich von dem Leiblichen unabhängig zu machen. Da ist vor allem notwendig, daß man dasjenige berücksichtigt, was ich in einem früheren Vortrage schon auseinandergesetzt habe und heute kurz wiederholen will.

Ich habe gesagt, daß allerdings die Art, sich zur geistigen Wirklichkeit zu stellen, eine andere sein muß als diejenige, wie man sich zur äußeren physisch-sinnlichen Wirklichkeit stellt. Da ist vor allem notwendig zu berücksichtigen, daß dasjenige, was in der geistigen Welt erfahren wird von der leibfreien Seele, nicht unmittelbar so, wie es erfahren wird, wie eine gewöhnliche Vorstellung übergehen kann in das menschliche Erinnerungsvermögen. Dasjenige, was man im Geiste erfährt, das muß immer wieder von neuem erfahren werden, so wie man einer äußeren physischen Wirklichkeit, wenn man sich nicht bloß an sie erinnern, sondern sie vor sich haben will, immer wieder von neuem gegenübertreten muß. Wer glaubt, wirkliche geistige Erfahrung mit solchen Vorstellungen zu haben, an die er sich erinnern kann wie an gewöhnliche Vorstellungen des alltäglichen Lebens, der kennt nicht das wirklich Geistige. Wenn man sich, wie das selbstverständlich möglich ist, doch später erinnert an geistige Erlebnisse, so rührt das davon her, daß man in der Lage ist, solche Erlebnisse in das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein hineinbringen zu können, wie man die Anschauungen einer äußeren physischen Wirklichkeit hineinbringen kann. Dann kann man sich an die Vorstellungen erinnern. Aber man muß unterscheiden lernen zwischen diesem Erinnern an die selbst gebildeten Vorstellungen und dem unmittelbaren Erleben eines geistigen Vorganges, dem unmittelbaren einer geistigen Wesenheit Gegenüber-Stehen. Das also ist ein besonderes Charakteristikum des leibfreien Erlebens, daß dieses Erleben nicht unmittelbar in das Gedächtnis eingreift.

Ein anderes Charakteristikum — ein auch schon von mir hier erwähntes — ist, daß der Mensch sonst, wenn er sich im Leben übt, um irgend etwas zu können, durch die fortschreitenden Übungen immer mehr in die Lage kommt, leichter und geschickter das, was er übt, zu vollbringen. Beim geistigen Erkennen ist sonderbarerweise das Umgekehrte der Fall. Je öfter man ein gleiches geistiges Erleben hat, desto schwieriger wird es der Seele, sich in eine solche Lage zu versetzen, um dieses geistige Erlebnis gerade so wieder zu haben. Man muß auch die Methode kennenlernen, durch die ein geistiges Erlebnis wiederholt gemacht werden kann, weil es auf dieselbe Art sich nicht erneuern läßt.

Das dritte, was ich erwähnt habe, ist, daß die eigentlichen geistigen Erlebnisse so schnell vor der Seele vorüberhuschen, daß man Geistesgegenwart braucht, um sie festzuhalten. Sonst huscht das Ereignis so schnell vorüber, daß es schon vorbei ist, wenn man nur die Aufmerksamkeit darauf lenkt. Ich sagte, man müsse sich üben, solche Lagen des Lebens zu beherrschen, wo man nicht lange herumtrödeln und überlegen kann, ob man sich zu dem oder jenem entschließt, sondern wo eine Entschließung rasch notwendig ist, wo man rasch zugreifen muß und sicher zugreifen muß. Solche Geistesgegenwart ist notwendig, um geistige Erlebnisse wirklich in den Bereich der Aufmerksamkeit hineinbringen zu können. Ich erwähne diese Eigentümlichkeiten des geistigen Erlebens aus dem Grunde, weil sie schon zeigen, wie sehr das Erleben im Geiste verschieden ist von dem Erleben in der äußeren physischen Sinnenwelt und wie wenig es daher eigentlich gerechtfertigt ist, wenn immer wiederum von Nichtkennern behauptet wird, daß es nur die aus der äußeren Sinnenwelt gewonnenen Ideen und Begriffe sind, die der Geistesforscher als Reminiszenz hineinträgt in irgendeine von ihm geträumte geistige Welt. Wer von der Eigentümlichkeit dieser geistigen Welt wirklich etwas weiß, der weiß auch, daß sie sich so unterscheidet von der gewöhnlichen Sinnenwelt, daß aus ihr nichts hineingetragen werden kann, sondern daß die Seele eben die Entwickelung besonderer Fähigkeiten braucht, um als Geist einem Geistigen gegenübertreten zu können.

Aber auch sonst sind gewisse Dinge notwendig, die in der Seele desjenigen, der so geistig forschen will, wie es hier gemeint ist, erfüllt werden müssen. Die erste Bedingung ist die, daß die Seele möglichst wenig ausgesetzt ist jener Eigentümlichkeit, die man mit Passivität des Seelenlebens bezeichnen kann. Wer es besonders liebt, sich dem Leben traumhaft hinzugeben, sich passiv zu machen, wie man es nennt, um in einer gewissen traumhaften mystischen Stimmung die Offenbarungen der geistigen Wirklichkeit in sich hineinfließen zu lassen, der ist wenig geeignet, wirklich in die geistige Welt hineinzukommen. Denn das muß schon festgestellt werden: Auf dem Gebiete des eigentlichen geistigen Lebens gibt es der Herr den Seinen nicht im Schlafe! Im Gegenteil, dasjenige, was besonders geeignet macht, in die wirkliche geistige Welt einzudringen, das ist Regsamkeit des Geistes, das ist Aktivität des Geistes, das ist ein gewisser Eifer in dem Verfolgen wirklicher Gedanken, in dem Sichüben an Herstellung von Verbindungen entfernt liegender Gedanken, das ist eine gewisse Regsamkeit in schnellem Ergreifen von Gedankenzusammenhängen, das ist eine gewisse Liebe zur inneren geistigen Aktivität. Zwischen einer medialen Veranlagung und der Veranlagung für wirkliches geistiges Erkennen ist ein Unterschied wie zwischen Tag und Nacht. Das ist die eine Bedingung, die besonders erfüllt werden muß, wenn wirkliches geistiges Forschen möglich sein soll.

Eine andere Bedingung ist die, daß die Seele eines wirklichen Geistesforschers möglichst wenig zugänglich sein darf für Suggerierbarkeit, dafür, sich irgend etwas suggerieren zu lassen, daß sie möglichst skeptisch, möglichst kritisch gegenüberstehen muß auch den Dingen des äußeren Lebens. Wer sich am liebsten die Dinge, die er im Leben tun soll, von anderen sagen läßt, wer es am liebsten hat, wenn er nicht selber aus seinem freien Urteilsvermögen und aus seiner freien Willensentschließung heraus sich sein Leben einrichtet, der taugt nicht viel zum Geistesforscher. Wer weiß, welch große Rolle auch im normalen alltäglichen Leben Suggerierbarkeit spielt, der weiß auch, wie schwer anzukämpfen ist gegen diese allgemein übliche Suggerierbarkeit. Man bedenke nur, wieviel gerade im öffentlichen Leben sich die Menschen suggerieren lassen, wie wenig sie darauf aus sind, zu versuchen, sich in ihrer eigenen Seele die Bedingungen zu verschaffen für selbständiges Urteil und für die Einrichtung der Lebensverrichtungen aus den eigenen Willensimpulsen heraus. Den Menschen, welche eingehen auf die Geistesforschung, weil sie aus ihrem gesunden Menschenverstande heraus ein Verhältnis zur geistigen Welt gewinnen wollen, wird sehr häufig vorgeworfen, daß sie blind an den Geistesforscher glauben. Es darf gesagt werden, solche blinden Anhänger kann der Geistesforscher, der wirklich versucht, durch schauendes Bewußt sein in die geistige Welt einzudringen, sich am allerwenigsten wünschen. Und eine Gesellschaft von Menschen, die also einem solchen Geistesforscher anhingen, wäre die Karikatur einer Gesellschaft, die geeignet wäre, um solche geistige Erkenntnis zu pflegen. Im Gegenteil, der wirkliche Geistesforscher muß es erleben und wird es mit Freude erleben, daß gerade diejenigen, die ihm nahetreten, über kurz oder lang auch ihm gegenüber zu einem selbständigen Urteil, zu einer gewissen inneren Freiheit kommen, und daß sie nicht durch blinde Anhängerschaft, durch Suggerierfähigkeit sich zu ihm halten, sondern durch die gemeinsamen Interessen gegenüber der geistigen Welt.

Noch eine besondere Eigentümlichkeit möchte ich heute erwähnen, die Licht werfen kann auf das Verhältnis der geistigen Wirklichkeit zur physischen Wirklichkeit, noch eine besondere Eigentümlichkeit im Verhalten der menschlichen Seele zu dieser geistigen Welt. Es wird ja sehr häufig gesagt, es seien Vorurteile, die der Geistesforscher aus der sinnlichen Welt heraus mitbringt, und durch die er dann irgendeine erträumte geistige Welt charakterisieren will. Ich habe schon in diesem Vortrage angedeutet: Tritt man wirklich in die geistige Welt ein, so kommt es immer anders. Man kann sich davon überzeugen, daß dasjenige, was einen in die geistige Welt hineinträgt, was einen in der geistigen Welt erfahren und erleben läßt, daß das sich immer anders herausstellt, als man vorher geglaubt hat. Gerade deshalb, weil es sich anders herausstellt, sieht man, daß man es mit einer Welt zu tun hat, die man sich erst dadurch erobert, daß man die Seele für sie geeignet macht, daß man nicht in eine erträumte Welt Reminiszenzen aus der physischen Welt hineinträgt. Aber dazu kommt etwas, was sehr paradox klingt, was aber derjenige, der aus einer jahrzehntelangen Erfahrung in bezug auf die Dinge der geistigen Welt spricht, wohl sagen kann. Dazu kommt, daß man noch so geschult sein kann im leibfreien Erkennen, daß man noch so geübt sein kann im Hineinschauen in die geistige Welt: Wenn man irgendein besonderes Wesen, einen besonderen Vorgang wiederum ins Auge faßt, insbesondere einen solchen Vorgang, der eine Beziehung der geistigen Welt zur äußeren physischen Wirklichkeit darstellt, so wird man sehr häufig die folgende Erfahrung machen: Man bekommt zunächst eine Art geistigen Erlebens, man glaubt eine Wahrheit zu erkennen über irgend etwas in der geistigen Welt; man wird aber in der Regel finden, daß dieses erste Erlebnis, das man hat, falsch ist. Daher eignet sich der Geistesforscher jene Vorsicht an, die ihn dazu führt, schon vorauszusetzen, daß das erste Erlebnis falsch ist. Indem er dann immer weiter und weiter schürft, stellt sich ihm heraus, warum er auf dem falschen Wege war, und in dem Vergleichen des späteren Richtigen mit dem vorherigen Falschen ergibt sich ihm etwas, wodurch er erst recht erkennt, worauf es ankommt. Daher wird der Geistesforscher in der Regel erst sehr lange, nachdem er über irgendein Gebiet Forschungen angestellt hat, seinen Mitmenschen die Ergebnisse mitteilen, weil er weiß, wie notwendig es ist, gerade auf dem Gebiete des geistigen Lebens das Wahre dadurch zu erkennen, daß man sich erst durch Täuschung und Irrtum durcharbeiten muß. Diese Täuschung, dieser Irrtum, sie rühren davon her, daß wir ja beim Erforschen des geistigen Lebens ausgehen von der sinnlichen Welt. Da bringen wir unsere Urteilskräfte, die Art unseres Anschauens aus der sinnlichen Welt in die geistige Welt hinein. Zuerst sind wir immer geneigt, das, was wir so hineintragen in die geistige Welt, anzuwenden. Da kommen dann die schiefen, die Fehlurteile. Aber gerade dadurch, daß man genötigt ist, sich jedesmal aufs neue zu überzeugen, wie man sich anders verhalten muß gegenüber den geistigen als gegenüber den physischen Dingen, bemerkt man erst die verschiedenen intimen Eigentümlichkeiten des geistigen Erlebens. So stellt sich — es könnte noch verschiedenes in dieser Beziehung angeführt werden — das geistige Erleben in einer gewissen Weise gegenüber dem gewöhnlichen alltäglichen Erleben allerdings wie etwas Paradoxes hin. Was aber gerade derjenige erkennt, der in die geistige Welt hineinschauen kann, das ist erstens, daß das Ewige, das Unvergängliche der menschlichen Seele sich im gewöhnlichen Erleben, das durch den Leib vollzogen wird, für das Bewußtsein nicht ausdrücken kann, sich verbirgt, weil der Mensch hier im physischen Leben durch seine Leibesorganisation sich nur die Erkenntnis des Physischen verschaffen kann. Daher ist es so notwendig, daß der Geistesforscher streng betont, die Gewinnung von Erkenntnissen des Geistigen wird außerhalb des Leibes vollzogen. In dem Augenblick, wo irgendwie der Leib sich beteiligt an der Gewinnung solcher Erkenntnisse, wird diese Erkenntnis verfälscht, sie wird sogar verfälscht, wenn sich die Erinnerung, die nur im Leib aufbewahrt wird, daran beteiligt.

Ein anderes, das sich ergibt durch ein unmittelbares Ergreifen des geistigen Lebens, ist dieses, daß man weiß, derjenige, der drinnen steht im geistigen Leben, schließt sich wiederum durchaus von der geistigen Welt, der das Ewige der Menschenseele angehört, aus, wenn er irgendwie seinen freien Willen aufgibt und unter irgendeinem Zwang oder unter einem suggerierten Einfluß dasjenige, was er in der Seele hat, durch seinen Leib in Handlungen oder dergleichen oder auch nur durch die Sprache zum Ausdruck kommen läßt, wenn nicht alles, was bei ihm durch den Leib zum Ausdruck kommt, durch den Willen vermittelt ist. So ist eine Grundbedingung für das Erleben der geistigen Welt die Anerkenntnis dessen, daß das Leibliche sich nicht beteiligen darf bei dieser Erkenntnis. Die andere Grundbedingung ist die, daß der Mensch versuchen muß, alles dasjenige, was er durch seinen Leib vollführt, aus seiner Urteilskraft, aus seinem freien Willensentschluß heraus folgen zu lassen.

Diese Bedingungen mußte ich vorausnehmen, weil sie uns die Grundlagen abgeben für die abnormen Gebiete des Seelenlebens, die wir nun zu betrachten haben. Wir sehen in dem wirklichen Geist-Erkennen diejenige Offenbarung des sonst unbewußt Bleibenden, welche den Menschen aufklären kann über sein ewiges, über sein wirklich freies Wesen in der Seele, und wir können das, was also offenbart wird, gerade dadurch vergleichen mit dem, was durch die abnormen Erscheinungen des Seelenlebens zutage tritt. Noch nicht ganz unter die abnormen Erscheinungen kann man das rechnen, was in der auf- und abwogenden Traumeswelt an das menschliche Bewußtsein mehr heranschlägt, als daß es wirklich herankommt. Diese Traumeswelt ist auch schon Gegenstand äußerer naturwissenschaftlicher und philosophischer Untersuchungen geworden, ohne daß man sagen kann, daß gerade die Methoden, die heute für die äußere Naturwissenschaft so glänzend dastehen, besonders geeignet wären, in dieses Grenzgebiet des menschlichen Lebens einzudringen. Aber auch in bezug auf Grenzgebiete, wie wir sie heute noch erwähnen wollen, ist dasjenige, was so recht nur im Sinne der heutigen Naturwissenschaft denken will und sich ganz den Vorurteilen, die sich daraus ergeben, hingibt, wenig geeignet, in die Wahrheit der Sache einzudringen. Die heutige Menschheit hat ja zwar vielfach, obwohl sie erklärlicherweise sich für recht wenig autoritätsgläubig hält, eine gewisse Hinneigung, alles auf Autorität hin unter gewissen Voraussetzungen anzunehmen. Wenn von jemand, der überall im öffentlichen Leben als ein großer Geist hingestellt wird, einmal ein dickes Buch auch in bezug auf die Erforschung abnormer Seelenerscheinungen herauskommt, dann finden sich so und soviele, die zwar nicht sonderlich viel verstehen von diesen Dingen, die aber dieses Buch loben, und unsere autoritätsfreie Gesellschaft findet dann selbstverständlich, daß dieses Buch etwas ist, worauf man bauen kann.

Unter den philosophischen Abhandlungen über das Traumleben möchte ich ein Buch hervorheben, das ein geistvoller deutscher Gelehrter, Johannes Volkelt, gegenwärtig Professor der Philosophie und Pädagogik in Leipzig, im Jahre 1875 über die Traumphantasie geschrieben hat, als er noch nicht Professor war. Dieses recht wertvolle Buch hängt sich ihm bis heute noch immer an, und ihm ist es wohl mit zuzuschreiben, wenn er auch heute noch nur Nebenprofessor ist. Der außerordentlich bedeutende schwäbische Ästhetiker Friedrich Theodor Vischer hat eine sehr schöne Abhandlung über dieses Buch geschrieben. Allein die akademischen Vorurteile, die in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einer gewissen Anschauung von sogenannter Wissenschaftlichkeit geführt haben, sind schuld daran, daß das, was mit diesem Buche, wenn auch spärlich, inauguriert werden konnte, nicht aufgegriffen worden ist, sondern daß es wieder verdeckt worden ist von den landläufigen Vorurteilen, die verhindern, in das Traumleben wirklich einzudringen.

Nun werde ich selbstverständlich im Rahmen eines kurzen Vortrages nicht viel mehr als eine skizzenhafte Charakteristik geben können, aber ich möchte doch auf einzelnes so hinweisen, daß die Dinge sich geisteswissenschaftlich beleuchten lassen. Jeder kennt das Traumleben, dieses auf- und abwogende, aus dem Schlaf heraufkommende Vorstellungsleben des Menschen, und jeder weiß, welches die äußerlichen Eigentümlichkeiten des Traumlebens sind. Ich will nur einige davon eingehend charakterisieren. Auf besondere Veranlassung hin - das kann man dem Traumleben ansehen - tritt der Traum ein. Man hat es da zunächst zu tun mit sogenannten Sinnesreiz-Träumen. Man braucht sich nur zu erinnern, wie der Traum dadurch entstehen kann, daß man neben sich eine pendelnde Uhr hat. Unter besonderen Bedingungen werden einem die Pendelschläge zu Pferdegetrampel oder zu irgend etwas anderem. Man bildet also im Traum gewisse Sinnbilder aus. Ich möchte das besonders hervorheben; denn auf zahlreiche Eindrücke der äußeren Sinne gründet sich das Traumerleben. Aber dasjenige, was da auf die äußeren Sinne wirkt, wirkt niemals im Traume so, wie es wirkt im gewöhnlichen wachen Tagesleben. Es findet immer eine Umgestaltung des Sinneseindrucks im symbolisierenden, im sinnbildlichen Sinne statt, in etwas, was eine Umgestaltung durch das Seelenleben ist.

Es ist ja bekannt, wie solche Träume immer wiederum vorkommen. Johannes Volkelt erzählt in seinem genannten Buche: Ein Schullehrer unterrichtet im Traum; er erwartet von einem Schüler, daß er auf eine Frage, die der Lehrer gestellt hat, mit «ja» antwortet. Aber der Schüler antwortet nicht «ja», sondern «jo», was manchmal für den Lehrer recht störend und unangenehm sein kann. Der Lehrer erneut die Frage, und da antwortet der Schüler nicht bloß «jo», sondern «i-o», und dann fängt die ganze Klasse zu schreien an: «Feurio». Der Lehrer wacht auf, und draußen fährt die Feuerwache vorbei, und man schreit «Feurio». Dieser Eindruck auf die Sinne hat sich in dieser ganzen komplizierten Traumeshandlung symbolisiert.

Ein anderes Beispiel, das auch von Volkelt stammt — wo es sich machen läßt, werde ich nichts anderes, als was schon in der Literatur verzeichnet ist, anführen - ist dieses: Eine schwäbische Frau besucht ihre Schwester in einer größeren Stadt. Die Schwester ist die Frau eines Pfarrers. Die beiden Schwestern hören sich die Predigt an, und siehe da, der Pfarrer fängt zunächst ganz würdig an. Dann aber bekommt er plötzlich etwas wie Flügel und fängt an zu krähen wie ein Hahn. Da sagt die eine Schwester zu der andern: «Das ist aber eine besondere Art des Predigens.» Die Schwester antwortet ihr im Traum: «Ja, so hat es das Konsistorium verfügt; jetzt muß so gepredigt werden.» Darauf wacht die Frau auf, und draußen hört sie einen Hahn schreien. Also, der Hahnschrei, der selbstverständlich sonst als trockener, nüchterner Hahnschrei zum Bewußtsein gekommen wäre, ist so in der Seele umgewandelt worden. Alles andere hat sich um den Hahnschrei herumgruppiert. Sehen Sie, das sind Sinnesreiz-Träume.

Aber auch aus inneren Reizen können sich die Träume bilden, und wiederum sind es nicht die Reize als solche, die zum Vorschein kommen, sondern das durch die Seele symbolisierte, umgestaltete Sinnesbild. Jemand träumt zum Beispiel von einem heißen, kochenden Ofen: er wacht auf mit einem pochenden Herzen. Flugträume, die sehr häufig sind, rühren in der Regel her von irgendwelchen abnormen Erlebnissen, die sich während des Schlafes in der Lunge abspielen und so weiter. Solche Beispiele könnten ja zu Hunderten angeführt werden. Die reine Aufzählung der verschiedenen Kategorien des Traumes könnte noch lange fortgesetzt werden. Obwohl wir auf das 'Tiefere der Sache nicht vollständig eingehen können, möchte ich noch einiges erwähnen.

Man kann nicht finden, daß die Literatur besonders glücklich war im Auffinden von solchen Elementen in der menschlichen Seele, die zeigen könnten, was da eigentlich in ihr vorgeht, indem sie solche Umgestaltungen der äußeren Veranlassung zum Traume vornimmt. Aber diese Frage muß einen doch vor allen Dingen interessieren: Was ist es eigentlich in der Seele, was auf eine äußere Veranlassung hin, oder auch auf eine Erinnerungsvorstellung hin, die aus dem Dunkel des Schlafes heraufkommt, solche andersartigen Vorstellungen anknüpfen läßt? Darauf ist zu sagen: Das, was im gewöhnlichen Tagesleben den Menschen dazu bringt, aus dessen Erfahrungen heraus eine Vorstellung an die andere zu gliedern, das ist es nicht, was eigentlich im Traume wirkt. Ich könnte Ihnen Hunderte von Beispielen aufzählen, die Ihnen beweisen würden, was ich nur vergleichsweise durch ein Beispiel belegen kann. Nehmen Sie das folgende Beispiel; Eine Frau träumt, sie habe für ihren Mann zu kochen, manchmal eine schwierige Aufgabe für eine Hausfrau. Nun, sie träumt, sie habe ihm schon alles Mögliche vorgeschlagen. Erster Vorschlag: «Mag ich nicht!» Zweiter Vorschlag: «Mag ich auch nicht!» Dritter Vorschlag: «Mag ich erst recht nicht! Damit kannst du mir zu Hause bleiben!» Und so weiter. Die Frau ist darüber schon ganz unglücklich im Traume. Da fällt ihr ein: «Wir haben ja auf dem Boden eine gesalzene Großmutter; sie ist zwar etwas zäh, aber sollte ich sie dir nicht morgen kochen?» Auch ein Traum, den Sie in der Literatur finden können. Wer mit Träumen bekannt ist, wird nicht zweifeln, daß der Traum sich so abgespielt hat. Ich könnte dieses Beispiel durch hunderte gleichgeartete vermehren. Sie werden sich unmittelbar sagen müssen: Die Stimmung des Ängstlichen liegt zugrunde. Irgend etwas liegt vor, was der Frau eine ängstliche Stimmung gemacht hat. Diese Stimmung, die gar nichts zu tun zu haben braucht mit der Vorstellung des Kochens und dergleichen, setzt sich in eine solche Traumvorstellung um. Dies ist nur eine Umkleidung der ängstlichen Stimmung. Diese aber hat die Seele während des Schlafes nötig, um aus der Angst herauszukommen, sie sucht sich über die Angst hinwegzuhelfen, und gerade so, wie Sie über die gesalzene Großmutter gelacht haben, so erfindet die Seele diese zu dem übrigen Trauminhalt in grotesk-komischer Weise sich hinzugesellende Vorstellung, um innerlich die Angstlichkeit zu überwinden, um in eine ironisierende, humorvolle Stimmung zu kommen. Das ist es, was Sie in den Träumen immer verfolgen können: ein Oszillieren, ein Hin- und Herschwingen von Stimmungen und — wie die Uhr hin- und herpendelt — ein Hin- und Herpendeln zwischen Spannung und Entspannung, zwischen Ängstlichkeit und Lustigkeit und so weiter. Immer ist für die Gliederung der’ITraumvorstellungen maßgebend das, was im Gefühlsleben des Menschen das hervorragend Bedeutsame ist. Nach diesem Gesichtspunkt: Gewisse Spannungen in der Seele zu überwinden, wird der Traum gestaltet. Aus dieser Notwendigkeit, Spannung in Entspannung, Entspannung in Spannung überzuführen, wird erst dasjenige, was als Vorstellung gar nicht besonders bedeutsam ist, geboren. Die Seele zaubert sich etwas vor, was ein Imaginatives sein kann für das, worauf es eigentlich ankommt.

Wenn man das Traumleben in seiner ganzen Breite verfolgt, so findet man zwei Eigentümlichkeiten, die besonders ins Auge gefaßt werden müssen. Die eine ist, daß im Traumleben dasjenige schweigt, was wir im Leben gewöhnlich als Logik bezeichnen. Der Traum hat eine ganz andere Regel für die Art, wie er von einem zum andern Gegenstand übergeht, als die gewöhnliche Logik. Nun werden Sie selbstverständlich einwenden können: Ja, aber manche Träume sind doch so, daß der Traum ganz logisch verläuft. Das ist aber nur scheinbar. Wer diese Dinge wirklich intim beobachten kann, weiß, daß es nur scheinbar ist. Wenn Sie Traumvorstellungen haben, die aufeinanderfolgen in logischer Verkettung, so rührt das nicht davon her, daß Sie während des Traumes selbst diese logische Verkettung herbeiführen, sondern es rührt davon her, daß Sie Vorstellungen aneinanderreihen, die Sie schon einmal im Leben logisch zusammengegliedert haben, oder die sonst durch irgend etwas im Leben logisch zusammenhängen. Da ist die Logik Reminiszenz, da ist die Logik in den Traum hineingetragen, die Traumhandlung selbst geht nicht nach den Regeln der gewöhnlichen Logik vor sich. Man kann immer sehen, daß ein tieferes, intimeres Element der Seele der Traumhandlung zugrunde liegt. Jemand träumt zum Beispiel — ich erzähle einen wirklichen Traum -, er muß zu einem Bekannten gehen, und er weiß, daß dieser Bekannte ihn über irgend etwas ausschelten wird. Er träumt, daß er tatsächlich zur Tür der Wohnung dieses Bekannten kommt. In dem Augenblick ist aber die ganze Situation verwandelt. Als er durch die Tür des Bekannten eintritt, tritt er in einen Keller ein, in dem wilde Tiere sind, die ihn auffressen wollen. Da fällt ihm ein, daß er doch zu Hause eine ganze Reihe von Stecknadeln hat, und diese Stecknadeln spritzen Säfte aus, durch die diese wilden Tiere getötet werden können. Die Stecknadeln sind auch schon da, und er schießt mit ihnen auf die wilden Tiere. Da verwandeln sich diese in lauter junge Hunde, die er nun sanft streicheln will. Sie sehen aus diesem Traume, der einen typischen Traumverlauf darstellt, wie es sich wieder darum handelt, die Spannung, die hervorgerufen wird durch eine Ängstlichkeit, hervorgerufen gegenüber dem Freunde, die sich in den wilden Tieren ausdrückt, zu entspannen dadurch, daß die Seele sich vorzaubert die Verwandlung der wilden, grausamen Tiere in liebliche junge Hunde. Sie sehen, das ist etwas anderes als dasLogische. Allerdings, ein wichtiger Einwand ist da. Wer das Traumleben kennt, weiß, daß folgendes schon oft vorgekommen ist: Man hat sich angestrengt, um die Lösung irgendeiner Aufgabe zu finden, bevor man zu Bett gegangen ist, man konnte sie nicht finden; dann träumen Sie und finden im Traum die Lösung der Aufgabe, so daß Sie sie am Morgen wirklich niederschreiben können. Das wird mit Recht erzählt. Wer solche Dinge nicht richtig untersuchen kann, wird sie immer mißverstehen. Man soll nur ja nicht glauben, daß man die wirkliche Lösung im Traum gefunden hat. Was man wirklich im Traum gefunden hat, woran man glaubt, sich zu erinnern, das ist irgend etwas ganz anderes. Das ist etwas, was sehr wenig logisch abzulaufen braucht, was aber jene wohltätige Wirkung im menschlichen Gemüte hat, die eintritt, wenn eine Spannung in eine Entspannung überführt wird. Vor dem Einschlafen war der Mensch eben in einer solchen Spannung seines Gemütes, daß er die Aufgabe nicht lösen konnte. Er brütete und brütete, es fehlte ihm etwas. Er wurde gesund durch die Art, wie er träumte, und dadurch kam es, daß er beim Aufwachen die Aufgabe lösen kann.

Auch das moralische Urteil schweigt im Traum. Man weiß ja, daß man im Traum allerlei Verbrechen und sonstige Dinge begeht, deren man sich im wachen Tagesleben schämen würde, Man kann einwenden, daß ja gerade im Traum das Gewissen sich regt, ja, daß das Gewissen im Traum sich oftmals in einer ganz merkwürdigen Weise geltend macht. Man braucht sich nur an die in Shakespeares Werken vorkommenden Träume zu erinnern, dann wird man finden — Dichter tun solche Dinge in der Regel mit Recht -, daß hingewiesen werden kann auf den Schein, als ob gerade durch den Traum moralische Vorwürfe sich besonders zur Erscheinung bringen. Wiederum nur eine ungenaue Beobachtung. Vielmehr ist durchaus richtig, daß wir im Traum herausgerissen sind aus der gewöhnlichen moralischen Beurteilung, die wir im äußeren Leben im Zusammenhang mit den Menschen erwerben müssen und uns aneignen können. Wenn der Traum uns dennoch scheinbar gerade moralische Vorurteile und moralische Vorwürfe bildlich anschaulich vor die Seele führt, so rührt das nicht davon her, daß wir als Träumende moralisch urteilen, sondern es rührt davon her, daß wir, wenn wir uns moralisch verhalten, eine gewisse befriedigende Stimmung in der Seele haben, daß wir befriedigt gestimmt sind über etwas, wozu wir moralisch «ja» sagen können. Dieses Befriedigtsein, nicht das moralische Urteil, das ist es, was im Traum sich uns vor die Seele stellt. Ebensowenig wie Logik ist moralisches Urteil im Traum vorhanden. Es ist eben notwendig, wenn man wirklich Wahrheit sucht, viel genauer und intimer zu Werke zu gehen, als man es gewöhnlich im Leben und auch in der Wissenschaft versucht. Den groben Methoden, die man gewöhnlich anwendet, ergeben sich solche Dinge nicht recht. Es ist also außerordentlich wichtig, daß weder die Logik noch das moralische Urteil in die Traumwelt Einlaß finden. Wir werden gleich hören, warum das der Fall ist.

Nun möchte ich noch eine Eigentümlichkeit des 'Traumes hervorheben, welche schon, wenn der Traum nur äußerlich betrachtet wird, darauf hinweisen kann, welche Stellung die Seele zur Welt hat, indem sie träumt. Allerdings kann diese Stellung sich vollständig nur aufklären, wenn sie geisteswissenschaftlich betrachtet wird. Derjenige, welcher den schlafenden Menschen betrachtet, wird sich schon äußerlich sagen können: Der Mensch ist im Schlafe abgeschlossen sowohl von dem, was aus seinem eigenen Leben her erlebt werden kann, wie von demjenigen, was aus der Umgebung erlebt werden kann. Nun, Geisteswissenschaft zeigt zwar, daß der Mensch, indem er einschläft, als geistig-seelisches Wesen wirklich in die geistige Welt hineingeht, und im Aufwachen sich wiederum mit seinem Leibe verbindet. Allein, man braucht darauf nicht einmal Rücksicht zu nehmen, sondern man braucht sich nur dasjenige, was auch dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein vorliegen kann, klar vor die Seele zu führen. Der Mensch ist abgeschlossen von seiner Umgebung, und auch dasjenige, was aus seinem Leibe dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein bewußt wird, schweigt während des Schlafes. Im Traum wogen zwar Bilder auf und ab, aber ihr Verhältnis zur Außenwelt ändert sich nicht; die Bilder werden gerade so geformt, daß dieses Verhältnis so bleibt. Das Verhältnis zur Außenwelt, dasjenige, was als nüchterne Umgebung, als nüchterne Konturierung der äußeren Eindrücke an den Menschen herantritt, indem er seine Sinne wachend der Außenwelt öffnet, das tritt in den Traum nicht hinein. Eindrücke können zwar, wie wir gesehen haben, auf den Menschen gemacht werden. Allein, gerade das, was charakteristisch ist für das, was die Sinne aus diesen Eindrücken machen, das bleibt weg. Das Seelische setzt ein Sinnbild, ein Symbol an die Stelle des gewöhnlichen nüchternen Eindrucks. So ändert sich nicht das Verhältnis zur Außenwelt. Das könnte an unzähligen Fällen erhärtet werden. Der Mensch bleibt im normalen "Traum von der Außenwelt so abgeschlossen, wie er es auch im normalen Schlafe ist, und ebenso von seiner eigenen Leiblichkeit. Auch dasjenige, was von der eigenen Leiblichkeit aufsteigt, kommt nicht in unmittelbarer Weise zum Ausdruck, wie wenn man in normaler Art mit seinem Leibe verbunden ist. Wenn man zum Beispiel durch eine zu warme Decke zu warme Füße bekommt, so würde man im gewöhnlichen wachen Zustande spüren, daß man die Füße zu warm bekommt. Das spürt man im Traume nicht so, sondern man glaubt, daß man zum Beispiel über glühende Kohlen oder dergleichen geht. Wiederum ist es die Umwandlung, die die Seele leistet, worauf es ankommt.

So sehr man sich auch bemühen wird, bloß mit den Mitteln und Quellen der äußeren Wissenschaft an den Traum heranzukommen, man kann es nicht, aus dem Grunde, weil man den Traum mit nichts vergleichen kann. Der Traum tritt tatsächlich wie eine Art Wunder in die gewöhnliche Welt hinein, man kann ihn nicht mit irgend etwas anderem vergleichen. Das ist das Wesentliche. In die Möglichkeit, den Traum mit etwas anderem zu vergleichen, kommt erst der Geistesforscher. Warum? Er kommt dazu, weil er selbst kennenlernt, was sich ihm ergibt, wenn er in die geistige Welt eintreten kann. Da nimmt er wahr, daß er nicht mehr mit der gewöhnlichen Logik auskommt — wir haben es auch heute wieder erwähnt -, die für die Erklärung des äußeren Sinneslebens gilt. Derjenige, der in die geistige Welt aufsteigt, muß das freie Vermögen bekommen, die Erlebnisse der geistigen Welt in Sinnbildern auszudrücken. Daher habe ich auch im letzten Vortrage die erste Stufe des Erkennens der geistigen Welt die «imaginative Erkenntnis» genannt. Man weiß dann allerdings, daß die Sinnbilder nicht die Wirklichkeit sind, aber man weiß, daß man durch die Sinnbilder die Wirklichkeit zum Ausdruck bringt. Diese Sinnbilder müssen natürlich nach den sich aus der geistigen Welt ergebenden wahren Gesetzen geformt sein, sie dürfen nicht durch wilikürliche Phantasie entstehen. Der Geistesforscher lernt erkennen, wie man — abgesehen von der physisch-sinnlichen Welt — Vorstellungen aneinanderbindet, lernt erkennen, wie man Sinnbilder schafft. Diese erste Stufe des Erkennens der geistigen Welt kann man dann vergleichen mit der unbewußten Tätigkeit, die in den Traumhandlungen vollzogen wird. Da ergibt sich ein Vergleich, und außerdem ergibt sich noch etwas anderes.

Wer wirklich weiterkommt in der Erkenntnis der geistigen Welt, der erlebt nach und nach, daß sich auch seine Träume umgestalten. Sie werden regelmäßiger und regelmäßiger, aus den verworrenen Dingen, wie der eingesalzenen Großmutter und dergleichen, werden allmählich Dinge, welche sinnvoll etwas zum Ausdruck bringen, das ganze 'Traumleben wird sinnvoll durchsetzt. So lernt der Geistesforscher die eigentümliche Artverwandtschaft kennen zwischen dem Traumleben und dem Leben, das er zum Behuf der Geistesforschung suchen muß. Dadurch kommt er in die Lage, wirklich sagen zu können, was eigentlich von der Seele träumt, was in Wirklichkeit träumend ist. Denn er lernt noch etwas erkennen zu dem, was ich eben angeführt habe, nämlich wie jene Seelenverfassung ist, in _ der man sich befindet, während man imaginative Vorstellungen hat. Man weiß, man steht da mit der Seele in der geistigen Welt drinnen. Wenn man diese Seelenverfassung, diese besondere Stimmung des Seelenlebens kennt, kann man auch diese Stimmung, diese Verfassung vergleichen mit dem, wie die Seele im Traume gestimmt ist, wie die Seele im Traume in einer bestimmten Verfassung lebt. Aus dieser gewissenhaften Vergleichung stellt sich in der Tat heraus, daß dasjenige, was in der Seele träumt, was wirklich in der Seele tätig ist, während der Mensch die chaotischen Traumhandlungen abspielen läßt, der geistige, ewige Wesenskern des Menschen ist. Der Mensch ist als Träumender in der Welt, der er als geistig-seelisches Wesen angehört.

Das ist das eine Resultat. Das andere möchte ich mit einem persönlichen Erlebnis charakterisieren. Als ich vor nicht langer Zeit in Zürich einen Vortrag über das Traumleben und damit verwandte Gebiete hielt, da hörte ich dann, daß verschiedene Zuhörer, die aus der gegenwärtigen wissenschaftlichen Disziplin, die man die analytische Psychologie oder Psychoanalyse nennt, besonders klug geworden sein wollten, nach meinem Vortrage sagten: «Ja, dieser Mann ist noch in Vorurteilen befangen, über die wir in der Psychoanalyse längst hinaus sind. Er glaubt, das Traumleben als etwas Wirkliches nehmen zu sollen, während wir wissen, daß das 'Traumleben nur als symbolische Ausgestaltung des Seelenlebens genommen werden darf.» Ich will mich auf Psychoanalyse hier nicht einlassen, sondern nur erwähnen, daß diese Klugheit nur auf einem grobklotzigen Mißverständnis beruht. Denn es wird dem wirklichen Geistesforscher gar nicht einfallen, dasjenige, was sich im Traume darbietet, so, wie es sich darbietet, als unmittelbar wirklich zu nehmen. Er nimmt nicht einmal den Traum in seinem Verlauf, wie ihn der Psychoanalytiker nimmt, unmittelbar als symbolische Handlung, sondern ihm kommt es auf etwas ganz anderes an. Wer bekannt ist mit dem Traumleben, der weiß: Zehn Menschen und auch mehr können inhaltlich die verschiedensten Träume erzählen, und es kann ihnen doch derselbe Tatbestand zugrunde liegen. Der eine erzählt, er sei auf einen Berg hinaufgegangen, und sei dann oben von etwas besonders Freudigem überrascht worden, der andere erzählt, er sei durch einen dunklen Gang gegangen bis zu einer Tür, die habe sich dann unverhofft geöffnet, ein Dritter erzählt etwas anderes. Die Träume sehen sich in ihrem Verlauf äußerlich nicht im geringsten ähnlich, dennoch gehen sie auf ein ganz gleichgeartetes, wirkliches Erlebnis zurück, nämlich auf dieselbe Spannung und Entspannung, die sich einmal in diesen Bildern, das andere Mal in jenen Bildern symbolisiert. Also nicht auf die Wirklichkeit des Traumes, nicht einmal, wie die Psychoanalytiker meinen, auf die Symbole kommt es an, sondern auf die innerliche Dramatik des Traumes. Man muß imstande sein, aus den bedeutungslosen Bildern in ihrer Aufeinanderfolge diese innere Dramatik zu erkennen, die Wirklichkeit, in der die Seele mit ihrem geistig-seelischen Wesenskern lebt, indem sie träumt. Diese Wirklichkeit ist eine ganz andere als das, was sich in den Traumbildern zum Ausdruck bringt. Darauf kommt es an. So weist schon der Traum tief hinunter in die unterbewußten und unbewußten Untergründe der Seele. Aber dasjenige, was er ausgestaltet, ist nur eine Verkleidung dessen, was eigentlich, während geträumt wird, wirklich erlebt wird.

Ich muß immer wiederum betonen, daß es mir wahrhaftig nicht darauf ankommt, irgendwelche alten Vorurteile auf irgendeinem Gebiete zu erneuern. Es wird nicht gesprochen etwa aus solchen Voraussetzungen heraus, die entnommen sind aus allerlei mittelalterlicher oder orientalischer sogenannter Geheimwissenschaft, wie sie bei Blavatsky und bei solchen, die aus allen möglichen dunklen Quellen schöpfen, vorhanden ist, sondern es liegt durchaus das Bewußtsein zugrunde, daß alles, was hier gesagt wird, aufrechterhalten werden kann gegenüber jedem naturwissenschaftlichen Urteil; wenn sich die Gelegenheit bieten sollte, so kann sie auch benutzt werden. Geisteswissenschaft wird vorgetragen mit vollem Bewußtsein davon, daß wir im naturwissenschaftlichen Zeitalter leben, mit voller Kenntnis dessen, was Naturwissenschaft über das Dasein und seine Rätsel zu sagen hat, aber auch in voller Kenntnis dessen, was sie nicht zu sagen hat über die Gebiete des geistigen Lebens.

Woher kommen nun die Bilder, die den Traumablauf ausmachen? Nun, das ist so: Während derjenige, der wirklich leibfrei im geistigen Erleben drinnensteht, die geistige Welt mit ihren Tatsachen und Wesenheiten vor sich hat, hat der Träumende sein Bewußtsein noch nicht so weit auferweckt, daß er diese volle geistige Welt vor sich haben könnte. Dadurch stellt sich seine Seele ein auf die Reminiszenzen des gewöhnlichen Lebens, und dann entsteht der Traum, wenn die Seele heranschlägt an das Leibliche. Der Traum wird nicht im Leibe erlebt, aber er wird durch das Heranschlagen der Seele an das Leibliche verursacht. Daher stellen sich vor den Traumerleber diejenigen Dinge, die seinem Lebenslaufe zugrunde liegen, aber so gruppiert, daß sie jene innerlichen Tendenzen, die ich charakterisiert habe, zum Ausdruck bringen. Es ist also, wenn man charakterisieren will, was der Traum eigentlich ist, ein Erleben des seelisch-geistigen Eigenwesens des Menschen. Aber was erlebt wird, ist nicht das Ewige, es ist das Zeitliche. Das Ewige ist es, was am Traum bewußt tätig ist. Das aber, was diese Tätigkeit vermittelt, das ist das Vorübergehende, das ist das Vergängliche. Das ist das Wesentliche, worauf es ankommt, daß das Ewige im Traume als Erlebnis gerade das Zeitliche, das Vergängliche hat, dasjenige, was sonst Inhalt des Lebens ist.

Damit habe ich, allerdings skizzenhaft, ausgeführt, was das Wesen des Traumes im Lichte der Geisteswissenschaft ist, und warum dasjenige, was der Traum zum Inhalte hat, so gar nicht ausdrückt dasjenige, was wirklich in der Seele vorgeht, indem Entspannung auf Spannung, Spannung auf Entspannung folgt. Da ist die Seele innerhalb der Welt des Ewigen, da ist die Seele in einem leibfreien Element. Was aber bewußt wird als Umkleidung dieses Erlebens, das rührt von der Verbindung mit den gewöhnlichen Lebensverhältnissen her.

Ich gehe über zu dem zweiten Gebiet, welches an der Grenze des menschlichen Seelenlebens als unbewußte Erscheinung auftreten kann, dasjenige, was in dieses Seelenleben hineintritt in der Form der Halluzination, Vision und dergleichen. Selbst Philosophen, die gut urteilen können, wie Eduard von Hartmann zum Beispiel, den ich außerordentlich hoch stelle in bezug auf den Scharfsinn seines Urteils, sie sind, weil sie nicht vom geisteswissenschaftlichen Standpunkt aus den Traum wirklich durchschauen konnten, verführt worden zu glauben, daß dasjenige, was sich als Bild im 'Traume vor die Seele stellt, eigentlich gleichartig sei mit dem, was sich durch eine Halluzination oder eine Vision als Bild vor die Seele stellt. Aber diese Gebiete sind grundverschieden voneinander. Dadurch, daß der wirkliche Geistesforscher weiß, welche Seelenverfassung vorhanden ist, wenn man in der geistigen Welt drinnensteht, und diese mit der Seelenverfassung des Träumenden vergleichen kann, ist er imstande, gewisse Eigentümlichkeiten des Traumlebens zu würdigen, wie etwa, daß der Traum nicht die Logik aufnimmt. Denn der Geistesforscher weiß, daß dieses sinnliche Erleben nicht bedeutungslos ist, sondern daß es ebenso wie das leibfreie Erleben zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt seine Aufgaben im Gesamtleben des Menschen hat. Dazu gehört zum Beispiel, daß wir uns gerade im Umgang mit der sinnlichen Außenwelt die Logik aneignen können, die aus der sinnlichen Außenwelt in unsere Seele hineinfließt. Ebenso weiß der Geistesforscher, daß auch das moralische Urteil sich unmittelbar im physischen Erleben, im Miterleben der menschlichen Kultur zum Ausdruck bringt. Nicht eine Flucht aus dem Leben, nicht eine falsche Askese kann jemals für wirkliche Geisteswissenschaft sich ergeben, sondern volle Anerkennung dieses Lebens, weil Logik und moralische Urteilsfähigkeit, moralische Impulse der Seele einverleibt werden dadurch, daß sie im sinnlichen Leben mit der Außenwelt in Berührung kommt.

Nun handelt es sich darum, daß tatsächlich der Traum, ich möchte sagen, nur etwas hineinleuchtet in das abnorme Seelenleben. Geisteswissenschaft zeigt, wie die Seele leibfrei ist im Traum, und die Traumerlebnisse unabhängig sind vom Leibeserleben, ebenso wie sie getrennt sind von der im Wachleben vorhandenen Verbindung mit der Außenwelt. Der Mensch ist wirklich leibfrei im Traum. Ist er es auch in der Halluzination, in der Vision? Nein, das ist er nicht! Denn Halluzinationen und Visionen kommen gerade durch die Abnormitäten des physischen Leibes zustande. Niemals kann wirkliches visionäres, halluzinierendes Leben in der Seele zutage treten in unabhängigem Erleben von dem Leibe. Es muß immer irgend etwas im Leib gestört, krank sein, unrichtig oder zu schwach funktionieren, so daß der Mensch mit seinem Leib nicht diejenige volle Verbindung eingehen kann, welche dann vorhanden ist, wenn er sich seines Nerven- und Sinnessystems so bedient, daß er wirklich die Außenwelt miterlebt, indem er sich erlebt. Es ist das Eigentümliche, daß, wenn irgendein mit dem Erkennen irgendwie zusammenhängendes Organ erkrankt oder zu schwach ist, dann allerdings eine Erscheinung wie die Halluzination oder die Vision eintreten kann, die ähnlich ist dem geistigen Erleben, aber doch prinzipiell davon verschieden. Während das geistige Erleben auf dem leibfreien Zustande beruht, tritt dieses halluzinierende oder visionäre Leben dadurch ein, daß irgend etwas krankhaft oder zu schwach ist im Leibe. Was liegt im besonderen dem halluzinierenden, dem visionären Leben zugrunde? Nun, das gewöhnliche Vorstellen, wie es im Sinnesleben normalerweise stattfindet, bringt es dazu, unabhängig zu sein von denjenigen Kräften in der menschlichen Organisation, die das gewöhnliche Wachstum im Kindesalter hervorbringen, die die inneren Funktionen des Leibes bewirken, den Stoffwechsel, die Verdauung und so weiter. Ich kann darauf heute nicht näher eingehen, wie dasjenige, was als Leibesorganisation dem normalen Vorstellungsleben zugrunde liegt, dadurch entsteht, daß ein Teil der Leibesorganisation herausgehoben wird aus dem Kreise des bloß animalischen Lebens, des bloßen Wachstums, der Verdauung, des Stoffwechsels und so weiter. Darauf beruht das normale Nervenleben, daß gewissermaßen ein Seelenorganismus wie ein Parasit sich herausgestaltet aus demjenigen, was Verdauung, Stoffwechsel und dergleichen ist. Wenn nun durch besondere abnorme Zustände irgendein Erkenntnisorgan des Menschen so ergriffen wird, daß nicht der Seelenorganismus allein durch dasselbe wirkt, sondern auch der übrige Organismus mit seiner animalischen Organisation, eben durch die Krankhaftigkeit oder die Schwäche eines Organs, so ist die Wirkung, daß der Mensch sich nicht unabhängig von Wachstums-, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkräften dem vorstellenden Leben der Außenwelt widmet, sondern daß dann Halluzinationen und Visionen eintreten. Dasjenige, was in der Vision organisch im Menschen tätig ist, sollte entweder in den Wachstumskräften sein, sollte in ihm — verzeihen Sie den harten Ausdruck, aber so ist es — Verdauung bewirken, sollte den Stoffwechsel in seiner feineren Gliederung bewirken. Was in diesem Zustande zutage tritt, ist ein Heraufschlagen des animalischen Lebens in den Seelenorganismus.

Das Halluzinieren, Visionieren ist daher nicht eine Erhöhung des Lebens, ist vielmehr eine Durchsetzung des Lebens mit dem Animalischen, das sich sonst nicht in den Seelenorganismus hineinerstreckt. Es wird das, was ganz anderen Vorgängen dienen sollte, hinaufgetragen in die Erkenntnis, in die Anschauungsvorgänge. Daher ist die Halluzination und Vision immer ein Ausdruck davon, daß etwas nicht in Ordnung ist im Menschen. Zwar ist dasjenige, was da zutage tritt, ein Geistiges, aber ein Geistiges, das die Geisteswissenschaft nicht brauchen kann; denn Geisteswissenschaft kann nur das brauchen, was unabhängig vom Leibe erfahren wird. Sie sehen, wie unbegründet es ist, wenn immer wiederum das Mißverständnis auftaucht, als wenn Geisteswissenschaft irgendwie ihre Erkenntnis gewänne durch Visionen, Halluzinationen und dergleichen. Sie zeigt im Gegenteil, daß diese Zustände irgendwie zusammenhängen mit Abnormitäten in der Leibesorganisation, und daß sie niemals hineingetragen werden dürfen in die Ergebnisse der Geisteswissenschaft. Niemals sind Halluzinationen und Visionen gleich dem, was als Traumbild auftritt. Was als Traumbild auftritt, entsteht außerhalb des Leibes und spiegelt sich nur im Leib; was als Halluzination und Vision auftritt, entsteht dadurch, daß irgend etwas im Leib gewissermaßen ausgespart ist. Würde es normal funktionieren, dann würde der Mensch mit gesunden Sinnen in der Sinnenwelt drinnenstehen. Dadurch, daß es sich ausspart, kommt das Geistig-Ewige, das unsichtbar bleiben sollte in der Leibesorganisation, gerade durch die Leibesorganisation zum Vorschein. Das ist nicht nur eine physische Erkrankung, das ist eine seelische Abnormität, etwas, was die Bilder aus der geistigen Welt nur trüben, nur verfälschen könnte. Man braucht sich nicht zu wundern, daß, wenn irgend etwas herabgestimmt ist im Leib, dann Bilder auftreten. Denn wodurch treten die Sinnbilder auf? Dadurch, daß eben dasjenige, was in normaler Weise dem Stoffwechsel, der Verdauung dient, herabgestimmt wird, und daß sich das im Seelenorganismus als etwas anderes geltend macht. Wenn es nun mehr, als eigentlich sein sollte, herabgestimmt ist im Menschen, dann tritt eben abnormes Bewußtsein zutage. Dasjenige, was wir als Sinnbilder im normalen Bewußtsein haben, ist bedingt durch herabgestimmtes Leibesleben, aber normal herabgestimmtes Leibesleben. Ist es mehr herabgestimmt, so erscheint irgend etwas, was nur von dieser Herabstimmung, die eigentlich nicht da sein sollte, herrührt. So kann man sagen, daß das halluzinierende und visionäre Leben ein gehemmtes Streben im Menschen darstellt. Wenn der Mensch sich von der Kindheit bis ins reife Alter entwickelt, so strebt er eigentlich in seine Leibesorganisation hinein. Er strebt, sein Geistig-Seelisches immer mehr und mehr so zu entwickeln, daß der Leib als völliges Werkzeug der seelischen Betätigung gebraucht werden kann. Das wird gehemmt dadurch, daß irgend etwas im Leib nicht gesund ist. Wenn der Mensch so heranwächst, daß er sich seines Leibes bedienen kann, wächst er hinein in das, was seine physische Selbständigkeit, seine physische Egoität hier in der Sinnenwelt ist, er wächst in dasjenige Quantum von Egoismus hinein, das notwendig ist, damit der Mensch wirklich ein auf sich gestelltes Wesen ist, damit er seine menschliche Bestimmung erfüllen kann. Dieses Quantum von Egoismus muß selbstverständlich mit der gehörigen Selbstlosigkeit verknüpft sein. Dasjenige, um was es sich handelt, ist, daß der Mensch sein Leben mit den Kräften seines Ichs durchdringt. Kann er das durch irgendwelche Hemmungen nicht, so ist er auf der Suche nach dem Quantum Egoismus, das ihm notwendig ist, auf eine krankhafte Weise. Das drückt sich dann im halluzinierenden und visionären Leben aus, das immer darauf beruht, daß der Mensch den für das Leben notwendigen Egoismus durch seine Leibesbeschaffenheit nicht erlangen kann.

Weiter gehört zu den Grenzgebieten des Seelenlebens dasjenige, was durch Zustände der Katalepsie, der Lethargie zum Somnambulismus führt, der verwandt ist mit den mediumistischen Erscheinungen. Ebenso wie der Vorstellungsorganismus des Menschen - ich sage ausdrücklich «Vorstellungsorganismus» und nicht «Vorstellungsmechanismus» — in einer gewissen Weise beschaffen sein muß, damit nicht jene Störung zutage kommen kann, welche ich soeben als halluzinierendes und visionäres Leben charakterisiert habe, so muß für das in der Sinnenwelt normal ablaufende Leben der Willensmechanismus — ich sage Willensmechanismus — in einer gewissen Weise beschaffen sein. So wie der Vorstellungsorganismus auf die Art, wie ich geschildert habe, Halluzinationen und Visionen als krankhaftes Seelenleben herbeiführen kann, so kann, wenn der Willensmechanismus gestört wird, aufgehoben, gelähmt wird, in der Katalepsie, in der Lethargie, im Mediumismus, dadurch der Wille untergraben werden. Der Leib ist zwar nicht geeignet, den Willen unmittelbar hervorzurufen, wenn der Geist auf ihn nicht wirkt, aber der Leib ist geeignet, wenn gewisse Organe stillgelegt werden, wenn der Willensmechanismus unterbunden wird, den Willen abzuschwächen, während der Geistesforscher — das habe ich heute in der Einleitung gesagt — in der Wirklichkeit der geistigen Welt dadurch bleiben kann, daß sein Wille mit voller Bewußtheit auf seinen Leib wirkt. Wird der Leib in bezug auf den Willen gelähmt, dann wird der Leib zu einem Unterdrücker, zu einem Aufheber dieses Willens, dann wird der Mensch aus derjenigen Welt herausgehoben, welcher er angehört als geistig-seelisches, als ewiges Wesen, und wird eingeschaltet in die physische Umgebung, die ja auch überall von geistigen Kräften und Entitäten durchsetzt ist. Der Mensch wird dann herausgeworfen aus der wirklichen Welt und wird eingeschaltet in dasjenige Geistige, was immerfort das Physische durchwebt und durchsetzt. Das ist der Fall beim Somnambulismus, ist der Fall beim Mediumismus.

Nun, diejenigen, die in dem Sinn bequem sind gegenüber der Geisteswissenschaft, wie ich das im Eingang des heutigen Vortrags erwähnt habe, möchten aber doch auf diese Weise die geistige Welt erforschen. Sie können aber nicht die wirklich geistige Welt erforschen, die der Seele ihr ewiges, ihr unsterbliches Leben verbürgt, sondern können den Menschen nur zusammenkriegen mit dem, was die physische Umgebung durchdringt. Dasjenige, was da wirkt im Somnambulen, was wirkt im Medium, das wirkt im normalen Menschen auch, nur wirkt es auf eine andere Art. Es klingt zwar sonderbar, aber Geisteswissenschaft liefert das als Ergebnis. Was wirkt eigentlich im Medium? Was wirkt eigentlich im Somnambulen? Wenn wir im gewöhnlichen Leben stehen, stehen wir mit den anderen Menschen in einer gewissen moralischen Verbindung. Wir handeln aus moralischen Impulsen heraus. Ich sagte, daß diese moralischen Impulse gerade mit dem äußeren physischen Leib erzeugt werden. Wir handeln im äußeren Kulturleben, lernen schreiben, lesen, lernen dasjenige, was sonst der menschliche Wille der äußeren physischen Welt als Geistiges einfügt. Mit dem nun, was wir in der Seele für unsere Tätigkeit in Anspruch nehmen, indem wir lesen lernen, indem wir uns sonstige Kulturerrungenschaften aneignen, indem wir in moralische Beziehungen zur Welt treten, mit all dem lebt die Seele des Somnambulen, des Mediums in einer abnormen Weise zusammen. Diese Tätigkeit, die sonst nur auf moralischem Felde, auf dem Felde des Kulturlebens herauskommt, die drückt sich durch die Herabstimmung des Bewußtseins, durch die Ausschaltung der Seele unmittelbar in die Leiblichkeit des Mediums oder des Somnambulen ein. Während sonst der Mensch im normalen Leben nur durch seine Sinne mit der Umwelt in Berührung steht, kommt beim Somnambulen und beim Medium der ganze Mensch durch seinen Willensmechanismus mit der Umwelt in Beziehung. Dadurch können Fernwirkungen eintreten, der Gedanke kann in die Ferne wirken, es können auch räumliche und zeitliche Ferngesichte auftreten und so weiter. Es kann aber nur dasjenige, was in der physischen Welt, der wir als physische Menschen angehören, als Geistiges enthalten ist, zumeist dasjenige nur, was dem Kultur- und dem moralischen Leben angehört, hineintreten in den menschlichen Organismus. Aber es tritt so hinein, daß dieser menschliche Organismus das Seelische ausgeschaltet hat. Dadurch führt dasjenige, was durch das Medium, durch den Somnambulen auftritt, nicht zu dem GeistigSeelischen im Menschen, sondern zu einer Nachäffung der Wirkungen des Geistigen auf das Leibliche des Menschen. Während im normalen Leben die Seele Vermittler sein muß zwischen dem wirklich Geistigen und dem Leiblichen, wirkt da unmittelbar — aber nur so geartet, wie ich es geschildert habe — das Geistige auf den Leib. Die Folge ist, daß der Mensch mit Ausschaltung des Bewußtseins wie zum Automaten wird, und daß doch eigentlich nur das, was äußerlich dem Kulturleben oder dem moralischen Leben angehört, in diesem automatisch werdenden Menschen sich ausdrückt. Dabei werden Sie sehen, daß, zwar in der verschiedensten Weise kaschiert, maskiert durch den Mediumismus und Somnambulismus, auch scheinbar Geistiges zum Ausdruck kommt, aber nur durch ganz gewisse Kombinationen und Verbindungen, die hier jetzt nicht erörtert werden können, weil das zu weit führen würde. Das Hauptsächlichste, was auf diesem Wege zum Ausdruck kommt, stammt aus der physischen Umgebung. Gerade diejenigen, die voll auf naturwissenschaftlichem Boden stehen, aber über die hier charakterisierten naturwissenschaftlichen Vorurteile nicht hinauskommen, möchten auf solche Art, indem sie den Somnambulismus und Mediumismus zu Hilfe nehmen, in diejenige geistige Welt eindringen, der der Mensch mit seinem Ewigen und seiner Seele Wesenskern angehört. Da können dann die mannigfaltigsten Irrtümer entstehen.

Ich will einen solchen Irrtum aus den letzten Jahren anführen, der recht interessant ist, weil er, ich möchte sagen, das ganze Feld charakterisiert. Wir haben es da mit einem in seinem Lande außerordentlich angesehenen Naturforscher zu tun, mit einem Naturforscher, der bekannt ist mit allen Schikanen der naturwissenschaftlichen Methoden, der daher auch, wenn er diesem Gebiet nahetritt, durchaus nicht irgendwie leichtfertig zu Werke geht. Ich meine den berühmten englischen Naturforscher Sir Oliver Lodge. Es ist ein sehr merkwürdiger Fall, der auch mit den gegenwärtigen katastrophalen Ereignissen zusammenhängt. Lodge war schon immer geneigt, irgendwie eine Verbindungsbrücke zu schlagen zwischen der äußerlichen, natürlichen Welt und der Welt, der der Mensch angehört, wenn er durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen ist. Aber er wollte auf naturwissenschaftlichem Boden bleiben, was ja für diejenigen Persönlichkeiten charakteristisch ist, die durchaus nicht in die geisteswissenschaftlichen Methoden eindringen wollen. Lodge hatte einen Sohn in den Krieg schicken müssen, der an der französischen Front diente. Siehe da, eines Tages bekam er aus Amerika einen merkwürdigen Brief. Es wurde Lodge darin mitgeteilt, seinem Sohn stehe eine große Gefahr bevor, aber der Geist des verstorbenen Myers, der zehn Jahre vorher gestorben war, werde seine schützende Hand über den Sohn halten, während er durch diese Gefahr gehe. F. Myers war ja Präsident der «Society for Psychological Research» gewesen, ein Mann, der sich mit übersinnlichen Angelegenheiten beschäftigt hatte, und der Lodge und seine Familie gut gekannt hatte, von dem man also annehmen konnte — wenn man überhaupt annimmt, daß sich irgend etwas in der übersinnlichen Welt im Zusammenhang mit dem menschlichen Leben ereignet —, daß er seine schützende Hand über den in Gefahr schwebenden jungen Lodge halten würde. Aber der Brief war recht vieldeutig abgefaßt, so pflegen nämlich solche Briefe zu sein. Nicht wahr, der Sohn konnte in Gefahr kommen, erschossen zu werden, aber gerettet werden, da konnte dann der Briefschreiber sagen: «Ja, habe ich nicht durch ein Medium die Mitteilung bekommen, daß Myers seine Hand über den Sohn des Lodge hält? Durch die Hilfe von Myers ist er aus der Todesgefahr gerettet worden.» Wird er aber erschossen, so kann der Briefschreiber ebensogut sagen: «Nun ja, Myers hält im Jenseits seine Hand über ihn.» Wäre ein dritter Fall möglich, so würde auch der dritte Fall mit diesem Briefe getroffen. Man darf eben durchaus nicht unskeptisch sein, wenn man auf diesem Boden wirklich die Wahrheit erforschen will. Man muß alles vollständig mit kritischem Urteil anschauen. Natürlich, Lodge hat darauf keinen besonderen Wert gelegt, denn das wußte er schon, daß solche Dinge vieldeutig sind. Siehe da, der Sohn fiel. Da bekam er eine zweite Nachricht, daß nun tatsächlich Myers seine Hand im Jenseits über seinen Sohn hält, und daß sich in England Persönlichkeiten finden würden, die den Beweis dafür liefern sollten. Nun, es werden ja auch solche Dinge schon organisiert. Es fanden sich sogar mehrere Medien, welche in die Familie des Oliver Lodge, die größtenteils aus Skeptikern bestand, Zutritt fanden. Da ereigneten sich nun die verschiedensten Manifestationen. Lodge hat das alles in einem dicken Buche, das aus mehrfachen Gründen sehr interessant ist, ausführlich beschrieben. Die Dinge, die da beschrieben werden, unterscheiden sich größtenteils nicht viel von anderen spiritistischen Protokollen, und man brauchte sich nicht sonderlich darüber aufzuregen. Das haben auch die Leute nicht getan. Auch Lodge hätte schließlich die Manifestationen nicht beschrieben, wenn nicht etwas anderes dazu gekommen wäre. Weil Lodge bekannt ist mit allen Schikanen der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschungsweise, so ging er auch in diesem Falle vor wie ein Chemiker, der Untersuchungen im Laboratorium anstellt, und wandte alle nur denkbaren Kautelen an, um den Fall einwandfrei festzustellen. Man hat daher überall das Gefühl, daß man nach diesem Buche den Fall wirklich beurteilen kann, denn Lodge schildert so, wie ein Naturforscher schildert.

Neben allerlei anderen Dingen beschreibt er einen Fall, den man als «experimentum crucis» auffassen kann, einen Fall, der ungeheures Aufsehen gemacht hat. Selbst die ungläubigsten Journalisten —und die pflegen ja immer skeptisch zu sein, ich weiß nicht, ob stets aus einem begründeten Urteil heraus - fanden sich irgendwie beeindruckt von diesem experimentum crucis. Es bestand in folgendem: Ein Medium, das behauptete, es stünde in Verbindung mit der Seele sowohl von Myers wie des Sohnes von Lodge, sagte aus, vierzehn Tage bevor der Sohn an der französischen Front fiel, habe er sich mit einer Anzahl von Kollegen photographieren lassen. Die Photographie sähe so und so aus. Es wird genau beschrieben, wie die Kameraden in der Reihe angeordnet sind, wie der Sohn des Lodge in der unteren Reihe sitzt, wie er seine Hände hält und so weiter. Dann wird berichtet, daß mehrere Aufnahmen existieren, wieso der Photograph mehrere Aufnahmen hintereinander macht, und dabei die Gruppierung etwas verändert. Die andere Gruppierung wurde ebenso genau angegeben, wie dabei Lodge die Stellung der Hände und der Arme verändert hat, wie er sich zu seinem Nachbar neigt und so weiter. Auch diese Photographie wurde genau beschrieben. Die Photographien waren nicht in England, niemand hatte sie gesehen, weder das Medium noch irgend jemand von der Familie noch Lodge selber. Man konnte nur glauben, daß das Medium irgendwie phantasiere, als es die Photographien beschrieb. Aber siehe da, nach vierzehn Tagen kamen diese Photographien an, und man sah, daß sie genau mit den Angaben des Mediums übereinstimmten. Daß dies ein Kreuzexperiment für Lodge und für diejenigen war, die es anging, kann nicht wundernehmen. Dies ist es auch, was das Buch interessant macht. Allerdings wird der wirkliche Geistesforscher nicht ebenso hineinfallen, wie Lodge selber in einer gewissen Beziehung hineingefallen ist, weil er gerade wegen der gewissenhaften Darstellung des Lodge sich über den Fall ein unabhängiges, objektives Urteil bilden kann.

Woran liegt es, daß hier einmal etwas auftritt, wodurch ein Mensch, der nicht durch wahre Geistesforschung in die geistige Welt hineinkommen will, auf einem solchen Wege doch etwas findet, was ihn zu der Überzeugung von dem Hineinragen einer geistigen Welt in die physische bringt? Den wirklichen Geistesforscher könnte das nicht zu der gleichen Überzeugung bringen, weil er weiß, worum es sich hier handelt. Er muß sich sogar sehr darüber wundern, daß ein Mann wie Lodge, trotzdem er ein so gewiegter Naturforscher ist, doch so dilettantisch auf diesem Gebiete ist. Wer auch nur oberflächlich mit diesen Erscheinungen bekannt ist, vielleicht gar nicht durch selbständige Anschauungen, sondern nur aus der Literatur, der weiß, daß bei Somnambulen und Medien eine Beziehung zur Umgebung in der Weise vorhanden ist, wie ich es geschildert habe, daß gewissermaßen der ganze Mensch zu Sinnesorganen umgewandelt wird und dadurch automatische und zeitliche Ferngesichte auftauchen. Ihre Grundlage ist stets ein krankes oder schwaches Seelenleben. Sie haben nichts zu tun mit derjenigen Welt, der der Mensch mit seinem unsterblichen Teil angehört, aber sie haben zu tun mit dem, was als physische, sinnliche Umgebung geistig ist, was sich namentlich darinnen durch den Willen des Menschen zuträgt. Gerade weil Lodge gewissenhaft beschreibt, läßt sich feststellen, daß das Medium nichts anderes als ein Ferngesicht gehabt hat, daß es die Photographien vierzehn Tage vor ihrer Ankunft in London gesehen hat. Das mag manchem wunderbar genug vorkommen, allein das sind gewöhnliche Erscheinungen. Jedenfalls ist damit nicht, wie Lodge meint, ein Beweis dafür geliefert, daß Myers nun wirklich seine Hand über den Sohn des Lodge gehalten hat. Es kann das ja der Fall sein, aber es müßte in leibfreier Geistesforschung untersucht werden. Man sieht, wie groß die Versuchungen "und Verlockungen sind selbst für diejenigen, die gewissenhafte Forscher sind und solchen Erscheinungen mit Vorsicht und Kritik gegenüberstehen, wenn man sich nicht wirklich auf den Pfad der Geisteswissenschaft begeben will. Dasjenige, was durch diese abnormen Erscheinungen, durch die der Mensch zum Automaten gemacht wird, erfahren werden kann, darf niemals der Inhalt einer Wissenschaft vom wirklich Übersinnlichen werden, dem der Mensch mit seinem ewigen Teil angehört.

Noch vieles könnte man hinzufügen. Es würde in gleicher Weise zeigen, wie diese Grenzgebiete des menschlichen Seelenlebens hinweisen auf etwas, was allerdings ein sonst unbewußt Bleibendes ist, aber durchaus nicht das für den Menschen eigentlich bedeutungsvollste Unbewußte zur Offenbarung bringen kann, die geistige Welt, der der Mensch mit seinem freien unsterblichen Teil angehört. Von all diesen Erscheinungen bleibt nur das Traumleben, als gewissermaßen noch im Normalen drinnenstehend, weil da der Mensch nicht durch sein Leibliches erlebt, sondern durch sein Geistig-Seelisches, und damit anstößt an das Leibliche und an das physische Erleben. Daher ist der Mensch auch dem Traumleben gegenüber in der Lage, Korrektur in der richtigen Weise zu üben und es in der richtigen Weise in die übrige Wirklichkeit orientierend hineinzustellen, während er nicht imstande ist, dasjenige, was er durch seinen Leib erlebt an Halluzinationen, an Visionen, an Erscheinungen des Somnambulismus und des Mediumismus, in normaler Weise kritisch in das übrige Leben hineinzustellen.

Im nächsten Vortrage soll dann eingehender dasjenige behandelt werden, was im Laufe der Kulturentwickelung fortwährend Beseligung und Erhebung in das menschliche Leben hineinträgt: die Kunst. Im Traum erlebt der Mensch die geistige Welt so, daß sich durch das Anstoßen an die Leiblichkeit Sinnbilder gestalten. Auch das, was der wirkliche Künstler erlebt, und was im Kunst genießenden, im Kunst empfangenden Menschen vorgeht, spielt sich in den unbewußten Regionen des Seelenlebens ab, in denjenigen Regionen, die jenseits des bloßen physischen Erlebens liegen. Das wirklich Künstlerische wird hineingetragen aus dem Übersinnlichen in die sinnlichen Regionen des Lebens, nur daß sich dann in der Kunst die Umkleidung mit Bildern nicht unbewußt vollzieht. Gerade so, wie beim Träumenden das eigentlich seelische Erlebnis im Unbewußten bleibt, sich aber offenbart durch dasjenige, was die Seele wiederum unbewußt als Umkleidung hinzufügt zu dem eigentlichen Erlebnis, so wird das übersinnliche Erlebnis des Künstlers und des Kunst Genießenden an dem Kunstwerk hineingetragen in die sinnliche Welt. Aber die Umkleidung mit dem Bild, die Umkleidung mit demjenigen, was vom äußeren Leben als Imagination benutzt wird, um phantasievoll das übersinnlich Erlebte hineinzustellen in die sinnliche Welt, das wird im Bewußtsein durchgeführt. Daß dieses so ist, daß tatsächlich die Kunst eine Botschaft ist aus einer übersinnlichen Welt, daß tatsächlich das Genießen der Kunst ein Heraufheben der Seele zu der übersinnlichen Welt ist, auf dem Wege der sinnlichen Ausgestaltung, durch sinnliche Bildlichkeit, wird Gegenstand des nächsten Vortrags sein.

Wenn man das, was heute betrachtet worden ist, zusammenfaßt, so hat man zu sagen: Gewiß, der Mensch wird dadurch, daß ihm diese abnormen Erscheinungen des Lebens entgegentreten, hingeführt auf das geistige Gebiet. Denn die geistige Welt ist es, die hineinleuchtet in das Leben des Menschen, wenn er sie auch auf eine abnorme Weise erlebt. Aber man soll diese abnormen Erscheinungen ebensowenig künstlich herbeiführen, wie man Krankheitserscheinungen künstlich herbeiführt, um irgend etwas zu erkennen. Was bleibt von all diesen Erscheinungen zurück, das immer dasteht wie eine lebendige Mahnung? Daß der Mensch den Weg finden möge in das wirkliche Erleben des Geistigen hinein. Es bleibt das merkwürdige Ergebnis, daß wir gerade die 'Traumwelt durch Geisteswissenschaft schützen können vor dem Verdacht, daß sie etwas zu tun habe mit krankhaften Erlebnissen, obwohl es dazu natürlich leichte Übergänge vom Traum aus geben kann. Aber wenn man sieht, wie der Mensch so durch den "Traum gemahnt wird, den Weg zu finden in die wahre geistige Welt, dann stellt sich die Betrachtung dieser scheinbar chaotischen Traumeswelt als ein recht Bedeutungsvolles hin. Dann klopft an das menschliche Leben ein wichtiges Weltenrätsel an, der Traum mit seinen sonderbaren Bildern, die nicht logisch und nicht moralisch durchdrungen sind, die aber ein deutlicher Hinweis auf die geistige Welt selbst sind. So kann man zustimmen einer Besprechung des erwähnten Buches von Volkelt durch den geistvollen Ästhetiker und Philosophen Vischer, wo es heißt: Wenn man den 'Traum betrachtet mit seiner reichen Armut, mit seinem armen Reichtum, mit seiner genialischen Dummheit, mit seiner dummen Genialität, und ihm in seinem unbewußten Schaffen zusieht, dann wird man erkennen, wie er doch hinweist auf dasjenige, was geistig im Menschen wirksam ist, und was gesucht werden kann. Und Recht hat Vischer, wenn er weiter sagt: «Wer da glaubt, daß dieses Geisterreich des Traumes nicht würdig wäre, zum Gegenstand wahrer Forschung gemacht zu werden, der zeigt dadurch nur, daß er selbst nicht viel Geist in sich hat.» Wenn aber das Traumesreich ein Mahner ist, an die geistige Welt heranzutreten, so will die Geisteswissenschaft diese Mahnung erfüllen. Während der Traum nur Bilder der Vergänglichkeit gewinnen kann, wenn auch die Seele dabei mit ihrem ewigen Wesenskern tätig ist, kann durch geisteswissenschaftliche Erkenntnis diese in der ewigen Welt lebende Seele sich auch erfüllen mit Bildern, welche die ihrem ureigensten Wesen entsprechende geistige Wirklichkeit zum Ausdruck bringen, und ihr dadurch ebenso, wie ihr durch die Sinne der Platz in der Sinnenwelt angewiesen wird, ihren Platz anweisen als geistig-seelisches Wesen in der geistig-seelischen Wirklichkeit.

7. The Revelations of the Unconscious from the Perspective of Spiritual Science

Everyone who has awakened to a certain degree of awareness and gained insight into the service that a true understanding of reality can render to human life actually desires to gain knowledge about those aspects of human life that are dealt with in the spiritual science represented here. On the other hand, the very nature of the quest for knowledge sought within this spiritual science is uncomfortable for some, precisely because, due to the nature of its search, it must repeatedly point out that the ordinary powers of knowledge, including those commonly used in ordinary science, cannot lead into this realm of spiritual life; for people find it uncomfortable to turn to other sources of knowledge. It is true that, precisely from the consideration of this spiritual science, it can become increasingly clear to everyone, if the consideration is unprejudiced, that ordinary, healthy common sense, which only really approaches life, is capable of immediately understanding everything that is presented by spiritual science. Nevertheless, people do not want to apply this common sense and ordinary life experience to spiritual science, because they do not want to turn to what must first be brought about through the development of the human soul. The facts of spiritual science can only be researched through the spiritual scientific methods already described here and those to be described further, but once the facts have been researched, they can be fully grasped by common sense and ordinary life experience. However, because of an inner reluctance to approach this spiritual science, even those individuals of the present day who have the urge to know something about it tend to turn to other sources, sources that are closer in nature to the methods used in the laboratory, in the dissecting room, or elsewhere in science as it is practiced today. Thus it happens that those who cannot bring themselves to approach spiritual science itself often draw on the abnormal phenomena of human life that can be observed in the realm of the external sensory world in order to gain certain insights into spiritual life. For they believe that through what manifests itself in abnormal ways in human beings, they can gain insights into certain mysteries of existence. For this reason, spiritual science has always been confused in the widest circles with those endeavors that approach all kinds of abnormal border areas of human life in order to recognize the spiritual.

It is therefore necessary that I also address in one of these lectures a consideration of such borderline areas which, through their abnormality, point to certain mysteries of existence, but which can only be truly understood through spiritual science, and which must lead to countless errors about the true reality of spiritual life if they are considered without the help of spiritual science. The border area I want to consider today is, in all its breadth and all its interest and mystery, more or less familiar to everyone, since it points to certain connections between outer life and the hidden foundations of this existence. I am referring to the dream life of human beings. Starting from this ‘dream life’, it will then be my task to consider other border areas of human existence today, namely the phenomena through which, in abnormal experiences, the belief could arise that one is somehow particularly close to the foundations of life: the phenomena of hallucination, the phenomena of visionary life, and what is related to it, the phenomena of somnambulism, and mediumship, as far as can be done within the scope of a short lecture.

Anyone who wants to gain insight into these border areas of human life from a spiritual scientific point of view needs to consider precisely those peculiarities of real spiritual research that can somehow shed light on them. Therefore, from the scope of what I have already characterized from various points of view in previous lectures, I would like to pick out a few things that may be suitable as a basis for discussing the phenomena just mentioned. Spiritual research must be based on a real unfolding of the powers of the human soul that are hidden in ordinary consciousness and also in the consciousness with which ordinary science works. I have pointed out that the human soul is capable, through certain exercises, certain activities of a purely spiritual nature that have nothing to do with anything physical, of bringing out powers that are otherwise dormant within it, thereby enabling it to look into real spiritual life. Today I must characterize what is above all a prerequisite for the human soul to become independent of the physical in such supersensible knowledge. First of all, it is necessary to take into account what I have already explained in a previous lecture and will briefly repeat today.

I have said that the way of approaching spiritual reality must be different from the way one approaches external physical and sensory reality. Above all, it is necessary to take into account that what is experienced in the spiritual world by the body-free soul cannot immediately pass into human memory as it is experienced, like an ordinary idea. What is experienced in the spirit must be experienced again and again, just as one must encounter external physical reality again and again if one wants to have it before one's eyes rather than merely remember it. Anyone who believes they have real spiritual experience with such ideas that they can remember them as ordinary ideas of everyday life does not know what is truly spiritual. If, as is of course possible, one later remembers spiritual experiences, this is because one is able to bring such experiences into ordinary consciousness, just as one can bring in the perceptions of an external physical reality. Then one can remember the ideas. But one must learn to distinguish between this remembering of self-formed ideas and the immediate experience of a spiritual process, the immediate encounter with a spiritual being. This is a special characteristic of disembodied experience, that this experience does not immediately enter into the memory.

Another characteristic — one I have already mentioned here — is that when people practice something in life in order to be able to do it, they gradually become more and more able to accomplish what they are practicing with greater ease and skill. Strangely enough, the opposite is true of spiritual knowledge. The more often one has the same spiritual experience, the more difficult it becomes for the soul to put itself in a position to have that spiritual experience again in exactly the same way. One must also learn the method by which a spiritual experience can be repeated, because it cannot be renewed in the same way.

The third thing I mentioned is that actual spiritual experiences flit past the soul so quickly that one needs presence of mind to grasp them. Otherwise, the event flits by so quickly that it is already over by the time one directs one's attention to it. I said that one must practice mastering such situations in life where one cannot dawdle and ponder for a long time whether to decide for this or that, but where a decision is necessary quickly, where one must act quickly and act decisively. Such presence of mind is necessary in order to really bring spiritual experiences into the realm of attention. I mention these peculiarities of spiritual experience because because they already show how much spiritual experience differs from experience in the external physical sensory world and how little justification there is for the repeated claims of those who are unfamiliar with it that it is only the ideas and concepts gained from the external sensory world that the spiritual researcher carries into some spiritual world he dreams of as a reminiscence. Anyone who really knows anything about the peculiarity of this spiritual world also knows that it differs so much from the ordinary sensory world that nothing can be carried over from it, but that the soul needs to develop special abilities in order to be able to face a spiritual being as a spirit.

But there are also certain other things that are necessary and must be fulfilled in the soul of those who want to engage in spiritual research as meant here. The first condition is that the soul should be as little exposed as possible to that peculiarity which can be described as passivity of the soul life. Those who particularly love to surrender themselves to life in a dreamlike state, to make themselves passive, as it is called, in order to allow the revelations of spiritual reality to flow into themselves in a certain dreamlike, mystical mood, are not very suited to truly entering the spiritual world. For it must be stated: in the realm of true spiritual life, the Lord does not give Himself to His own in their sleep! On the contrary, what makes one particularly suited to penetrate the real spiritual world is alertness of mind, activity of mind, a certain zeal in pursuing real thoughts, in practicing the establishment of connections between distant thoughts, a certain alertness in quickly grasping thought connections, and a certain love of inner spiritual activity. There is a difference between a mediumistic disposition and a disposition for real spiritual knowledge, like the difference between day and night. This is the one condition that must be fulfilled if real spiritual research is to be possible.

Another condition is that the soul of a true spiritual researcher must be as little susceptible as possible to suggestion, to having anything suggested to it, and must be as skeptical and critical as possible toward the things of outer life. Those who prefer to let others tell them what to do in life, who prefer not to organize their lives according to their own free judgment and free will, are not well suited to be spiritual researchers. Anyone who knows what a big role suggestibility plays in normal everyday life also knows how difficult it is to fight against this generally accepted suggestibility. Just consider how much people allow themselves to be influenced in public life, how little they are inclined to try to create the conditions in their own souls for independent judgment and for organizing their lives according to their own impulses of will. People who engage in spiritual research because they want to gain a relationship with the spiritual world out of their common sense are very often accused of blindly believing in spiritual researchers. It must be said that such blind followers are the last thing a spiritual researcher who truly attempts to penetrate the spiritual world through clairvoyant consciousness could wish for. And a society of people who adhered to such a spiritual researcher would be a caricature of a society capable of cultivating such spiritual knowledge. On the contrary, the true spiritual researcher must experience, and will experience with joy, that precisely those who come close to him will sooner or later also arrive at an independent judgment, at a certain inner freedom, and that they will not adhere to him through blind allegiance or suggestibility, but through shared interests in the spiritual world.

I would like to mention one more special characteristic today that can shed light on the relationship between spiritual reality and physical reality, one more special characteristic in the behavior of the human soul toward this spiritual world. It is often said that spiritual researchers bring prejudices with them from the sensory world, which they then use to characterize some kind of imagined spiritual world. I have already indicated in this lecture that when one truly enters the spiritual world, things always turn out differently. One can convince oneself that what carries one into the spiritual world, what allows one to experience and live in the spiritual world, always turns out differently than one had previously believed. Precisely because it turns out differently, one sees that one is dealing with a world that one can only conquer by making one's soul suitable for it, by not carrying reminiscences of the physical world into a dream world. But there is something else that sounds very paradoxical, but which can be said by someone who speaks from decades of experience with the things of the spiritual world. In addition, no matter how well trained one may be in body-free perception, no matter how skilled one may be in looking into the spiritual world: When you focus on a particular being or a particular process, especially one that represents a relationship between the spiritual world and external physical reality, you will very often have the following experience: At first, you have a kind of spiritual experience; you believe you have recognized a truth about something in the spiritual world. However, you will usually find that this first experience you have is false. Therefore, the spiritual researcher adopts a caution that leads him to assume in advance that the first experience is false. As he then digs deeper and deeper, he discovers why he was on the wrong track, and by comparing the later correct with the previous false, he gains something that enables him to recognize even more clearly what is important. Therefore, the spiritual researcher will usually only communicate the results to his fellow human beings a long time after he has conducted research in a particular field, because he knows how necessary it is, especially in the field of spiritual life, to recognize the truth by first working through deception and error. This deception, this error, stems from the fact that when we explore spiritual life, we start from the sensory world. We bring our powers of judgment, our way of seeing things from the sensory world, into the spiritual world. At first, we are always inclined to apply what we bring with us into the spiritual world. This leads to distorted, erroneous judgments. But it is precisely because we are forced to convince ourselves anew each time how we must behave differently toward spiritual things than toward physical things that we first notice the various intimate peculiarities of spiritual experience. Thus, spiritual experience appears in a certain way to be paradoxical in relation to ordinary everyday experience, although various other points could be made in this regard. But what those who can look into the spiritual world recognize is, first of all, that the eternal, the imperishable nature of the human soul cannot express itself in ordinary experience, which is carried out through the body, and remains hidden from consciousness because human beings, through their physical organization, can only gain knowledge of the physical in physical life. That is why it is so necessary for the spiritual researcher to emphasize that the acquisition of spiritual knowledge takes place outside the body. The moment the body is involved in any way in the acquisition of such knowledge, this knowledge is distorted; it is even distorted when the memory, which is stored only in the body, is involved.

Another consequence of directly grasping spiritual life is that one knows that those who stand within spiritual life shut themselves off from the spiritual world, to which the eternal part of the human soul belongs, if he somehow surrenders his free will and, under some compulsion or suggested influence, allows what he has in his soul to be expressed through his body in actions or the like, or even just through speech, if not everything that is expressed through his body is mediated by the will. Thus, a basic condition for experiencing the spiritual world is the recognition that the physical body must not participate in this knowledge. The other basic condition is that man must try to let everything he does through his body be guided by his power of judgment and his free will.

I had to anticipate these conditions because they provide us with the foundations for the abnormal areas of soul life that we are now going to consider. In true spiritual knowledge we see the revelation of what otherwise remains unconscious, which can enlighten human beings about their eternal, truly free nature in the soul, and we can compare what is thus revealed with what comes to light through the abnormal phenomena of the soul life. What strikes human consciousness more than it actually approaches it in the ebbing and flowing world of dreams cannot yet be counted among the abnormal phenomena. This dream world has already become the subject of external scientific and philosophical investigations, without it being possible to say that the methods that are so brilliantly applied in external science today are particularly suitable for penetrating this border area of human life. But even with regard to borderline areas, such as those we still want to mention today, what really wants to think only in terms of today's natural science and surrenders completely to the prejudices that result from it is not very suitable for penetrating the truth of the matter. Although today's humanity, understandably, considers itself to have very little faith in authority, it nevertheless has a certain tendency to accept everything on the basis of authority under certain conditions. If someone who is widely regarded as a great mind in public life publishes a thick book on the study of abnormal mental phenomena, then there will be many who, although they do not understand much about these things, will praise this book, and our authority-free society will naturally consider this book to be something on which one can rely.

Among the philosophical treatises on dream life, I would like to highlight a book that a witty German scholar, Johannes Volkelt, currently professor of philosophy and education in Leipzig, wrote in 1875 about dream fantasy when he was not yet a professor. This very valuable book still clings to him today, and it is probably partly to blame for the fact that he is still only an adjunct professor. The extraordinarily important Swabian aesthetician Friedrich Theodor Vischer wrote a very beautiful treatise on this book. It is solely due to the academic prejudices that have led to a certain view of so-called scientificity in recent decades that what could have been inaugurated with this book, albeit sparsely, has not been taken up, but has been obscured again by the common prejudices that prevent us from really penetrating dream life.

Now, of course, in the context of a short lecture, I will not be able to give much more than a sketchy characterization, but I would like to point out a few things so that they can be illuminated from a spiritual scientific perspective. Everyone is familiar with dream life, that undulating, imaginative life that emerges from sleep, and everyone knows what the external characteristics of dream life are. I would like to characterize just a few of them in detail. Dreams occur in response to specific stimuli, as can be seen in dream life. First of all, there are what are known as sensory stimulus dreams. One need only remember how a dream can arise from having a pendulum clock next to one. Under special conditions, the pendulum swings become the trampling of horses or something else. So one forms certain symbols in dreams. I would like to emphasize this particularly, because the dream experience is based on numerous impressions of the outer senses. But what affects the outer senses never affects the dream in the same way as it does in ordinary waking life. There is always a transformation of the sensory impression in a symbolic sense, into something that is a transformation through the life of the soul.

It is well known how such dreams always recur. Johannes Volkelt recounts in his book: A schoolteacher is teaching in a dream; he expects a student to answer “yes” to a question the teacher has asked. But the student does not answer “yes,” but “jo,” which can sometimes be quite disturbing and unpleasant for the teacher. The teacher repeats the question, and the student answers not just “jo,” but “i-o,” and then the whole class starts shouting, “Fire!” The teacher wakes up, and outside, the fire truck is driving by, and people are shouting, “Fire!” This impression on the senses is symbolized in this whole complicated dream plot.

Another example, also from Volkelt—where possible, I will cite nothing other than what is already recorded in the literature—is this: A Swabian woman visits her sister in a larger city. The sister is the wife of a pastor. The two sisters listen to the sermon, and lo and behold, the pastor begins quite dignifiedly. But then he suddenly gets something like wings and begins to crow like a rooster. One sister says to the other, “That's a special kind of preaching.” The sister replies in her dream: “Yes, that's what the consistory has decreed; now sermons must be preached like this.” Then the woman wakes up and hears a rooster crowing outside. So the crowing of the rooster, which would otherwise have been perceived as dry and sober, has been transformed in the soul. Everything else has been grouped around the crowing of the rooster. You see, these are sensory stimulus dreams.

For example, someone dreams of a hot, boiling oven: they wake up with a pounding heart. Dreams of flying, which are very common, usually stem from some abnormal experiences that take place in the lungs during sleep, and so on. Hundreds of such examples could be cited. The mere enumeration of the different categories of dreams could go on and on. Although we cannot go into the deeper aspects of the matter in full, I would like to mention a few more things.

It cannot be said that literature has been particularly successful in finding elements in the human soul that could show what is actually going on in it by transforming external causes into dreams. But this question must be of interest above all else: What is it actually in the soul that, in response to an external stimulus, or even to a memory image that emerges from the darkness of sleep, allows such different ideas to be linked? The answer is this: what causes people in ordinary daily life to structure one idea after another from their experiences is not what actually works in dreams. I could give you hundreds of examples that would prove to you what I can only demonstrate comparatively with one example. Take the following example: a woman dreams that she has to cook for her husband, sometimes a difficult task for a housewife. Now, she dreams that she has already suggested all kinds of things to him. First suggestion: “I don't like that!” Second suggestion: “I don't like that either!” Third suggestion: “I don't like that at all! You can stay at home with that!” And so on. The woman is already very unhappy about this in her dream. Then it occurs to her: “We have a salted grandmother on the floor; she's a bit tough, but shouldn't I cook her for you tomorrow?” This is also a dream that you can find in literature. Anyone familiar with dreams will have no doubt that the dream unfolded in this way. I could multiply this example by hundreds of similar ones. You will immediately have to say to yourself: the mood of fear is underlying. Something has happened that has made the woman feel fearful. This mood, which need have nothing to do with the idea of cooking and the like, is transformed into such a dream image. This is only a transformation of the fearful mood. But the soul needs this during sleep in order to escape from fear; it seeks to help itself over the fear, and just as you laughed at the salty grandmother, the soul invents this idea, which joins the rest of the dream content in a grotesquely comical way, in order to overcome the anxiety internally and to enter into an ironic, humorous mood. This is what you can always observe in dreams: an oscillation, a swinging back and forth between moods and—like a clock swinging back and forth—a swinging back and forth between tension and relaxation, between anxiety and cheerfulness, and so on. What is of paramount importance in a person's emotional life is always decisive for the structure of dream images. From this point of view, dreams are formed in order to overcome certain tensions in the soul. It is from this necessity to transform tension into relaxation and relaxation into tension that what is not particularly significant as an idea is born. The soul conjures up something that can be imaginative for what really matters.

If one follows the life of dreams in its entirety, one finds two peculiarities that must be taken into account. One is that in the life of dreams, what we usually call logic in life is silent. Dreams have a completely different rule for the way they move from one object to another than ordinary logic. Now, of course, you may object: Yes, but some dreams are such that the dream proceeds quite logically. But that is only apparent. Anyone who can observe these things really closely knows that it is only apparent. If you have dream images that follow one another in a logical sequence, this is not because you yourself bring about this logical sequence during the dream, but because you string together images that you have already logically linked together in life, or that are otherwise logically connected by something in life. There is the logic of reminiscence, there is the logic carried into the dream; the dream action itself does not proceed according to the rules of ordinary logic. One can always see that a deeper, more intimate element of the soul underlies the dream action. For example, someone dreams—I am recounting a real dream—that he has to go to an acquaintance, and he knows that this acquaintance will scold him about something. He dreams that he actually arrives at the door of this acquaintance's apartment. But at that moment, the whole situation is transformed. When he enters through the acquaintance's door, he enters a cellar where there are wild animals that want to eat him. Then he remembers that he has a whole row of pins at home, and these pins squirt out juices that can kill these wild animals. The pins are already there, and he shoots them at the wild animals. They then transform into young dogs, which he now wants to gently stroke. From this dream, which represents a typical dream sequence, you can see how it is again a matter of relieving the tension caused by anxiety towards friends, which is expressed in the wild animals, by the soul conjuring up the transformation of the wild, cruel animals into lovely young dogs. You see, this is something other than logic. However, there is an important objection. Anyone familiar with dream life knows that the following has often happened: you have tried hard to find the solution to some problem before going to bed, but you could not find it; then you dream and find the solution to the problem in your dream, so that you can actually write it down in the morning. This is rightly recounted. Those who cannot properly investigate such things will always misunderstand them. One should not believe that one has found the real solution in a dream. What one really found in a dream, what one believes one remembers, is something completely different. It is something that needs very little logic to work, but which has that beneficial effect on the human mind that occurs when tension is transformed into relaxation. Before falling asleep, the person was in such a state of tension that they could not solve the problem. They brooded and brooded, but something was missing. They were healed by the way they dreamed, and as a result, they were able to solve the problem when they woke up.

Moral judgment is also silent in dreams. We know that in dreams we commit all kinds of crimes and other things that we would be ashamed of in our waking lives. One might object that it is precisely in dreams that the conscience is stirred, that the conscience often asserts itself in a very strange way in dreams. One need only recall the dreams that occur in Shakespeare's works, and one will find—poets usually do such things with good reason—that it can be pointed out that it seems as if moral reproaches are particularly evident in dreams. Again, this is only an inaccurate observation. Rather, it is quite true that in dreams we are torn away from the usual moral judgments that we must acquire and can acquire in our outer lives in connection with other people. If, nevertheless, dreams seem to present moral prejudices and moral reproaches vividly to our soul, this does not stem from the fact that we, as dreamers, make moral judgments, but from the fact that when we behave morally, we have a certain satisfying mood in our soul, that we are satisfied with something to which we can morally “yes” to. It is this satisfaction, not the moral judgment, that presents itself to our soul in the dream. Moral judgment is just as absent from dreams as logic. If one truly seeks truth, it is necessary to proceed much more precisely and intimately than one usually attempts in life and even in science. Such things do not yield themselves readily to the crude methods that are usually employed. It is therefore extremely important that neither logic nor moral judgment find their way into the world of dreams. We will hear in a moment why this is the case.

Now I would like to highlight another peculiarity of dreams, which, even when viewed only externally, can indicate the position of the soul in relation to the world when it dreams. However, this position can only be fully understood when viewed from a spiritual scientific perspective. Anyone who observes a sleeping person will be able to say, even externally: During sleep, the human being is cut off both from what can be experienced from his own life and from what can be experienced from his surroundings. Spiritual science shows that when a person falls asleep, he truly enters the spiritual world as a spiritual-soul being, and when he awakens, he reconnects with his body. However, one need not even take this into account, but only needs to clearly bring to mind what is also available to ordinary consciousness. The human being is cut off from their surroundings, and even what becomes conscious to ordinary consciousness from their body is silent during sleep. In dreams, images may ebb and flow, but their relationship to the outside world does not change; the images are formed in such a way that this relationship remains the same. The relationship to the outside world, that which approaches the human being as a sober environment, as a sober contouring of external impressions, when he opens his senses to the outside world while awake, does not enter into the dream. As we have seen, impressions can be made on people. However, precisely what is characteristic of what the senses make of these impressions remains absent. The soul replaces the ordinary sober impression with a symbol. Thus, the relationship to the outside world does not change. This could be corroborated by countless cases. In a normal dream, people remain as cut off from the outside world as they are in normal sleep, and likewise from their own physicality. Even that which arises from one's own physicality is not expressed in a direct way, as it is when one is normally connected to one's body. For example, if one's feet become too warm due to a blanket that is too warm, one would feel in the normal waking state that one's feet are becoming too warm. One does not feel this in a dream, but believes that one is walking on hot coals or something similar. Again, it is the transformation that the soul performs that matters.

No matter how hard one tries to approach the dream using only the means and sources of external science, one cannot do so, because there is nothing to which one can compare the dream. The dream actually enters the ordinary world like a kind of miracle; it cannot be compared to anything else. That is the essential point. Only the spiritual researcher has the possibility of comparing the dream with something else. Why? He comes to this because he himself learns what happens to him when he can enter the spiritual world. There he realizes that he can no longer get by with ordinary logic — we mentioned this again today — which applies to the explanation of external sensory life. Those who ascend into the spiritual world must acquire the free ability to express the experiences of the spiritual world in symbols. That is why, in my last lecture, I called the first stage of knowing the spiritual world “imaginative knowledge.” One knows, of course, that the symbols are not reality, but one knows that one expresses reality through the symbols. These symbols must, of course, be formed according to the true laws that arise from the spiritual world; they must not be created by arbitrary imagination. The spiritual researcher learns to recognize how to connect ideas apart from the physical-sensory world, learns to recognize how to create symbols. This first stage of recognizing the spiritual world can then be compared to the unconscious activity that takes place in dream actions. This gives rise to a comparison, and something else as well.

Those who truly advance in their knowledge of the spiritual world gradually experience a transformation in their dreams. They become more and more regular, and the confused things, such as the salted grandmother and the like, gradually become things that express something meaningful; the whole ‘dream life’ becomes permeated with meaning. In this way, the spiritual researcher learns about the peculiar affinity between dream life and the life he must seek for the purpose of spiritual research. This enables him to truly say what the soul actually dreams, what is really dreaming. For he learns to recognize something else in addition to what I have just mentioned, namely, what the state of soul is like in which one finds oneself while having imaginative ideas. One knows that one is standing there with one's soul in the spiritual world. When one knows this state of mind, this special mood of the soul, one can also compare this mood, this state of mind, with how the soul is mooded in dreams, how the soul lives in a certain state of mind in dreams. From this careful comparison, it actually turns out that what dreams in the soul, what is really active in the soul while the person lets the chaotic dream actions play out, is the spiritual, eternal core of the person's being. As a dreamer, the person is in the world to which they belong as a spiritual-soul being.

That is one result. I would like to characterize the other with a personal experience. Not long ago, when I gave a lecture in Zurich on dream life and related areas, I heard that various listeners who wanted to be particularly clever in the current scientific discipline called analytical psychology or psychoanalysis said after my lecture: “Yes, this man is still caught up in prejudices that we in psychoanalysis have long since overcome. He believes that dream life should be taken as something real, whereas we know that dream life can only be taken as a symbolic representation of the life of the soul.” I do not want to get into psychoanalysis here, but only mention that this cleverness is based on a gross misunderstanding. For it would never occur to the real spiritual researcher to take what presents itself in dreams as immediately real, just as it presents itself. He does not even take the dream in its course, as the psychoanalyst does, directly as a symbolic act, but something else entirely is important to him. Anyone familiar with dream life knows that ten people or more can recount dreams with very different content, and yet they may be based on the same facts. One person recounts climbing a mountain and then being surprised by something particularly joyful at the top, another recounts walking through a dark corridor to a door that then opened unexpectedly, and a third recounts something else entirely. The dreams do not appear to be similar in the slightest in their course, yet they can be traced back to a very similar, real experience, namely the same tension and relaxation, symbolized in these images in one case and in those images in another. So it is not the reality of the dream that matters, nor even, as psychoanalysts believe, the symbols, but the inner drama of the dream. One must be able to recognize this inner drama in the sequence of meaningless images, the reality in which the soul lives with its spiritual and emotional core while dreaming. This reality is completely different from what is expressed in the dream images. That is what matters. Thus, the dream already points deep down into the subconscious and unconscious foundations of the soul. But what it depicts is only a disguise for what is actually experienced while dreaming.

I must emphasize again and again that it is truly not my intention to renew any old prejudices in any field. What is said here is not based on assumptions taken from all kinds of medieval or oriental so-called secret sciences, as found in Blavatsky and others who draw on all kinds of obscure sources, but is based entirely on the awareness that everything said here can be upheld in the face of any scientific judgment; if the opportunity should arise, it can also be used. Spiritual science is presented with full awareness that we live in the age of natural science, with full knowledge of what natural science has to say about existence and its mysteries, but also with full knowledge of what it has nothing to say about the realms of spiritual life.

Where do the images that make up the dream sequence come from? Well, it is like this: while those who are truly free of the body and immersed in spiritual experience have the spiritual world with its facts and beings before them, the dreamer has not yet awakened his consciousness to such an extent that he can have this full spiritual world before him. As a result, their soul tunes in to the reminiscences of ordinary life, and then the dream arises when the soul touches upon the physical. The dream is not experienced in the body, but it is caused by the soul touching upon the physical. Therefore, the things that underlie the dreamer's life appear before him, but grouped in such a way that they express the inner tendencies I have characterized. So, if one wants to characterize what the dream actually is, it is an experience of the soul-spiritual essence of the human being. But what is experienced is not the eternal, it is the temporal. The eternal is what is consciously active in the dream. But what mediates this activity is the transitory, the impermanent. This is the essential point: that the eternal in the dream is experienced precisely as the temporal, the impermanent, that which is otherwise the content of life.

I have thus outlined, albeit sketchily, what the essence of dreams is in the light of spiritual science, and why the content of dreams does not express what is really going on in the soul, in that relaxation follows tension and tension follows relaxation. The soul is within the world of the eternal, the soul is in a body-free element. But what becomes conscious as the envelope of this experience stems from the connection with ordinary living conditions.

I now turn to the second area, which can appear as an unconscious phenomenon at the border of human soul life, that which enters this soul life in the form of hallucinations, visions, and the like. Even philosophers who are capable of sound judgment, such as Eduard von Hartmann, for example, whom I hold in extremely high regard for the acuity of his judgment, have been led to believe, because they were unable to truly understand dreams from a spiritual scientific point of view, that what appears as an image before the soul in dreams is actually similar to what appears as an image before the soul in a hallucination or vision. But these areas are fundamentally different from each other. Because the true spiritual researcher knows what state of mind prevails when one is in the spiritual world and can compare this with the state of mind of the dreamer, he is able to appreciate certain peculiarities of dream life, such as the fact that dreams do not follow logic. For the spiritual researcher knows that this sensory experience is not meaningless, but that, just like the body-free experience between death and new birth, it has its tasks in the overall life of the human being. This includes, for example, that it is precisely in our dealings with the sensory outer world that we can acquire the logic that flows into our soul from the sensory outer world. The spiritual researcher also knows that moral judgment is expressed directly in physical experience, in the sharing of human culture. True spiritual science can never result in an escape from life or a false asceticism, but rather in the full recognition of this life, because logic and moral judgment, moral impulses, are incorporated into the soul through its contact with the external world in sensory life.

Now the point is that dreams, I would say, only shed light on the abnormal life of the soul. Spiritual science shows how the soul is free of the body in dreams, and how dream experiences are independent of bodily experience, just as they are separate from the connection with the outside world that exists in waking life. Man is truly bodyless in dreams. Is he also bodyless in hallucinations and visions? No, he is not! For hallucinations and visions arise precisely through abnormalities of the physical body. Real visionary, hallucinatory life can never manifest itself in the soul in experiences independent of the body. There must always be something in the body that is disturbed, sick, functioning incorrectly or too weakly, so that the human being cannot enter into the full connection with his body that is present when he uses his nervous and sensory systems in such a way that he truly experiences the outside world by experiencing himself. It is peculiar that when any organ connected with cognition is diseased or too weak, a phenomenon such as hallucination or vision can occur, which is similar to spiritual experience but nevertheless fundamentally different from it. While spiritual experience is based on a state of being free from the body, this hallucinatory or visionary life occurs because something in the body is diseased or too weak. What in particular underlies hallucinatory, visionary life? Well, ordinary imagination, as it normally occurs in sensory life, causes it to be independent of those forces in the human organism that produce normal growth in childhood, that effect the inner functions of the body, metabolism, digestion, and so on. I cannot go into detail today about how that which underlies normal imaginative life as bodily organization arises from the fact that a part of the bodily organization is lifted out of the sphere of mere animal life, of mere growth, digestion, metabolism, and so on. Normal nervous life is based on the fact that, in a sense, a soul organism develops like a parasite out of what is digestion, metabolism, and the like. If, through special abnormal conditions, any organ of cognition in the human being is so affected that not only the soul organism acts through it, but also the rest of the organism with its animal organization, precisely because of the sickness or weakness of an organ, the effect is that the human being does not devote himself to the imaginative life of the outside world independently of the forces of growth, digestion, and metabolism, but that hallucinations and visions then occur. That which is organically active in the human being in the vision should either be in the growth forces, should effect digestion in him — forgive the harsh expression, but that is how it is — should effect metabolism in its finer structure. What comes to light in this state is an upsurge of animal life in the soul organism.

Hallucination and vision are therefore not an elevation of life, but rather an imposition of animal life, which otherwise does not extend into the soul organism. That which should serve entirely different processes is carried up into cognition, into the processes of perception. Hallucinations and visions are therefore always an expression of something being out of order in the human being. What comes to light is indeed something spiritual, but it is a spirituality that spiritual science cannot use, for spiritual science can only use that which is experienced independently of the body. You can see how unfounded it is when the misunderstanding arises again and again that spiritual science somehow gains its knowledge through visions, hallucinations, and the like. On the contrary, it shows that these states are somehow connected with abnormalities in the physical organization and that they must never be carried over into the results of spiritual science. Hallucinations and visions are never the same as what appears as a dream image. What appears as a dream image arises outside the body and is only reflected in the body; what appears as a hallucination and vision arises because something in the body is, in a sense, left out. If it functioned normally, a person with healthy senses would stand within the sensory world. Because it is omitted, the spiritual-eternal, which should remain invisible in the body organization, comes to the fore precisely through the body organization. This is not only a physical illness, it is a mental abnormality, something that could only cloud or distort the images from the spiritual world. It is not surprising that when something in the body is out of tune, images appear. For how do symbols arise? Precisely because that which normally serves metabolism and digestion is out of tune, and this manifests itself in the soul organism as something else. If it is now more than it should be in the human being, then abnormal consciousness comes to the fore. What we have as symbols in normal consciousness is conditioned by a lowered physical life, but a normally lowered physical life. If it is lowered more, then something appears that only comes from this lowering, which should not actually be there. So one can say that hallucinatory and visionary life represents an inhibited striving in the human being. As a person develops from childhood to maturity, they actually strive into their bodily organization. They strive to develop their spiritual and soul life more and more so that the body can be used as a complete tool for soul activity. This is inhibited by something in the body that is not healthy. As humans grow up to the point where they can use their bodies, they grow into what is their physical independence, their physical egoity here in the sensory world; they grow into that quantum of egoism that is necessary for humans to truly be self-reliant beings, so that they can fulfill their human destiny. This quantum of egoism must, of course, be linked with the appropriate selflessness. What is at stake is that the human being permeates his life with the forces of his ego. If he cannot do this because of some inhibitions, he searches for the quantum of egoism that is necessary for him in a pathological way. This then expresses itself in a hallucinatory and visionary life, which is always based on the fact that the person cannot attain the egoism necessary for life due to their physical constitution.

Another aspect of the borderline areas of the soul life is that which leads through states of catalepsy and lethargy to somnambulism, which is related to mediumistic phenomena. Just as the human organism of imagination — I expressly say “organism of imagination” and not “mechanism of imagination” — must be of a certain nature so that the disturbance I have just characterized as hallucinatory and visionary life cannot come to the fore, so too must the mechanism of the will — I say mechanism of the will — be of a certain nature for life to proceed normally in the sensory world. Just as the imaginative organism can, in the way I have described, bring about hallucinations and visions as a pathological state of the soul, so too, when the will mechanism is disturbed, suspended, or paralyzed, the will can be undermined in catalepsy, lethargy, and mediumship. The body is not capable of directly evoking the will if the spirit does not act upon it, but the body is capable of weakening the will when certain organs are shut down, when the mechanism of the will is suppressed, while the spiritual researcher — as I said today in the introduction — can remain in the reality of the spiritual world by allowing his will to act on his body with full consciousness. If the body is paralyzed in relation to the will, then the body becomes a suppressor, a nullifier of this will, and then the human being is lifted out of the world to which he belongs as a spiritual-soul, as an eternal being, and is inserted into the physical environment, which is also permeated everywhere by spiritual forces and entities. The human being is then thrown out of the real world and inserted into the spiritual realm that constantly interweaves and permeates the physical. This is the case with somnambulism, and it is the case with mediumship.

Now, those who are comfortable with spiritual science in the sense I mentioned at the beginning of today's lecture would still like to explore the spiritual world in this way. However, they cannot explore the truly spiritual world that guarantees the soul its eternal, immortal life, but can only bring human beings together with what permeates the physical environment. What works in the somnambulist, what works in the medium, also works in normal people, only in a different way. It may sound strange, but spiritual science provides this as a result. What actually works in the medium? What actually works in the somnambulist? When we are in ordinary life, we are in a certain moral connection with other people. We act out of moral impulses. I said that these moral impulses are generated precisely by the outer physical body. We act in outer cultural life, learn to write, read, learn what else the human will inserts into the outer physical world as spiritual. Now, with what we use in our soul for our activity, by learning to read, by acquiring other cultural achievements, by entering into moral relationships with the world, with all this, the soul of the somnambulist, of the medium, lives together in an abnormal way. This activity, which otherwise only manifests itself in the moral sphere, in the sphere of cultural life, is expressed directly in the physicality of the medium or the somnambulist through the lowering of consciousness and the elimination of the soul. Whereas in normal life, humans are only in contact with their environment through their senses, in the case of somnambulists and mediums, the whole person relates to the environment through their mechanism of will. This can result in remote effects, thoughts can have a distant effect, and remote visions in space and time can also occur, and so on. However, only that which is contained in the physical world to which we belong as physical human beings, mostly that which belongs to cultural and moral life, can enter the human organism. But it enters in such a way that this human organism has eliminated the soul. As a result, what appears through the medium, through the somnambulist, does not lead to the spiritual-soul in the human being, but to an imitation of the effects of the spiritual on the physical body of the human being. Whereas in normal life the soul must be the mediator between the truly spiritual and the physical, here the spiritual acts directly on the body — but only in the way I have described. The result is that, with the elimination of consciousness, the human being becomes like an automaton, and that only what belongs externally to cultural life or moral life is expressed in this automaton-like human being. You will see that, although concealed in various ways, masked by mediumship and somnambulism, the apparent spiritual also finds expression, but only through very specific combinations and connections that cannot be discussed here because it would lead too far afield. The main thing that finds expression in this way comes from the physical environment. It is precisely those who stand firmly on scientific ground but cannot get beyond the scientific prejudices characterized here who, by resorting to somnambulism and mediumship, want to penetrate the spiritual world to which human beings belong with their eternal and soul essence. This can then give rise to the most diverse errors.

I would like to cite one such error from recent years that is quite interesting because, I would say, it characterizes the entire field. We are dealing here with a natural scientist who is highly respected in his country, a natural scientist who is familiar with all the intricacies of scientific methods and who, therefore, when approaching this field, does not proceed lightly in any way. I am referring to the famous English natural scientist Sir Oliver Lodge. It is a very strange case, which is also connected with the current catastrophic events. Lodge had always been inclined to build a bridge of some kind between the external, natural world and the world to which human beings belong when they have passed through the gate of death. But he wanted to remain on scientific ground, which is characteristic of those personalities who do not want to delve into the methods of spiritual science. Lodge had had to send a son to war, who served on the French front. Lo and behold, one day he received a strange letter from America. It informed Lodge that his son was in great danger, but that the spirit of the late Myers, who had died ten years earlier, would keep a protective hand over his son as he went through this danger. F. Myers had been president of the Society for Psychological Research, a man who had dealt with supernatural matters and who had known Lodge and his family well, so one could assume—if one assumes at all that anything in the supernatural world has anything to do with human life—that he would keep his protective hand over the young Lodge who was in danger. But the letter was written in a rather ambiguous way, as such letters tend to be. True, the son could be in danger of being shot, but if he were saved, the writer of the letter could say: "Yes, didn't I receive a message through a medium that Myers is keeping his hand over Lodge's son? With Myers' help, he has been saved from mortal danger.“ But if he is shot, the letter writer can just as easily say, ”Well, Myers is keeping his hand over him in the hereafter." If a third case were possible, the third case would also be covered by this letter. One must not be unskeptical if one really wants to seek the truth in this field. One must view everything with a completely critical eye. Of course, Lodge did not attach any particular importance to this, because he already knew that such things are ambiguous. Lo and behold, the son fell. Then he received a second message that Myers was now indeed watching over his son from the beyond, and that there were people in England who would provide proof of this. Well, such things are already being organized. Several mediums were even found who gained access to Oliver Lodge's family, most of whom were skeptics. Then a wide variety of manifestations occurred. Lodge described all of this in detail in a thick book that is very interesting for many reasons. The things described there do not differ much from other spiritualist protocols, and there was no need to get particularly excited about them. Nor did people do so. Lodge himself would not have described the manifestations if something else had not happened. Because Lodge is familiar with all the rigors of scientific research, he proceeded in this case like a chemist conducting experiments in a laboratory, applying every conceivable precaution to establish the facts beyond doubt. One therefore has the feeling that, after reading this book, one can truly judge the case, for Lodge describes it as a natural scientist would.

Among other things, he describes a case that can be considered an “experimentum crucis,” a case that caused a tremendous stir. Even the most skeptical journalists—and they tend to be skeptical, though I don't know if their judgment is always well-founded—were somehow impressed by this experimentum crucis. It consisted of the following: A medium who claimed to be in contact with the souls of both Myers and Lodge's son stated that fourteen days before the son fell on the French front, he had had his photograph taken with a number of colleagues. The photograph looked like this and that. It describes in detail how the comrades are arranged in the row, how Lodge's son is sitting in the lower row, how he is holding his hands, and so on. It was then reported that several photographs existed, explaining why the photographer took several shots in succession, changing the grouping slightly each time. The other grouping was described in just as much detail, including how Lodge changed the position of his hands and arms, how he leaned toward his neighbor, and so on. This photograph was also described in detail. The photographs were not in England; no one had seen them, neither the medium nor anyone from the family nor Lodge himself. One could only believe that the medium was somehow fantasizing when he described the photographs. But lo and behold, after fourteen days, these photographs arrived, and one saw that they corresponded exactly with the medium's descriptions. It is not surprising that this was a cross-examination for Lodge and for those involved. This is also what makes the book interesting. However, the real spiritual researcher will not fall for it in the same way that Lodge himself fell for it in a certain respect, because it is precisely because of Lodge's conscientious account that he can form an independent, objective judgment about the case.

Why is it that something occurs here whereby a person who does not want to enter the spiritual world through true spiritual research nevertheless finds something on such a path that convinces him of the intrusion of a spiritual world into the physical world? The real spiritual researcher could not be brought to the same conviction because he knows what is at stake here. He must even be very surprised that a man like Lodge, despite being such a skilled natural scientist, is still so amateurish in this field. Anyone who is even superficially familiar with these phenomena, perhaps not through independent observation but only from literature, knows that somnambulists and mediums have a relationship with their surroundings in the way I have described, that the whole person is transformed into sensory organs, so to speak, and that this gives rise to automatic and temporal remote visions. Their basis is always a sick or weak soul life. They have nothing to do with the world to which man belongs with his immortal part, but they have to do with what is spiritual in the physical, sensual environment, what occurs there through the will of man. Precisely because Lodge describes it conscientiously, it can be determined that the medium had nothing more than a distant vision, that it saw the photographs fourteen days before their arrival in London. This may seem strange enough to some, but these are ordinary phenomena. In any case, this does not provide proof, as Lodge believes, that Myers really did lay his hand on Lodge's son. That may well be the case, but it would have to be investigated in non-physical spiritual research. One can see how great the temptations and enticements are, even for those who are conscientious researchers and approach such phenomena with caution and criticism, if one does not really want to embark on the path of spiritual science. What can be experienced through these abnormal phenomena, through which human beings are turned into automatons, must never become the content of a science of the truly supersensible, to which human beings belong with their eternal part.

Much more could be added. It would show in the same way how these border areas of human soul life point to something that remains unconscious, but cannot reveal the unconscious that is actually most significant for human beings: the spiritual world to which human beings belong with their free, immortal part. Of all these phenomena, only dream life remains, as it were, still within the normal range, because there the human being does not experience through his physical body, but through his spiritual-soul, and thus touches upon the physical and physical experience. Therefore, human beings are also able to correct their dream life in the right way and to orient it correctly in the rest of reality, while they are unable to critically integrate what they experience through their bodies in the form of hallucinations, visions, phenomena of somnambulism and mediumship in a normal, critical way into the rest of their lives.

In the next lecture, we will take a closer look at what has continually brought joy and uplift to human life in the course of cultural development: art. In dreams, human beings experience the spiritual world in such a way that symbols are formed through contact with the physical world. What the real artist experiences and what happens in the person who enjoys and receives art also takes place in the unconscious regions of the soul, in those regions that lie beyond mere physical experience. The truly artistic is carried from the supersensible into the sensory regions of life, except that in art the transformation into images does not take place unconsciously. Just as in the dreamer, the actual soul experience remains in the unconscious, but is revealed through what the soul unconsciously adds to the actual experience as a covering, so the supersensible experience of the artist and the art lover is carried into the sensory world through the work of art. But the clothing with the image, the clothing with that which is used by outer life as imagination in order to imaginatively place the supersensible experience into the sensory world, is carried out in consciousness. That this is so, that art is indeed a message from a supersensible world, that the enjoyment of art is indeed an elevation of the soul to the supersensible world, by means of sensual design, through sensual imagery, will be the subject of the next lecture.

To summarize what has been considered today, one must say: Certainly, when these abnormal phenomena of life confront him, man is led into the spiritual realm. For it is the spiritual world that shines into human life, even if he experiences it in an abnormal way. But one should not artificially induce these abnormal phenomena any more than one artificially induces symptoms of illness in order to recognize something. What remains of all these phenomena that always stands there as a living reminder? That human beings may find their way into the real experience of the spiritual. The remarkable result remains that it is precisely through spiritual science that we can protect the dream world from the suspicion that it has something to do with pathological experiences, although there can of course be easy transitions from dreams to such experiences. But when we see how human beings are reminded through dreams to find their way into the true spiritual world, then the contemplation of this seemingly chaotic dream world becomes quite meaningful. Then an important mystery of the world knocks on the door of human life: the dream with its strange images, which are not logical and not imbued with morality, but which are a clear indication of the spiritual world itself. Thus, one can agree with a review of Volkelt's book by the spirited aesthetician and philosopher Vischer, where he says: If one considers the dream with its rich poverty, its poor wealth, its ingenious stupidity, its stupid ingenuity, and observes it in its unconscious creation, then one will recognize how it points to that which is spiritually effective in human beings and which can be sought. And Vischer is right when he goes on to say: “Anyone who believes that this spiritual realm of dreams is not worthy of being made the subject of true research is only showing that they themselves do not have much spirit within them.” But if the realm of dreams is a reminder to approach the spiritual world, then spiritual science wants to fulfill this reminder. While dreams can only gain images of transience, even if the soul is active with its eternal core, through spiritual scientific knowledge, this soul living in the eternal world can also fill itself with images that express the spiritual reality corresponding to its very own essence, and thus, just as the senses assign it its place in the sensory world, it can assign its place as a spiritual-soul being in spiritual-soul reality.